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1 PROSPECTS for CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL of the AQUATIC INVASIVE WEED HYGROPHILA POLYSPERMA (ACANTHACEAE) by ABHISHEK MUKHER

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1 PROSPECTS for CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL of the AQUATIC INVASIVE WEED HYGROPHILA POLYSPERMA (ACANTHACEAE) by ABHISHEK MUKHER PROSPECTS FOR CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THE AQUATIC INVASIVE WEED HYGROPHILA POLYSPERMA (ACANTHACEAE) By ABHISHEK MUKHERJEE A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2011 1 © 2011 Abhishek Mukherjee 2 To my beloved parents and sister I could not have made it without your inspiration and support 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want to express my sincere thanks to my major advisor, Dr. James P. Cuda for giving me the opportunity to work in this project. His constant supervision and constructive criticisms helped me immensely throughout the period of my PhD research. I also want to express my sincere appreciation to my co-advisor Dr. William Overholt. His suggestions and guidance were very helpful in improving my dissertation projects. I owe my sincere thanks to the other members of my advisory committee, Dr. William T. Haller (Centre of Aquatic and Invasive Plants, UF), Dr. Matthew A. Gitzendanner (Department of Biology, UF) and Dr. Gregory Kiker (Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, UF) for their support and guidance during my PhD dissertation research. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to Dr. Carol Ellison (CABI Europe, UK), Dr. K. C. Pujari (Assam Agriculture University, Assam, India) and Dr. Matiyar R. Khan (Bidhan Chandra Kirshi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India) for their help during surveys in India. In particular, the training I received from Dr. Ellison during field surveys have been a valuable learning experience. I would like to thank Dr. James W. Jones (Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, UF), Dr. Jason K. Blackburn (Immerging Pathogen Institute, UF) and Dr. William T. Crow (Entomology and Nematology Department, UF) for participating in collaborative research with me. In addition, I appreciate Dr. Rodrigo Diaz, Matthew Thom (Entomology and Nematology Department, UF) and Subhadip Pal (Department of Statistics, UF) for their help and encouragements during collaborative research works. I sincerely acknowledge the help received from the following persons regarding identifications of insects; Lyle Buss, Drs. Paul M. Choate and Howard J. Frank 4 (Entomology and Nematology Department, UF); Drs. Susan E. Halbert, Michel C. Thomas, Gary J. Steck and Paul E. Skelley (Museum of Entomology, FSCA, DPI, Gainesville, FL); Dr. Alexander Konstantinov (Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS); Dr. Laura T. Miller (West Virginia Department of Agriculture); Dr. Eric Guilbert (Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Département de Systématique et Evolution, France); Dr. Daniel J. Bickel (Australian Museum, NSW, Australia); Dr. Andrew Short (University of Kansas); Dr. Zbyněk Kejval (Muzeum Chodska, Czech Republic); Dr. Charles L Bellamy (California Department of Food and Agriculture) and Dr. Shen-Horn Yen (National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan). Words fail to express my thanks to Daniel Okine for his immense help throughout my PhD research. I also want to express thanks to Judy Gillmore and Dr. Julio Medal. Thanks to all my lab mates, Onour E. Moeri, Karen Stratman and especially, Lindsey R. Christ for their great support. Special thanks to my very good friends, Dr. Monohar Chakraborty (Ohio State University), Rajtilak Majumdar (University of New Hampshire) and Triparna Lahari (University of Manitoba) for their inspiration and support. Finally, I breathe my deepest revere to my parents, loving sister and other relations. Acknowledgement is not enough for their unfading sacrifices, love and warmth, which nourished my hopes and ambitions. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 9 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 10 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 14 Review of Literature ................................................................................................ 15 Native Range .................................................................................................... 15 Plant Description .............................................................................................. 16 Growth Habit .................................................................................................... 17 Invasion History ................................................................................................ 17 Impacts and Threats ......................................................................................... 19 Need for Research .................................................................................................. 20 2 MICROSATELLITE AND CHLOROPLAST DNA DIVERSITIES OF HYGROPHILA POLYSPERMA IN ITS NATIVE AND INVASIVE RANGES ............ 24 Methods .................................................................................................................. 27 Collection and DNA Extraction ......................................................................... 27 Microsatellite DNA Typing ................................................................................ 27 Chloroplast DNA Typing ................................................................................... 30 Results .................................................................................................................... 31 Microsatellite DNA Typing ................................................................................ 31 Chloroplast DNA Typing ................................................................................... 32 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 33 3 EFFECT OF SIMULATED HERBIVORY ON GROWTH OF THE INVASIVE WEED HYGROPHILA POLYSPERMA: EXPERIMENTAL AND PREDICTIVE APPROACHES ....................................................................................................... 48 Materials and Methods............................................................................................ 50 Experimental Set Up ........................................................................................ 50 Data Collection ................................................................................................. 51 Model Description ............................................................................................. 51 Model Simulation .............................................................................................. 54 Test of predictive accuracy ........................................................................ 55 Test of model usefulness ........................................................................... 55 6 Statistical Analysis ............................................................................................ 56 Mesocosm experiment ............................................................................... 56 Predictive model ........................................................................................ 57 Results .................................................................................................................... 59 Mesocosm Experiment ..................................................................................... 59 Stem length and stem dry weight ............................................................... 59 Root length and root dry weight ................................................................. 60 Leaf area and leaf dry weight ..................................................................... 60 Final biomass ............................................................................................. 60 Relative growth rate (RGR) ........................................................................ 61 Model Simulation Results ................................................................................. 61 Test of prediction accuracy ........................................................................ 61 Test of usefulness ...................................................................................... 63 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 63 Mesocosm Experiment ..................................................................................... 63 Mathematical Modeling .................................................................................... 65 4 EXPLORATORY SURVEYS IN NATIVE AND INVASIVE HABITATS TO IDENTIFY NATURAL ENEMIES ASSOCIATED WITH HYGROPHILA .................. 74 Materials and Methods............................................................................................ 77 Surveys in Florida ............................................................................................. 77 Catalog and Geoposition of Herbaria Records ................................................. 77 Exploratory Field Surveys in Hygrophila‟s Native Range ................................. 78 Results and Discussion..........................................................................................
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