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Seeking out Their Afghan Sisters Female Engagement Teams in Afghanistan

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Seeking out Their Afghan Sisters Female Engagement Teams in Afghanistan WP 2014: 1 Seeking out their Afghan sisters Female Engagement Teams in Afghanistan Sippi Azarbaijani-Moghaddam Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI) is an independent, non-profit research institution and a major international centre in policy-oriented and applied development research. Focus is on development and human rights issues and on international conditions that affect such issues. The geographical focus is Sub-Saharan Africa, Southern and Central Asia, the Middle East and Latin America. CMI combines applied and theoretical research. CMI research intends to assist policy formulation, improve the basis for decision-making and promote public debate on international development issues. 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E440?9$3&1!;&0=F!H&?#1!G3((!9=&<3'#!04#;0(!31;&=?8$3&1!++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!I,! =#.2<$6,.:&*(3)*9/&++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++&?F! 8,"<,#:*)>'4&+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++&?J! !..(1&5A&5K!;&K#$*2(/&D*#3&%'(&>(*,#6&L)*2'&GM7M&%#&;("*$)*4&GM7G&++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++&N7! !..(1&55A&;0E&E,3(<,.(&+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++&NN! iii SEEKING OUT THEIR AFGHAN SISTERS CMI WORKING PAPER WP 2014: 1 FEMALE ENGAGEMENT TEAMS IN AFGHANISTAN About the author Sippi Azarbaijani- Moghaddam has spent the past 21 years working in conflict and post-conflict settings, primarily Afghanistan but also Rwanda, Tajikistan and other locations. She has worked with NGOs, multinational organisations, the Red Cross, donors and governments in a number of capacities. She spent 2010-2012 advising the UK military command in southern Afghanistan. A graduate of the universities of Oxford, Birmingham and Aberdeen, she has a background in sociology and anthropology. She has published widely on issues of gender, social differences and community development. She was born in Iran and lives in Scotland. iv SEEKING OUT THEIR AFGHAN SISTERS CMI WORKING PAPER WP 2014: 1 FEMALE ENGAGEMENT TEAMS IN AFGHANISTAN Abbreviations Afghan Affairs Advisor A3 A3 Afghan National Army ANA ANA Afghan National Police ANP Afghan National Security Forces ANSF Area of Operations AO Area of Responsibility AOR Assessment Report ASSESSREP Battle Space Owners BSOs Brigade Combat Teams BCTs Civil Military Cooperation CIMIC Coalition Forces CF Combined Force CF Commander Comd Counterinsurgency COIN Counterinsurgency Advisory & Assistance Team CAAT Cultural Advisor CULAD Cultural Support Team CST Defence Cultural Specialist Unit DCSU Department of Women's Affairs DoWA District Stabilisation Team DST Female Engagement Team FET FFU Find, Feel and Understand Forward Operating Base FOB FRAGO Fragmentary Ordinary Government of Afghanistan GoA Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan GIRoA Headquarters HQ Human Terrain HT Improvised Explosive Device IED International Security Assistance Force ISAF ISAF Joint Command IJC Joint Training Enhancement Committee JTEC Local National LN Manoeuvre Battalions MBs Military Stabilisation Support Group MSSG Ministry of Defence MoD Ministry of Women’s Affairs MoWA National Directorate of Security NDS v SEEKING OUT THEIR AFGHAN SISTERS CMI WORKING PAPER WP 2014: 1 FEMALE ENGAGEMENT TEAMS IN AFGHANISTAN NATO Training Mission in Afghanistan NTM-A Non-Government Organisation NGO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NATO Operational Environment OE Provincial Council PC Provincial Reconstruction Team PRT Regional Command-South RC-S Regional Command-Southwest RC-SW Revolutionary Association of the Women of RAWA Afghanistan Situation Report SITREP Stabilization Advisors STABADs Subject Matter Expert SME Tactics, Techniques and Procedures TTPs Task Force TF Task Force Helmand TFH U.S. Army Special Operations Command USASOC United Kingdom UK United Nations Security Council UNSC United States US United States Marine Corps USMC vi SEEKING OUT THEIR AFGHAN SISTERS CMI WORKING PAPER WP 2014: 1 FEMALE ENGAGEMENT TEAMS IN AFGHANISTAN Executive summary Almost a decade after the 2001 intervention by the United States and its allies in Afghanistan – rhetorically justified after the fact in part by the need to save Afghan women - women would once again take centre stage for some in the US military. By 2010, the leadership of the international forces (ISAF) had moved into a counter-insurgency (COIN) mode, hoping to reproduce what they regarded as successes in Iraq. The new COIN doctrine emphasised the importance of gaining the support of the civilian population, understood as rational actors who had to be convinced to choose the ‘right side’ in the war. It was against this background that Afghan women entered the calculus of the international military. Afghan women were now viewed as influential matriarchal figures and potential allies who could help turn the tide of ISAF’s struggle against the Taliban and other insurgents. To engage women - the 50% of the Afghan population who had thus far been invisible to the military - the Female Engagement Team (FET) concept was initiated by the United States Marine Corps (USMC), which had tried a similar concept in Iraq. The FETs were groups of international military women meant to build rapport with, and support from, Afghan women and thereby their families and communities. It was at this stage, after sixteen years of work in Afghanistan, that I was employed initially as Cultural Advisor to a succession of ISAF military commanders and their subordinates. Throughout 2010 I advised the Commander of Regional Command-South (RC-S). Later that year I was sent as Afghan Affairs Advisor (A3) to advise three consecutive Commanders of Task Force Helmand (TFH) over a twelve month period. In my position I had direct access to first-hand information and documentation on what FETs were actually achieving (or not), as well as ongoing discussion within the military about the concept and its implementation. The present report draws heavily on these sources of information. The report describes the trajectory of FETs as they evolved from idea to practice, focusing on the work of the US Marine Corps and UK FETs in the period from 2010 to early 2012 in Helmand province in southern Afghanistan. It critically examines the assumptions underpinning the concept of FETs and the reasons for the lack of substantive outcomes between 2010 and 2012 as FETs strove to engage women. vii SEEKING OUT THEIR AFGHAN SISTERS CMI WORKING PAPER WP 2014: 1 FEMALE ENGAGEMENT TEAMS IN AFGHANISTAN Introduction History has taught us that most insurgent fighters are men. But, in traditional societies, women are extremely influential in
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