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Consideration of Davitz's Theories on the Literary Aspects of The CONSIDERATION OF DAVITZ'S THEORIES ON THE LITERARY ASPECTS OF THE PSYCHOPATHOLOGY OF LANGUAGE AND THE LINGUISTIC LITERARY STRUCTURES IN THE NOVELISTIC ART OF BERNARD MALAMUD'S THE FIXER AND THE ASSISTANT A Monograph Presented to the Faculty of the Department of English Morehead State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts by Luena Schultz Minner August 1973 ABSTRACT FOR A MONOGRAPH ON CONSIDERATION OF DAVITZ'S THEORIES ON THE LITERARY ASPECTS OF THE PSYCHOPATHOLOGY OF LANGUAGE AND THE LINGUISTIC LITERARY STRUCTURES IN THE NOVELISTIC ART OF BERNARD MALAMUD'S THE FIXER AND THE ASSISTANT LUENA MINNER CANDIDATE FOR M.A. MOREHEAD STATE UNIVERSITY, 1973 Director of Monograph: Dr. Lewis w. Barnes Any examination of the language of literature or the language of the emotionally-disturbed will focus, eventually, upon language used to describe emotive states. It is not possible that there can be a novel about social beings wherein there is not revealed the emotive or atti­ tudinal nature of the characters. The revelation must be portrayed through the words constituting the aesthetic object, the novel. From Davitz's point of view, the whole clause as utterance reveals certain kinds of disturbances, emotively­ registered. It is his position that in literature the disturb.ed person can gain some therapy because he will find there many of the clauses he uses himself, as a dis­ turbed person. The kinds of clauses selected by the person will reveal to the psychologist-or psychiatrist- ii iii the degree or extent of the individual's disturbance. Of course it is not maintained that every set of words or clauses will evoke a specific emotion. It is not urged that every set of words or clauses will describe, reveal, or even measure a certain emotion. Nevertheless, there are tones in utterances that reflect or point to some emotive states rather than to others. It is possible for the literary critic or for one inter­ ested in literature as such to consider how the occurrences of the same or like clauses noted by the psychologists in Davitz's text work to point to the characterizations of the main characters in the book, insofar as they use the same or like clauses used by Davitz and his associates. The novelistic art of Bernard Malamud as seen through two works, The Fixer and The Assistant, is used for the application of Davitz's theories. The random sample employed is a twelve and a half percent sample. The rather precise emotive theory of Robert Plutchik is employed throughout as a check for the application of Davitz's theories. It appears reasonable, in view of the findings in this monograph, to urge that Davitz's theory can be applied in terms of the emotions and attitudes in his theory and in the light of Plutchik's theory, to the utterances in the two novels. It must be noted that some real effort must be made to find serial statements to go along with Davitz's iv clausal list. It is suggested that before Davitz's theories can be applied usefully and easily some adjust- ment must be made along the lines of a more useful dis- tinction between emotions and attitudes. For the purposes of this monograph, the Plutchikian emotive theory provides such a useful distinction. Accepted by v Accepted by the faculty of the School of~ ' Morehead State University, in partial fulfillment of the -\'::, - requirements for the Master of ~~~~~~degree.AI/ Director of Monograph ( ate) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES . viii CHAPTER I . NATURE OF THE MONOGRAPH , PURPOSES, PREVIOUS WORK , SPECIFIC ELEMENTS TO BE PROVEN , PROCEDURE , AND ESSENTIAL DEFINITIONS . 1 General Statement on the Nature of the Monograph . 1 Purposes 6 Previous Work Done in the Field 6 Specific Elements to be Proven 11 Procedure 11 Terms to be Defined 13 II . DESCRIPTION OF THE THEORIES OF DAVITZ AND PLUTCHIK . 16 III . DAVITZ ' S THEORY AS APPLIED TO THE SELECTED CLAUSES FROM THE FIXER 34 IV . DAVITZ'S THEORY AS APPLIED TO THE SELECTED CLAUSES FROM THE ASSISTANT 72 v. PLUTCHIK'S THEORY AS APPLIED TO THE SELECTED CLAUSES FROM THE FIXER AND THE ASSISTANT . 97 VI . SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS AND POSSIBLE SIGNIFICANCE . 135 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 142 vi vii Page APPENDIX A 145 APPENDIX B 162 APPENDIX c 189 APPENDIX D 190 APPENDIX E 191 LIST OF TABLES Table Page I-a. THE CROSSING OF DYADS INDICATING CHARACTER ATTITUDES OF YAKOV BOK IN THE FIXER 102 I-b. THE CROSSING OF DYADS INDICATING CHARACTER ATTITUDES OF GRUBESHOV, THE PROSECUTING ATTORNEY IN THE FIXER . • . 103 I-c. THE CROSSING OF DYADS INDICATING CHARACTER ATTITUDES OF THE WARDEN IN THE FIXER • . 104 I-d. THE CROSSING OF DYADS INDICATING CHARACTER ATTITUDES OF BIBIKOV, THE INVESTIGATING MAGISTRATE IN THE FIXER . 105 I-e. TOTAL OCCURRENCES OF THE CHA_RACTER ATTITUDES REVEALED IN THE SELECTED CLAUSES OF FOUR CHARACTERS IN THE FIXER 106 II-a. THE CROSSING OF DYADS INDICATING CHARACTER ATTITUDES OF FRANK ALPINE IN THE ASSISTANT • . • . 107 II-b. THE CROSSING.OF DYADS INDICATING CHARACTER ATTITUDES OF MORRIS BOBER IN THE ASSISTANT • . • . • . • . • 108 II-c. THE CROSSING OF DYADS INDICATING CHARACTER ATTITUDES OF HELEN BOBER IN THE ASSISTANT . • • . 109 II-d. TOTAL OCCURRENCES OF THE CHARACTER ATTITUDES REVEALED IN THE SELECTED CLAUSES OF THREE CHARACTERS IN THE ASSISTANT . • . • . 110 III. NUMBER OF OCCURRENCES OF THE CHARACTER ATTITUDES REVEALED IN THE SELECTED CLAUSES IN THE FIXER AND THE ASSISTANT . • 111 IV. CLASSIFICATION OF CHARACTER ATTITUDES REVEALED IN THE FIXER AND THE ASSISTANT ACCORDING TO DAVITZ'S CLASSIFICATION OF EMOTIONS • • • • • . • . • • . • . 112 viii ix LIST OF TABLES Table Page v. OCCURRENCES OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EMOTIVE STATES REVEALED IN THE FIXER AND THE ASSISTANT . • . 113 VI-a. PRIMARY CLUSTERS IN DEFINITIONS OF POSITIVE EMOTIONS . 114 VI-b. PRIMARY CLUSTERS IN DEFINITIONS OF NEGATIVE: TYPE I EMOTIONS . 114 VI-c. PRIMARY CLUSTERS IN DEFINITIONS OF NEGATIVE: TYPE II EMOTIONS . 114 VII. OCCURRENCES OF THE TWELVE PRIMARY CLUSTERS, ACCORDING TO DAVITZ, IN THE SELECTED CLAUSES FROM THE FIXER AND THE ASSISTANT . • • • • • • . · 115 c CHAPTER I NATURE OF THE MONOGRAPH, PURPOSES, PREVIOUS WORK, SPECIFIC ELEMENTS TO BE PROVEN, PROCEDURE, AND ESSENTIAL DEFINITIONS I. GENERAL STATEMENT ON THE NATURE OF THE MONOGRAPH The growing emphases on language reveal, among other matters, that language must serve the total person­ ality of the user. That one never has enough linguistic competence to express the bewildering complexities of a total personality of mind, head, and heart is true. Nevertheless, if one is not face-to-face with a speaker and if he must face the written word, whatever is to be communicated, expressed, or communed must come through the written word and confines itself to graphic repre­ sentations of the worlds of emotions. Without dwelling on the various means used by the reader to discern or evaluate what he reads, it is probably correct to assert that what the reader does obtain from his reading must be filtered by the readers' own experiences, biases, or emotive or intellectual 1 2 states or slants. Now, psychologists are concerning themselves more significantly with the language itself. It is not surprising that they would essentially and eventually look in· the direction of literature. To be literature, the work must evoke emotions or must express them. However, the term "emotions" is not always fruitful, for it is seldom that pure emotions evince themselves in writing or in speaking as such. At least, no one emotion has been found to be entirely isolated from other emotions and beliefs. It is more correct to state that in human conduct there exists a set of emotive states and that each state has a set of emotions within that state. Robert Plutchik's theory states that attitudes result from crossing emotions in different states. The crossing of the emotions is always accompanied by certain beliefs. Thus, any attitude is the result of crossing beliefs and emotions. Literature and human conduct in the "real" for the psychologist are always looked at from the emotive point of view. Psychologists, now quick to discern that literature is essentially the response of different individuals and their views toward experience--unique and individual views--look for certain utterances that reveal an emotive or attitudinal response to experience as seen 3 through the personalities of the characters. While no linguist and no serious or competent psychologist would assert that the linguistic utterance is the belief, emotion, or attitude, or that the word is the thing, or idea, or event, or person, or emotion, there is strong feeling-and belief-that certain clauses with their phonological constructions reveal certain behavioral tendencies in individuals. Joel R. Davitz, Professor of Psychology at the Teachers College of Columbia University, has a 1969 work 1 on The Language of Emotion. This text and its findings is one of the bases for this monograph. As Davitz points out, much of one's familiarity with persons and literature must be through the spoken or written word: Experience must be studied as it is reported through some language system.2 Davitz and his associates compiled a dictionary of common emotional terms. These terms were reported and described, not prescribed. Thus, there is a certain common denomi- nator whereby each individual can find his emotive or attitudinal responses in the clauses used in the emotive 1Joel R. Davitz, The Language of Emotion (New York: Academic Press,"""1969). 2 Ibid., p. 2. 4 dictionary. Over five hundred clauses were used, clauses to represent emotions or attitudes later to. be defined and described in the monograph. The response of the sub­ jects in the experiment to the clauses or phrases revealed an emotive index or dictionary.
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