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Kriisi Journalismissa KARI KOLJONEN Kriisi journalismissa Kansakunnan katastrofit ja muuttuva professio AKATEEMINEN VÄITÖSKIRJA Esitetään Tampereen yliopiston viestinnän, median ja teatterin yksikön johtokunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi Tampereen yliopiston Pinni B:n luentosalissa B1100, Kanslerinrinne 1, Tampere, 24. päivänä elokuuta 2013 klo 12. UNIVERSITY OF TAMPERE AKATEEMINEN VÄITÖSKIRJA Tampereen yliopisto, Viestinnän, median ja teatterin yksikkö Copyright ©2013 Tampere University Press and the author Kannen suunnittelu Mikko Reinikka Acta Universitatis Tamperensis 1842 Acta Electronica Universitatis Tamperensis 1324 ISBN 978-951-44-9186-3 (nid.) ISBN 978-951-44-9187-0 (pdf) ISSN-L 1455-1616 ISSN 1456-954X ISSN 1455-1616 http://tampub.uta.fi Suomen Yliopistopaino Oy – Juvenes Print Tampere 2013 Aluksi Sattumakorpraaleiksi kutsutaan sellaisia, jotka ovat vähän vahingossa, ehkä säälistäkin saaneet ylennyksen palvelusaikansa päätteeksi. Ajatusta mukaillen olen jo vuosia kertonut pyrkiväni ”sattumatohtoriksi”. Osittain olen tällä tavoin yrittänyt esittää vaatimatonta akateemista sekatyöntekijää, joka erilaisissa ope- tus- ja tutkimustehtävissä uurastettuaan väittelisi yhtenä kauniina päivänä ja näin yllättäisi ainakin itsensä. Osittain kyse on ollut tohtori-instituutiota kohtaan tun- temastani kunnioituksesta. Siitä, että olen tiedostanut omien kykyjeni rajallisuu- den ja epäillyt, onko minulla sittenkään väitöskirjaan vaadittavia älynmuskeleita. Väitöskirjaprojektini on ollut pitkä tai lyhyt – riippuu laskentatavasta. Minut hyväksyttiin tiedotusopin jatko-opiskelijaksi vuonna 2002. Aikomukseni oli tuolloin tutkia toimittajien ammatillisia keskusteluja erilaisissa konteksteissa, mutta johonkin se tarvittava kipinä hiipui. Vuonna 2007 pääsin päätoimiseksi tutkijaksi viestintätieteiden tutkijakouluun. Tarkoitukseni oli tuolloin tutkia kriittisyyden ilmentymistä journalistisissa teksteissä ja journalistien puheissa, mutta jälleen suunnitelma hautautui syystä tai toisesta pöytälaatikkoon. Vasta vuoden 2009 syksyllä onnistuin rajaamaan katastrofiuutisoinnin ja ylipäänsä journalismin muutoksista ja jatkuvuuksista itselleni tutkimuksen, joka on kan- tanut tähän pisteeseen saakka. Innokkaana pihkaniskana voisin luonnehtia omaa tutkimuspolkuani niin, että ”alussa tuli pari pahaa pummia, mutta viimeiset rastivälit tulin kuin lentäen”. Tampereen yliopisto on ollut tärkeä osa elämääni lähes neljännesvuosisadan. Aloitin sanomalehtiopin opinnot opetusjaoston toimittajatutkinnossa vuonna 1991. Valmistuin yhteiskuntatieteiden maisteriksi tiedotusopin laitokselta vuonna 2001, ja nyt vuonna 2013 väittelen Viestinnän, median ja teatterin tieteenalayksi- köstä. Olen näiden vuosien varrella kokeillut siipieni kantavuutta kolmessa am- matissa: sanomalehtimiehenä, toimitustyön opettajana ja journalismin tutkijana. Vaikka olen viime vuodet tarkastellut journalismia nimenomaan tutkijana, en ole unohtanut toimittajan enkä opettajan töiden innostavuutta. Minusta journalismi on tavattoman kiehtova elämänalue, ja pidän rikkautena sitä, että olen saanut tutustua siihen niin monella tapaa. Kun on saavuttanut ison tavoitteensa, on kiitollinen paljosta ja monelle. Täs- sä yhteydessä keskityn kiittämään niitä ihmisiä ja tahoja, jotka ovat auttaneet minua tutkimusmatkallani. Kiitän työni ohjaajaa professori Risto Kuneliusta kannustuksesta ja luottamuksesta. Heikkoina hetkinä toivoin, että Risto olisi potkinut minua persuuksille ja antanut selviä suuntaviivoja. Jälkeenpäin olen ymmärtänyt, että ohjaaminen vaatii hienovaraisuutta ja kärsivällisyyttä, ja näitä molempia ominaisuuksia Ristolla on kiitettävässä määrin. Kiitän myös työni esitarkastajia professori Raimo Salokangasta ja professori Esa Väliverrosta ra- kentavista kommenteista, jotka auttoivat minua näkemään entistä kirkkaammin tutkimukseni vahvuudet ja heikkoudet. Viimeistelyvaiheessa olen siekailematta hyödyntänyt heiltä saamaani palautetta. Väitöskirjani osatutkimuksista kolmen pohjana ovat olleet tutkijakollegoitteni kanssa kirjoittamani, jo julkaistut artikkelit. Kiitän Risto Kuneliuksen ohella tutkija Pentti Raittilaa ja tutkija Jari Väliverrosta saumattomasta yhteistyöstä. Koen olevani etuoikeutettu siksi, että olen saanut selvittää katastrofijournalis- min nykytilaa ja muuttumista juuri teidän kanssanne. Vuorovaikutuksen an- siosta ideanraakileet ovat kypsyneet sellaisiksi tuloksiksi ja tulkinnoiksi, joita voi rohkeasti puolustaa missä tahansa. Erityisen kiitollinen olen tutkija Timo Liljalle, joka on kirittänyt minua väitösprojektin eri vaiheissa aukaisemaan ajat- teluni umpisolmuja ja oikomaan ilmaisuani pari piirua suoraviivaisemmaksi. Timon kaunistelematonta kritiikkiä olen kuunnellut korvat kuumottaen, mutta jo vuosia sitten ymmärsin sen, että palautteen rehellisyys ja tinkimättömyys ovat parasta vastamyrkkyä puolivillaiseen suorittamiseen. Haluan kiittää myös tutkijakollegoitani Laura Ahvaa, Jenni Mäenpäätä, Esa Reunasta ja professori Heikki Luostarista siitä, että maltoitte lukea tutkimukseni käsikirjoituksen tai osia siitä ja jakaa arvokkaita näkemyksiä lukemastanne. Lisäksi kiitän graafikko Teemu Heleniusta väitöskirjani taittamisesta, Timo Liljaa oikolukemisesta ja Jari Väliverrosta englanninkielisen tiivistelmän kielenhuollosta. Kiitän myös tutkimukseni ja opintojeni rahoittajia ja tukijoita. Jatko-opinto- jeni alkuvaiheita tukivat rahallisesti Tampereen yliopiston tukisäätiö, Kunnal- lisneuvos C.V. Åkerlundin säätiö ja Suomen Kulttuurirahaston Yhtyneet Ku- valehdet Oy:n juhlarahasto. Vuosina 2007–2011 sain keskittyä täysipäiväisesti tutkimukseni edistämiseen Viestintätieteiden tutkijakoulun (CORE) jäsenenä. Vuoden 2012 alusta lähtien olen työskennellyt Journalismin, viestinnän ja me- dian tutkimuskeskuksen (COMET) projekteissa, joiden lomassa olen kyennyt viimeistelemään väitöskirjani. Haluan erikseen vielä kertoa, kuinka kiitollinen olen kahden tutkijayhteisön henkisestä tuesta: Tutkijakoulun muita jäseniä kiitän yhteisestä matkasta ja tieteenalamme näköalojen laajentamisesta. Tutkimuskes- kuksemme Journalismi ja rakenteet -tutkijaryhmää (JORAUS) kiitän yhteisen kiinnostuksen jakamisesta ja tutkimusteni kannalta olennaisten näkökulmien syventämisestä. Lopuksi kerron kahdesta perheestä. Ensimmäinen perheeni asuu Mikkelissä, Sairilan kylässä, toinen perheeni Tampereella, Atalan lähiössä. Äitini Airi ja isäni Raimo ovat olleet mitä parhaimmat vanhemmat. Heillä on ollut viisautta olla riittävän lähellä ja pysyä kyllin etäällä, jotta niin lapsena kuin aikuisena olen tuntenut heidän pyyteettömän tukensa mutta en koskaan painetta. Vaimoni Elisa ja poikani Eetu ja Paavo jakavat arjen kanssani. Myös heillä on omanlaista viisautta. Kun tutkimustyöhön uppoutuneena olen vieressä mutta niin kaukana, minut pitääkin pudottaa maanpinnalle: Vie roskat! Heitä harkkoihin! Tee ruo- kaa! Kaiken se kestää, kaikessa uskoo, kaikessa toivoo, kaiken se kärsii – myös väitöskirjan. Tampereen Atalassa 1.7.2013 Kari Koljonen Tiivistelmä Väitetään, että journalismi on kriisin keskellä. Huolestuneet journalismin tutkijat ovat kertoneet meille, kuinka myös Suomessa journalismi on kaupallistunut, pinnallistunut ja yhdenmukaistunut, minkä seurauksena julkinen keskustelu on kaventunut, journalismin arvo yleisölle kyseenalaistunut ja toimitustyö muuttu- nut teolliseksi sisällöntuotannoksi. Suomalaiset journalistit ovat viime vuosina olleet toistuvasti kriisissä myös toisessa merkityksessä. He ovat raportoineet muun muassa Myyrmäen pommiräjähdyksestä, Konginkankaan bussiturmasta, Kaakkois-Aasian luonnononnettomuudesta (tsunami) ja Jokelan sekä Kauhajoen koulusurmista eli tapauksista, joita kaikkia voi luonnehtia kansallisiksi katastro- feiksi. Edellä esitetyt kaksi kriisin ulottuvuutta ovat yhdistyneet mediakritiikissä, jota katastrofeista raportoineet journalistit ovat saaneet osakseen. Journalistien uskottavuus oli koetukselle etenkin Jokelan koulusurmien jälkeen. Paikallisten nuorten laatimassa nettiadressissa journalisteja syytettiin salakuuntelusta, luvat- tomasta kuvaamisesta, kotirauhan rikkomisesta, sokissa olleiden hyväksikäytös- tä, vaaran aiheuttamisesta ja lausuntojen vääristelystä. Jo aiempien katastrofien yhteydessä kriisipsykologit ja mediatutkijat olivat kritisoineet journalisteja hai- tallisista toiminta- ja esittämistavoista. Väitteet journalismin kriisistä ja katastrofiraportoinnin ylilyönneistä perus- tuvat usein normatiiviseen ajatukseen muutoksesta: Journalismin laatu on hei- kentynyt, ja journalistien ammattietiikka rapautunut. Kriitikoilla on kuitenkin harvoin ollut esittää muuta todisteita kuin varoittavia esimerkkejä tuoreimmista katastrofeista. Kun vastapuolella journalistit ovat väittäneet vastaan yhtä heppoi- sin eväin, keskustelu on typistynyt hedelmättömäksi juupas–eipäs-kinasteluksi. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena on tuoda keskusteluun uutta tietoa ja laventaa urautuneita näköaloja. Tutkimuksessa journalismin muutoksia ja jatkuvuuksia tarkastellaan kahdella eri tasolla. Työn kolmessa ensimmäisessä osatutkimukses- sa tarkastelun kohteina ovat journalismi, journalistit ja mediajulkisuus yleisenä ilmiönä suomalaisessa yhteiskunnassa. Näissä osatutkimuksissa analysoidaan journalismin kriisiytymisestä esitettyjä väitteitä, journalistien eetoksen liuku- mista korkeasta notkeaan moderniin ja journalistiprofession keskeisten tuki- rakenteiden kehitystä ammatin itsenäistymisestä nykyiseen ”jälkiprofessionaa- liin” vaiheeseen. Työn kolmessa seuraavassa osatutkimuksessa tarkasteltavina ovat erilaisista katastrofeista sanoma- ja aikakauslehtiin laadittu journalismi ja journalistien pohdinnat näiden
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