Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48395-7 — the Origins of the British Empire in Asia, 1600–1750 David Veevers Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48395-7 — The Origins of the British Empire in Asia, 1600–1750 David Veevers Index More Information

Index

Abbas, Mir, 47 Dumadapore, 116 Aceh, 181–183, 197–198, 203, 206 founding of English factory, 116, 138 adalat, 143 interlopers, 116–122 Adill, raja, 214–219 Khem Chand Shah, 120 Afghan, 13–14, 112, 114, 161, 264 Malik Bairam, 120 agency problem, 12 Malik Kasim, 120 Agra, 34 prohibition of slave trade, 116 Akbar, 12, 114 shawbunder, 125 Alam, Emperor Shah II, 272 Ball, George, 37 Aldworth Banda islands, 40 Henry, 138 Bank of England, 120 Thomas, 34, 36 Bantal, 225, 231, 235, 237–238 Alley, Captain William, 122–127, 130, 145 Bantam Amboina, 41, 181, 277 agency, 66 Anak Sungai, 216, 218, 225, 233–237, 240, Arya Ranamanggala, pengeran,41–42 245 blockade, 41–42 Andrews, Matthew, 79, 87 Chinese monopoly, 36–37, 41–42 Annesley, Samuel, 15 coup, 182 Arakan, 154 English mediation, 180 Arcot, 256–258, 260, 264 English monopoly over pepper, 181 Armagon English re-establish headquaters at, 42–43 burnt down, 48 expulsion of the English Company, 37, 182 Chetty, raja, 55 founding of the English factory, 36, 180 conﬂict with Vijayanagara empire, 48–49, Gabang, pengeran,41 72 imperial expansion, 181 famine, 49 jenang, 191–193 fort, 48–52 Ratu, pengeran,41–42 foundation of English factory, 47–49, 113 regents, 37, 41 nayak,47–48 Sultan Abdulfatah Ageng, 182 withdrawal of English from, 49, 62 Bantam Capas, 197 Armenian, 13, 171, 247, 257, 276 Barker, Hugh, 254 Atlantic, 7, 43, 81, 262 Barwell, Charles, 214–217 Aurangzeb, emperor, 13–15, 113, 124, 131, Basra, 45 152, 155, 157, 163–164, 171, 207, 249, Batavia, 11, 39–42, 47, 113, 178, 180, 184, 251, 255, 279 186, 196, See Jakarta Azim-ush-sham, prince, 164 Beard John (junior), 169–171 Baker, Aaron, 27–30 John (senior), 145–146, 148 Balasore Bencoolen attack by English, 149 annexation of Jangallo, 226–230 Chintaman Shah, 120 Anthony Ettrick, 225, 227 commercial hub, 112, 116 as colonial space, 231

286

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48395-7 — The Origins of the British Empire in Asia, 1600–1750 David Veevers Index More Information

Index 287

attack of Orang Gunung, 237–238 Brahmin brothers (Venkata and Kanappa), attempted coup de force, 207–209 29–30 Bantam’s claims on, 190–194 Bridger, John, 104 Batavia as a model, 186 Bridgman, James, 117 Chinese, 220, 226, 237–240 Brond, Benjamin, 101–102 cloth imports, 223–224 Buckeridge, Nicholas, 46, 93, 95–96 coffrey slaves, 238–240 Bugis, 198–199, 215, 221, 232 commercial growth, 212 Burdwan, 161 decline in trade, 220–221, 223–225 Buxar, battle of, 272 disarming of Malays, 231 Byam, John, 120 embargo against, 191, 195 English arrival, 184, 186 Cadiz, 122 establishment of English government, Calcutta. See Sutanati 187–189 baptisms, 21 exchanged for Singapore, 241 Basak family, 260 expedition against rebels, 233 capture by Siraj-ud-daula, 265 expedition to relieve Bantal, 236 commercial growth, 259 expenses, 225 conﬂict with ‘New Company’, 169–173 expulsion of the English, 239–240 expansion of jurisdiction, 259 famine, 225 Fort William, 165, 174 gaming license, 226 foundation of English factory, 158 George Shaw, 220, 224 Henry Frankland, 253 Jenapatwan, 201–209, 212–213, 220 imperial farman, 245–248 Malay ethnicity, 202 Islam, 140 market, 201 population, 259 mint, 201, 205 private trade, 253–254 mutiny of English soldiers, 200 Rajput rebellion, 161–164 plans to withdraw subordinate factories, 217 recapture by the English, 267 return of English, 241 share of investment, 166 return of Malay, 200 Surman’s embassy, 245–247 Richard Farmer, 225–226, 234 trade, 260 Robert Broughton, 221–222 Twenty Four Parganas, 268 Robert Skingle, 226 zamindar, 164–166 salt monopoly, 212, 225–226, 230, 237, Cambodia, 38 252–253 Camphuys, Joannes, 196 shipping, 202, 220 Carnatic. See Arcot shortage of silver dollars, 224–225 Cartwright, Ralph, 54–55, 181 Theophilius Shyllinge, 232 Catholicism, 43, 83, 88 Thomas Cooke, 236–237, 239–240 Cattow, 214, 218–219, 221, 226 volume of private trade, 224 Celebes, 38 York Fort, 189, 194, 201, 208, 212, 217 Chamber, Thomas, 31, 85, 89, 91, 93 Bengal sultanate, 112 Charles I, king, 45 Bernier, Francois, 20 Charles II, king, 7, 9, 80, 82, 91–92, 103–104, Bihar, 112, 116, 251 122, 146, 167, 177, 276 bitchar, 214, 216–217, 219, 222, 228–229, Charnock, Catherine, 139, 160 231, 236 Charnock, Elizabeth, 139 Bloome, Benjamin, 185–196, 198–201, Charnock, Job, 135, 138–143, 147–160, 204–208, 212, 220 164–165, 186–187, 266–267 Bombay, 103, 108, 121, 136, 156, 177–178, Charnock, Mary, 139 205, 242, 272, 280–281, 283 Child, Sir John, 156, 178 Borneo, 38 Child, Sir Josiah, 132, 135, 142, 144–147, 151, Bowman, Maximillian, 64 156, 167, 195, 275 Bowrey, Thomas, 2, 21, 116, 202, 275 China, 82, 261 Bowridge, William, 139, 162 Chinsurah, 130, 136 Bowyer, Francis, 182 Chittagong, 147, 149, 151, 153–154

288 Index

Clarke England (Britain) Thomas (junior), 53 Civil Wars, 45, 69, 74, 81 Thomas (senior), 53–55, 59 colonisation, 7, 19, 43 Clitherow, Sir Christopher, 80 commercial expansion, 261 Clive, Robert, 264, 266–268, 270–272, 278, corporations, 7, 32 281 East Indies squadron, 263 Cocks, Richard, 40 economic crises, 44 Cogan, Andrew, 51, 53–54, 57, 59, 61–67, Glorious Revolution, 167 69–71, 73, 76, 85, 91 leading trader in Asian goods, 261 Cogan, Richard, 66 mercantilism, 32 Collet, Joseph, 229–234, 256–258 Navigation Acts, 81 Courteen Association, 45, 50, 74 Northwest Passage, 31 Courteen, Sir William, 45 parliament, 12, 74, 134, 167–169, 172–173, Cromwell, Oliver, 75, 77, 79, 81–82, 282 262, 270 Cuddalore. See Fort St David proprietary grants, 7 Curtis, William, 86 re-export trade, 262 Cutcheel, Raja. See Jangallo war against Dutch, 41 war against France, 263 Dacca, 116, 122–123, 133, 141, 151, 159, war against Spain, 31, 75 162–163 English East India Company Dawes, William, 93, 97–99 colony building, 152, 160, 165, 178, 186 Day, Francis, 50, 56–58, 60, 62–66, 68–69, 71, court of committees, 8, 34, 42, 45–46, 73, 76, 91, 111 51–52, 62, 65, 69, 73–76, 79–82, 87, Deccan, 1, 113, 131, 152, 171, 255, 278 90–91, 96–97, 102–103, 105–107, 120, Delhi, 13, 138, 245–246, 249–252, 256, 260, 122, 126, 132, 146–147, See East India 272 House, See court of directors diwan, 161, 251, 272 court of directors, 135, 156, 158, 162, 165, Dixon, Hugh, 102 169, 173, 183, 186, 223, 253, 266 Dodsworth, Edward, 34 East India House (building), 80 Downton, Nicholas, 34 factions within leadership, 45, 81, 136–137, Duke, Matthew, 39 146 Dupleix, Francois, 263 fiscal-military weakness, 16, 20, 38, Durson, Captain John, 122 40, 43, 46, 150, 191, 194, 211, 217, Dutch East India Company (Verenigde-Oost- 219, 222 Indische-Compagnie) foundation, 31 ban on private trade, 261 interlopers, 89, 115–128, 130–134, Bantam, 37–38, 180, 182–183, 189 139–140, 145, 156, 166 colonisation, 7 investment, 33, 44, 46, 71, 74, 79, 166, 252, conflict with the English Company, 37–38 261 conflict with Vijayanagara empire, 72 New Company, 168–173 failure to settle Bencoolen, 186 organisation, 33, 74, 82, 261 Hereen-Zeventien (Gentlemen Seventeen), permanent joint-stock, 79, 81, 89 11 private trade, 107–108, 223–224, 252–254 Inderapura, 184, 196–199, 213 privileges, 5, 44, 46, 53, 61, 67, 73, 111, intervention in Anak Sungai, 234 128, 164, 174, 184, 196–197, 245–246, protection of William Hedges, 132 252, 255–256, 258, 265, 267 relationship with the Dutch state, 38 rebellions, 108 Silebar, 189–190 records, 22 subordination to Asian states, 16, 115 relationship with English state, 7, 22, 38–39, union with the English Company, 38–43 41, 70, 73, 75, 167–169, 173, 262–264, war with Siam, 94 268, 271 religious policy, 76, 84, 95 Eagle, 57, 60, 62–63 shipping, 34, 38, 40–41, 45, 51, 61, 70–71, Edwards, Richard, 118, 120 75, 80, 103, 135, 147 Elizabeth I, queen, 31–33 subordination, 213

Index 289

subordination to Asian states, 5, 16, 19, 44, Indo-Portuguese family, 65 48, 61, 64, 72, 74, 94, 115–116, 123, 133, marriage of daughters, 118 144, 148, 168, 177, 179–180, 182, 189, Thomas Chamber, 86 195, 201, 210–211, 214, 242, 253, 258, wealth, 68 265 Griffith, Henry, 1–4 trade, 142, 155, 159, 166, 168, 188, 252, 260 Gulemat, Sultan union with the Dutch VOC, 38–43 alliance with Orang Gunung, 237 use of force, 37, 41, 104, 135–138, 144, authority limited by English, 233 156–157, 162–163, 195–196, 213–239, conflict with Raja Adill, 217–218 267, 271 deposed by English, 234–235 withdrawal of factories, 40, 45, 47, 51, 76, destruction of Bencoolen, 239–240 79, 217, 225, 236 election as sultan, 213 Eyre, Charles, 139, 152–153, 155, 159–160, expedition to conquer Manduta, 214 162–165, 172, 259 invasion of Anak Sungai, 235–236 mother, 215 Farrukhsiyar, emperor, 174, 245–246, 248–249 opposition to Muhammad Syah, 214 faujdar (police chief ), 15, 123 siege of Bantal, 236 Fleetwood, Robert, 2–4 submission of Raja Quasso, 219 Fort St David, 261 Gurney, John, 27, 29 Fort St George. See Madras Gyfford, William, 148, 185–186, 204 Foxcroft Nathaniel, 98–99 Haggerston, Thomas, 120, 132 Sir George, 96–102, 105 Hall, Alexander, 241 Fremlen, William, 61 Hall, Joseph, 104–105, 128 French East India Compny (Compagnie Royale Hamilton, Alexander, 139, 159 des Indes Orientales), 241, 263–264 Harding, James, 140 Fryer, John, 14 Hariharpur, 54, 116 Futter, Francis, 47 Hawley, Henry, 41–43 Heath, Captain William, 151–155 Gallum, Dipati Allum, 227–229 Hedges, William Gary, Henry, 103 arrival in Asia, 126 Gingee, 55 Captain William Alley, 122–125 Gistra, Karia Sutra. See jenang conflict with Job Charnock, 140, 143 Globe,46 customs dispute, 124–125 Goa, 103 escape from Bengal, 132–134 Godavari River, 1–4 failure to suppress interlopers, 127–130, 145 Goddard, John, 183–185 support for conflict in Bengal, 131, 136 Golconda Hijili, 114, 121, 150 Abdul Hasan Qutb Shah, 2–3 Hodges, Reverend Nathaniel, 232 defensive policies, 14 Houblon, James, 119, 131, 142, 145–146, 181 invasion of Vijayanagara empire, 73 Hudson, Richard, 51 merchants, 47 Hudson’s Bay Company, 18 Mughal annexation, 113 Hughes, Robert, 112 occupation of San Thome, 74 Hugli ports, 46 commercial hub, 112 Goldsborough, Sir John, 139 decline, 166 Gombroon, 118 Dutch garden, 129 Govindpur. See Calcutta English attack, 148 Greenhill European description, 21 Joseph, 27 faujdar, 123 Mary, 128 foundation of English factory, 116 Greenhill, Henry interlopers, 122–125, 166 censure from court, 76 Mughal capture, 114 conflict with Aaron Baker, 27–30 New Company, 172 death, 86 Paramecvaz Dãs, 122–123

290 Index

Huysman, Martin, 132 Kasim, Nawab Mir, 268 Hyderabad, 250, 255–256, 258, 278 Kasimbazar, 116, 128, 138–144, 148 Keigwin, Richard, 103 Inderapura Kerenci. See Orang Gunung advise Bencoolen to surrender, 191 Kerridge, Thomas, 34 Dutch VOC attack, 196–199 Khan, Nawab Alivardi, 251–252, 264, 284 English arrival, 184–185 Khan, Nawab Anwar-ud-din, 263 Hamon Gibbon, 197–199 Khan, Nawab Ibrahim, 152, 155, 157–158, James Fort, 197–199, 213 161–162, 164 menteri, 198 Khan, Nawab Murshid Quli, 251, 253, 264 Muhammad Syah, 184, 196–199, 203, Khan, Nawab Shaista 213–216, 218 abuse of Dutch at court, 143 Raja Mansur, 213, 235 appointment as nawab of Bengal, 128 request Jenapatwan’s assistance, 202 arrest of interlopers, 123 Innes blockade of Kasimbazar factory, 144 James, 118 complaints to Mughal emperor of English, Jane, 118 157 interlopers dispute with William Hedges, 132, 147 alliance with Company servants, 89 embaro against Company trade, 148 Interlopers protection of interlopers, 121, 125 alliance with Company servants, 115–128, removal from Bengal, 152 131–134, 140 Khan, Zabardast, 163 Balasore, 116–122 kinship, 2, 5, 18, 33, 66–67, 71, 85, 93, 115, expulsion from Bengal, 166 118, 126, 128, 134, 139, 142, 167, 232 Hugli, 166 Kuch Bihar, 114 Kasimbazar, 140 Narsapur, 89 Lancaster, Captain James, 32, 36, 118, 274 protection by Indian rulers, 120–123 Leigh, John, 27–28 royal proclamation against, 103 Lemau, Pengeran Sungai, 187–189, 193, 204, transcultural practices, 118, 121 226, 237–238 Ippue, 221–222, 236 Levant Company, 7, 20, 119 Isaacson, William, 83–84, 86 Lila, Orumkay, 187 Islam, 37, 43, 140, 204, 280 Littleton, Sir Edward, 169–173 Itam, Pengeran Sungai, 187–189, 193, 212, Lowdon, James, 145 226, 232, 238 Lowman, Reverend Moses, 233 Ivie, Thomas, 52, 71 Lumpong, 204

Jafar, Mir, 266–268, 271 Macassar, 38, 41 Jagat Seths, 252, 266–267, 271 Macoota, Raja, 213–218, 222, 235 Jakarta, 38–39, See Batavia Madagascar, 178, 272, 284 Jambi, 180–183, 185, 209 Madapollam, 1 James I, king, 7, 38 Madras James II, king, 135, 146, 151, 167, 195 bills of exchange, 224 Jamestown, 18, 43, 283 Captain William Heath, 152 Jangallo, Pengeran, 226–230, 238 capture by French, 263 Jantinalo, Pengeran, 227–229 choultry, 94, 97–99 Japan, x, 16–17, 19, 40, 43, 115, 274, 277, 281 construction of Fort St George, 57–58, Jardin, Clement du, 183–186, 196, 199 63–65, 74 jenang. See Karia Sutra Gistra, See Bantam designated headquarters, 70 Jenapatwan, 200–209, See Bencoolen Divy Island, 247, 256–258 Johore, 182 embassy to Nizam-ul-Mulk, 258–259 Jumla, Mir, 74, 89 expansion of territorial jurisdiction, 260 factions, 27–30 Kalikata. See Calcutta foundation of English government, 57–65 Karim-ul-Mulk, 143 imperial farman, 247

Index 291

Inderapura ambassadors, 184 Muda, Raja, 187–191 Indo-Portuguese, 59–60, 63–68, 85, 87, 89, Mughal empire 91, 95–96, 98–100 Anglo-Mughal War, 135–138, 144–154, lack of investment, 56, 63–64 156–157, 162–163 Left and Right Hand castes, 28–30, bullion imports, 131–132, 152, 155, 261 86, 93 concern over Company’s expansion, 255 marriages, 65 conquest of Bengal, 112 mint, 258–259, 261 conquest of Golconda, 113 Nathaniel Elwick, 258 dastak system, 124, 171, 252 Nathaniel Higginson, 216–218 decentred nature, 13–15, 113–115, nayak’s grant, 57–58, 61–62 250–251 negotiations with nawab of Bengal, durability, 249 144–156 economy, 112, 131, 152, 155, 253–254 plans to sell, 76 imperial farman, 124–125, 158–159, 174, population, 66, 260 204, 246, 251–253, 255, 257–258, 261 private trade, 261 jagir system, 249, 251 privileges, 73, 259 Maratha invasions, 252, 256, 264 relationship with Golconda, 14, 74, 87, 94 mint, 163 relationship with Vijayanagara empire, Parwiz, Prince, 113 72–73 Persian invasion, 249 restoration from French, 264 policy towards Europeans, 5, 112–114, restoration from rebels, 104–105 123–124, 130–131, 136–137, 263 restructure, 82 rebellion, 161–165, 264 retrenchment, 76 Sayyid brothers, 249 share of investment, 166 shipping, 15, 121, 156 shipping, 261 siege of Bombay, 156 Sir Edward Winter’s coup, 99–105 Successor States, 249–250 Manduta, 196–197, 203, 208–209, 213–219, theories of decline, 248–249 222–223, 233 war in the Deccan, 131, 152 Manila, 40, 261 Wars of Succession, 249 Manwaring, Matthew, 104 Murshidabad, 118, 139, 142, 162–163, 171, Marathas, 131, 194, 256, 261 254, 259, 268 Marsden, William, 203, 232, 241, 274 Myddelton, Roger, 86 Massachusetts Bay Company, 96 Mylapore, 59–60, 71 Master, Streynsham, 2, 121 Masulipatam, 46–56, 60, 62, 66, 70, 89–91, Narsapur, 1–4 171–172, 247, 257 Natal, 241 Mathuradas, 141, 143, 187 Navarette, Dominic, 100 Mediterranean, 7, 13, 20, 43, 134, 276 New Company. See English East India merchants, 1, 3, 28–29, 35–36, 39–41, 46–47, Company 50, 56, 63, 65, 71–72, 74, 85, 97, 113, New England, 19 116, 120–121, 124, 130, 141, 143, 172, Nizam-ul-Mulk, 255, 258 197, 200, 220, 223–226, 237, 247, 253, nochados (merchants). See merchants 255, 260 Noell, Sir Martin, 81 Methwold, William, 46 Norris, Sir William, 10, 168, 171, 278 Midnapore, 161, 163 Milday, Matthew, 217–219 Omichand, 260, 267 Mills, Thomas, 40, 47 Orang Gunung, 237–238 Minangkabau, 180–183, 202–204, 208–209, Ord, Ralph, 185–189, 191, 195–196, 199 213, 217, 235 Orissa, 55, 118, 120–121, 132, 161, 251, 264, Minors, Richard, 92 281 Mocha, 33, 45 Orme, Robert, 260 Moco Moco, 203, 216, 233, 236 Ottoman empire, 12–13, 20, 134, 179, 242 Morris, James, 235 Oudh, 250 Moyer, Samuel, 74 Oxenden, Sir George, 88, 100

292 Index

Palembang, 180, 182, 203, 275 Sambrook, Jeremy, 97–99 Patna, 112–113, 116, 138, 149, 156, 246, San Thome, 57–58, 60, 64, 66–67, 71, 74, 85, 253–254, 264 108, 113, 260 Pegu, 55, 121 Seblat, 218–219, 221, 226, 236, 240 Penawar, Padri, 237–239 Seshadri, Nayak, 28–30 Penniston, Thomas, 65, 68 Shah, Emperor Muhammad, 251, 256 Peppercorn,33–34 Shuja ud-Daula, Nawab, 253–254 Persia, 3, 13, 45, 55, 68, 83, 118, 120, 134, Shuja ud-Din, Nawab, 251 256, 261 Siam, 38, 94 picars (brokers), 141, 143 Siddi, Yakub, 14, 156, 178 piracy, 15, 114–115, 117, 178, 263 Silebar, 184–187, 189–191, 193–196, 206, Pit, Laurence, 85 209, 226–231, See Jangallo Pitt, John, 170, 172 Sill, Henry, 52, 55 Pitt, Thomas Singh, Shova, 161–162 appointed governor of Madras, 170 Siraj-ud-daula, Nawab, 264–267 attempts to imprison him, 120, 127 Smythe, Sir Thomas, 34–35, 80 Balasore, 118, 120 Smythes, Reverend Simon, 93, 104 conflict with William Hedges, Spiller, John, 77 129–130 state, the (English/British) desertion from Company, 118 centralisation, 81 dispute with John Pitt, 170, 172 decentred nature, 7–8, 10 kinship network, 118, 120 expansion, 262–264 marriage, 118 intervention overseas, 38, 82, 262–264 New English Company, 130 weakness, 7, 31 Pitt, William, 270 Sumad, Abdul, 149–150 Plassey, battle of, 267–268, 270–271 Surat Polsted, Henry, 33 Bombay, 156 Porto Novo, 122, 186 conflict with Mughal empire, 156 Portuguese criticisms of Madras, 62 English attack on shipping, 36 decline of English position, 77 mestizo communities, 2, 53, 64–67, 84–85, designated headquarters, 83 100, 116, 215 dispute with Madras over seniority, 87 monopoly, 31 foundation of presiency, 35 Mughal conquest of Hugli, 114 imperial farman, 247 topazes, 59, 100 presidency transferred to Bombay, 177 Potts, Samuel, 197 share of investment, 166 Priaman, 185–186 Surman, John, 245–247 Price, James, 123, 125 Sutanati. See Calcutta Proby, Charles, 104 Sutanati, treaty of, 148–153, 158–159, 161 Puckle, Major William, 4 Swally Hole, 61 Pulicat, 14, 29, 39–40, 50, 58, 72, 85, 94 Taqi, Muhammad, 47 qazi (judge), 143 tax farm, 3–4, 116, 226, 255 Quasso, Raja, 218–219, 221, See Seblat Thompson, Maurice, 8 Timana, Beri, 28–29, 86–87, 93–94, 96–99, Raffles, Stamford, 241 106 Rai, Bal Chandra, 122–125, 130, 139, trade 143 benzoin resin, 183, 223 Rajput, 14, 139, 161, 279 buffalo, 228–229 Raleigh, Sir Walter, 43 cloth, 1, 3, 31, 35–37, 40, 50, 55, 60, 86, 97, Rastell, Thomas, 52 141, 183, 220, 223–224, 237 Reade, Edward, 92 cloves, 53, 63 Roe, Thomas, 10 coffee, 262 Royal Navy (British), 7, 263, 267 cotton, 1, 28, 46, 96, 112, 141–142, 224–225 Russell, John, 160 decline, 44

Index 293

elephant’s teeth, 183, 223 decentralisation, 47–49 gold, 155, 183, 212, 223, 237, 261 Dutch VOC, 72 horses, 118 expansion, 49, 60 opium, 260 Rama Deva Raya, Emperor, 49 pepper, 36, 39, 107, 180–184, 186, 188, Sri Ranga Rayalu, Emperor, 73 190–191, 196–197, 199, 202, 205–206, Venkatta III, Emperor, 60, 72 212–214, 217, 219–220, 223–225, 230, war with Deccani sultanates, 48 232, 236–237 Vincent, Matthias, 118, 127–130 rice, 28, 76, 86, 97, 212, 225 Virana, Kasi, 86, 93–94, 96–99, 106, 108, 187 salt, 97, 212, 225, 230, 237, 252–253 Viravasaram, 89 saltpetre, 101, 112, 138, 168, 252, 260 Virginia Company, 18 silk, 19, 54, 112, 118, 131, 141–142, 159, Vizagapatam, 247, 261 246, 252 slave, 81, 116, 140, 240 Walsh spice, 37, 39–40, 180–181 John, 223 sugar, 37, 81, 112, 118, 120, 161, 220 Joseph, 223, 240 wool, 168 Warwick, earl of, 8 Treaty of Defence, 38, 41 Weddell, Captain John, 50 Treaty of London, 241 White, Jonathan, 139, 160 Treaty of Tryamong, 214, 216–217 William III, king, 165, 167–168, 276 Trenchﬁeld, Richard, 140 Willoughby, George, 52–53, 55 Trumball, Andrew, 65, 68 Winter Tryamong, 213–215, 217, 236 Francis, 92 Margery, 2 Unity, 57, 60, 62 Mary, 92 Sir Edward, 2, 76, 89–90 vakils (agents), 171 Sir Thomas, 93 Vellore, 73 Wylde, Richard, 44 Venkatappa, Nayak Darmala, 60, 71, 73 Vijayanagara empire Yale, Elihu, 113, 155, 157–158, 161–162, 207 annexation of Armagon, 72 civil war, 48, 73 zamindar, 114, 161, 164–165, 232, 264, 266, conquest by Golconda, 73 268