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Journal of Indian Histor Indian History and Culture Journal of Indian History and Culture JOURNAL OF INDIAN HISTORY AND CULTURE September 2013 Nineteenth Issue C.P. RAMASWAMI AIYAR INSTITUTE OF INDOLOGICAL RESEARCH (affiliated to the University of Madras) The C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation 1 Eldams Road, Chennai 600 018. INDIA September 2013, Nineteenth Issue 1 Journal of Indian History and Culture Editor : Dr.G.J. Sudhakar Board of Editors Dr. K. V. Raman Dr. Nanditha Krishna Referees Dr. A. Chandrsekharan Dr. V. Balambal Dr. S. Vasanthi Dr. Chitra Madhavan Published by Dr. Nanditha Krishna C.P.Ramaswami Aiyar Institute of Indological Research The C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation 1 Eldams Road, Chennai 600 018 Tel : 2434 1778 / 2435 9366 Fax : 91-44-24351022 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cprfoundation.org ISSN : 0975 - 7805 Layout Design : D. Kavitha Sub editing by : Mr. Narayan Onkar Subscription Rs. 150/- (for 2 issues) Rs. 290/- (for 4 issues) 2 September 2013, Nineteenth Issue Journal of Indian History and Culture CONTENTS Architecture of the Ancient City of Ayodhya according to the Kamba Ramayana by J. Sumathi 7 A Re-Appraisal of Tamil Nadu’s commercial contact with the Roman Empire by S. Yasodhamani 17 Ancient Indian Medical thoughts GP to Susruta (450 A.D.) by K. G. Vasantha Madhava 29 Rise and Growth of Vaishnavism in Andhra - A Case Study by V. Mallikarjuna Reddy 49 Unveiling the Ancient Trade Routes of the Tamils by S. Shanmugavel 56 Tribal Elements in Religious Tradition - A Study on Orrisa by Chitra Rajan Satapathy 65 Society in Kadapa Region during the Medieval Period 1000 AD - 1300 AD by K. Narasimhulu 86 Surplus Formation and Beyond: Understanding the Economic Life of the Parathavars before conversion by Vinod Vincent Rajesh 98 Puducherry based Trade as Gleaned from the Pages of Ananda Ranga Pillai’s Diary (1736-1761) by S. Babu 130 The Establishment and the Contribution of Brahmo Samaj in Andhra Region by S. Reddeppa and B. Venkatadri 150 September 2013, Nineteenth Issue 3 Journal of Indian History and Culture Elihu Yale - Changing the Face of Madras by H. Rasi 165 Residents’ Imperial Economic Interest in the Princely State of Mysore 1799 - 1900 by T. S. Devendra 175 Interrogating the Practice of Medicine in Travancore by N. Pramod 193 Little England, an Urban Mining Settlement in the Princely State of Mysore - Kolar Gold Fields by M. Govindappa 215 Prohibition Movement in TamilNadu: An Important Activity of the Congress during the Freedom Movement by P. N. Premalatha 226 Role of Local Knowledge in Creating and Transmitting Culture: A Study based on Leather Technology of Madiga Community in Andhra Pradesh by N. Kanaka Rathnam 245 Progress of Primary Education in Madras Corporation (1906-1947) by K. R. Peer Mohamed 258 Panchayati Raj Institutions in TamilNadu - A Historical Overview by S. Pushpalatha 272 BOOK REVIEW My Dear Bapu... Letters From C. Rajagopalchari to Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Devadas Gandhi and Gopal Krishna Gandhi by Gopal Krishna Gandhi - Prabha Ravi Shankar 291 printed on paper made from bagasse, an agricultural waste 4 September 2013, Nineteenth Issue Journal of Indian History and Culture EDITOR’S NOTE The Journal of Indian History and Culture is becoming ‘bulkier’ all the time. The attempt in this issue is not only to encourage young scholars but also those contributors who have been waiting patiently to get their papers published in this Journal that they respect. I would like to hasten to add that senior scholars like Dr. K.G. Vasantha Madhava and Dr. P.N. Premalatha have been given due respect. Before any further discussion on the papers, we would like to thank our referees Dr. V. Balambal, Dr. A. Chandrasekaran, Dr. S. Vasanthi and Dr. Chithra Madhavan for giving their valuable comments on the articles. We have several well researched papers like Dr. S. Yashodhamani’s “A Re-Appraisal of Tamilnadu’s Commercial Contact with the Roman Empire”, Dr. Babu’s “Puducherry based trade as gleaned from the pages of Ananda Ranga Pillai’s Diary (1736-61)”, Vinod Vincent Rajesh’s “Surplus Formation and Beyond: Understanding the Economic Life of the Parathavars before Conversation and N. Pramod’s “Interrogating the practice of Medicine in Travancore”. We would like to thank Dr. Prabha Ravi Shankar from S.N.D.T. Women’s University for sending a Book Review of My dear Bapu – Letters from C. Rajagopalachari to Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Devadas Gandhi and Gopal Krishna Gandhi. I would like to place on record my gratitude to Dr. Nanditha Krishna, Hon. Director, C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation, Mrs. Malathy Narasimhan, Mr. Narayan Onkar, Mrs. D. Kavitha and all the other staff members of the Foundation who have helped in bringing out the Journal. Dr. G. J. Sudhakar September 2013, Nineteenth Issue 5 Journal of Indian History and Culture 6 September 2013, Nineteenth Issue Journal of Indian History and Culture ARCHITECTURE OF THE ANCIENT CITY OF AYODHYA ACCORDING TO THE KAMBA RAMAYANA J. SUMATHI Research Officer C.P.R. Institute of Indological Research Affiliated to Madras University Ancient Indian cities are mostly known for their rich culture and diversity. Further, a glimpse of the history of ancient India can be obtained from the ancient Indian Epics. Ancient Indian cities reveal facts about the different levels of civilization in the country. The mode of daily life, customs, cultures, celebrations, festivals, religions, and architecture or any other possible facet of the past can be studied through the ancient Indian cities. Ayodhya is an ancient city of India. The city of Ayodhya may, undoubtedly, be reckoned as a classic example of early urbanization in India. It was both an administrative and religious centre. The date of the city can be fixed at C 1000 to 800 BC. (H.D. Sankalia). Sherds of PGW have also been discovered here.1 Ayodhya is located on the right bank of the river Sarayu, as it is called within sacred precincts. It is just 6 km from Faizabad, a town of Uttar Pradesh, and is one of the oldest cities of India. Ayodhya is a popular pilgrim centre. It has a central role in the ancient Indian epic, the Ramayana. Ayodhya is the birth place of the Hindu God Shri Ram, and was the capital of the Kosala Kingdom. Ayodhya Mathura Maya Kasi Kanchi Avantika Puri Dvaravati chaiva saptaita moksadayikah 2 September 2013, Nineteenth Issue 7 Journal of Indian History and Culture Ayodhya is one of the seven most sacred cities of India. It was the venue of many events in Hindu mythology. Today pre-eminently a temple town, Ayodhya is famous for its close association with the Epic, Ramayana. The Atharvaveda described Ayodhya as “a city built by Gods and being prosperous as paradise itself.”3 The earliest allusion to this city with eight palaces and nine gateways occurs in one of the later Vedic texts. It covered an area of twelve yojana (about ninety six miles) in length and three yojana (about twenty four miles) in breadth. Fa-hien visited the city of Ayodhya in the fifth century AD. He found it in an excellent state of preservation. The city was visited by Hiuen-Tsang in the seventh century AD. Acording to him, the capital of A-yu-te (Ayodhya was 20 li (or upwards of 3 miles) in circuit.4 According to A. Cunningham, the city of Ayodhya was twelve yojanas or nearly a hundred miles an extent which the old city, with all its gardens, might once possibly have covered.5 Valmiki is said to have begun the writing of his famous devotional poem the Valmiki Ramayana, also called the Ramayana in Ayodhya. The opening chapters recount the magnificence of the city, the glories of the monarch and the virtues, wealth and loyalty of its people. Other sages like Kamban also wrote versions of the Ramayana praising Rama and the magnificent city of Ayodhya. The Ramayana was an ancient Sanskrit Epic. Ramavataram, popularly referred to as the Kamba Ramayanam, was a Tamil epic that was written by Kamban during the 12th century. The book is divided into six chapters, called Kandam in Tamil. These are Bala Kandam, Ayodhya Kandam, Aranya Kandam, 8 September 2013, Nineteenth Issue Journal of Indian History and Culture Kishkinta Kandam, Sundara Kandam, Yutha Kandam.6 The ancient city of Ayodhya and its architectural styles have been beautifully described in the Bala Kanda. It had magnificent buildings, high mansions adorned with waving flags, ornamental gates, pillars, towers, beautiful gardens, markets etc. It was a large and densely populated city. It was also well fortified with strong walls, deep trenches, garrision of arches and well equipped with sophisticated weapons. ß¼‹ õ£O¡ õ£™ MF˜ˆ¶, âJŸÁ Þ÷‹ H¬ø‚ °ô‹ «ðó I¡Q, õ£Œ MKˆ¶, âK‰¶ è‡ Høƒ° b„ «ê£ó, 塬ø å¡Á º¡ ªî£ì˜‰¶ YÁ Þ샂˜ ñ£, «ð£K™ õ‰¶ YÁA¡ø «ð£˜ Üó‚è˜ «ð£½‹ (Bala Kanda - III, 18) The moat was filled with crocodiles. The ferocious teeth in their wide open mouths look like a row of crescent moons. The furious crocodiles in the moat with their eyes emitting fire looked like Rakshasas fighting with one another in a fierce battle. è™ Ü®ˆ¶ Ü´‚A, õ£Œ ðOƒ° ÜK‰¶ 膮, e¶ â™ ÞìŠ ð²‹ªð£¡ ¬õˆ¶, Þôƒ° ð™ ñE‚ °ô‹ M™ Þì‚ °JŸP, õ£œ MK‚°‹ ªõœO ñ£ ñó‹ ¹™Lì‚ AìˆF, õ„Cóˆî 裙 ªð£¼ˆF«ò. (Bala Kanda – III, 24) The walls of the fort were raised with marble stones. The gap between the stones was covered with gold plates and September 2013, Nineteenth Issue 9 Journal of Indian History and Culture precious gems. The beams were made of silver.
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