Non-Smooth Model of the Grand Piano Action Anders Thorin

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Non-Smooth Model of the Grand Piano Action Anders Thorin Non-smooth model of the grand piano action Anders Thorin To cite this version: Anders Thorin. Non-smooth model of the grand piano action. Solid mechanics [physics.class-ph]. Ecole Polytechnique X, 2013. English. pastel-00939493 HAL Id: pastel-00939493 https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00939493 Submitted on 30 Jan 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE DE DOCTORAT DE L’ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE Présentée par Anders THORIN Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE Spécialité : Mécanique Non-smooth model of the grand piano action Préparée au Laboratoire de Mécanique des Solides et au CEA List Soutenue le 22 octobre 2013 devant le jury composé de : M. Bernard BROGLIATO Rapporteur INRIA Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes M. René CAUSSÉ Rapporteur IRCAM, Paris M. Paul FISETTE Président Université catholique de Louvain M. Stephen PAULELLO Invité Atelier Paulello, Villethierry M. José LOZADA Co-Encadrant CEA List, Paris M. Xavier MERLHIOT Co-Encadrant CEA List, Paris M. Xavier BOUTILLON Directeur École polytechnique, Paris Imagine, maintenant : un piano. Les touches ont un début. Et les touches ont une fin. Toi, tu sais qu’il y en a quatre-vingt-huit, là-dessus personne peut te rouler. Elles ne sont pas infinies, elles. Mais toi, tu es infini, et sur ces touches, la musique que tu peux jouer est infinie. Elles, elles sont “quatre-vingt-huit. Toi, tu es infini. Voilà ce qui me plaît. C’est quelque chose qu’on peut vivre. Mais si tu / Mais si je monte sur cette passerelle, et que devant moi / Mais si je monte sur cette passerelle, et que devant moi se déroule un clavier de millions de touches, des millions et des milliards/ Des millions et des milliards de touches, qui ne finissent jamais, c’est la vérité vraie qu’elles ne finissent jamais, et ce clavier-là, il est infini / Et si ce clavier-là, il est infini, alors / Sur ce clavier-là, il n’y a aucune musique que tu puisses jouer. Tu n’es pas assis sur le bon tabouret : ce piano-là, c’est Dieu qui y joue / Nom d’un chien, mais tu les as seulement vues, ces rues? Rien qu’en rues, il y en avait des milliers, comment vous faites là-bas pour en choisir une / Pour choisir une femme / Une maison, une terre qui soit la vôtre, un paysage à regarder, une manière de mourir / Tout ce monde, là / Ce monde collé à toi, et tu ne sais même pas où il finit / Jusqu’où il y en a / Vous n’avez pas peur, vous, d’exploser, rien que d’y penser, à toute cette énormité, rien que d’y penser? D’y vivre... / Moi, j’y suis né, sur ce bateau. Et le monde y passait, mais par deux mille personnes à la fois. Et des désirs, il y en avait aussi, mais pas plus que ce qui pouvait tenir entre la proue et la poupe. Tu jouais ton bonheur, sur un clavier qui n’était pas infini. C’est ça que j’ai appris, moi. La terre, c’est un bateau trop grand pour moi. C ’est un trop long voyage. Une femme trop belle. Un parfum trop fort. Une musique que je ne sais pas jouer. Pardonnez-moi. Mais je ne descendrai pas. Alessandro Baricco – Novecento : pianiste” À Daniel Yvon Remerciements Encore indécis à m’engager sur un doctorat à l’époque, je me souviens lire le descriptif de la thèse proposée par le LMS et le CEA LIST sur internet. Mes hésitations se sont instantanément levées : il s’agissait d’une conciliation entre ma passion pour la musique et celle des sciences. Je suis très reconnaissant envers le LMS et le CEA LIST ainsi que des membres qui les composent, d’avoir rendu possible la réalisation de la thèse dans un environnement si favorable et fructueux. Mes premiers remerciements s’adressent à Xavier Boutillon, avec qui j’ai pris plaisir à collaborer de fao¸n symbiotique tout au long de la thèse et grâce à qui j’ai beaucoup appris. Je lui suis d’autant plus reconnaissant qu’il s’est toujours montré attentif quand il le fallait, compréhensif et humain. Merci également à José Lozada et Xavier Merlhiot pour leurs nombreux conseils avisés et leur initiation aux domaines de la mécanique analytique, de la géométrie différentielle ou de la mécatronique. Merci à Jean-Christophe Eytard, Vincent de Greef, Hakim Gharbi, Erik Guimbretière, Ali Bozetine et William Gilbert pour leur aide sur la partie expérimentale. Je souhaite également remercier Bernard Brogliato et René Caussé d’avoir accepté la charge de rapporteur, Paul Fisette celle d’examinateur et de président, et Stephen Paulello de s’être joint au jury. Puis, il m’est très important de remercier ceux qui contribuent à ce qui me semble être l’un des plus précieux attributs de la recherche : le partage inconditionnel de savoir. Je tiens en effet à souligner la générosité de ceux qui donnent de leur temps pour transmettre leurs connaissances, même à des inconnus, aussi je prends le risque d’offusquer ceux que j’omets en ne citant que certains altruistes m’ayant aidé directement pour ma thèse. Merci donc à Patrick Ballard (accumulations d’impact), Alain Ehrlacher (énumérer les objets serait trop long !), Tony Lelièvre (mesures de Stieljes), Antonin Chambolle (décomposition des mesures), Vincent Acary (dynamique non-régulière) et particulièrement Mathieu Gautier et Jean Sreng (C++ et Python pour XDE). Que les autres sachent qu’ils ne sont pas pour autant oubliés ! Enfin, je remercie les acteurs du LMS, du CEA LIST et du LadHyx pour leur contribution à la si bonne ambiance qui y règne. Cela inclut en particulier Benoît Theckes et Loïc Tadrist avec chacun desquels j’ai passé deux tiers de thèse très riches en discussions fructueuses, mais aussi des collègues qui auront plus marqués le bureau 65 20 08 par leur caractère que par la durée de leur passage, tels Thomas Barois et ses sacs, Pascal Khalife (alias 110Ch210) et son tornado976 ou encore Eddy Malou – ça, c’est clair ! v Résumé Le mécanisme de la touche de piano à queue sert à propulser le marteau vers les cordes. Ce mécanisme permet au pianiste de contrôler avec précision la vitesse et l’instant d’impact du marteau sur la corde. Il est raisonnable de penser que c’est le comportement dynamique de la touche qui permet cette contrôlabilité. Avec pour perspective l’amélioration du rendu haptique des claviers numériques, cette thèse propose une méthode de simulation d’un modèle complet du mécanisme. Le son généré par la vibration qui suit l’impact du marteau sur les cordes n’entre pas dans le cadre de l’analyse. Des modèles du mécanisme comportant plusieurs degrés de liberté, des frottements et des contacts intermittents, ont été proposés depuis une quinzaine d’années. Notre approche se distingue de celles suivies jusqu’ici par un changement du point de vue adopté pour valider et pour simuler le modèle. En se fondant sur l’étude approfondie d’un modèle à un degré de liberté, il est en effet montré que la simulation d’un modèle dynamique complet doit se faire à l’aide d’un pilotage en déplacement, tandis que les travaux récents et anciens présentent des simulations pilotées en force. Une analyse des problèmes numériques liés aux discontinuités de vitesses survenant au sein du mécanisme durant l’enfoncement de la touche est présentée. Ils sont résolus par des méthodes de dynamique non-régulière implémentées dans le logiciel XDE. Les résultats sont présentés sous forme de comparaison avec les mesures expérimentales. La plupart des irrégularités des forces mesurées se retrouvent dans les forces simulées, en jeu piano comme en jeu forte. Les simulations rendent également bien compte de la ciné- matique de chaque élément du mécanisme. Une analyse de sensibilité du comportement dynamique aux paramètres du modèle est enfin exposée. Mots-clefs : piano, dynamique multi-corps, dynamique non régulière, modélisation, simula- tion, haptique. Abstract The grand piano action aims at propelling the hammer up to the strings. This mechanism provides the pianist with a high-controllability of the time of impact of the hammer with the strings and the hammer’s velocity at the impact. This controllability is believed to be due to the dynamic behaviour of the piano action. The present thesis proposes a simulation method of a complete model of the mechanism, which opens doors to improvements of the haptic rendering of digital keyboards. The sound following the impact of the hammer on the strings is not analysed. In the last fifteen years, various models of the piano action including several degrees of freedom, friction and intermittent contacts, have been proposed. Our approach differs from existing work in that it is based on a new viewpoint for model validation and simulation. Indeed, using a in-depth study of a model with a single degree of freedom, it is shown that the simulation of a complete dynamic model must be driven with a displacement whilst, until now, only force driven simulations have been presented. Velocity discontinuities, occurring during the descent of the key, raise numerical issues which are analysed.
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