Guía Académica

#MakingHistory

X ANNIVERSARY EDITION

APA THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION COMMITTEE

FB.COM/MUNUR.ORG/ WWW.UROSARIO.EDU.CO/MUNUR/ GET READY TO MAKE HISTORY Index:

WELCOME 4 LETTERS

HISTORY OF THE 5 COMMITTEE AND DYNAMICS MENTAL HEALTH AND 8 THE SCHOOL SHOOTING CRISIS 20 GLOSSARY 23 QARMAS

MENTAL HEALTH OF THE 24 LGBT+ COMMUNITY AND THE IMPACT OF GENDER ROLES 29 GLOSSARY 30 QARMAS 31 WORKS CITED

WELCOME LETTER

Hello everyone and welcome to APA.

My name is Lisa Wu and I’m excited to be directing the committee with Rodrigo and to be part of this year’s MUNUR experience.

I’m in the eighth semester law student in Universidad del Rosario, interested in International Law, Economic Law, and Human Rights. About my MUN experience, I’m a former URDiplomat, representing the university for two consecutive years in the Harvard National Model United Nations. I have had experience in di erent types of committees, never repeating the same one, and chaired in PUJMUN 2018 and COLMUN 2019. I considered myself as a person with a diverse background, raised and born in Bucaramanga but the daughter of Chinese immigrants. Currently, I’m part of the School Council of Universidad del Rosario and teacher assistant in Economic Law. In my free time, I enjoy cooking, reading history, and traveling.

Both school shooting crisis and mental health and gender roles in the LGTB+ community topics are not uncommon to us; they may be di erent from each other, but they represent special important groups of study in the mental health sphere. It is necessary to recognize the repercussions of bad mental health care and that each group of society cannot be treated the same way, their needs and problems need di erent solutions.

I expect MUNUR 2019 to be a great opportunity to learn and to improve as delegates and people. I strongly believe that what makes a good delegate are academic preparation, diplomacy, creativity, and most important of all, integrity.

Best of luck,

Lisa Wu [email protected]

4 HISTORY OF THE COMMITTEE AND DYNAMICS:

Historical context APA rejected their recommendations, they created the American Psychological Society Supervision of scientic publications: e APA oversees the functioning of over 50 APA was founded by a small group of men in July 1892, after G. Stanley Hall, a professor of (Greenwood, 2017). scientic journals, which are aliated to the American Psychological Association (APA, psychology and president of Clark University invited 26 American psychologists with the n.d.). purpose of creating an organization that promotes “e advancement of psychology as a Today, APA is known as the largest scientic and professional organization representing science.” (Greenwood, 2017). As a result, APA started with 31 members and its rst psychology in the United States with more than 130.000 members including researchers, Maintaining new programs: e Association’s work continues by collaborating with other president hall. educators, clinicians, consultants, and students. (APA, n.d). Its functions are to promote organizations to support and start new programs related to the eld of psychology. ese psychology research and its distribution, to regulate the use of the ocial title of programs promote an active tackling of issues that a ect health directly, ranging from However, the group was not completely set until December of 1892, when in the University “psychologist” and publish the ocial style manual “APA style” (Cherry, 2019). situations as diverse as the Psychologically Healthy Workplace Program (APA Center for of Pennsylvania was held the rst meeting that provided the primary governance structure, Organizational Excellence, n.d.) to HIV/AIDS Programs (APA, n.d.). conrmed by a council and an executive committee. In 1926, due to some candidates of membership did not full lled the credentials needed, a class of non-voting membership was Committee Powers and Dynamics: Keeping knowledge valid: is is one of the main functions of the APA, and it promotes formed called “Associate Members”. the excellence of knowledge and its validity through the establishment of conferences. It is important to delimitate what the American Psychological Association can achieve ese are highly specic for the topic areas discussed in the conference (usually branches e importance of APA grew after World War II, the government found that the return of within its jurisdiction, since it will directly impact the powers that the committee will have of psychology), such as the Annual International Dream Conference, which is approved by war veterans would entail better mental health care. In order to do so, the GI Bill created the and the recommendations that it can make. As one of the biggest psychology organizations, the APA. (APA, n.d.). National Institute of Mental Health that helped to increase the interest in psychology. After it is not a surprise that it holds diverse important functions and activities. ese include many years of research, psychology was nally an important eld of science and practice, (Best Counseling Degrees, n.d.): ese, however, are not the only functions that the APA has. Delegates should research other allowing that moment in time to be called “e golden age of psychology” (Fernberger, action mechanisms of the APA to develop proposed policy recommendations, including those 1932). Awarding prominent professionals: e APA bestows multiple awards upon the top required to have a global scope. professionals in the eld of psychology. Among these awards is the Award for In 1944, the organization of APA took a new turn when it was established a divisional structure, Outstanding Lifetime Contributions to Psychology, the top award given by the APA In regard to committee dynamics, the APA’s Council of Representatives is composed of allowing the members to join a special interest group. During decades, di erent practice areas and it designed to reward those that have performed signicant research in the eld. Divisions, representing particular organizations of psychology branches, and State, provincial or have been formed, currently, there are 56 divisions but only 54 are active (APA, n.d). is award has been given to over 25 people up to 2018 (APA, n.d.). territorial organizations. ese council members have full control over the a airs and funds of the organization, as it acts as the legislative body of the Association (APA, n.d.). For the purpose From the beginning of its creation APA went through some adversities. e APA Certication of schools: Accreditation of degree programs, including undergraduate, of our committee, your will be representing these council members and their particular views on membership was intended to be open to all American psychologists and to be inclusive at graduate and doctoral programs, is also one of the functions of the APA. is is a the issues presented. least with religion and gender. Despite this, in the early years, women were not treated the relevant measure to promote excellence in the eld and high standards of psychology same way as men even if they had the same credentials and experience. Additionally, the education. It is not only a manner of controlling the quality of content provided for tension between academic and professional psychologist started to rise. After the war, the students, but a way to ensure organized and successive training by qualied academics were left out of the discussions and started to feel unrepresented, so in 1988 when professionals (Boss, 2010).

5 HISTORY OF THE COMMITTEE AND DYNAMICS:

Historical context APA rejected their recommendations, they created the American Psychological Society Supervision of scientic publications: e APA oversees the functioning of over 50 APA was founded by a small group of men in July 1892, after G. Stanley Hall, a professor of (Greenwood, 2017). scientic journals, which are aliated to the American Psychological Association (APA, psychology and president of Clark University invited 26 American psychologists with the n.d.). purpose of creating an organization that promotes “e advancement of psychology as a Today, APA is known as the largest scientic and professional organization representing science.” (Greenwood, 2017). As a result, APA started with 31 members and its rst psychology in the United States with more than 130.000 members including researchers, Maintaining new programs: e Association’s work continues by collaborating with other president hall. educators, clinicians, consultants, and students. (APA, n.d). Its functions are to promote organizations to support and start new programs related to the eld of psychology. ese psychology research and its distribution, to regulate the use of the ocial title of programs promote an active tackling of issues that a ect health directly, ranging from However, the group was not completely set until December of 1892, when in the University “psychologist” and publish the ocial style manual “APA style” (Cherry, 2019). situations as diverse as the Psychologically Healthy Workplace Program (APA Center for of Pennsylvania was held the rst meeting that provided the primary governance structure, Organizational Excellence, n.d.) to HIV/AIDS Programs (APA, n.d.). conrmed by a council and an executive committee. In 1926, due to some candidates of membership did not full lled the credentials needed, a class of non-voting membership was Committee Powers and Dynamics: Keeping knowledge valid: is is one of the main functions of the APA, and it promotes formed called “Associate Members”. the excellence of knowledge and its validity through the establishment of conferences. It is important to delimitate what the American Psychological Association can achieve ese are highly specic for the topic areas discussed in the conference (usually branches e importance of APA grew after World War II, the government found that the return of within its jurisdiction, since it will directly impact the powers that the committee will have of psychology), such as the Annual International Dream Conference, which is approved by war veterans would entail better mental health care. In order to do so, the GI Bill created the and the recommendations that it can make. As one of the biggest psychology organizations, the APA. (APA, n.d.). National Institute of Mental Health that helped to increase the interest in psychology. After it is not a surprise that it holds diverse important functions and activities. ese include many years of research, psychology was nally an important eld of science and practice, (Best Counseling Degrees, n.d.): ese, however, are not the only functions that the APA has. Delegates should research other allowing that moment in time to be called “e golden age of psychology” (Fernberger, action mechanisms of the APA to develop proposed policy recommendations, including those 1932). 1. Awarding prominent professionals: e APA bestows multiple awards upon the top required to have a global scope. professionals in the eld of psychology. Among these awards is the Award for In 1944, the organization of APA took a new turn when it was established a divisional structure, Outstanding Lifetime Contributions to Psychology, the top award given by the APA In regard to committee dynamics, the APA’s Council of Representatives is composed of allowing the members to join a special interest group. During decades, di erent practice areas and it designed to reward those that have performed signicant research in the eld. Divisions, representing particular organizations of psychology branches, and State, provincial or have been formed, currently, there are 56 divisions but only 54 are active (APA, n.d). is award has been given to over 25 people up to 2018 (APA, n.d.). territorial organizations. ese council members have full control over the a airs and funds of the organization, as it acts as the legislative body of the Association (APA, n.d.). For the purpose From the beginning of its creation APA went through some adversities. e APA 2. Certication of schools: Accreditation of degree programs, including undergraduate, of our committee, your will be representing these council members and their particular views on membership was intended to be open to all American psychologists and to be inclusive at graduate and doctoral programs, is also one of the functions of the APA. is is a the issues presented. least with religion and gender. Despite this, in the early years, women were not treated the relevant measure to promote excellence in the eld and high standards of psychology same way as men even if they had the same credentials and experience. Additionally, the education. It is not only a manner of controlling the quality of content provided for tension between academic and professional psychologist started to rise. After the war, the students, but a way to ensure organized and successive training by qualied academics were left out of the discussions and started to feel unrepresented, so in 1988 when professionals (Boss, 2010).

6 HISTORY OF THE COMMITTEE AND DYNAMICS:

Historical context APA rejected their recommendations, they created the American Psychological Society Supervision of scientic publications: e APA oversees the functioning of over 50 3. APA was founded by a small group of men in July 1892, after G. Stanley Hall, a professor of (Greenwood, 2017). scientic journals, which are aliated to the American Psychological Association (APA, psychology and president of Clark University invited 26 American psychologists with the n.d.). purpose of creating an organization that promotes “e advancement of psychology as a Today, APA is known as the largest scientic and professional organization representing science.” (Greenwood, 2017). As a result, APA started with 31 members and its rst psychology in the United States with more than 130.000 members including researchers, 4 Maintaining new programs: e Association’s work continues by collaborating with other president hall. educators, clinicians, consultants, and students. (APA, n.d). Its functions are to promote organizations to support and start new programs related to the eld of psychology. ese psychology research and its distribution, to regulate the use of the ocial title of programs promote an active tackling of issues that a ect health directly, ranging from However, the group was not completely set until December of 1892, when in the University “psychologist” and publish the ocial style manual “APA style” (Cherry, 2019). situations as diverse as the Psychologically Healthy Workplace Program (APA Center for of Pennsylvania was held the rst meeting that provided the primary governance structure, Organizational Excellence, n.d.) to HIV/AIDS Programs (APA, n.d.). conrmed by a council and an executive committee. In 1926, due to some candidates of membership did not full lled the credentials needed, a class of non-voting membership was Committee Powers and Dynamics: 5. Keeping knowledge valid: is is one of the main functions of the APA, and it promotes formed called “Associate Members”. the excellence of knowledge and its validity through the establishment of conferences. It is important to delimitate what the American Psychological Association can achieve ese are highly specic for the topic areas discussed in the conference (usually branches e importance of APA grew after World War II, the government found that the return of within its jurisdiction, since it will directly impact the powers that the committee will have of psychology), such as the Annual International Dream Conference, which is approved by war veterans would entail better mental health care. In order to do so, the GI Bill created the and the recommendations that it can make. As one of the biggest psychology organizations, the APA. (APA, n.d.). National Institute of Mental Health that helped to increase the interest in psychology. After it is not a surprise that it holds diverse important functions and activities. ese include many years of research, psychology was nally an important eld of science and practice, (Best Counseling Degrees, n.d.): ese, however, are not the only functions that the APA has. Delegates should research other allowing that moment in time to be called “e golden age of psychology” (Fernberger, action mechanisms of the APA to develop proposed policy recommendations, including those 1932). Awarding prominent professionals: e APA bestows multiple awards upon the top required to have a global scope. professionals in the eld of psychology. Among these awards is the Award for In 1944, the organization of APA took a new turn when it was established a divisional structure, Outstanding Lifetime Contributions to Psychology, the top award given by the APA In regard to committee dynamics, the APA’s Council of Representatives is composed of allowing the members to join a special interest group. During decades, di erent practice areas and it designed to reward those that have performed signicant research in the eld. Divisions, representing particular organizations of psychology branches, and State, provincial or have been formed, currently, there are 56 divisions but only 54 are active (APA, n.d). is award has been given to over 25 people up to 2018 (APA, n.d.). territorial organizations. ese council members have full control over the a airs and funds of the organization, as it acts as the legislative body of the Association (APA, n.d.). For the purpose From the beginning of its creation APA went through some adversities. e APA Certication of schools: Accreditation of degree programs, including undergraduate, of our committee, your will be representing these council members and their particular views on membership was intended to be open to all American psychologists and to be inclusive at graduate and doctoral programs, is also one of the functions of the APA. is is a the issues presented. least with religion and gender. Despite this, in the early years, women were not treated the relevant measure to promote excellence in the eld and high standards of psychology same way as men even if they had the same credentials and experience. Additionally, the education. It is not only a manner of controlling the quality of content provided for tension between academic and professional psychologist started to rise. After the war, the students, but a way to ensure organized and successive training by qualied academics were left out of the discussions and started to feel unrepresented, so in 1988 when professionals (Boss, 2010).

7 De nition

A school shooting must be dened as an attack at an educational institution, such as a primary school, secondary school, or university, involving the use of rearms. Di erent from mass shootings, which means incidents with four or more deaths regardless of the weapon used. (Vossekuil, 2004).

TOPIC A: Statistics According to the Washington Post in 2018, the school shooting crisis is an American phenomenon, due to the easy access to guns. U.S. has the most MENTAL HEALTH shootings and the most famous cases (Cox and Rich, 2018). AND THE SCHOOL School shootings haven’t stop or at least decrease in time as it is shown in gure 1. Since the Columbine shooting the deadliest school shooting are:

SHOOTING CRISIS 2007 Virginia Tech shooting (33 dead)

2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in Newtown, Connecticut (27 dead) 2018 Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in Parkland, Florida (17 dead)

2015 Umpqua Community College shooting near Roseburg, Oregon (10 dead)

2018 Santa Fe High School shooting in Texas (10 dead)

2005 Red Lake shootings in Minnesota (10 dead)

2012 Oikos University shooting in Oakland, California (7 dead)

2006 West Nickel Mines School shooting in Bart Township Lancaster County, Pennsylvania (6 dead)

2008 Northern Illinois University shooting (6 dead)

2014 Marysville Pilchuck High School shooting in Washington state (5 dead) INTRODUCTION

e Age of Information has brought many new elements to the forefront of De nition culture, due to the breakneck pace of advancement in the last few years. However, few have been as powerful as information and communications A school shooting must be dened as an attack at an educational technologies in reshaping societies, economics and international relations institution, such as a primary school, secondary school, or university, (UNODA, 2018). Information and communication technologies (ICTs) involving the use of rearms. Di erent from mass shootings, which means are xed in every aspect of our lives, from the ability to communicate with incidents with four or more deaths regardless of the weapon used. Internet users around the world just by tapping a screen, to the (Vossekuil, 2004). infrastructure that provides electricity to our homes and telephony to our oce, to connecting our national security and defense networks. While Statistics global connectivity and development of ICTs have produced undeniable positive benets, our dependence on ICTs and their ever-present nature According to the Washington Post in 2018, the school shooting crisis is an have created new vulnerabilities (UNIDIR, 2007). American phenomenon, due to the easy access to guns. U.S. has the most shootings and the most famous cases (Cox and Rich, 2018). e last century has been characterized by drastic changes with regard to scientic and technological developments. e multiplier e ect and School shootings haven’t stop or at least decrease in time as it is shown in positive aspects of inventions in the area of information and gure 1. Since the Columbine shooting the deadliest school shooting are: communication technologies have become increasingly evident. ICTs ease communication, open new markets, attract investments and accelerate 2007 Virginia Tech shooting (33 dead) economic and social development. It is hard to imagine a country to attain economic prosperity without a well-developed ICT infrastructure. e 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in Newtown, power of the ICT revolution rests with the fact that ICTs are set in every Connecticut (27 dead) aspect of our lives, from communicating by email and mobile phone to the command and control systems of our militaries (UNIDIR, 2007). However 2018 Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in the command and control of these has not been clearly discussed and their Parkland, Florida (17 dead) regulation in terms of security and privacy has not been settled. 2015 Umpqua Community College shooting near Roseburg, Nevertheless, while the benets are almost innite, ICTs can also be used Oregon (10 dead) for malignant or hostile purposes. ere is increasing concern among those in the international community about society’s great vulnerability to 2018 Santa Fe High School shooting in Texas (10 dead) di erent aspects, such as privacy issues, cybercrime, cyberterrorism and the military use of information technologies (UNIDIR, 2007). 2005 Red Lake shootings in Minnesota (10 dead)

2012 Oikos University shooting in Oakland, California (7 dead)

2006 West Nickel Mines School shooting in Bart Township Lancaster County, Pennsylvania (6 dead)

2008 Northern Illinois University shooting (6 dead)

2014 Marysville Pilchuck High School shooting in Washington state (5 dead) HISTORICAL CONTEXT

e rst school shooting in the U.S. was in 1853 in Kentucky, when Butler De nition a schoolmaster was shot by a student named Ward, because Butler punished Ward’s brother too hardly the day before his death, Ward didn’t receive any A school shooting must be dened as an attack at an educational punishment for the dead of Butler. (Gibson, 2018). In the early 1800 it was institution, such as a primary school, secondary school, or university, common to nd killings on teachers as revenge, the punishment in the involving the use of rearms. Di erent from mass shootings, which means classrooms where sometimes a little too harsh, feeding the feelings of incidents with four or more deaths regardless of the weapon used. revenge. Students couldn’t nd a way to deal with their anger and going to (Vossekuil, 2004). their parents could mean even a worse punishment (Simpson, 2015). Statistics Even though these incidents were usual, the government did not do much to prevent them from happening again, but the society started to reect on According to the Washington Post in 2018, the school shooting crisis is an students carrying guns. In 1866 the New York Times introduces the American phenomenon, due to the easy access to guns. U.S. has the most importance of parents and school education regarding the use of guns. shootings and the most famous cases (Cox and Rich, 2018).

In 1990, after years of school incidents in the U.S, the congress prohibited School shootings haven’t stop or at least decrease in time as it is shown in unauthorized people to possess a rearm in a school zone with the gure 1. Since the Columbine shooting the deadliest school shooting are: Gun-Free School Zones Act. However, it did not solve the problem when in 1999 the most famous school shooting happened. 2007 Virginia Tech shooting (33 dead)

e Columbine shooting left 13 dead and more than 20 injured and the 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in Newtown, whole U.S. shocked and wondering if the society is paying the right Connecticut (27 dead) attention to their kids at school. e perpetrators were Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris two teenagers described as “outcasts” and “goths”, their 2018 Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in intentions were di erent from the ones in the 1800 (History, 2009). ey Parkland, Florida (17 dead) were not only seeking revenge due to the bullying of which they were victims, in their psychological analysis it was found that they had some 2015 Umpqua Community College shooting near Roseburg, personality disorders such as depression, narcissism and psychopathy that Oregon (10 dead) made them prone to violence and that only got worse with the harassment they were receiving, along with other factors like social isolation, violent 2018 Santa Fe High School shooting in Texas (10 dead) video games or music and medication (Langman, 2009). 2005 Red Lake shootings in Minnesota (10 dead) Bullying is understood as “a form of aggressive behavior in which someone intentionally and repeatedly causes another person injury or discomfort. 2012 Oikos University shooting in Oakland, California (7 dead) Bullying can take the form of physical contact, words or more subtle actions” (APA, n.d). It is also the most common cause of violence in 2006 West Nickel Mines School shooting in Bart Township schools, these types of aggressions unchain in the young ones some atypical Lancaster County, Pennsylvania (6 dead) behaviors such as depression, anxiety, changes in their daily patterns or health complaints and it can worsen existing mental problems (StopBullying, n.d). 10

2008 Northern Illinois University shooting (6 dead)

2014 Marysville Pilchuck High School shooting in Washington state (5 dead) CURRENT CONTEXT

De nition

Statistics

According to the Washington Post in 2018, the school shooting crisis is an American phenomenon, due to the easy access to guns. U.S. has the most shootings and the most famous cases (Cox and Rich, 2018).

School shootings haven’t stop or at least decrease in time as it is shown in gure 1. Since the Columbine shooting the deadliest school shooting are:

1. 2007 Virginia Tech shooting (33 dead)

2. 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in Newtown, Connecticut (27 dead)

3. 2018 Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in Parkland, Florida (17 dead)

4. 2015 Umpqua Community College shooting near Roseburg, Oregon (10 dead)

5. 2018 Santa Fe High School shooting in Texas (10 dead)

6. 2005 Red Lake shootings in Minnesota (10 dead)

7 2012 Oikos University shooting in Oakland, California (7 dead)

8. 2006 West Nickel Mines School shooting in Bart Township Lancaster County, Pennsylvania (6 dead)

2008 Northern Illinois University shooting (6 dead)

2014 Marysville Pilchuck High School shooting in Washington state (5 dead) De nition

Statistics

School shootings haven’t stop or at least decrease in time as it is shown in gure 1. Since the Columbine shooting the deadliest school shooting are:

2007 Virginia Tech shooting (33 dead)

2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in Newtown, Connecticut (27 dead)

2018 Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in Parkland, Florida (17 dead)

2015 Umpqua Community College shooting near Roseburg, Oregon (10 dead)

2018 Santa Fe High School shooting in Texas (10 dead)

2005 Red Lake shootings in Minnesota (10 dead)

2012 Oikos University shooting in Oakland, California (7 dead)

2006 West Nickel Mines School shooting in Bart Township Lancaster County, Pennsylvania (6 dead)

CURRENT CONTEXT

9. 2008 Northern Illinois University shooting (6 dead)

10. 2014 Marysville Pilchuck High School shooting in Washington state (5 dead)

Figure 1. K-12 school shooting database 1970-2019

e most a ected States are California with 158 cases and Texas with 133. In California, two-thirds of adolescents with major depressive episodes in 2018 did not get treatment su ering of a “serious emotional disturbance” (Health care almanac California, 2018).

124 De nition

Statistics

School shootings haven’t stop or at least decrease in time as it is shown in gure 1. Since the Columbine shooting the deadliest school shooting are:

2007 Virginia Tech shooting (33 dead)

2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in Newtown, Connecticut (27 dead)

2018 Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in Parkland, Florida (17 dead)

2015 Umpqua Community College shooting near Roseburg, Oregon (10 dead)

2018 Santa Fe High School shooting in Texas (10 dead)

2005 Red Lake shootings in Minnesota (10 dead)

2012 Oikos University shooting in Oakland, California (7 dead)

2006 West Nickel Mines School shooting in Bart Township Lancaster County, Pennsylvania (6 dead)

CURRENT CONTEXT

2008 Northern Illinois University shooting (6 dead) Other important statistics are (American counseling association, 2015): discrimination, etc. Taking into account also, those that live in a certain fragile setting like those with intellectual disability, autistic, young parents 2014 Marysville Pilchuck High School shooting in Washington state 99% of school shootings were carried out by young males or pregnant teens, orphans or coming from minority backgrounds (5 dead) (WHO, 2018). 78% of school shooters had a history of suicide attempts or suicidal ideations prior to their attack e most common disorders in the young community are emotional disorders like depression or anxiety, childhood behavioral disorders like 71% of the attackers were victims of bullying hyperactivity or inattention, eating disorders, psychosis, schizophrenia, suicide and self-harm and risk-taking behavior such as substance use or 10% of the attackers who were receiving treatment for their diagnosed sexual-risk taking (WHO, 2018). Children between 12-17 are even more mental illness failed to comply to take their prescribed psychiatric likely to su er depression or anxiety, most common risk factors of being medications. involved in school shootings. Most of them don’t nd a way to externalize their problems and don’t usually go to get help, they would rather deal Almost 98% of the attackers experienced a personal loss prior to the with their internal problems themselves. However, some shooters are attack (e.g., loss of status, loss of a relationship) already adults but had some of the disorders mentioned before.

Approximately half of all lifetime mental health disorders start by the mid-teens, and the onset of all major mental illnesses happen as early as 7 to 11 years of age

1% of Caucasian students receive mental health services for mental illnesses. Only 13% of students who are Hispanic or African American receive mental health interventions.

75% had an interest in past shootings, as evidenced in their writing, social media posts or other activities.

87% showed signs of a crisis, as exhibited in their behavior, before the shooting. Some revealed their plans ahead of time, often on social media

Mental health of shooters and victims

e adolescence (10-19 years) is a crucial period of developing the bases to the mental well-being in adulthood. Making important to promote supportive environments in the family, at school and the community. ere are many risk factors determining the mental health of an adolescent like stress, sexuality, social pressure, socio-economic problems, home life, the access of technology and media, victims of violence of all kind,

134 De nition

Statistics

School shootings haven’t stop or at least decrease in time as it is shown in gure 1. Since the Columbine shooting the deadliest school shooting are:

2007 Virginia Tech shooting (33 dead)

2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in Newtown, Connecticut (27 dead)

2018 Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in Parkland, Florida (17 dead)

2015 Umpqua Community College shooting near Roseburg, Oregon (10 dead)

2018 Santa Fe High School shooting in Texas (10 dead)

2005 Red Lake shootings in Minnesota (10 dead)

2012 Oikos University shooting in Oakland, California (7 dead)

2006 West Nickel Mines School shooting in Bart Township Lancaster County, Pennsylvania (6 dead)

CURRENT CONTEXT

Approximately half of all lifetime mental health disorders start by the mid-teens, and the onset of all major mental illnesses happen as early as 7 to 11 years of age

1% of Caucasian students receive mental health services for mental illnesses. Only 13% of students who are Hispanic or African American receive mental health interventions.

75% had an interest in past shootings, as evidenced in their writing, social media posts or other activities.

87% showed signs of a crisis, as exhibited in their behavior, before the shooting. Some revealed their plans ahead of time, often on social media

Mental health of shooters and victims Figure 3. From U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation 2018 e adolescence (10-19 years) is a crucial period of developing the bases to the mental well-being in adulthood. Making important to promote supportive environments in the family, at school and the community. ere are many risk factors determining the mental health of an adolescent like stress, sexuality, social pressure, socio-economic problems, home life, the access of technology and media, victims of violence of all kind,

144 De nition

Statistics

School shootings haven’t stop or at least decrease in time as it is shown in gure 1. Since the Columbine shooting the deadliest school shooting are:

2007 Virginia Tech shooting (33 dead)

2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in Newtown, Connecticut (27 dead)

2018 Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in Parkland, Florida (17 dead)

2015 Umpqua Community College shooting near Roseburg, Oregon (10 dead)

2018 Santa Fe High School shooting in Texas (10 dead)

2005 Red Lake shootings in Minnesota (10 dead)

2012 Oikos University shooting in Oakland, California (7 dead)

2006 West Nickel Mines School shooting in Bart Township Lancaster County, Pennsylvania (6 dead)

CURRENT CONTEXT

2008 Northern Illinois University shooting (6 dead)

2014 Marysville Pilchuck High School shooting in Washington state (5 dead)

Figure 4. from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2018

Of all the disorders, the most common factor found in school and mass shootings is suicide, even though not all suicides are because of a mental illness, the truth is that a mental illness increases the posibility of suicide. Added to the fact that the most common way of suicide in U.S. is through the use of a gun, being also the country with the more owned rearms per capita in the world (Swearer, 2019). Most of the shooters involved in tragic school attacks kills themselves, such as the shooter of Bath school disaster, Virginia Tech shooting, Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, Columbine massacre along others.

Additionally, contrary to popular belief, video games are not associate to adolescent aggression, researchers at the Oxford internet institute didn’t nd a connection between violent video games with the development of violent behaviour (University of Oxford, 2019). Nonetheless, it is not yet clear the inuence of internet, social media and technology as promoters of disorders like anxiety or depression. But clearly they are not the direct cause of violent or aggressive personality.

Besides the risk factors, the most common motivations are revenge for perceived mistreatment, rejection, or humiliation (Knoll, 2019). at’s why the attacks are usually targeted and not indiscriminate (gure 5). Some others are from drug inuence or other mental factors, or even seek fame and glory may lead to indiscriminate attacks.

154 CURRENT CONTEXT

On the other hand, it is important to also study the consequences for the surviving community, the victim’s friends or family, the school community in general and the society.

ose that witnessed school shootings are likely to su er PTSD, anxiety or depression, some for short periods but others can be a ected their social and emotional life for a long term. And the most important e ect in society and the community in general is the feeling of on-going danger. Schools should be safe havens but after violent situations such as a school shooting, the school climate and sense of community gets profoundly damage (Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, n.d).

Some study cases are two survivors of Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School Massacre and one father of a child killed in the 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, all of them killed themselves this 2019. e investigation showed that all of them had repercussions after the attack. e father couldn't get over his daughter's death, the other two survivors had survivor’s guilt and PTSD (Yan and Park, 2019).

164 CURRENT ACTIONS

Currently, the government has implemented measures to prevent more Tend to be socially awkward and often isolate themselves school shootings, in 2018 the STOP school violence act was introduced Usually they have a criminal background or problems with the law and and passed in the U.S. House of Representatives, and in 2019 they rules in general increased in their scal budget the funding for school safety measures. Some States have taken actions on their own, such as Delaware and Most show fascination with violence, morbid media, weapons and death New Jersey have laws to prevent dangerous individuals because of their and make friends with those with the same taste mental illness to bear and use rearms; Kentucky bet for more school resources to safety training and mental health counselors. It has even A few have history of animal cruelty been debated the possibility of teachers to carry guns for protection, a very controversial subject, taking into account that any of them could Suicidal thoughts and behaviour become a possible shooter. Most have dysfunctional families or negative life experience It is clear that the U.S. has understood that mental health along with gun control are the main things to take into account in order to prevent History of Social, Emotional & Mental disturbances more violent crimes inside schools. (Campisi, 2019). Nevertheless, the federal government has not taken specic and e ective actions Most express their anger or frustration using social media, art or other concerning the mental health care of teenagers as prevention of school ways of expression shootings. Any kind of drug abuse

Solutions proposed Violent behaviour

In order to prevent school shootings, it is necessary to identify those Lack of ethics individuals at great risk for acts of violence, taking into account the risk factors. Nowadays criminal proling is widely used to identify serial Remember that not all the shooters are adolescents, few of them are adults killers or predict criminal behavior, it could now be used to identify or even not part of the institution signs in possible school shooters.

Some ags to take into account are the following (Everly, 2018) (Healy, 2012) (gure 6):

e vast majority of school shooters have been male and most of them active or recent students of the institution attacked

Most of them are bullied, harassed or mistreated by students or teachers

174 CURRENT ACTIONS

Solutions proposed Violent behaviour

Some ags to take into account are the following (Everly, 2018) (Healy, 2012) (gure 6):

e vast majority of school shooters have been male and most of them active or recent students of the institution attacked

Most of them are bullied, harassed or mistreated by students or teachers

Figure 6. From U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation 2018 184 CURRENT ACTIONS

However, proling is not the only possible solution. Schools must implement an e ective guiding plan. Most of american schools have counselors, they have to be prepared to identify possible threats and provide the help needed to students, in order to improve the school environment. Especially the education of kids is of great importance, most of adulthood or later on mental problems start in childhood and developed from the education received at home and schools.

e mental health care has to be available and accessible for all, in this case not only for children but also adults with serious mental illnesses. Mass shootings and School shootings are connected in one important fact and it is untreated mental illnesses or ine ective treatments. In consequence, many of those violent attacks are triggered with stressful experiences (gure 3) (Swearer, 2019).

Other important factors to take into account for recommendations are parenthood because most of later on problems come from home; the inuence of media, technology, the internet and virtual games given the fact that they may not be the main cause of violence but can be considered red ags or risk factors; shooters treatment in media, after a tragedy shooters usually get a lot of attention in media their names become famous and it is dangerous, because it could motivate future shooters seeking fame (Saidi, 2012).

194 GLOSSARY

Serious emotional disturbance (SED): is a categorization for Depression: is a common and serious medical illness that negatively stopping such would-be killers before they commit acts of 1. children 17 and under who currently have, or at any time during the a ects how you feel, the way you think and how you act. Depression violence. past year have had, a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder causes feelings of sadness and/or a loss of interest in activities once Anonymous reporting systems to be implemented for use by resulting in functional impairment that substantially limits enjoyed. It can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems and students, teachers, or others to contact law enforcement about functioning in family, school, or community activities. can decrease a person’s ability to function at work and at home. potential threats. Improving school security through the use of technologies and 2. Eating disorders: Eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia Fiscal budget: A government budget is an annual statement presenting increased personnel. nervosa and binge eating disorder are characterized by harmful eating the revenues and spending for a nancial year that is often passed by the None of the money in the bill would be used to arm teachers, the behaviors such as restricting calories or binge eating. legislature, approved by the chief executive or president and presented by most controversial gun-related provision proposed in the wake of the Finance Minister to the nation. the shooting, one endorsed by President Trump. 3. Psychosis: Symptoms of psychosis can include hallucinations (such as hearing or seeing things which are not there) or delusions Schizophrenia: is a mental disorder characterized by abnormal behavior, (including xed, non-accurate beliefs). Experiences of psychosis can strange speech, and a decreased ability to understand reality. Other severely impair an adolescent’s ability to participate in daily life and symptoms include false beliefs, unclear or confused thinking, hearing education. voices that do not exist, reduced social engagement and emotional expression, and lack of motivation. 4. Risk taking behavior: ability to plan and manage the emotions, normalization of the taking of risks that have an impact on health K-12: is an American expression that indicates the number of years of among peers and contextual factors. Risk taking behaviors can be primary and secondary education. For kindergarten to 12th grade. both an unhelpful strategy to cope with poor mental health and can negatively contribute to and severely impact in mental and physical Federal government: A federal government is a system that divides up well-being. power between a strong national government and smaller local governments. We'll take a look at how power plays out between the 5. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): is a psychiatric disorder that national and local government, and the benets of a federal government. can occur in people who have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event such as a natural disaster, a serious accident, a terrorist act, Risk factor: is any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual war/combat, rape or other violent personal assault. that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. Some examples of the more important risk factors are underweight, unsafe sex, 6. Survivor’s guilt: is a mental condition that occurs when a person high blood pressure, tobacco and alcohol consumption, and unsafe believes they have done something wrong by surviving a traumatic water, sanitation and hygiene. event when others did not, often feeling self-guilt. Stop school violence act 2018: e Student, Teachers, and Ocers 7. Anxiety: an emotion characterized by feelings of tension, worried Preventing (STOP) School Violence Actwould appropriate $50 million thoughts and physical changes like increased blood pressure per year for: Schools to develop “threat assessment systems” in line with recommendations from the FBI and Secret Services, in hopes of

20 GLOSSARY

Serious emotional disturbance (SED): is a categorization for Depression: is a common and serious medical illness that negatively stopping such would-be killers before they commit acts of children 17 and under who currently have, or at any time during the 8. a ects how you feel, the way you think and how you act. Depression violence. past year have had, a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder causes feelings of sadness and/or a loss of interest in activities once Anonymous reporting systems to be implemented for use by resulting in functional impairment that substantially limits enjoyed. It can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems and students, teachers, or others to contact law enforcement about functioning in family, school, or community activities. can decrease a person’s ability to function at work and at home. potential threats. Improving school security through the use of technologies and Eating disorders: Eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia 9. Fiscal budget: A government budget is an annual statement presenting increased personnel. nervosa and binge eating disorder are characterized by harmful eating the revenues and spending for a nancial year that is often passed by the None of the money in the bill would be used to arm teachers, the behaviors such as restricting calories or binge eating. legislature, approved by the chief executive or president and presented by most controversial gun-related provision proposed in the wake of the Finance Minister to the nation. the shooting, one endorsed by President Trump. Psychosis: Symptoms of psychosis can include hallucinations (such as hearing or seeing things which are not there) or delusions Schizophrenia: is a mental disorder characterized by abnormal behavior, (including xed, non-accurate beliefs). Experiences of psychosis can 10. strange speech, and a decreased ability to understand reality. Other severely impair an adolescent’s ability to participate in daily life and symptoms include false beliefs, unclear or confused thinking, hearing education. voices that do not exist, reduced social engagement and emotional expression, and lack of motivation. Risk taking behavior: ability to plan and manage the emotions, normalization of the taking of risks that have an impact on health 11. K-12: is an American expression that indicates the number of years of among peers and contextual factors. Risk taking behaviors can be primary and secondary education. For kindergarten to 12th grade. both an unhelpful strategy to cope with poor mental health and can negatively contribute to and severely impact in mental and physical 12. Federal government: A federal government is a system that divides up well-being. power between a strong national government and smaller local governments. We'll take a look at how power plays out between the Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): is a psychiatric disorder that national and local government, and the benets of a federal government. can occur in people who have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event such as a natural disaster, a serious accident, a terrorist act, 13. Risk factor: is any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual war/combat, rape or other violent personal assault. that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. Some examples of the more important risk factors are underweight, unsafe sex, Survivor’s guilt: is a mental condition that occurs when a person high blood pressure, tobacco and alcohol consumption, and unsafe believes they have done something wrong by surviving a traumatic water, sanitation and hygiene. event when others did not, often feeling self-guilt. 14. Stop school violence act 2018: e Student, Teachers, and Ocers Anxiety: an emotion characterized by feelings of tension, worried Preventing (STOP) School Violence Actwould appropriate $50 million thoughts and physical changes like increased blood pressure per year for: Schools to develop “threat assessment systems” in line with recommendations from the FBI and Secret Services, in hopes of

214 GLOSSARY

Serious emotional disturbance (SED): is a categorization for Depression: is a common and serious medical illness that negatively stopping such would-be killers before they commit acts of children 17 and under who currently have, or at any time during the a ects how you feel, the way you think and how you act. Depression violence. past year have had, a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder causes feelings of sadness and/or a loss of interest in activities once Anonymous reporting systems to be implemented for use by resulting in functional impairment that substantially limits enjoyed. It can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems and students, teachers, or others to contact law enforcement about functioning in family, school, or community activities. can decrease a person’s ability to function at work and at home. potential threats. Improving school security through the use of technologies and Eating disorders: Eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia Fiscal budget: A government budget is an annual statement presenting increased personnel. nervosa and binge eating disorder are characterized by harmful eating the revenues and spending for a nancial year that is often passed by the None of the money in the bill would be used to arm teachers, the behaviors such as restricting calories or binge eating. legislature, approved by the chief executive or president and presented by most controversial gun-related provision proposed in the wake of the Finance Minister to the nation. the shooting, one endorsed by President Trump. Psychosis: Symptoms of psychosis can include hallucinations (such as hearing or seeing things which are not there) or delusions Schizophrenia: is a mental disorder characterized by abnormal behavior, (including xed, non-accurate beliefs). Experiences of psychosis can strange speech, and a decreased ability to understand reality. Other severely impair an adolescent’s ability to participate in daily life and symptoms include false beliefs, unclear or confused thinking, hearing education. voices that do not exist, reduced social engagement and emotional expression, and lack of motivation. Risk taking behavior: ability to plan and manage the emotions, normalization of the taking of risks that have an impact on health K-12: is an American expression that indicates the number of years of among peers and contextual factors. Risk taking behaviors can be primary and secondary education. For kindergarten to 12th grade. both an unhelpful strategy to cope with poor mental health and can negatively contribute to and severely impact in mental and physical Federal government: A federal government is a system that divides up well-being. power between a strong national government and smaller local governments. We'll take a look at how power plays out between the Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): is a psychiatric disorder that national and local government, and the benets of a federal government. can occur in people who have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event such as a natural disaster, a serious accident, a terrorist act, Risk factor: is any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual war/combat, rape or other violent personal assault. that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. Some examples of the more important risk factors are underweight, unsafe sex, Survivor’s guilt: is a mental condition that occurs when a person high blood pressure, tobacco and alcohol consumption, and unsafe believes they have done something wrong by surviving a traumatic water, sanitation and hygiene. event when others did not, often feeling self-guilt. Stop school violence act 2018: e Student, Teachers, and Ocers Anxiety: an emotion characterized by feelings of tension, worried Preventing (STOP) School Violence Actwould appropriate $50 million thoughts and physical changes like increased blood pressure per year for: Schools to develop “threat assessment systems” in line with recommendations from the FBI and Secret Services, in hopes of

224 QARMAS

1. What social, political and economical recommendations do you considered necessary to implement, in order to improve mental health care for teenagers, the school community and the victims of school shootings?

2. What is the relation between mental illness and gun violence? One cause the other? e problem is the ine ective gun control or untreated mental illnesses?

3. What is the root of the school shooting crisis? Is it a cultural, biological, psychological, social or political problem?

4. What methods can be used to identify a possible shooter? Are shooters made or born?

5. How to establish comprehensive solutions inside and outside schools to prevent shootings? And is it possible to create and establish solutions to the problem such as mental health/gun control regulations without interfering with the right to bear and use arms?

6. Mental health care should be di erent for each State or be regulated by the federal law?

7. What have been the past mistakes of the U.S. government and society understanding school shootings and how to solve them?

8. What is the importance of the psychological science/practice in the solution and prevention of school shootings?

234 During this same decade, a lot of institutions started to invest on the possibilities on research of the population of the community, such as what the National Institute on Mental Health did with PhD Evelyn Hooker, a Women that fought ercely against the McCarthy government punishment on the community (Martin, G. A. V. 2006). But even though that was happening, the APA was still recognizing homosexuality as an Illness, something that was not removed until 1973 from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual on Mental disorders (DSM), leading to a better opportunity of understanding (Bailey, J. M. 1999). Taking that Illness situation out of the board, the population stated to focus on blaming and pointing out that, homosexuality or diversity in sexual preferences was due to the poor mental health that the people that “believed” that condition had, causing an increase on the stress and stability of the young people that were identifying as part of the community (Rusell, S. T. & Fish, J.N. 2016). TOPIC B: Mental Health issues nowadays. Since 1990, the World Health Organization (WHO), eliminated the diverse MENTAL HEALTH sexual preferences as health or mental health problems. Starting that year, the procient professionals in mental health started studying the condition and rights OF THE LGBT+ COMMUNITY of the youth population that was arising as part of the LGBT+ community, thus, the problem already existed. A lot of youth people were diagnosed with PTSD or AND THE IMPACT were challenging their own self esteem near to develop Borderline personality Disorder, isolating the people from the society and uprising suicide and rejection from inside the families (Bailey, J.M. 1999). OF GENDER ROLES e evaluation of the XXI century, created a new point of view, ignoring the rejection but supporting the progress and mechanisms that could help members of the community to be stable citizens part of the labor force of every country, but at the same time, having special ways and treatments with selected professionals that were open to take part on their reinsertion inside the society that was rejecting them for decades (APA, n.d.). In side that new focus, the professionals on mental health started to evaluate the ecological system that was around the youth, trying to understand their new ways of acting, interacting and repercussions it had over the development of a member of the community over the actual society changes. In that matter, the contexts and environments the population was having a lot of trouble, were related with the

824 DISEC DISARMAMENT AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY COMMITTEE

ways they could be protected from di erent mental health issues that could rise and that families might not be prepared for it at that moment (Rusell, S. T. & Fish, J.N. 2016). women and black gay men were not protected or were attacked because one of the During this same decade, a lot of institutions started to invest on the possibilities two conditions, being forced to escape or hide from members of their own minority on research of the population of the community, such as what the National (APA, 2016.). Institute on Mental Health did with PhD Evelyn Hooker, a Women that fought Over the years, this situation grew worse, as the persons were determinate to die ercely against the McCarthy government punishment on the community rather than su ering from constant persecution or hiding and the riots caused by (Martin, G. A. V. 2006). the white community, made the police have a reaction that d more fear to the But even though that was happening, the APA was still recognizing homosexuality members of the isolated groups and also, to the women trying to interact and as an Illness, something that was not removed until 1973 from the Diagnostic and participate in the riots or activities that were presented to defend and protect the Statistical Manual on Mental disorders (DSM), leading to a better opportunity of minorities. Even though there was a huge growing of the support, the di erences understanding (Bailey, J. M. 1999). inside the community grew strong until the 1940s, time when the “scale of Taking that Illness situation out of the board, the population stated to focus on homosexuality” appeared, explaining and developing conceptualization of what blaming and pointing out that, homosexuality or diversity in sexual preferences kind of behaviors a homosexual person had and how it was way apart of the was due to the poor mental health that the people that “believed” that condition behavior of a straight individual. had, causing an increase on the stress and stability of the young people that were But at the same time, due to the power that Martin Luther King was having, and identifying as part of the community (Rusell, S. T. & Fish, J.N. 2016). because one of his advisors, public demands on safe treatments for mental health LGBT+ members, ght against the riots caused by the police, representing the very rst time the community fought against the armed authorities to protect their well given rights. for the community emerged, also asking for job opportunities and public policies Mental Health issues nowadays. that might benet the minority. Since 1990, the World Health Organization (WHO), eliminated the diverse rough the 1950s, more homophile organizations emerged, trying to enforce and sexual preferences as health or mental health problems. Starting that year, the In the United States around 56.4% of adults with mental illness don’t get inform the population about the community and how to develop the possibilities procient professionals in mental health started studying the condition and rights treatment, either for economic reasons, social or cultural stigma (Mental Health over the world they are lining in at that moment, gaining a lot of support from of the youth population that was arising as part of the LGBT+ community, thus, America, 2019). But when it comes to mental health care of the LGBT+ social studies professionals that recognized for the rst time as a legitimate minority the problem already existed. A lot of youth people were diagnosed with PTSD or community, it is even more complex, because it must face a double stigma. Besides group. were challenging their own self esteem near to develop Borderline personality the society, it is the healthcare system the one perpetuating discrimination by Disorder, isolating the people from the society and uprising suicide and rejection denying them care or not recognizing their mental illness. from inside the families (Bailey, J.M. 1999). e evaluation of the XXI century, created a new point of view, ignoring the On the other hand, society has imposed for decades how people are expected to act, rejection but supporting the progress and mechanisms that could help members of dress, speak and even like. Gender roles are stereotypes,meaning “widely accepted the community to be stable citizens part of the labor force of every country, but at judgment or bias” (Planned Parenthood, n.d). e LGBT+ community does not t the same time, having special ways and treatments with selected professionals that in the gender roles imposed by the society, making them targets of harassment, were open to take part on their reinsertion inside the society that was rejecting discrimination and hatred, a ecting their mental development and health. them for decades (APA, n.d.). In side that new focus, the professionals on mental health started to evaluate the But, this problematic, comes way back to the development of the social and ecological system that was around the youth, trying to understand their new ways political participation itself. e APA organization, based on the intel and the of acting, interacting and repercussions it had over the development of a member signicance of the community nowadays, decided to explain the history of the of the community over the actual society changes. In that matter, the contexts and movement, explaining how, persons from the LGBT+ community might or might environments the population was having a lot of trouble, were related with the not be part of it, and how it may cause an independent e ect over the development of the individual within the community. Starting on the 18thCentury, the community started to develop mechanisms to ght against the social system that was stablished. Even though the community was rising, the white American premises and the misogyny that was happening at the time, caused major issues within the population of the groups, due to the fact that

254

ways they could be protected from di erent mental health issues that could rise and that families might not be prepared for it at that moment (Rusell, S. T. & Fish, J.N. 2016). women and black gay men were not protected or were attacked because one of the During this same decade, a lot of institutions started to invest on the possibilities two conditions, being forced to escape or hide from members of their own minority on research of the population of the community, such as what the National (APA, 2016.). Institute on Mental Health did with PhD Evelyn Hooker, a Women that fought Over the years, this situation grew worse, as the persons were determinate to die ercely against the McCarthy government punishment on the community rather than su ering from constant persecution or hiding and the riots caused by (Martin, G. A. V. 2006). the white community, made the police have a reaction that d more fear to the But even though that was happening, the APA was still recognizing homosexuality members of the isolated groups and also, to the women trying to interact and as an Illness, something that was not removed until 1973 from the Diagnostic and participate in the riots or activities that were presented to defend and protect the Statistical Manual on Mental disorders (DSM), leading to a better opportunity of minorities. Even though there was a huge growing of the support, the di erences understanding (Bailey, J. M. 1999). inside the community grew strong until the 1940s, time when the “scale of Taking that Illness situation out of the board, the population stated to focus on homosexuality” appeared, explaining and developing conceptualization of what blaming and pointing out that, homosexuality or diversity in sexual preferences kind of behaviors a homosexual person had and how it was way apart of the was due to the poor mental health that the people that “believed” that condition behavior of a straight individual. had, causing an increase on the stress and stability of the young people that were But at the same time, due to the power that Martin Luther King was having, and identifying as part of the community (Rusell, S. T. & Fish, J.N. 2016). because one of his advisors, public demands on safe treatments for mental health for the community emerged, also asking for job opportunities and public policies Mental Health issues nowadays. that might benet the minority. Since 1990, the World Health Organization (WHO), eliminated the diverse rough the 1950s, more homophile organizations emerged, trying to enforce and sexual preferences as health or mental health problems. Starting that year, the In the United States around 56.4% of adults with mental illness don’t get inform the population about the community and how to develop the possibilities procient professionals in mental health started studying the condition and rights treatment, either for economic reasons, social or cultural stigma (Mental Health over the world they are lining in at that moment, gaining a lot of support from of the youth population that was arising as part of the LGBT+ community, thus, America, 2019). But when it comes to mental health care of the LGBT+ social studies professionals that recognized for the rst time as a legitimate minority the problem already existed. A lot of youth people were diagnosed with PTSD or community, it is even more complex, because it must face a double stigma. Besides group. were challenging their own self esteem near to develop Borderline personality the society, it is the healthcare system the one perpetuating discrimination by Disorder, isolating the people from the society and uprising suicide and rejection denying them care or not recognizing their mental illness. from inside the families (Bailey, J.M. 1999). e evaluation of the XXI century, created a new point of view, ignoring the On the other hand, society has imposed for decades how people are expected to act, rejection but supporting the progress and mechanisms that could help members of dress, speak and even like. Gender roles are stereotypes,meaning “widely accepted the community to be stable citizens part of the labor force of every country, but at judgment or bias” (Planned Parenthood, n.d). e LGBT+ community does not t the same time, having special ways and treatments with selected professionals that in the gender roles imposed by the society, making them targets of harassment, were open to take part on their reinsertion inside the society that was rejecting discrimination and hatred, a ecting their mental development and health. them for decades (APA, n.d.). In side that new focus, the professionals on mental health started to evaluate the But, this problematic, comes way back to the development of the social and ecological system that was around the youth, trying to understand their new ways political participation itself. e APA organization, based on the intel and the of acting, interacting and repercussions it had over the development of a member signicance of the community nowadays, decided to explain the history of the of the community over the actual society changes. In that matter, the contexts and movement, explaining how, persons from the LGBT+ community might or might environments the population was having a lot of trouble, were related with the not be part of it, and how it may cause an independent e ect over the development of the individual within the community. Starting on the 18thCentury, the community started to develop mechanisms to ght against the social system that was stablished. Even though the community was rising, the white American premises and the misogyny that was happening at the Evelyn Hooker, the very rst PhD to win a grant to study gay men time, caused major issues within the population of the groups, due to the fact that from the national mental health institute.

264

ways they could be protected from di erent mental health issues that could rise and that families might not be prepared for it at that moment (Rusell, S. T. & Fish, J.N. 2016). During this same decade, a lot of institutions started to invest on the possibilities on research of the population of the community, such as what the National Institute on Mental Health did with PhD Evelyn Hooker, a Women that fought ercely against the McCarthy government punishment on the community (Martin, G. A. V. 2006). But even though that was happening, the APA was still recognizing homosexuality as an Illness, something that was not removed until 1973 from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual on Mental disorders (DSM), leading to a better opportunity of understanding (Bailey, J. M. 1999). Taking that Illness situation out of the board, the population stated to focus on blaming and pointing out that, homosexuality or diversity in sexual preferences was due to the poor mental health that the people that “believed” that condition had, causing an increase on the stress and stability of the young people that were identifying as part of the community (Rusell, S. T. & Fish, J.N. 2016).

Mental Health issues nowadays. Since 1990, the World Health Organization (WHO), eliminated the diverse sexual preferences as health or mental health problems. Starting that year, the procient professionals in mental health started studying the condition and rights of the youth population that was arising as part of the LGBT+ community, thus, the problem already existed. A lot of youth people were diagnosed with PTSD or were challenging their own self esteem near to develop Borderline personality Disorder, isolating the people from the society and uprising suicide and rejection from inside the families (Bailey, J.M. 1999). e evaluation of the XXI century, created a new point of view, ignoring the rejection but supporting the progress and mechanisms that could help members of the community to be stable citizens part of the labor force of every country, but at the same time, having special ways and treatments with selected professionals that were open to take part on their reinsertion inside the society that was rejecting them for decades (APA, n.d.). In side that new focus, the professionals on mental health started to evaluate the ecological system that was around the youth, trying to understand their new ways of acting, interacting and repercussions it had over the development of a member of the community over the actual society changes. In that matter, the contexts and environments the population was having a lot of trouble, were related with the

274

ways they could be protected from di erent mental health issues that could rise and that families might not be prepared for it at that moment (Rusell, S. T. & Fish, J.N. 2016).

Representation of the development of a young person part of the community, and the mechanisms that are part of their development.

One of the uprising problems during these resent times, are the new gender roles and identities that the population have. us, the self-respect and the recognition of the Transgender/sexual population created a reverse process over the acceptance and construction of strong resistance of mental health to the social e ects, because it was not considered part of the sexual di erences that homosexuality represented over the past few decades and the struggles the community had (Rusell, S. T. & Fish, J.N. 2016). Anxiety and instability disorders raised as the newfound mental health problems that the gender identity caused, making also a strong resemblance of what the gender role represented to women during previous years. If the determination of not understanding the transgender process, the youngest population is the one that is going to be a ected, represented by the arising numbers of patients of mental health disorders that exist today, with a prevalence of 40% of transfeminine and transmasculine teens between 12 and 17 years that su er from this kind or similar disorders (Becerra-Culqui, T. A., et al. 2018). e job of the APA is to determine the main causes and the main disorders that a ect the di erent members of the communities in contexts that are di erent from the United States, in order to create, redene and work with health organizations all around the globe to ght againt the uprising problems that relapse because of the newfound denitions and inclusions of the LGBT+ Community.

284 During this same decade, a lot of institutions started to invest on the possibilities on research of the population of the community, such as what the National Institute on Mental Health did with PhD Evelyn Hooker, a Women that fought ercely against the McCarthy government punishment on the community (Martin, G. A. V. 2006). But even though that was happening, the APA was still recognizing homosexuality as an Illness, something that was not removed until 1973 from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual on Mental disorders (DSM), leading to a better opportunity of understanding (Bailey, J. M. 1999). Taking that Illness situation out of the board, the population stated to focus on blaming and pointing out that, homosexuality or diversity in sexual preferences was due to the poor mental health that the people that “believed” that condition had, causing an increase on the stress and stability of the young people that were identifying as part of the community (Rusell, S. T. & Fish, J.N. 2016).

GLOSSARY ways they could be protected from di erent mental health issues that could rise and that families might not be prepared for it at that moment (Rusell, S. T. & Fish, J.N. 2016).

LGBT+: lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender, dened as the main parts of the community, the + means the whole new inclusions or identities a person could have, such as queer, intersexual and asexual as an example.

Sexual Orientation: Enduring and recognizing sexual, emotional and mental attraction to others, based on their gender, sexuality or physical appearance.

Gender: Biological denition given at birth, not necessarily recognized by the psychological development of the individual.

Borderline Personality Syndrome: E ect on the person that devel- ops an isolation of interaction, because of e ects that separate the self of its surroundings, having early and advanced stages, can be just psychological or it can be turned into physical damage.

Gender identity: one’s sense and subjective experience of gender that might not be consistent with birth sex.

294 During this same decade, a lot of institutions started to invest on the possibilities on research of the population of the community, such as what the National Institute on Mental Health did with PhD Evelyn Hooker, a Women that fought ercely against the McCarthy government punishment on the community (Martin, G. A. V. 2006). But even though that was happening, the APA was still recognizing homosexuality as an Illness, something that was not removed until 1973 from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual on Mental disorders (DSM), leading to a better opportunity of understanding (Bailey, J. M. 1999). Taking that Illness situation out of the board, the population stated to focus on blaming and pointing out that, homosexuality or diversity in sexual preferences was due to the poor mental health that the people that “believed” that condition had, causing an increase on the stress and stability of the young people that were identifying as part of the community (Rusell, S. T. & Fish, J.N. 2016).

ways they could be protected from di erent mental health issues that could rise and that families might not be prepared for it at that moment (Rusell, S. T. & Fish, J.N. 2016).

QARMAS

1. What social, political and economic recommendations need to be considered in order to evaluate and reassure the mental health protection of the LGBT+ community?

2. What is the relation of social context and youth context over the development or relapse of mental health problems in the Community?

3. What methods can be used to better and early intervene on a person that is having a relapse or mental health disorder development because of its identity or gender?

4. What kind of solutions must be reevaluated or need to be considered as plausible nowadays considering the e ects of social media and digital resources to prevent mental health problems?

5. Mental health care should be di erent for each context, or must be a guideline starting from states, country and continent to the world that could be adapted from the organization to the outside?

304 During this same decade, a lot of institutions started to invest on the possibilities on research of the population of the community, such as what the National Institute on Mental Health did with PhD Evelyn Hooker, a Women that fought ercely against the McCarthy government punishment on the community (Martin, G. A. V. 2006). But even though that was happening, the APA was still recognizing homosexuality as an Illness, something that was not removed until 1973 from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual on Mental disorders (DSM), leading to a better opportunity of understanding (Bailey, J. M. 1999). Taking that Illness situation out of the board, the population stated to focus on blaming and pointing out that, homosexuality or diversity in sexual preferences was due to the poor mental health that the people that “believed” that condition had, causing an increase on the stress and stability of the young people that were identifying as part of the community (Rusell, S. T. & Fish, J.N. 2016).

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