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The Case of Argan in the Moroccan South-West

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The Case of Argan in the Moroccan South-West i Academic year 2014-2015 GENDER APPROACHES TO DEVELOPMENT IN HIGH-VALUE ADDED VALUE CHAINS: THE CASE OF ARGAN IN THE MOROCCAN SOUTH-WEST YAGOUBI, Jihad Promotor : Prof. Dr. Christine BAUHARDT Co-promoter: Dr. Gülay ÇAGLAR ii Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the joint academic degree of International Master of Science in Rural Development from Ghent University (Belgium), Agrocampus Ouest (France), Humboldt University of Berlin (Germany), Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra (Slovakia) and University of Pisa (Italy) in collaboration with Wageningen University (The Netherlands), This thesis was elaborated and defended at Humboldt Universityof Berlin - Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture within the framework of the European Erasmus Mundus Programme “Erasmus Mundus International Master of Science in Rural Development " (Course N° 2010-0114 – R 04- 018/001) Certification This is an unpublished M.Sc. thesis and is not prepared for further distribution. The author and the promoter give the permission to use this thesis for consultation and to copy parts of it for personal use. Every other use is subject to the copyright laws, more specifically the source must be extensively specified when using results from this thesis. The Promoter(s) The Author Thesis online access release I hereby authorize the IMRD secretariat to make this thesis available on line on the IMRD website The Author iii Acknowledgment First of all, I would like to thank the IMRD Consortium and the European Commission for giving me the opportunity to participate in such a rich programme, and for the Erasmus Mundus scholarship that granted me with the means to fulfil this experience. I would also like to thank the IMRD coordinators and the staff behind this Master’s organisation who helped us throughout these two years, and all the professors who made this programme intellectually stimulating. I wish to express my most sincere gratitude to my thesis promoters in the Humboldt University of Berlin, Dr. Gülay Çaglar and Prof. Dr. Christine Bauhardt. I thank them for believing in my capacities in the first place, I thank them for giving me their time and guidance before and during this last thesis semester, and finally I thank them for providing me with invaluable insights while giving me enough liberty to build my own reflexion. I hope my work lives up to their expectations. Besides my promoters, I would also like to thank all the persons who helped me during my field work. Mr. Ibrahim, the ADS agents, Mr. Qadiri, Mrs. Stein, and Mr. Bouyekhf did not hesitate to share their contacts and knowledge about the field with me, which helped me organise my meetings and my interviews efficiently. I am also grateful to all the women who took the time to answer my questions, and without whom my research would be incomplete. Last but not least, I dedicate this thesis to my family, especially my mother and my sister who always believed in me, encouraged me, and gave me the strength and balance that allow me to push my limits and pursue my dreams. I also want to dedicate it to my friends and my partner whose love and support made the challenging steps easy to overcome and this life experience worth the journey. iv Abstract Development projects aiming at the protection of the argan forest, and the improvement of rural women’s access to productive work, such as the “Project for the Conservation and Development of the Arganeraie” (PCDA1) or the “Argan tree Project” (PA2) were one of the first programmes in Morocco to have such an important focus on women’s inclusion in regional development. The South-western provinces of the country where this endemic specie grows are indeed predominantly rural areas with important socioeconomic and gender inequalities and high illiteracy rates. Considering the role argan plays in the Amazigh populations’ livelihoods in Souss-Massaa-Drâa and Essaouira as a socio-environmental heritage and a source of income, these projects intended to take measures that will protect the forest by promoting the population’s participation in its reasoned management and use. These projects appeared to operate in the same manner, meaning that the environmental protection of the argan tree was automatically linked to the support of women cooperatives’ creation. Therefore this research goal is to analyse the gender and development approaches upon which these projects are based alongside the socioeconomic and institutional context they were implemented in, in order to understand their impacts on the livelihoods of different stakeholders’ gender categories. This study first critically analyses different approaches to gender and development through a postmodernist feminist perspective. The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach framework is used as a basis for this analysis, but the tools developed for that purpose also draw from a combination between Moser’s framework and the Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index that allow a stronger focus on gender analysis. Primary and secondary data are used to disseminate the results, combining contextual elements with the stakeholders’ realities in order to grasp the large spectrum of domains SLA looks into. 1 « Projet pour la conservation et le développement de l’Arganeraie » 2 « Projet Arganier: Programme d'appui à l'amélioration de la situation de l'emploi de la femme rurale et à la gestion durable de l'Arganeraie dans le Sud-Ouest du Maroc » v Table of contents Table of illustrations ___________________________________________________ vii Acronyms and abbreviations ____________________________________________ viii Introduction __________________________________________________________ 1 1 CHAPTER ONE: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ______________________________ 4 1.1 WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT RISE AND FALL: A POSTMODERNIST PERSPECTIVE __ 4 1.2 GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT: A BREAKTHROUGH IN THEORY AND IN PRACTICE? 8 1.3 SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS APPROACH IN GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT _____ 10 1.3.1 RIGHTS-BASED APPROACH IN SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS _________________________ 12 1.3.2 FROM THEORY AND PRACTICE: SCRUTINISING SLA’S STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES _____ 13 2 CHAPTER TWO: METHODOLOGY ______________________________________ 15 2.1 RESEARCH QUESTION AND HYPOTHESES ________________________________ 15 2.2 STUDY AREA _______________________________________________________ 16 2.3 RESEARCH METHOD _________________________________________________ 20 2.3.1 LITERATURE REVIEW _______________________________________________________ 20 2.3.2 FIELD WORK ______________________________________________________________ 20 2.3.3 RESEARCH TOOLS __________________________________________________________ 21 2.3.4 DATA ANALYSIS ___________________________________________________________ 24 2.4 REMARKS AND LIMITATIONS __________________________________________ 26 2.4.1 REMARKS RELATED TO THE FRAMEWORKS’ CHOICE _______________________________ 26 2.4.2 FIELD LIMITATIONS _________________________________________________________ 27 3 CHAPTER THREE: RAISING BACKGROUND ISSUES _________________________ 28 3.1 MOROCCO: A COUNTRY’S OVERVIEW __________________________________ 28 3.1.1 OF MOROCCO’S POLITICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL HISTORY __________________________ 28 3.1.2 GENDER AND SOCIO-POLITICAL DYNAMICS ______________________________________ 30 3.2 PROJECTS OVERVIEW ________________________________________________ 31 3.2.1 THE PROJECTS’ EMERGENCE AND IMPLEMENTATION _______________________________ 31 3.2.2 SUCCESSES AND PROJECTS LIMITATIONS ________________________________________ 37 4 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS ANALYSIS ___________________________________ 39 4.1 ANALYSING THE PROJECTS’ GENDER APPROACHES _______________________ 39 4.2 STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS _____________________________________________ 42 4.3 Identifying changes in livelihoods ______________________________________ 44 4.3.1 ASSETS AND CAPITAL ENDOWMENTS ___________________________________________ 44 4.3.2 LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES _____________________________________________________ 54 4.3.3 OUTCOMES _______________________________________________________________ 59 4.3.4 PEOPLE’S STRATEGIES, PRIORITIES AND PREFERENCES _____________________________ 61 5 CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSING FURTHER WITHIN SLA FRAMEWORK ____________ 63 vi 5.1 ELEMENTS OF SUCCESS, ELEMENTS OF FAILURE: CONTEXTUALISING THE OUTCOMES ______________________________________________________________ 63 5.1.1 A LIBERAL APPROACH TO GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT: MARKET CHALLENGES AND INTERVENTION ___________________________________________________________________ 63 5.1.2 ADDRESSING THE NEEDS VS. STRENGTHS VS. RIGHTS DEBATE: AN INSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE ____________________________________________________________________ 64 5.1.3 DEVELOPMENT BY WHOM: A POSTMODERNIST UNDERSTANDING OF KNOWLEDGE ________ 66 5.2 ANALYSING LONG TERM IMPACTS AND SUSTAINABILITY ___________________ 69 5.2.1 TALKING ABOUT SUSTAINABILITY _____________________________________________ 69 5.2.2 GOVERNANCE ISSUES IN MOROCCO ____________________________________________ 71 CONCLUSION _________________________________________________________ 75 Bibliographie_________________________________________________________ 77 Annexes _____________________________________________________________ 80 Annex 1: Stakeholders description ____________________________________________ 80 Annex 2: Guided semi-structured questionnaire for internal stakeholders ____________ 83 Annex 3: Guided semi-structured questionnaire for external stakehodlers ___________ 91 Annex 4: Internal stakeholders description
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