FOTO: SAMUEL PORTELA INSTITUTIONS PARTICIPATING IN THE OVERALL COORDINATION VALIDATION WORKSHOP

TECHNICAL TEAM AD2M CAATINGA ASSOCIATION ADECE Daniel Fernandes ASSOCIAÇÃO CAATINGA Kelly Cristina Luana Ribeiro CAPOL Lucas Moura CARNAÚBA DO BRASIL Marília Nascimento CEROEPER Sandino Silva COETRAE Samuel Portela EMBRAPA SDA FAEC Marcílio Melo FETRAECE FIEC EMBRAPA Vicente de Paula Queiroga FONCEPI GIZ FAEC HARIBO Ivonisa Holanda INSS Ossian Dias Jucileide Nogueira MEMORIAL DA CARNAÚBA MAPA GIZ MMA Octávio Nogueira MPT-CE Louisa Lösing MPT-PI INSS MPT-RN Ruiter Lima NATURA Irisa Viana NATURAL WAX Rafael Ferreira NRSC NUTEC PONTES INDÚSTRIA DE CERA Alessandra Nascimento Souza de Oliveira RODOLFO G. MORAES - ROGUIMO Iêda Nadja Silva Montenegro SDA SEJUS MMA Daniel Barbosa SINDCARNAÚBA SRTE-CE UEBT SRTE-RN Ronaldo Freitas STDS Rodrigo de Próspero UEBT ESPECIALISTAS CONVIDADOS UECE Carolina Serra

INVITED EXPERTS Jessika Sampaio

GRAPHIC DESIGN AND LAYOUT Luana Ribeiro e Kelly Cristina FOTO: RENATO STOCKLER ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This handbook was developed through a partnership between the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA), the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) and the Associação Caatinga, within the framework of the Private Sector Action for Biodiversity Project, as part of the International Climate Initiative (IKI). The German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) supports this initiative based on a decision taken by the Bundestag. Acronyms

ABNT - Brazilian Association of Technical Standards

ADECE - Ceará State Development Agency

ANVISA - National Health Surveillance Agency

CA - Certificate of Approval

CABI - International Center for Agricultural Bioscience

CAGED - General Register of Employed and Unemployed

CAR - Rural Environmental Registry

CLT - Consolidation of Labor Laws

COETRAE - State Commission for the Eradication of Slave Labor

CONAB - National Supply Company

CRECI-CE - Regional Council of Realtors

CTPS - Work and Social Security Card

DAP - PRONAF Statement of Aptitude

DIAC - Rural Territorial Property Tax Information and Update Document

DIAT - Rural Territorial Property Tax Information and Assessment Document

EMBRAPA - Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation

PPE - Personal Protective Equipment

FDA - Food and Drug Administration

FUNAI - National Indian Foundation

FNRB - National Benefit Sharing Fund

IBAMA - Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources

INCRA - National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform

INMETRO - National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology

INSS - National Institute of Social Security

IP - Preserved Identity

ITR - Rural Territorial Property Tax

MDS - Ministry of Social Development

MS - Ministry of Health MPT - Labor Prosecutor

MTE - Ministry of Labor and Employment

MT - Ministry of Labor

PREVFOGO - National Forest Fire Prevention and Fighting System

PRONAF - National Program for Strengthening Family Farming

SAFs - Agroforestry Systems

SEJUS - Secretariat of Justice and Citizenship of the State of Ceará

SDA - Secretariat of Agrarian Development

SINDCARNAÚBA - Union of Carnauba Wax Refining Industries of the State of Ceará

SEBRAE - Brazilian Micro and Small Business Support Service

SEMACE - State Superintendent of the Environment

SEMAR - State Secretariat of the Environment and Water Resources

SENAR - National Rural Learning Service

SINRURAL - Rural Producers Union

SISGEN - National Management System of Genetic Heritage and Associated Traditional Knowledge

SRTE - Regional Superintendence of Labor and Employment in Ceará

STDS - Secretariat of Labor and Social Development

TAC - Conduct Adjustment Term

UEBT - Union for Ethical BioTrade

UECE - University of Ceará

UFC - Federal University in Ceará

UFV - Federal University in Viçosa

UEFS - University of Bahia in Feira de Santana TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRESENTATION 10

CHAPTER 1 - THE CARNAUBA PALM General aspects 14 Current Applications 17

CHAPTER 2 - ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONTEXT The importance of the sustainability of the carnauba production chain for the protection of the Caatinga biome 24 Carnauba-related environmental challenges 25 Social Issues - Understanding the extractive carnauba chain 28 Main types of productive arrangements: 28 Working conditions in the carnauba production sector 32 Social vulnerability in carnauba working communities 32 Slave and slave-like labor 32

CHAPTER 3 - LEGISLATION Environmental regulations and legislation 36 Access and benefit sharing 38 But, what does it have to do with the carnauba? 38 Exemption from benefit sharing 38 How should benefits be shared? 38

CHAPTER 4 - LABOR, SOCIAL ASSISTANCE AND PENSION ISSUES Regularization of employment relations 42 General instructions for employers and workers in the extraction stage 44 Special Social Security and Rural Retirement 46 “Bolsa Família” (Family Assistance Program) 46 TAC - Terms of Conduct Adjustment 47

CHAPTER 5 - GOOD PRACTICES AND TECHNICAL RECOMMENDATIONS Preparation stage 50 Mapping the carnauba groove 51 Estimated production 52 Financing and credit sources 52 Carnauba forest tract Lease Agreement 53 Hiring staff 53 Land preparation and biological control 53

8 Extraction phase 57 Distribution of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 57 Straw cutting 60 Transporting to the drying site 62 Solar Dryer - Productivity and Yield 63

Industrial treatment and processing phase 66 Powder beating 66 Powder storage and transportation 68 Wax production 68 Wax quality - Industrialization, composition and product specifications 68

CHAPTER 6 - CARNAUBA PRODUCTIVE CHAIN TRACEABILITY Proposed traceability model for the carnauba chain 72 Participating actors in the traceability system 73 Traceability Certification 74 Key traceability levels for sustainable certification systems 74 Accountabilities in the carnauba traceability system 76 Proposed traceability model for the carnauba chain 77

APPENDIX – ORGANIZATIONS AND CONTACTS / SERVICE POINTS 78

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES 80

ANNEX 86 PRESENTATION

The carnauba is a palm tree native to Brazil. A synonym for evergreen resilience, regardless of the season, it is called the “Tree of Life.” As the state symbol of both Ceará and Piauí, carnauba is very important for its social, cultural, environmental and economic aspects.

Carnauba has been used for centuries. The most familiar activities are straw handicrafts and dust extraction for wax production, but this palm has several uses: the roots are medicinal, the trunk has been widely used in construction, the core can be used as food for animals, the dried straw, known as “bagana”, serves as an excellent quality organic fertilizer and the wax has multiple uses in various branches of industry.

The carnauba is essential in balancing the environmental ecosystem. It helps sustaining soil conservation, as well as protecting rivers from erosion and siltation. Its trunk can serve as shelter and its fruits as food for the native fauna.

In the productive sector, the carnauba wax provides a profitable activity for a large number of rural workers in the Caatinga biome, during the dry season — especially between August and December, which is straw harvesting time. This is highly relevant for the rural population, since small scale farming in the Brazilian semi-arid region is largely dependent on the seasonal rainfall, which normally lasts 4 months in the first half of each year.

The activity of extracting carnauba powder feeds the national, as well as the international, wax market, and is one of the most important export products in the states where this activity exists.

The MPT (Labor-Related Public Prosecutor’s Office) and the MTE (Ministry of Labor) conducted inspection operations that identified situations in which extractive workers were subjected to degrading conditions, which drew local

10 and international attention. As a result, efforts from various institutions have intensified to qualify the carnauba production chain.

There are many challenges in the sector. We may highlight some of them: • High informality in the employment relations between producers and extractive workers, often in disregard of labor legislation; • Social vulnerability of the extractive worker communities; • Extractive producers and workers with poor access to information; • Infestation of the invasive species Cryptostegia madagascariensis, known as rubber vine, devil’s claw or devil’s nail, that causes the death of inappropriately managed carnauba forests; • Carnauba deforestation for the installation of other enterprises; • Difficulties in tracing the production between the collection area and its arrival at industries; • Low technology and productivity in the extraction process, mainly from straw collection to the removal of the ceriferous powder; • Small producers with poor access to credit; • Lack of constant training in good management practices and work safety for extractive workers.

Thus, this manual is a good practice guide aimed at contributing to the qualification of the carnauba production chain in its multiple aspects and trying to best respond to the challenges posed above.

It is intended for extractive workers, producers, shift leaders, tenants, consolidators (middlemen), companies, and all those involved in this unique productive cycle. We created and we want to disseminate this material for these actors to be able to understand more about their rights and duties and for this activity to be increasingly sustainable, respecting the environment and the dignity of the people.

CHAPTER 1 THE CARNAUBA PALM 14 CAPÍTULO 1 - A CARNAUBEIRA where it grows. regions the in humidity due to high the does, carnauba producesspecies like wax None of these where carandá. it called is state the of in Mato Grosso —, of Pantanal region the in —more specifically Brazil and the as possible to examples of genus find the such it is SouthAmerica In Thailand. and Ceylon, Ecuador Africa, Equatorial such as of countries world, the various places in Copernicia belongs tree that to genus the a palm or is “carnaubeira” palm carnauba The Northeast, this mechanism acts to acts protect mechanism this Northeast, Brazilian the in regions, such as dry In to prevent transpiration. water loss through generally producePlants ceriferous powder General aspects Image 1:Occurrence ofCopernicias inSouth America-Source: SCJohnson. Copernicia tectorum Copernicia Copernicia alba BRAZIL IS THE ONLY COUNTRY PRODUCES CARNAUBA WAX. , a group of present plants in IN THE WORLD THAT , in Bolivia, Paraguay Paraguay Bolivia, , in , in Venezuela,, in and drained sandy land. land. sandy drained on and river the poorly- valleys in always Grande doRio and Norte, Ceará of Piauí, concentrated are populations states the in (Mato Grosso) states, however, Carnauba (Tocantins),Northern Midwestern and Grande do Rio Norte Sergipe),Piaui, and Ceará, Maranhão, Paraiba, Pernambuco, (Alagoas,found Northeastern Bahia, the in Cerrado biomes. and It Caatinga the is in exclusive which grows from species Brazil, Geographic distribution: an is Carnauba (Miller) Moore. E. H. name: Scientific Family: its fruit. and itself palm to used refer which is to carnauba, the is places.it most The many grows popular in given because is plant different names This carnaíva, carnaúva, carandaúba, carnaúba. Popular names: 1982). CARVALHO, 1976; (GOMES, 1945; BAYMA, 1958; CARVALHO, attack of fromwell potential the as fungi leavesthe for long of as periods insolation, THE WORD CARNAUBA COMES LANGUAGE TUPI AND MEANS FROM THE NATIVE INDIAN Arecaceae. Image 2:Carnaubadistribution intheNortheast. “SCRATCHING TREE”. Carnaubeira, carnaíba, carnaíba, Carnaubeira,

Copernicia prunifera all along the base, and it is called a“cuan it called and is base, the along all containues to hold petioles leaf fallen the to approximately 4meters, carnauba the ceriferousthe powder. upyoung, When when leaves the ars, to produce begin about 10 ye within productive maturity 15 meters. It grows slowly is reaches and maturity: and Size span: Life species. this of seeds factors the spreading in assisting parakeets),(parrots and one of best the hogs some and wild pigs, bats, Psittacidae such as food as serve forpalm animals (Photos 4). 3and of carnauba the fruits The flowers the commonly observed visiting -Trigona“irapuá” Fabricius spinipes -are the - and Linnaeus - Polistes canadensis For “marimbondo-caboclo” the carnauba, importance. of are equal between plants, agents, which conduct of flow the pollen to Pollinating produce palm fruits. carnauba of one more it crossing needs the is, than that species, allogamous predominantly a is Carnauba Reproduction /dispersal: Image 4:Irapuá – Image 3:Marimbondo-caboclo – Estimated to live Estimated up to years. 200 Trigona spinipes spinipes Trigona Source: https://bit.ly/2SXZOCk Ranges between 7 and between 7and Ranges – Source: https://bit.ly/2yvEQ4q Polistes canadensis Polistes

- - tiole (JOHNSON, 1970. (JOHNSON, tiole of freed from pe is base the the upper part hedgehog. it When reaches maturity, the du”, of given to name the which is a type Image 5:Comparisonbetween thesizeofahumanandanadultcarnauba Image 6:Young carnauba –Source: Caatinga AssociationCollection Source: CaatingaAssociationCollection

- 15 CAPÍTULO 1 - A CARNAUBEIRA 16 CAPÍTULO 1 - A CARNAUBEIRA comes out of when leaf the dried. besides layer the of ceriferous powder, which Leaf: leaves (Images 10 11). and left from falling the bymarked scars the of without branches, diameter 25 cm, Trunk: when purple and (Figures 9). ripe 8and when young greenish and bright are and lookbunches of of hundreds bright, units, coconuts. cluster They in small looks like and shape in oval is fruit The to March. Fruit: Takes on a fan shape and a coarse texture, Takes texture, acoarse and shape on afan The palm bears fruit from November fruit bears palm The The trunk reaches approximate an trunk The Source: CaatingaAssociationCollection Source: Vicente dePaula Queiroga Source: Vicente dePaula Queiroga Image 8:Green carnaubafruit Image 9:Ripecarnaubafruit Image 7:Carnaubaleaf. (SANTOS, 1979; CARVALHO, 1982). water are and soluble taste alkaline weak a with yellowish crystals slightly small, grow and deep.abundant Roots contain fibrous, length, and thickness branches in Roots: Image 11:Carnaubatrunkwithoutthesheath(smooth). Beam-shaped, with roughly equal equal roughly with Beam-shaped, Image 10:Carnaubatrunkwithsheath(smooth). Source: CaatingaAssociationCollection Source: CaatingaAssociationCollection Source: Vicente dePaula Queiroga. the Image 12:Fasciculated root system of Copernicia prunifera Copernicia . to certain fruits as a coating, preventing acoating, water as loss and fruits to certain applied is wax food. and medicines For carnauba instance, be appliedcan to edible products such as for humans, wax feature, carnauba Absence to of this toxicity: Thanks sectors like: due various to in at its use qualities aimed been subject the studies research of many has wax Carnauba furniture. urban and landscaping in plant of living use the the and making, production, of for use its straw the handicraft powder the derived tree are from forpalm extracting wax Currently, most the common applications of carnauba the noare longer widespread or allowed. records about applications. their Today, some of uses these generating some thus historical past, the widely in used have been root the fruit the and of palm, heart the trunk, the such as from root the to leaf. the Parts useful is tree that of apalm “tree the life,” is as byKnown many carnauba the Current Applications THE CORE STRUCTURE TRUNK ROOTS FRUIT been used for human feeding (CARVALHO, feeding for human 1982). used been also has almonds 1976). the from extracted oil The (BRAGA, coffee to powder replace abeverage this from to extract also and porridges der to make pow into them turn and almonds carnauba the to toast used folks local Traditionally, pigs. mainly feed for animals, and nutrition Used for human (CARVALHO, starch 1982). carnauba and flour carnauba to obtain washed and “trampled” was palm core of the the state, raw the in use its In seasons. dry the feed during animal and food as Was used widely (BRAGA, houses 1976). of many roof structure the in present still are and corrals, to build were used trunks the countryside, the In extraction. easy and woods of carnauba water, abundance the salt in or immersed dry kept when durability the sects, in other and to termites resistance the trunk, ght strai the or military: civil whether buildings, nial colo of early material quintessential the wood this made qualities joinery. Several and construction for wood as period colonial the in Was used widely (BRAGA, food spice 1976). to Indians by native used commonly was which extracted, is substance asaline upon burning, that, view in value, culinary has It also rashes. and cers ul arthritis, rheumatism, to treat used been it has qualities, diuretic and purifying to its Thanks tion. applica medicinal with plant of the part only The Table 1:Historical UsesoftheCarnauba USE ------a leitura de de códigos a leitura barras. que facilitam térmicas tintas ção éem aplica Outra umidade. a contra gendo prote eletroeletrônicos, componentes aplicada pode ser outros em ela disso, Além eletrônicos. circuitos em isolante como sendo vem usada também cera a elétrica, Por conduzir não energia temperaturas. altas em mesmo tência composição,sua consis sua mantendo de à acera carnaúba acrescentando-se do batom aoA resistência calor éobtida it. from not is extracted wax and variety a rare It is recognizable. easily leaves, is and narrowest the has qualities, medicinal for valued its white carnauba: - The common of carnauba. the those than larger up also Its to leaves 30m. are reach 15m, is can height and observed minimum its At adulthood, Ceará. in River, Acaraú of the banks along the distributed is carnauba: giant ●- The thorns. fewer with astalk and crown leaves, asmaller short has carnauba: thornless ●- The are: They description. scientific nitive adefi yet without species, the in tions some varia are there ofregion Brazil, Northeastern the in trees nauba palm of majority car up the makes which common additionIn carnauba, to the CERA DE CARNAÚBA. CERA TAMBÉMTECNOLOGIA A USAM PRODUTOS EALTA DE BELEZA OF CARNAUBA TYPES Image 13:Examplesof industrial products containing carnaubawax. LEARN MORE 17 CAPÍTULO 1 - A CARNAUBEIRA ------18 CAPÍTULO 1 - A CARNAUBEIRA and Rio Grande do Norte. do Grande Rio and productionout the in of powder most The productive Piauí wax. and Ceará, states are states, only a few regions stand Brazilian several grows species plant in this Although temperatures. to beexposed high therefore products will in that used Point: Melting and Hardness brightest. the and most resistant the is wax carnauba waxes, vegetable Among cars. and animal and furniture floors, forbe glossy most The better notoriousappearance. application polishing in used is Brightness: for been used to tablet has longer contributing coating, wax conservation. for industry, carnauba alonger its quality pharmaceutical the In period. maintaining Excellent for polishing and used as a differential in products that must products must in that adifferential as Excellent used and for polishing Image 14:Organizationalchartofthemultiple andintegral useofthecarnaubapalmtree. The melting point of this wax is around 84 °C 84 around it and is is wax point of melting The this and forand production the of paper. of handicrafts making the in afertilizer, as its straw, tree is beused palm which can productportant derived from carnauba the most the economically im wax, the After Nordeste do Brasil, a mixed economy regional development bank) Operation Area, 2006. 2006. Area, Operation bank) development regional economy amixed Brasil, do Nordeste Image 16:Carnaubastraw initsfertilizer andmulchversion, thesocalled“bagana”. Image 15: Carnauba Growth Map (straw fiber, powder, or wax) in the BNB (Banco do do (Banco BNB the in wax) or powder, fiber, (straw Map Growth Carnauba 15: Image Source: Adapted from IBGE - Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (2007). Statistics and Geography of Institute -Brazilian IBGE from Adapted Source: Image 17:Handicrafts ofcarnauba.Source: https://bit.ly/2DOQnQq Source: CaatingaAssociationCollection - Image 18:Handcrafted ofcarnauba.Source: https://bit.ly/2ZxctxM Image 19:Paper madefrom carnaubastraw -Source: SDA. Image 21:Paper madefrom carnauba straw -Source: SDA. Image 20:Paper madefrom carnaubastraw -Source: SDA. 19 CAPÍTULO 1 - A CARNAUBEIRA 20 CAPÍTULO 1 - A CARNAUBEIRA (ALVES; COELHO, 2008). climate adapted species, it alocal to is cause semiarid the be of because its cities, eleganceNortheastern mainly and the in gardens for and squares furnishing urban as used been widely also has plant carnauba the landscaping, In low (D’ALVA, value commercial 2004). but not known, practiced widely and used due tostill its Currently, of ropes ture technique hammocks. the is and for communities manufac the traditional indigenous and or “tucum”. acommon among Such was extraction activity “ticum” named locally for extraction, used fiber straw the for also palm’s point, the is around young leaf the growing “eye”, carnauba so-called The common the which is name Image 23:Craft production of“ticum” hammocks. Fonte: https://bit.ly/328Nq64 Image22:Craftswoman oftheCarnaúbaViva Project. Source: https://bit.ly/2P86jiw Image24:Acityboulevard withcarnaubapalmtrees. Fonte: http://twixar.me/hXv1 - - (heat insulator). insulator). (heat passes steam exploration oil hot which through pipelines oil the cover to blankets and straps straw carnauba produce artisans associated NGO Viva Carnauba where do Norte, Grande of Rio cities nine in handicrafts straw for carnauba clusters There are productive which — since then — has been mobilizing a large number of number people, investments. alarge and companies mobilizing been —has then —since which product, for formed was the market Anew discovered. applications were for wax carnauba dustrial in new process, industrialization Brazilian 70s, due the and advance later, 60s in to the the years in 1947,In However, of end some World the product for shrank. with demand the War international II, den” (GOMES, ECARVALHO, CERQUEIRA 2009). abroad forbid states and is to other trees of palm carnauba seedlings and of seeds exportation the “(...) determined which No.person”. 33, of November 19, Decree And administration, 1933, same the in or State other any by the forbidden, of landowners by in is Piauí practiced it is whether trees palm carnauba living of cutting the “(...) defined: Melo, which de Castro of Leonidas ment administration No. 1419, Decree were, govern those exploitation. the Among of 1, carnauba 1932, October the during to on monopolize legislate and government the by attempts several were there period, this During of Correia). Luís Pacajus, (municipality Piaui etc.) and Morada Sobral, Nova, Massapê, Granja, Acaraú, of Russas, municipalities the (in states of Ceará the (equivalent to planted 9,000 in were 1936 ha) trees to palm 1947. carnauba million ten More than from region Northeast Brazilian out the in carried was of grooves carnauba planting systematic The gunpowder. manufacturing for in use exported widely was wax the period, interwar the During World Wars (1939 -1945). (1914 First the -1918) economic an boom Second between the with locations, and these in cycle mic econo important of equally and responsible anew emergence for was the carnauba the Maranhão, do Grande Norte Rio and Ceará, states of Piauí, the in grows only species producing wax Since the Europe. in for making candle to exported be out, then, turned wax Carnauba cycle. of end that losses generated the by the pensate to com- for traders local alternative important an represented tree palm carnauba the region, theast Nor Brazilian the cotton in of end plantation the cycle the with century, nineteenth Later, the in Indians. native the from possibly learned were ARRUDA (OSCAR D’ALVA, for making candle wax the and medicine usages 2004).and of Many these for salt roots the feed, core for the animal for straw utensils, the for wood construction, the parts: tree advantage of palm how carnauba to take learned ranchers the progressed, cattle-raising As groves. carnauba native populated dense by —often are still —and were Riverbanks activity. tock for lives areas preferred the were rivers along the wetlands The courses. river the following usually territory, heartland to the enter began forced to and look were for areas new farmers cattle Thus, coast. Brazilian 10 the leagues from less than ofter 1701, within forbade which cattle-raising Char Royal the issued crown Portuguese the Then, ranchers. and owners mill sugar between arise to began land the over conflicts of mills, sugar business successful and population growth the With for colonizers along to European time. unknown however, states, of the remained heartland the Thus, echinata). (Paubrasilia brazilwood as such resources, of natural extraction for and cane the plantation for of the sugar served beginning, very the from region, that good for agriculture, very was climate coastal Since the coastline. the from colonized initially was region Northeast zilian Bra Age of Discovery, the the during Europeans by colonized regions in usual, As region. Northeast colonization Brazilian of to process the the related is extraction of wax carnauba beginning The HISTORY WAX OF CARNAUBA USAGE LEARN MORE ------21 CAPÍTULO 1 - A CARNAUBEIRA 22 CAPÍTULO 2 - CONTEXTO AMBIENTAL E SOCIAL SOCIAL CONTEXT ENVIRONMENTAL AND CHAPTER 2 23 CAPÍTULO 2 - CONTEXTO AMBIENTAL E SOCIAL 24 CAPÍTULO 2 - CONTEXTO AMBIENTAL E SOCIAL palm tree to nest and rest when flocking. tree to rest when nest and palm flocking. ecosystem. for Birds, example, often this use the processes balancing and migration aiding related to but also to is feeding, limited not is animals tree and palm carnauba the between relationship the Nevertheless, honey, species. helping this to pollinate pollen and from itsnectar flowers to make consume also Bees species. of seeds the this factors spreading in one of assisting best the someand Psittacidae parakeets), (parrots and hogs wild pigs, bats, such as food for animals tree as serve palm of carnauba the fruits The whereareas it located. is water to and bodies control erosion soil the in general, helpsin to prevent the siltation in grows rivers along streams that species and a tree is palm carnauba the fact that The environments. on the palm northeastern of this influence noticedwe also aremarkable ecological impacts, cultural and economic Besides locations. the territories, impacting greatly spread is over thus, and, species large adaptable easily an tree, is palm carnauba The ofperiods drought. long in per year, resulting rainfall distributed approximately ofwith poorly mm 800 Caatinga, the in prevails climate A semiarid savannah). (Brazilian “Cerrado” so called the and Rainforest Atlantic the other biomes country, the in Amazon, the region, bordersNortheast and three with 10% 70% territory and of of national the the covers Caatinga approximately Gerais. Minas of present strip anorthern it in also and is Bahia Sergipe, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Paraiba, Grande do Rio Norte, Ceará, states: Piauí, Northeastern present of eight nine the in of area atotal 826,411comprising km². It is biome, exclusive an is Brazilian Caatinga The protection oftheCaatingabiome. production chainforthe sustainability ofthecarnauba The importance ofthe and to join our efforts in fighting them. them. to fighting and join efforts in our grooves respective and biodiversitycarnauba threaten that challenges environmental the For to notice it important reasons is these countryside (CARVALHO; 2008). GOMES, people the in stabilizing season, dry the in to of amount large the manpower employed factor, social due ahigh with currency and income creation, job of source a exploitation, sustainable resource with a natural Therefore, considered is carnauba the GOMES, 2008). (CARVALHO;oxygen environment to the hydrogen peroxide releases water vapor and process, reaction the of clarification the to In producefertilizer. organic and wax water. recycled filtered is waste industries, In production solvent the of raw wax, is used mulch “bagana”). (knownand as the In leftover becomes fertilizer straw organic an of extraction the ceriferous the powder, the In commonlyis sunlight. performed with of leaves evenand drying The slows aging. well conducted, palm the does not harm of leaves, when cutting The wax. the obtain to processing we have its industrial carnauba, of use agoodAs example of sustainable Image 25:Caatingafaunamontage.Source: CaatingaAssociation. currently faces several challenges that hinder its maintenance and sustainability. and its maintenance hinder that faces challenges several currently contributenagement production can of to those health forests. the carnauba The chain productive. Most of those forests native are vegetation -not Agood planted ma areas. regeneration forests dependCarnauba on conserved sufficiently and natural to remain Carnauba-related environmental challenges CLIMATE CHANGE soil, regulating erosion processes river and siltation. regulating soil, addition responsible to being retaining for and forming order ecological are corridors, that to in privilege areas references geographical as hydrographic basins using -in instance) forest in restoration processes -especially - Use of native (carnauba species for trees, palm Solutions perspectives: and losses). (production less wax due producing thus change, to climate leaves palm become -Carnauba smaller vulnerability; environmental and social generating ecosystem, the of to and communities ahealthy functioning working of to- Loss water carnauba resources, essential devil’s the such as species nail. morethem to invasive vulnerable lose making trees, even native forests causes to Caatinga the in - Drought Situation: DEFORESTATION energy matrix by another more matrix efficientenergy sustainable. and - Use of replacement authorized firewood and of the authorized cutting occurs. when trees, palm replenishment the ofensure carnauba enforcement agency to More environmental - intense areas. swamp and wetlands space in and forest riparian the in seedlings new carnauba - Planting Solutions perspectives: and sectors (i.e.: food). and ceramics other in and processing wax firewood in - Use of illegal management. harvest improper or grooves use of land due- Loss carnauba in to changes Situation: - 25 CAPÍTULO 2 - CONTEXTO AMBIENTAL E SOCIAL 26 CAPÍTULO 2 - CONTEXTO AMBIENTAL E SOCIAL LACK OF PROPER MANAGEMENT GAP INSCIENTIFIC DATA BIO INVASION the countryside better income improvement possibilities. improvement income better countryside the people forest from giving cultivations, Caatinga manageable education- Environmental incentives and for native and (so SAFs) called Productive and Backyards. methodologies,cultivation Agroforestry Systems such as of more friendly - Dissemination environmentally Solutions perspectives: and use. land in changes loss the of biodiversity causing unplanned and construction, wood for of- Extensive use Caatinga fences, firewood, arson. of risk the causing - Persistent agriculture, in of use fire Situation: tractors blades and for removal. such as aid, mechanical with well as invasive as species, removal and of the cutting the with management - Manual on focused research biological- Scientific controls; Solutions perspectives: and tend grooves. abandoned the to exterminate carnauba devil’s and aggressive very are claw invasion. Infestations grooves, the after not of- Death carnauba the managed Situation: the increasingly urgent needs of sustainable production. urgent needs of sustainable increasingly the productive the sectorallowing to improve meet and itself order more in research, to data, release disseminate and efforts of the a need- There improving is to intensify Solutions perspectives: and incipient need and much more public private and promotion. development production on- Research carnauba chain are Situation: ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY and its sustainable use. its sustainable and agent for biome becomecan conservation adisseminating productive workers, each carnauba worker chain so that with education - Environmental projects issues address these that Solutions perspectives: and other and sectors. productive, agricultural of education basic the units the many network, in well as as education environmental actions- Lack in of contextualized Situation: methodologies nature. coexistence with for sustainable reforest its habitat reintroduce to and and in disseminate fauna at recovery the actions of to native with forest fauna, and aimed projects education environmental and Conservation - Solutions perspectives: and to renew grooves. of carnauba fundamentally acting seeds, carnauba spread including seeds, animals These trafficking. species) animal population, duesimilar and to hunting other and macaws Psittacidae the parakeets, (parrots, in reduction the is Agoodproductive example of this, chain. biome the carnauba the and impairs balance directly populations, flora Caatinga’sand decrease in - The fauna Situation: 27 CAPÍTULO 2 - CONTEXTO AMBIENTAL E SOCIAL 28 CAPÍTULO 2 - CONTEXTO AMBIENTAL E SOCIAL lized as a legal entity, a legal as lized which embraces the individual form of family farming forma or associative an is business family - Rural ment aplace or in nearby. reside that and at establish the services, ty’s for demand food other and goods and to subsistence own meet socie and their combination of production factors, aiming exploits that a group of individuals family - UFPA (Family Production Farm Unit) a is organization: family forms oftwo rural Law No. 11326, of by 2006, establishing ofDecree May 31, 9064, 2017, regulated beconsidered farmers. also may family by established law, meet criteria the that folk communities and otherand traditional communities Quilombola bers of remnant mem and native Indians fishermen, vists, - Foresters, extracti farmers, aquaculture conditions: following under activities the who practice rural entrepreneur those are family a rural and law,According farmer to this afamily by provided are guidelines farming Family Family farming: Main typesofproductive arrangements: the extractive carnaubachain Social Issues-Understanding LAW NO. 11326, OF JULY 2006 24, with their families.” their with their -run companies orIV business Executive Office; defined by the as companies or business, from the economic of their activities the general family income originating -have aminimumIII percentage of business; or companies in the economic of their activities -predominantlyII family use labor (note: aBrazilian unit of measure); area larger than 4(four) modules fiscal “I not -does hold, in any capacity, an

- - - - . family business. family nucleus under rural the of family the part evenproductive worker the if chain, is forbidden wax at of stage any carnauba the under ageminors the of 18 strictly is employing that to clarify It important is Labor Laws. Brazilian mandatory, is tenant the according to by landowner or the signing CTPS and no is longer business typified, family the case, this nucleus, in because, family employ relatives of who not the are part not to to becareful It important is standards. safety and health occupational equipment (PPE) to and comply other with nucleus protective to personal use family workers but doessigned, all require of the employmentthe record book (CTPS) to be does not require farming Working family in to activities. extractive engage in of May,9064, 31 2017, farmers family allow Law No.Both 11326, Decree of and 2006 association. ming far cooperative family and farming family cooperative, central farming family single business, family concepts:following rural te another family nucleus. te another family constitu already tion, children the above the in condiment. all, - After agree enter partnership a into they not is mandatory,CTPS long as as ofductive the activity, signing the pro rural the in working are and or overmarried 21 (even single) are children nucleus. the If family 21and included are years the in aged between children 18 single their and her or spouse partner Labor,Regarding farmer, the his/ ATTENTION - - - - Partnership Agreement: partnership, shall not exceed: shall partnership, partner) of quota from the results the (assigning landowner’s Statute),(Land the 96to (VI), article of Law No. of 4504, 1964 pursuant that, to clarify important It also is bydetermined end the of process. the of aproportionalthere division profits, is join resources and parties both case this Agreement, in as It from Lease the differs area. the in applicableall —employees norms, to work properly compliance and with CTPS signed partner, contract which may —upon to begranted may only onearea assigned or employees. bybasis contracting Each explore business alone, area the on afamily may straw, partner carnauba assigned the agreement to extract partnership the In November 14, 1966. by regulated Decreeand No. 59566, of of4504, November 30, 1964 (Land Statute), activity. It governed is rural by Law No. certain of jointly engaging purpose the with utensils, agricultural and or machinery property, partner)assigned animals rural (called another party the who assigns partner), (calledone assigning the party entails agreement partnership rural A a cattle-raising partnership, one with one partnership, with a cattle-raising of case the in and, animals, draft eds, for se well as processes, cultivation as tools and machinery of agricultural letter “d” item, plus supply the of this setbasic ofthe improvements in listed and land prepared previously with ship e) per cent (50%), fifty on partner the be; may case the as or corrals, fences, facilities, ditches cleaning cattle sheds, of housing, consisting especially set abasic of improvements, with ship d) per cent forty (40%), on partner the housing; provide prepared already and land the ner with c) 30% percent), (thirty when part they prepared; already land the with partner b) 25% (twenty five percent), when they nership land; bare a) per cent twenty (20%), on part the - - - - - its use. its advance in for oftenby tenant, the paying works area arent the as in of property the provided agreement, lease the service the In tenant. called lessee, also removal work groups, to attributed are the straw training and hiring such as sibilities, respon the modality, all this to In its use. rights the assigns and land the who owns paysand for property; the lessor, the and involved:parties lessee, the who enjoys there two are of transaction type this In ment of such assets. enjoy and use -the time sation at acertain set or adjustable -through compen party (i.e.:ty groove), acarnauba another assures or proper land owns that party which the agreement in an is this productive chain, carnauba the in arrangement main the As Lease Agreement: available toavailable partner. the improvementsvalued made or assets tage of no ten more percent than of the on beset based apercen quota shall nal additio landowner’s the letters, ceding not provided cases In g) for pre the in blished; percent (5%) sold esta is per animal of commission five minimum the and moietyherd adopted is where and milk twenty-five per centthan (25%) of the greater are animals farmed re existing zones whe cattle-raising tra-extensive f) seventy-five per cent (75%), ul in number agreement; of the heads in percent (50%) fifty ter than of total the aproportion in grea animals farmed ------29 CAPÍTULO 2 - CONTEXTO AMBIENTAL E SOCIAL Image 26: Flowchart of the carnauba productive chain in the lease modality

32 CAPÍTULO 2 - CONTEXTO AMBIENTAL E SOCIAL Slave andslave-like labor safety. work water food, and decent orquality housing work conditions, without access to good- become more to degrading vulnerable conditions, workers these such difficult Under other and services. basic healthcare poor access tomalnutrition, leisure, unemployedamid members, family unable toare due cultivate to droughts, toilets or access to potable water, and houses without live They in livelihoods. minimum their to ensure programs social conditions, precarious replyin and on live families working carnauba Many communities working carnauba in vulnerability Social duties. and rights (PPEs) proper and about information their who Equipment receive Protective Personal of properly workers hired - CTPS -signed centers number where agrowing there is employees. However, there production are unregistered)and improperly and hired of verbally contracted (undocumented to number gives alarge rise informality This condition employment regarding relations. apredominant is informality Brazil, environment of Northeast the rural the In sector production Working conditions carnauba the in rights to safeguard workers’ not are to safeguard rights dignity worker freedom, and/or when minimum the where to of restriction the there kind any is labor the be defined as Slave-like labor can union intheir local municipalities. associated withthe ruralworkers relations, aswell aslabor rights, rural workers should become For further guidance about regulation on employment is consideredis by law. illegal records conditions, about which degrading sector there Carnauba the respected. are In communities still do not that understand still communities controversial, and that it clear and is harsh is issue the inspections, who witnessed members workers and community Among workers, well. as father did this...”, producers and say small way,done my this did this, my grandfather “... have been always things labor training. and legal, let aloneservices, business, from lack of the most the education basic regions suffer a reasonable fact, since rural employment-relatedtheir duties. legal It is do not have about information sufficient producers, who small-scale are tenants, leaders, shift many shown that also has Field communities experience with were absence the found, well as as of PPE. no potable with water housing unsanitary makeshift, cases, slave-like labor. certain In conditions as of be typified work can that conducted by public authorities found sector, Carnauba the In inspections Code, which states: 149 article fied in of Penal the typi and prohibited, absolutely slave labor or slave-like labor is anyone to submitting Brazil, In such violence.”such the correspondingas penalty to well as andimprisonment afine, representatives 2to is 8years of debts with their employers or its their mobilitytricting of because res or degrading work conditions, and submitting them tojourneys, by forced labor or exhausting ne to slave-like conditions, either for“The penalty submitting anyo ATTENTION - - - profits, by speculating on commodity the profits, by speculating of the share largest the in oftentimes take productionprecarious conditions, and actors, advantage of take capitalized are who intermediaries, some context, same owners’ homes. own this business the In are facilities “degrading” housing illegal Some ofto staff. those hired of their conditions whotenants similar very live in chief contractorsThere also are and complicating factor for initiative. business a costs is higher inefficient processes with processes. Therefore, combination the of low of because inefficient productive Powder very is performance productivity acquisition the and equipment. of safety costs generatedextra by payroll taxes the profitable it of once as because the was, not beas will activity the that fear the involved law, the obeying well in as as able bureaucracy the being to with deal forAs employer, the of fear the there not is chapters. following cleared the up in chapters. However, be doubts these can following becleareddoubts the up in can (employment record book). However, these registered CTPS their having subsidies after social from receiving been disenfranchised on experience the of workers, who have based is fear Program). This Assistance (Family Família” “Bolsa such as programs, government from disenfranchised being retirement of fear legislation the and benefits according to rural security retirement social and of social losing forAs workers, the fear the there is standards. order in to change to comply legal with conditions working that and need allies authorities workers’ are inspection the the quality of deserve. they life quality the workers enjoy forand to rural the finally itself culture of carnauba the survival the be overcomemust soon possible, as as for Therefore, feeding. and challenges the resources of terms financial livelihood in no of needed the chance providing has water scarcity, when subsistence farming compensation period of it the ensures as in for families economically important many is activity Professional carnauba vulnerability. their mitigating populations, working oflife carnauba the to of improve this quality the all reuse, and for systems Bioágua water gray treatment storage, wood eco-efficient stoves and lowsuch as cost concrete for cisterns water implementationthe technologies, of social for workers powder and producers on and (Sustainable Carnauba), on focus education Sustentável Carnaúba Projects such as worldwide. required dignity of work and productivity professionalism, standards reach current it the can so that activity,to professionalize carnauba the actors’ networks, order in to support and matter,the to the create strengthen and dedicated interest efforts on and their which have production carnauba chain, have the that been in working institutions private sector, sector—, third well as —as Fortunately, public there many and are chain. the in productive links the sector, all weakening amajor is enemy of the vulnerability social price. that It clear wax is carnauba to value the adding thus and market 33 CAPÍTULO 2 - CONTEXTO AMBIENTAL E SOCIAL 34 CAPÍTULO 3 - LEGISLAÇÃO LEGISLATION CHAPTER 3 35 CAPÍTULO 3 - LEGISLAÇÃO 36 CAPÍTULO 3 - LEGISLAÇÃO Table below, 2, regulations. environmental some important with shows abrief table summary deforestation of illegal case arson. and Conservation Units (UCs), in extractivism the policies in penalty establish well as as provide also forests. for regulations These of frequently riparian since they are part (APPs), Areas Preservation Permanent grooves often which carnauba grow in — framework conducted. is regulatory includes protection the This extractivism of general the which carnauba environment laws regulate in environmental Brazilian Environmental regulations and legislation tive Instruction No. 17 tive Instruction National Environmental Environmental National Policy, No. of Law 6938, SNUC Law No. 9985, of No. Law 9985, SNUC MAPA-MMA Norma Environmental Crimes Crimes Environmental New Forest Law Code, Law No. 9605, of No. 1998 Law 9605, No. 12651, of 2012. of 2009 May 28 gional ecological conditions.” (IN MAPA / MMA No. conditions.” ecological 17, MAPA (IN gional /MMA 2009). May 28, re and knowledge of the ecosystems as well as practices, knowledge and on traditional based research, by developed of use techniques the and ns, patter and structure environmental of natural imitation the consortium, species diversification, the concerns This techniques. processing and ding bree cultivation, with activities “combination the is ofwhich extractive concept comprehends the of agro-extractivism, also Extractivism ducts. pro natural work the of collecting especially resources, gement of natural mana sustainable the with of set associated practices the is Extractivism AW L 2000 1981 LEARN MORE Table 2:National environmental legislation concerning thecarnauba productive chain. - conservation units. conservation of management and implementation creation, the for standards and criteria establishes -SNUC, Units Conservation of Nature System National the Establishes from sustainable organic extractivism. Provides technical norms for obtaining organic products objectives. its to achieve instruments financial for and economic provides and prevention of fires, forest and control the and of products forest origin of control the the materials, of raw forest supply the exploitation, forest areas; Reserve Legal and areas Preservation Permanent protection, on vegetation rules general Establishes environment, and other measures. other and environment, to the activities and conduct harmful from arising sanctions administrative and for criminal Provides protection of the dignity of human life. of human dignity of the protection and security of national interests development, the for socio-economic conditions country, the in ensure, to aiming quality, environmental of life-giving recovery improvement and preservation, the Governs ABOUT https://bit.ly/1YgMNzS https://bit.ly/2NzC0Ay https://bit.ly/2YylRAU https://bit.ly/1iKaEFk https://bit.ly/1L6oaCf WHERE TO CONSULT - - - - - for biological the control of devil’s the invasive such as species, claw. well as as fic public policies seedlings, about of production the carnauba planting and to have- speci it fundamental is economicto importance, its environmental, social and tree. Due palm tory carnauba replenishment the of case, protected the this in species, compensa those concerning requirements, especially environmental compliance with by government. granted the ally up It then, to is, competent the authorities to ensure endeavor, business the with tion aligned authorizations are for such removal usu are grooves somewhat are common. of public job When interest crea possibility the and removal the cause of ventures carnauba that business laws, and rules Despite existing subject.the Table Piauí: and from states the of regulations Ceará 3contains with tree grows, there different are laws dealing each palm stateIn where carnauba the tive Instruction No. Law No. 3888/83 Decree No. 17378 Decree No. 27413 Ordinary Law No. SEMACE Norma- Law No. 12488/ Law No. 15224/ Law No. 4854/ 6328 /2013 001/2000 / 2017 / 2004 AW L 1995 1996 2012 “Bacuri” and “Jatobá” in a public people consultation. “Jatobá” apublic and in “Bacuri” Amarelo”, “Ipê like: species, over other winning symbol, tree its as tree palm carnauba the Choses entities. and organs state competent by authorization the requires cutting its and state of the symbol tree the is carnauba the that Institutes by public agencies of the State of Piauí. State of the agencies by public issued of diplomas preparation the in straw carnauba from paper of handcrafted use the Determines environment. This registration is renewed annually. forest from originating material or raw products by- products, exploiting or companies individuals of Forest registration Policy, requires Establishes and homogeneous forests. homogeneous and cover vegetation or regenerated primitive native, of alterations other and deforestation to authorize incumbent Water is and Resources Environment of the Secretariat State the that Establishes Agriculture. of Secretariat before the justified interest, public the in need, of irreplaceable for reasons Administration, or Municipal State Public, of the agencies by specialized performed if allowed only is cutting territory. Carnauba state’s rural the throughout trees palm of carnauba cutting the Prohibits species. Caatinga endemic the Day, State honoring Carnauba as 5th June Institutes preferably native seedlings. preferably native with replacement forest requires deforestation forest carnauba Thus, material. of raw forest or consumption processing use, exploitation, the for of replacement forest obligation the Addresses Table 3:Environmental legislationfrom thestates ofCeará andPiauí regarding carnaubachain. SUBJECT MATTER STATE CE CE CE CE PI PI PI PI https://bit.ly/1YgMNzS https://bit.ly/2NzC0Ay https://bit.ly/2KtpGSN https://bit.ly/2Kq2YuP https://bit.ly/2YylRAU https://bit.ly/1iKaEFk https://bit.ly/1L6oaCf https://bit.ly/2Ki75KI REFERENCE - - - 37 CAPÍTULO 3 - LEGISLAÇÃO 38 CAPÍTULO 3 - LEGISLAÇÃO to carnauba - since these components -since these to carnauba knowledge or traditional linked materials raw products contain that finished Thus, for most the diverse uses. food, such as medicine, cosmetic, wax and products,and of types, most the varied generate can use innovations innumerable biodiversity, of Brazilian the its and part is other words, anative in plant, is it Carnauba by Decree No. of 8772, 2016. governed by Law No. 13123, of 2015, and of use biodiversity, sustainable and are forbenefit-sharing conservation the knowledge, traditional associated and heritage, protection the access and to of access use genetic the the and Brazil, In components. those owners the of with earnings their share genetic with associated heritage) have to knowledgeheritage or traditional components of biodiversity (genetic use commercially companiesthe that which in amechanism is Benefit-sharing derived of from use biodiversity. the of benefits equitable and Fair sharing 3- use; Sustainable 2- 1- Conservation of biodiversity; presents major three strategies: by over document 190 This countries. (CBD) document signed international an is ConventionThe on Biological Diversity benefit and sharing Access the carnauba? the But, what does it have to do with from biodiversity and itsassociated system, the Convention created the possibility of innovation generated By establishing the benefit-sharing traditional knowledge generating resources for biodiversity conservation. finished product exempt is finished from sharing. the of the manufacturer the and instance, for seedlings and seeds such as material, producer the is of reproductive the party benefits the sharing cases, specific these In beverage, fiber, energy, or planted forests. of food, commercialization and processing production, the activities: certain with However, differently deals legislation the policy.be submitted to benefit the sharing products these shall cases, these all In brand. on product the the or label with highlighted or even those are features if campaigns marketing media, mentioned visual any in resulting from carnauba, which are or differentiationdeclaration of origin -or,its purposes yet, products feature that product, its action improving or broadening of the purpose contribute to main the Exemption benefit from sharing (acronym FNRB). (acronym for National the Fund with Benefit Sharing deposited cash, in modality: ° Monetary ways: two happen in can Benefit sharing How shouldshared? be benefits Council) Technical Guidance No. 9/2018. No. Guidance Technical Council) to CGEN (Genetic Management Heritage or technological development, according of research part not integral are they an 107 of Decree No. 8.772/2016, when and provided tests and - Activities for article in per do year not benefits;reais share revenues gross with below 3.6 million cooperatives their and farmers - Family benefits; exempt from sharing but are activities, register their also must manufacturers product Intermediate - benefits; sharing but exempt are activities, their from register must enterprises micro and - Small sharing); set by benefit law (both and registration free from are obligations the farmers family and communities traditional folk and traditional - Native Indians, traditional knowledge,traditional collections, ex situ safeguarding conservation areas, territories, research institutions, priority traditional settlements, rural Quilombos, Units (UCs), lands, native Indians to beallocated may amount Conservation productthe or reproductive This material. net revenue of from commercialization the from 0.75% vary may to 1% of annual the non-monetary the In modality, amount the (FNRB). Fund Sharing go to National the Benefit will material product or finished reproductivethe the benefits derived from exploitation the of modality, monetary the 1%In of the like. the product and distribution conservation projects, people training, ° Non-monetary through modality: possibilities. possibilities. of products,distribution other among conservation projects, building, capacity For registering processes to access Traditional Knowledge (SISGEN), an electronic system available at for the Management of Genetic genetic heritage and associated traditional knowledge, product of benefit sharing obligations, consult the National System notification and monitoring Heritage and Associated https://bit.ly/2J4xWrh the website:

FOTO: SAMUEL PORTELA 39 CAPÍTULO 3 - LEGISLAÇÃO 40 CAPÍTULO 4 - QUESTÕES TRABALHISTAS, PREVIDENCIÁRIAS E DE ASSISTÊNCIA PENSION ISSUES ASSISTANCE AND LABOR, SOCIAL CHAPTER 4 41 CAPÍTULO 4 - QUESTÕES TRABALHISTAS, PREVIDENCIÁRIAS E DE ASSISTÊNCIA 42 CAPÍTULO 4 - QUESTÕES TRABALHISTAS, PREVIDENCIÁRIAS E DE ASSISTÊNCIA several differentseveral employers, for proportionally upon paid worked. being time the The of employee type the employer and activity. Employees by signed have may CTPS their days hours, or of in downtime, months, determined regardless and ofperiods service alternating with non-continuous occurring with subordination, - Provision of services, 452-AIntermittent Contract under CLT -Article the articles following and wage, per month or of fraction thereof service superior to 14 days). employee the endthe of harvest, the entitled is to (one (1/12) twelfth of monthly the words, of 8hours aday, employment, work type to at a 44-hour limited week. this In crop contract workers applied is as to same other the the general is employees, other in ployment record book), one extension with besigned, allowed. must workday The for (em itself. CTPS The activity of agrarian the variations on seasonal depending the byterm to contract, a activities, fixed time enough engage temporary - Characterizes, Crop Contract -Law No. 5889, of 1973. ways: following ployees the in behired can of new the Law No. 13367, arrival With the of 2017, labor reform, em so-called the 4). (Table givesfield, well workers as as respect conditions and to work perform their dignity with requirements employers allows the in activity perform to their legally and securely role properly is social business conducted. their assured are legal Compliance with employment, concerning security, employers rights and retirementtheir social and employees employment it guarantees because relations indispensable is Regularizing Regularization ofemployment relations for society. for benefits its and activity the role of social the Reinforce forexcept holidays. for reason, any licensed is worker the when period the for covering responsible be will INSS the that sure Make laws* labor breaching for Avoid fines risk the *Consolidation of Labor Laws (CLT): Decree-law No. 5452, of May 1, 1943, amended by Law 13467, of July 13, 2017. 13467, 13, Law July of by amended 1943, 1, May of 5452, No. (CLT): Decree-law Laws Labor of *Consolidation CONTRACT TYPES: EMPLOYER Table 4:Advantages foremployers andemployees. service for purposes. retirement service of proof of length as (CTPS) serves also record employment book A signed others. among pension, death or by disability, of contribution by by time age, retirement allowance, pay, sick as: to work, such work accident unable you when are benefits Guaranteed Pay.Vacation Wage 1/3 (or additional proportional), Vacation, 13th as: such rights, pension and security labor, social Guaranteed EMPLOYEE preferred professional. local union or their assistance from their employers may seek or lawyer. To thisend, consult anaccountant employers should employment relations, To regularize ATTENTION - - monetary correction, unless it proven is correction,monetary unless worker the delay. the caused payment favor in of employee, the proper to equivalent wage,amount the with their in to pay severance, any accordance 477(6) in article with of CLT, the of under penalty employer the have ten this, days After will CTPS. registered the and in be formalized upon completion of employment the termination the of activities, relationship must of contract, employee’s the every type In by employer, besigned the must CTPS and date. no termination of has contract that type - This Contract At Will hours. supplementary weekly for noper six week, more allowing than (26)endures no twenty-six more than hours additional weekly or hours, b) Work that (30) any hours per week, disallowing - a) Work endures no thirty that more than CLT Part-Time 58-A under Contract the -Article wage. minimum hourly wage for work proportional the hourly of current the not may sum beless than HIRING STEP-BY-STEP PROCESS HIRING LISTING ANDREGISTRATION should be used, which identifies the carnauba worker.should which identifies carnauba the beused, Code99. (CBO) Occupation The Brazilian number 632325 (CNAE)Activity workers number for / carnauba 0220-9 is check. National The Code of Economic e-Social an to run employment the to time sign the is recordThis book and Treasury. Federal ofBoard Trade, Revenue State Brazilian the the and For entities: legal websites. e-Social the and Service Federal Revenue on Brazilian the for Individuals, Registry -EconomicRevenue create e-CAEPF Activity and an Service Federal For a CPF Register under Brazilian the Individuals: Constitute a business register at State the Constitute a business productive chain. productive chain. carnauba the in be used law, not may and Brazilian notare provided for under agreement”), (“freelance “empreitada”as or “impeleita” known commonly Contracts ATTENTION 43 CAPÍTULO 4 - QUESTÕES TRABALHISTAS, PREVIDENCIÁRIAS E DE ASSISTÊNCIA 44 CAPÍTULO 4 - QUESTÕES TRABALHISTAS, PREVIDENCIÁRIAS E DE ASSISTÊNCIA that must be guaranteed by all employers. by all beguaranteed must that other employment preparation the to in stage, it time raise is CTPS signed duly rights Once workers’ upon employment contract a have formal and been guaranteed rights General instructions for stage employers instructions extraction workers and the General in cooking and other measures to adapt other and measures reality. to local cooking the of wood use eco-efficient the stoves dorms, the in for of use hammocks the as tween producer workers’ and unions include unions adaptations regional such It recommended is collective that agreements be good general infrastructure. dormitories well-ventilated, that be clean, It important afford well-lit, is and locations, who to required are stay at workplace; or the near conditions for good workers Adequate sanitary with III- lodging from other of worker; the physicalthe characteristics FreeII- provision of appropriate tools for adapted work, the also to which are Image 28:Housing Model. Source: https://bit.ly/33cgkDJ the field. the in have must meals shift the case in utensils workers eating individual and potable with waterThermoses for water; potable abundant and I- Provision of sanitary ATENÇÃO START OF ACTIVITIES and supervision of an accountant. of an supervision and workcomply all direction routines, under constant the with employee the After process, employers registration must Image 27: Thermos, individual plates, cutlery and glasses and cutlery plates, individual Thermos, 27: Image - ...... a company professional without ahealth on staff. the prohibited are kit aid 25 first by of the Article medicine in Decree 20931Oral at female maxi-pads. and bag plastic merthiolate, cotton sealing antiseptic, swabs, (hot and/or cold), or solution, iodine crepe saline bandage, aid, tape, gauze, band should have: Tweezers, gloves, cooler goggles, face bags mask, surgical scissors, Agood care. aid kit perform person first and kit the to handle have aqualified of accidents. occupational to case in It important some is to ensure assistance work the recommendedin kit aid also environment is first abasic Providing tect workers meals. the from weather the during IV- Provision of shelters on work or fronts, fixed mobile, able which are to pro rated waste. waste. rated gene dispose to and separate means employees the their offer and groove, carnauba the in procedures disposal workersabout material hired all to advise producers need Therefore, before. than or as better clean as should be environment nauba the groove, car the in of end activities Atproductive the cooperatives. picker waste of recyclable the support with or landfill, conducted be nearest at the shall disposal Proper waste. food from separated metals paper and at plastics, least type, by separated and bags plastic must properly be in stored activity extraction the produced is during te that was All waste. their to dispose means have the always shifts the that It important is Solid garbage waste and LEARN MORE Imagens 28: Abrigo e pia móveis; barraca e assento sanitário móveis | Fotos: Pontes Ind. e Com. Ltda. Ltda. eCom. Ind. Pontes |Fotos: móveis sanitário eassento barraca móveis; epia Abrigo 28: Imagens - - - - 45 CAPÍTULO 4 - QUESTÕES TRABALHISTAS, PREVIDENCIÁRIAS E DE ASSISTÊNCIA 46 CAPÍTULO 4 - QUESTÕES TRABALHISTAS, PREVIDENCIÁRIAS E DE ASSISTÊNCIA right to access this benefit. to accessright this extreme poverty,and lose they their poverty characterize that limits the exceeds season harvest the during income their case In Program. of Família” “Bolsa the beneficiaries are extractivism carnauba the in workers ofMany active the rural Assistance Program) “Bolsa Família” (Family of Economy. or Ministry SENAR, the and Union, SEBRAE For more your consult state information, Workers Federation Rural the of Agriculture, retirement. benefits the related and to rural security social aspecial dition of having from con the worker bedisenfranchised the limit, contract the will If exceeds this age rules. for retirement security shorter to are general comparing social minimum and time retirement. service Mandatory ployees, rural as known which is em of without use permanent the units, family or in individually perform activities System offers workers Security different treatment to who Social rural Brazilian The Special Security Social and Rural Retirement Vegetable Extractor Rubber Tapper or Condominium Land LendingLand member Partner exceed days per year. 120 to contracts remember cannot it important their is that purposes, For workers the retirement categorized for who specially are rural Settler Party ATTENTION resources astheir mainlivelihood. Exploits the activity of collecting and sustainably extracting renewable natural for asetor unspecified time, to develop agricultural activity. By agreement, exploits land belonging to another person by free loan agreement, agricultural, pastoral or horticultural activity, on sharing profits or losses. Subject to a partnership agreement with a landowner or tenant and develops horticultural activities inthe settlement of areas. As abeneficiary of land reform policy actions, develops agricultural, pastoral or is acommon asset,belonging to several people. Explores ruralproperty, withor without delimited area, inwhich the property TABLE 5: TYPES OF SPECIAL SOCIAL SECURITY. SOCIAL SPECIAL OF 5: TYPES TABLE for assistance from the “Bolsa Família”. terminated and registered inthe CTPS. However, the right to thissubsidy can when the employment relationship is For this,the ruralworkers must go to city, usually at CityHall, and reapply the appropriate public office intheir be regained after the harvest period, - - purchase of the product. product. of the purchase the in careful increasingly and aware is market foreign the since productionof chain, the existence the TAC the to ensure sign to sector update does not itself improve the prevent and to However, decision. refusal the It this it. up to one sign to is each to make production chain no obligation is carnauba of actors for TAC the there to the the optional, commitment is The products. their latter, when the by purchasing provided information the with suppliers, 25% company’s of of the addition, reliable must companies In form a list suppliers. total no less than reach embody and must conducted be annually inspections obligations. The labor compliance with order to determine in explored, properties the parties, third through or directly to inspect, undertake companies TAC signatory addition, the In that stipulates conditions. working or slave-like degrading in employment paperwork, necessary the powder without carnauba or activity, producing/processing extraction straw exploiting or indirectly directly inspections, of or Labor MPT (MTE) Ministry the caught by or entity legal individual any from powder or carnauba wax commercializing or buying from TACOne of should companies refrain the that provides clauses facilities. cooking potable without water, housing, suitable and precarious toilets in conditions, degrading in and working living and CTPS without signed 2014 workers in identified and actions its began Acolhedora” MPT The project. “Palha of the aresult as TAC MPT The the by proposed was agreement. the in theassumed of obligations fulfillment the for claims publicmay file civil Public Prosecutor’s Labor-Related Office the to complycommitment, its fails with party the If afine. of paying penalty under standards, safety and health to comply occupational labor and legislation agrees with party latter the which in anychain, and theactor of (MPT) Public Prosecutor’s Labor-Related Office the between agreement an is Terms chain The productive of carnauba Conduct the Adjustment in and public foundations. autarchies Federation Attorney’s States, Office, Municipalities, theFederal Publicthe Defender’s Office, Office, Public Prosecution the as such claims, civil TAC the public to file public 82, any by proposed may be Code), body entitled Defense article (Consumer 5; CDC to Law No. According 7347conduct article /85, bodies. of any before these Theto (MP). adapt to a new agrees TAC Public Prosecutor’s Office signatory the by especially public TermsThe of bodies, Conduct Adjustment Term Brazilian by used adocument is TAC OF CONDUCT- TERMS ADJUSTMENT LEARN MORE 47 CAPÍTULO 4 - QUESTÕES TRABALHISTAS, PREVIDENCIÁRIAS E DE ASSISTÊNCIA 48 CAPÍTULO 5 – BOAS PRÁTICAS E RECOMENDAÇÕES TÉCNICAS RECOMMENDATIONS AND TECHNICAL GOOD PRACTICES CHAPTER 5 49 CAPÍTULO 5 – BOAS PRÁTICAS E RECOMENDAÇÕES TÉCNICAS 50 CAPÍTULO 5 – BOAS PRÁTICAS E RECOMENDAÇÕES TÉCNICAS appropriate to by required law. is what beincorporated can toCheck practices best that the improve them processes make and preparation biological land and control. staffing, leasing, credit selection and sources, area / production financing mapping, Area estimation, processes The include: chain. extractivism step of carnauba the first the is Preparation Preparation stage to commonit very is perform roles. several for individual same the exclusive, not are mutually so chain It carnauba noteworthy the is roles the that within respective the processes actors and all involved. with bedetailed Each of steps these will treatment Processing. and Industrial Preparation, chain: Extraction, the steps the shows in flowchart following all The accordance Law No. with 5889, of 1973 Decree No. with and 73626, of 1974. practicesbest in for stand each actor recommendations manual The are. given this in recommendations works production technical the what and and carnauba the chain show chapter how we will most this the commonIn production in arrangements Image 29:Stages ofcarnaubaproduction process. Source: CaatingaAssociationCollection. Mapping carnauba groove the the origin and quality information about the product coming from these areas. This information willbeusefulfor establishing lease agreements, aswell asassigning can begathered on aform sheet, according to the model above. gathered to acquire the attributes and specificities of each mapped area. The information As partof the mapping process, information from each carnauba groove should be to markers them. adding on computer from the areas characteristics screen of to be identified possibility the and georeferenced which uses Maps, Google of maps, building the satellite imagery, allowing atree, afence,as ahouse, such as or beused, ariver. applications also can Free digital such points, coordinates terrain geographical the of specific indicating ofmap area, the to applications beused get GPS can software amore some map and In cases, accurate work and time effort. optimizing harvest, the helping to organize besides notiona graphic producer the to and of decision assist area the in making, example per the elements below. as of terrain main the the tool to used have is This containing drawing beahandmade It can area. of points an interest in of existing the aschematic drawing sketching, is areas mapping in to beused assist A tool can that damage. environmental reduce to and production,productivity increase implementing well measures as as estimating labor, and of use machinery the biological improving controlling infestations, in help can information Mapping activities. forest maintenance and management improve groove carnauba carnauba knowledge in about assist and productivity area advantages for many producers, owners and bring productionMapping can to areas Image 30: Sketch template for mapping the areas.. Source: Associação Caatinga Associação Source: areas.. the mapping for template Sketch 30: Image estimation. TheForm template isinAnnex1, at theendof Image 31:Form sheet forproperty mappingandproduction manual, forconsultation and/orprinting.

51 CAPÍTULO 5 – BOAS PRÁTICAS E RECOMENDAÇÕES TÉCNICAS 52 CAPÍTULO 5 – BOAS PRÁTICAS E RECOMENDAÇÕES TÉCNICAS Image 32: Green carnauba groove. Source: Documentary Bioeconomics. Documentary Source: groove. carnauba Green 32: Image Financing andcreditsources totime replenish foliage therefore and produce less. groove More- Carnauba rest time: have recently trees less explored palm carnauba powder;ceriferous produce of amounts that trees have higher soils palm or flooded salinized type: - Soil groove more the - Carnauba spacing: spaced, lower the production the efficiency; areas; groove transit carnauba the in groove- Carnauba access “cleanness”: and presence the of weed other and materials - Average groove shorter, the height: carnauba better efficiency the the cutting. of straw the groove (in- Carnauba straw productivity: thousands) estimated per area; groove”, carnauba the “Mapping such as: into account take some in factors will tenant the assessed already For calculation, this revenue to from harvest. beobtained the producers to and owners, and provide of yield, the costs and estimate amore realistic production toEstimated negotiation used the groove guide is between carnauba Estimated production institutions, but with high interest rates. high but with institutions, of shark”, “loan the financial figure aless bureaucratic who way in than gives loans ring recur the appears scenario, this In present sources the of in also credit financing. and goes production beyond carnauba the chain in labor relations is and informality The agricultural production.agricultural their increase and producers who to agribusiness of want their rural invest in adequate which are Farming), to Family needs the for Strengthening Program PRONAF offer like credit lines institutions These (National banks. such as institutions provided credit lines farmer at financial forsearch small available considered Therefore, abusive illegal. and it recommended is producers that of carefully. needs loan Some to interest be assessed type rates are This ATTENTION Image 33:Mature carnaubagroove. Source: Samuel Portela. - making it even to more control difficult making by conventional methods additionIn to devil’s the skin, rapid claw produces growth, human irritates alatex that of extensive forest. areas kill to capacity the thus and suffocate with trees, palm and cover that trees forest dense structures forming edges degraded and areas, grasslands, to devil’s spreadThe ability the rapidly forests, claw watercourses, has along coastal effective from rates to 90% range germination 95% (Starr 2004). 2003; et Vieira al., et al., 2003). viable for remain up seeds to These one some have and year studies shown that (Starr et al., water spread quickly of amount which are or bylarge seeds, wind, animals reproduction devil’s of year producing life, a fast-growing claw its begins first The in Brazil. Northeastern regions in semiarid the to potential ecologically imbalance become high invasive with species an it plant, has ornamental an as introduced Brazil First in Africa. Island, Madagascar from (Cryptostegia non-native madagascariensis), creeper aCaatinga originating should that species becontrolled the Among devil’s work the the is in claw areas, to workers. hazard posemay asafety logs beremoved, and branches weeds becut must and must areas, the which preparing groove. carnauba To the process the within of do areas so, during traffic the clean To for workers access facilitate transport and to equipment, and keep it important is Land preparationandbiologicalcontrol to activities. perform their employers necessary certainty legal the addition in to pension and providing rights, labor, security their social guaranteeing respect, and relations gives workers dignity to duties perform with their means the ASSISTANCE PENSIONSOCIAL AND of ISSUES”). employment regularization The (“LABOR, manual chapter in 4of this previously berespected, as discussed rights personnel should proceed employment the a way that in Hiring relations labor and Hiring staff of previous the preparation chapter, the in stage. part also is workers groove. detailed uponcarnauba Hiring CTPS, asigned peopleFrom to therework on, next hiring step the is at the be found on FAEC’s the website (https://bit.ly/2GRT6Jk). agreement lease can templatespecific chain for carnauba the for producer. tenant the landowner and the certainty legal A greater by contracts, ensuring agreements beformalized It recommended is these that extractivism. for carnauba execute mode predominant agreement, the alease which is of stages to preparation, it time first is Finally, the after Carnauba foresttractLease Agreement better conditions in lease lease in conditions better the sale of the product to to product of the sale the where small producers producers small where accounting), as well as as well as accounting), There are experiences experiences are There agreements, i.e. in the the in i.e. agreements, of services (including (including of services of Piauí cooperatives cooperatives of Piauí purchase of supplies of supplies purchase come together to get get to together come and the contracting contracting the and the industry. the 53 CAPÍTULO 5 – BOAS PRÁTICAS E RECOMENDAÇÕES TÉCNICAS 54 CAPÍTULO 5 – BOAS PRÁTICAS E RECOMENDAÇÕES TÉCNICAS Image 36:Fruit ofthespeciesCryptostegia madagascariensis.Foto: LouisaLösing Bioscience) areference which is England, in center biological in control England. in onto knowledge the counting from (the CABI Center International for Agricultural addition in out Australia, in control projectThe carried on successful experiments builds environments of Caatinga. the invasive the natural advance species the controlling in abiological agent capable identifying and of of researching aim the with CABI, and UFV, UECE, UFC, UEFS Association, Caatinga the with out partnership in carried is control project. SC Johnson, and and project The by Sindicarnaúba funded ADECE, is abroad, and formed was devil’s from the around Brazil claw biologicalinstitutions anetwork researchers involving and threat, serious of partners, of view this In affected. already areas in plant population the of density in this increase an affected there and is conducted studies In over become show observations years, the new areas that rapidly Image 34:Flowers andleaves ofCryptostegia madagascariensis.Source: Samuel Portela Image 35: Specimens of carnauba suffering from devil’s claw attack. Source: Samuel Portela. Samuel Source: attack. claw devil’s from suffering carnauba of Specimens 35: Image populations of carnauba. populations environmental impacts, devil’s claw infestations infestations claw devil’s destroying the natural natural the destroying By causing serious serious causing By are progressively STEP BYSTEP DEVIL’S STEP CLAW CONTROL 2 1 3 IDENTIFICATION OF THEINFESTED AREA SEASON ANDMETHOD OF CONTROL PRIORITIZING CONTROL AREAS must beperformedmust over months. following the in area the sprouts and plants from uprooted the smaller hoeing specimens control adequate ahoe for with or tools, a pickax, like the like have they onlymulch, if not yet formed Follow-up seeds. manual removed the be spread over can cutting, plants After as land the removed also are native plants process. the in occasionally machine, the with that is disadvantage The plant. entire the or even paths grooves, removing spaced-out opening carnauba of control use atractor the indicated for is with Mechanical more selective. is cut since the bespared, other can native plants that method is this One of advantages plants. of the the all be conducted, eliminating should tools, cutting For shallow control hand using mechanical permits. environmental appropriate the wellhave personnel, as as equipment trained and to of besure use fire, the considering of When arson. risk the and should avoidingfire be prioritized, on always impacts ground the addition, do In not that methods machinery, use beassessed. must labor resources, available the and such as First, seeds. and fruits before devil’s the possible to nail it produces eliminate flowers, it is Thus, peaks. suitable for season control rainfall the after is choose correct most to methods the The and season beused. orderIn to to reduce it important is nature, respect costs and places. rivers, windy very and near areas in such as dispersal, be a source may of that to seed infestations prioritize important is or production. extractive It cattle-raising of agricultural, areas in continue towards working center the especially of infestation, the should infestations betargeted to then or peripheral small First, indicated on sketch the or map. area forinfestations control. priority should Infestation points be provide needed information the will to point that identify starting ideal an on is property the infestations Accurately all mapping 55 CAPÍTULO 5 – BOAS PRÁTICAS E RECOMENDAÇÕES TÉCNICAS 56 CAPÍTULO 5 – BOAS PRÁTICAS E RECOMENDAÇÕES TÉCNICAS nauba palm trees that, due to their small size, are eventually harmed. eventually are size, small due to their that, trees nauba palm young car affects also addition, burning In areas. unwanted may reach and easily spreads fire winds, are there and dry is climate the Where region. semi-arid the in mostly grooves, carnauba to small mainly risks poses even when controlled, in agriculture, of use fire - The muchgement more is simple to perform; mana claw, devil’s of when mechanical the regrowth any to remove months following the in observed should be area the and authority environmental the from requested previously must be sparks); -Authorization of spreading to avoid risk the trees palm carnauba the away at 3meters and least from 1.5 high (no meters more than circles or small rows in piled andcut be must invasivespecimens the the plant, of elimination forused is total fire - If pharmaceuticals; food and cosmetics, in future the in used be will that nauba wax car the may contaminate use their control (herbicides) as not is recommended - Chemical to avoid roots regrowth; the burn separately and remove possible it plant to is up to dig the cutting, shallow through plant, the weakening - After substance; latex the from to avoid burns shirts long-sleeved and gloves protective - Take precaution of the wearing do not spread; they that so plants the and seeds the - Collect OPERATIONS: CONTROL CLAW DEVIL’S FOR TIPS IMPORTANT Learn more about Integrated Fire Management at http://cerradojalapao.mma.gov.br/mif at Management Fire Integrated about more Learn telephone at +55 (86) 3221 4745 or website by at http://www.semar.pi.gov.br). 0800 275 2233 or website by at http://www.semace.ce.gov.br), by SEMAR Piauí, in and at free toll SEMACE agency, Ceará, You in state environmental contact the also can https://www.ibama.gov.br/prevfogo. website: the access Or [email protected] telephone by at +55 (61)GO (IBAMA) 3316-1858, +55 (61) prevfogo. 3316-1844, or e-mail: by contact PREVFO authorizations, burning and For on burning controlled information LEARN MORE

- - - - per extraction function. extraction per on next page the shows of Personal Protective chart list The the Equipment recommended field. the in of registration the workersprocesses, such as provision the and of adequate structures field. the chief contractor The in responsible for also is shifts the monitoring other contractor, experienced professional, an responsible for who usually is organizing whenever necessary. replacement PPE and distribution bemonitored must by chief the life/validityworking date of each piece of equipment beobserved replaced must and beobserved, workers must and Equipment properly durability/ instructions The trained. Workers to required PPEs, are beprovided use which must producers. by contracting the Distribution of Equipment Protective Personal (PPE) decentensure conditions. working process performed the to and function ahealthy work in providing environment to attention should stage, special recommended the begivenAt to this using PPE for each site. at of that straw the disposal site proper and to drying the leaves stalks and transporting stalks, leaves palm and Personal Protective providing Equipment entails stage extraction (PPE),The cutting Extraction phase

FOTO: LOUISA LÖSING 57 CAPÍTULO 5 – BOAS PRÁTICAS E RECOMENDAÇÕES TÉCNICAS 58 CAPÍTULO 5 – BOAS PRÁTICAS E RECOMENDAÇÕES TÉCNICAS 59 CAPÍTULO 5 – BOAS PRÁTICAS E RECOMENDAÇÕES TÉCNICAS 60 CAPÍTULO 5 – BOAS PRÁTICAS E RECOMENDAÇÕES TÉCNICAS “junteiro” (threadman). (threadman). “junteiro” bundled together is straw by so called the the straw.the trimmerman, the After when backs, of instead lifting their knees, workers forimportant all to bend their beobservedalways when working. It is ergonomic and garments, concepts should besheathedalways worn and outside the or machete knife shouldtrimmerman’s straw, the collecting When the openfrom already the leaves. generated wax the moreand valuable than cleaner “Eye” is different waxes. wax leaf produce of will straw of types two the “eye” done is leaves. each because This leaves from closed the (younger), so-called open the separates (older) and stalk leaf from off the straw the cuts trimmerman straw,collection. collecting When the its to begin stalks the cutting to finish for wait and “vareiro” the (sickelman) (trimmerman), who becareful always must by professional the “aparador” called collected are stalks Once straw the cut, tree. death of palm the lead to can the “mangará”, since its cutting as known point at of tip the palm, the growing the to preserving cut, stalks straw to properlyIt important is select which from sun’s the rays. to protect eyes essential their is sunglasses addition, In upwards. wearing looking tools constantly heavy while handling involves activity sincemuscles, the neck back the and to his relax intervals rest “vareiro”The should regular take looks and up upwind carefully. stands To on himself. not fall do so, professional the does straw the that sure pole, making while asickle attached toby end the using of a stalk straw palm the cutting entails activity worked already The other the functions. in having mostthe shift, experienced the in “vareiro” (a sickelman), has who usually by cut aprofessional is a Straw called cutting Straw Image 37: “Vareiro” (sickelman). Source: Samuel Portela Samuel Source: (sickelman). “Vareiro” 37: Image Image 40: “Aparador” (trimmerman) and “Junteiro” (threadman). Source: Caatinga Association. Caatinga Source: (threadman). “Junteiro” and (trimmerman) “Aparador” 40: Image Silva Moreira Sandino Source: leaf. “eye” closed and Open 39: Image Image 38:“Mangará” ofthecarnaubapalmtree after straw cutting.Source: Sandino Moreira 61 CAPÍTULO 5 – BOAS PRÁTICAS E RECOMENDAÇÕES TÉCNICAS 62 CAPÍTULO 5 – BOAS PRÁTICAS E RECOMENDAÇÕES TÉCNICAS Transporting to the drying site drying to the Transporting with impurities (Table impurities with 6). extended are bundles straw 30 centimeters from contact avoiding ground, the direct pole where such as lines, the outdoors be dried structures in can straw The yards, or in should not site. beallowed that in Domestic animals to avoidpowder. activity inhalation. this dust should performing beworn Amask while to avoid site, spread is evenly straw the carefully and loss the ofAt ceriferous drying the Collection. Association Caatinga Source: (convoyman). 41: “Comboieiro” Image site. to drying Once the loaded, transported is straw the site. tion not to to drying Once the overload loaded, transported is straw the animal. the donkey) by a professional “comboieiro” called (convoyman), precau necessary the with back (mule placed animal’s on is ashackle an straw Once in the bundles, assembled or in - Reduced labor.- Reduced space; little - Occupies it rains; not rot if does - Straw particles; soil with - Avoids mixing not get does wet; - Straw (straw-turnman); “lastreiro” the by tossing straw and by wind caused loss powder reduced 15% with - Yield increased BENEFITS Table 6:Advantages anddisadvantages ofyard drying for straw drying. practice efficient most the is dryer - Solar 1994);(SEBRAE, 10 from to 15 days increases time - Drying DISADVANTAGES - Image 43: Powder loss in the beating process. Source: Caatinga Association Collection. Association Caatinga Source: process. beating the in loss Powder 43: Image Collection Association Caatinga Source: (straw-turnman). “Lastreiro” 42: Image to other drying methods. to other drying powder average loss. increased The yield from 30% loss when the reducing is compared from Consequently, and soil. contact the reductionwind with of asignificant there is coveredpowder protected is fully straw is the and dryer lost. are solar The from the other production in process, as of steps, amounts ceriferous large drying the During Yield and -Productivity Solar Dryer 63 CAPÍTULO 5 – BOAS PRÁTICAS E RECOMENDAÇÕES TÉCNICAS 64 CAPÍTULO 5 – BOAS PRÁTICAS E RECOMENDAÇÕES TÉCNICAS A coffee bean harvest machine is adapted to extract the carnauba powder. adapted is carnauba the to machine extract A coffee harvest bean to side the columns. on from leaves.moisture the cables hung is extended straw The tower from central the at top the fan out draws the exhaust The framework canvas. by surrounded aplastic tower a central a metal and to featuring greenhouse, aplastic similar is dryer The (**) Price of straw powder - R$8.30 / kg (November /2017) (November /kg -R$8.30 powder straw of Price (**) /year thousand -800 straw (*) Processed Secador Solar Powder production Tradicional SPECIFICATION Yield and wax SYSTEM DRYING Image 46:Stretched-out straw onthepolelineinsidesolardryer. Source: CaatingaAssociationCollection. Image 44: Metal framework of a solar dryer. Source: SDA. SDA. Source: dryer. asolar of framework Metal 44: Image Yield (%) Table 7: Increased powder extraction efficiency compared to the traditional method (by each thousand straws). thousand each (by method traditional the to compared efficiency extraction powder Table Increased 7: YIELD (Kg) POWDER Table 8: Amount of increased gross production using solar dryer solar using production gross increased of Table Amount 8: 7,2 5,5 TRADITIONAL SYSTEM (Kg) 3,5 5,5 64 PRODUCTION PRODUCTION POWDER 5.760 4.400 (Kg)* DRYER (Kg) SOLAR VALUE (R$)** 5,5 7,2 76 47.808,00 36.520,00 Image 45:Assembledsolardryer. Source: SDA. GROSS INCREASE (%) PRODUCTION PRODUCTION GROSS INCOME INCREASE (R$) 11.288,00 57 30 - - Image 47:Coffeebeanharvest machine.Source: bit.ly/2QBoy4S are from November November from are www.conab.gov.br/ www.conab.gov.br/ access the CONAB CONAB the access mentioned above above mentioned 2017. For more producers can The amounts amounts The current data data current website structure could be a future asset for the owner. for asset the could afuture be structure greenhouse the and the “bagana” property stays on the all since dryer, oftion afixed construc for the landowner the with agreement an would to be sign One alternative production. to the according better,be to sized be would dryer solar toA fixed production. according would better, be to sized be dryer solar not of leaves. Afixed is feasible straw for producers who- This millions collect processes; beating and drying would the have before to stored straw be or the to redesigned, be would need routine collection the of capacity dryer, each maximum the leaves day. straw per 40 to 50 thousand from collect Due to can small, albeit - Work shifts, mulch. and fertilizer as use traditional addition in to the produce handicrafts, carnauba to used be can processes) and dying other (as in does not to crushed be straw need - The of process socio-biodiversity; the in extractivists - Integrates the involved; conditions communities for working the - Improves the to job income contributing generation; and chain, productive carnauba the - Develops producers; knowledge carnauba of the technical - Improves the straw; the over to turn no need is there since process drying work the the in - Lessens market; the competition for in - Added better product quality powder; ceriferous and of wax carnauba quality and yield - Increased DISADVANTAGES OF THE SOLAR DRYER OVER THE TRADITIONAL METHOD TRADITIONAL THE OVER DRYER DISADVANTAGES SOLAR OF THE METHOD TRADITIONAL THE OVER DRYER ADVANTAGES SOLAR OF THE LEARN MORE - 65 CAPÍTULO 5 – BOAS PRÁTICAS E RECOMENDAÇÕES TÉCNICAS 66 CAPÍTULO 5 – BOAS PRÁTICAS E RECOMENDAÇÕES TÉCNICAS safe distance from blades. the distance safe keeps operator’s feature the that a safety beequipped with at a hands essentially must procedure utmost requires attention and a high-risk fromis worker. the machines The step, “operador” the first this After (operator) This into machine. straw the the inserts accidents. and problems back avoid to pay important it very attention is to to body posture, handling, material well as as to straw “entregador” the the passes and bundles (deliveryman). procedure, this During “cortador the with processThe begins de embira” (fiber-cutterman), who opens the fertilizer. as most cases, shredded in later is is straw used, the and beating, other products. for As mechanical and crafts However, later beused forbeating. can and making intact remains leaf the recommendedbeating, for “eye” the lower leaf, has yield compared to mechanical Generally, manual mechanical. and manual formsThere of two beating: are dust masks. breathing and earmuffs ofuse PPEs, especially solvent. workers the with wax All the involved powder with removal regard the must out ceriferous the powder,beating or of production extraction raw wax of carnauba the mechanically and which corresponds to of stages the manually begins, processing and treatment dry,Once is process straw agro-industrial the extraction the the ends and Powder beating Powder Industrial treatment andprocessing phase stage. Source: Caatinga Association Collection. Association Caatinga Source: stage. Image 48: PPE in the treatment / processing /processing treatment the in PPE 48: Image Image 49:Treatment /Processing stagework team. Source: CaatingaAssociationCollection the operator’sthe body, injury. an possibly causing does not rake reach mechanical the so that from machine, the keepmust distance asafe (spreaderman), procedure, it does so that not spreaderman the this In accumulate. on one spread side is and by of aprofessional “espalhador” the machine the called shredded from separated being ceriferous and the powder,After exits straw the improving productivity. improving keeps and powder air thereby wind filters froma fabric escaping, that be made of -must from separated air, straw flannel, the is pressurized the worm” “big The - where bag or powder, the machine the of aid the with tofrom 5am 10am; - Work should preferably less beperformed heated the in hours of day: the per minute; of (1,000) one work must thousand machine - The at amaximum revolutions hearing; their does not harm smokeso that soot and do not come too close to workers the noise the and preferably should bracket, be chimney-shaped, exhaust amuffler - The with hole mm);(maximum -1.2 diameter motor straw - The becovered always belts must covers by metal screens and should beup always to maintenance date; engine - The conditionssafety beobserved: must To does not to worker’s machine the the pose arisk ensure some health, ATTENTION Association Collection and deliveryman. Source: Caatinga Images 50and51:Fiber-cutterman Source: CaatingaAssociationCollection Image 52:“Espalhador”(spreaderman). 67 CAPÍTULO 5 – BOAS PRÁTICAS E RECOMENDAÇÕES TÉCNICAS 68 CAPÍTULO 5 – BOAS PRÁTICAS E RECOMENDAÇÕES TÉCNICAS agent a hydrogen and peroxide process. Another option is stage clarification at this undergoes addition hot wax the the processes filter press with filtration of afiltering refining, process extraction the (“bagana”) During fertilizer. as commercialized are or “eye”the “sandy”) (also residues “fatty” straw The and as known from wax. wax filtered clay (residue process) of filtering the water solvent organic or with an to produce produced is ceriferous the powder, wax the by extraction, using sludgeDuring or production processing involves is line refining. and extraction industrial wax carnauba The leaves (the “eye”) produces yellow alight yellow to greenish wax. from green (varying to brown), dark wax from unopened obtained the wax the while ceriferous powderstraw from open obtained the leaves produces brown agreenish of ceriferous powder powder types two straw obtained: are “eye” and powder. The byseparated of process friction abeat on and leaf, leaves. the on type the Depending is wax coating the greenhouses, managed or in leaves under the sun the After dry processes: the Reviewing production. properties aplace for rural its artisanal small have their in prefer to of to produce powder, instead the refineries the wax the sell and usually they as powderthe to companies. However, these possible to some find producers it still is who most and of out refineries, producers the in process generally carried is deliverThis (D’ALVA, packaging and breaking solidifying, re-cooking, 2004). ceriferousprocesses the of powder or melting cooking water, with filtering, pressing, activity, which comprises the or even artisanal asemi-industrial beseen as can raw wax production. wax the production powder The the is stepThe after of transportation the powder. the damage and contaminate or can pesticides bags fertilizer Reusing new clean. are and used bags the to company. it loaded destination the is until transported and guarantee It important is properly cloth and bags placed kg removal, 25-30 After powder in the stored usually is Wax quality - Industrialization, compositionWax -Industrialization, quality product and specifications Wax production Powder storageand transportation PROCESSED TO REMOVE IMPURITIES, WHICH IS FOLLOWED REQUIRED BY THE INTERNATIONAL MARKET, IT MUST BE FOR THE CARNAUBA WAX TO MEET THE SPECIFICATIONS BY THE REMOVAL OF PIGMENTS. for use in skin or mucousfor skin membranes. in use of preparation the other excipients, in of medicated those utilized for pencils, instance, process preferably is feature, this consistency of to the used this Because increase resins. (80 and waxes or synthetic °C) -86 compatible are and natural all to standards, almost point melting and hardness process highest feature the this in obtained waxes The producestraw, adarker-colored which will wax. from extracted produce “non-eye” wax the alighter-colored which will than wax, wax percentage of hence chlorophyll white the wax, color straw lower in is of “eye” than the chlorophyll xantonyl and ceriferous dissolved the product. are in “eye” In the wax, frompowder extracted straw different from wax the (Table 7). because is This from “eye” wax of carnauba the physicochemical powderThe characteristics are bags. 25 packaged kg in finally and into granules spherical or bebroken may atomized machine, wax The aspecific into blocks through /slices, section. residues filter, the wax in trapped formThe the of in filter-clay, to extraction the return aroma. Type brown (from -dark 4:centrifuged powder). straw its characteristic with Both Type 4:Filtered -brown; Type 3: yellow /orange; Type 1: yellow (powder from “eye”); the produced: are process, waxes following the this Through centrifugation. Saponification Index SPECIFICATIONS Volatile material Ignition residue Tabela 9: Specific characteristics of each type of refined carnauba wax with their respective classification standards. Source: Pontes Ind. de Cera. de Ind. Pontes Source: standards. classification respective their with wax carnauba refined of type each of characteristics Specific 9: Tabela Heavy metals Fusion index Acidity level Ester Index Moisture Source Color “Eye” powder 20 ppm max. 0,25% max. 0,6% max. 0,5% max. 02-07mg 78-95mg 75-88mg 80-86ºC TYPE 1 Yellow Source: Pontes Ind.decera. Straw powder 20 ppm max. 0,25% max. 1,0% max. 0,5% max. 02-07mg 78-95mg 75-88mg 80-86ºC Orange TYPE 3 Yellow Straw powder 20 ppm max. 0,25% máx. 1,0% max. 0,5% max. 02-07mg 78-95mg 71-88mg TYPE 4F 80-86ºC Brown Straw powder 20 ppm max. Dark brown 1,3% max. 1,0% max. 02-07mg 78-95mg 71-88mg TYPE 4C 80-86ºC - 69 CAPÍTULO 5 – BOAS PRÁTICAS E RECOMENDAÇÕES TÉCNICAS 70 CAPÍTULO 6 – RASTREABILIDADE NA CADEIA DA CARNAÚBA CHAIN TRACEABILITY CARNAUBA PRODUCTIVE CHAPTER 6 71 CAPÍTULO 6 – RASTREABILIDADE NA CADEIA DA CARNAÚBA 72 CAPÍTULO 6 – RASTREABILIDADE NA CADEIA DA CARNAÚBA - Add to value product. the - Create actors the about awareness involved all supply chain; carnauba the in for of each product use raw materials the to type; optimize - Improve planning government requirements; or future Meet- current audits; management quality - Facilitate in retrieval information production the process; in responsibilities /distribution - Outline - Develop indicators of production; the for monitoring quality the control- Expand over volumes processed sold; and purchased, products; finished and of raw materials sources- Identify destinations and standards; environmental or efficient identification- Ensure of batches the do not / that and comply technical with about production the - Provide transparency operators the process to chain; the all in safely deliver system can efficient benefits: following the An traceability operations own to their consolidate system. arobust traceability within of accuracy information and involved quality the needs to supply ensure the in chain responsibility. under stages their at Therefore, all traceability ensure pants each actor each one- that of its partici productive it essential is of carnauba the chain case the In from producer consumer. the to final the product been which the submitted, operations the has and through management the well as as to product documents entire the and identify supply the throughout chain, records system uses wholesaleAtraceability of information / or and retail. through commercialization and distribution processing, consolidation,processing, industrial steps from to specific collection,Traceability trace products ability the primary is through Proposed traceability model for carnauba the chain Image 53:Product and information flow in the traceability process traceability the in flow information and 53:Product Image until the final consumer. final the until producer, consolidator the rural the through (middleman), processor, distributor, and way the frome) extends all system the that productive is The Productive chain chain: adopted production various the standards stages. in environmental and social the from demand worldwide consumers increasing an There for is about information chain. access to its production and product the product entire origin the processes throughout process via of traceability the beneficiary ultimate the is consumer The d) Consumer: according system, by certification. established the totraceability criteria the comply government with requirements monitor and production their a practices in c) Certifiers: software. traceability set by regulators. Example: the Developers standards products support the and that of b) Facilitators: process Facilitators services by offering traceability the in participate observed followed, and FDA. INMETRO, other among topics. Anvisa, Examples: production product best grace periods, be residue must practices that limits, maximum establish organizations process. requirements These needs and of traceability the laws to and befollowed standards definitions, the observed and define rules, regarding a) Regulators: governmental Regulators are that non-governmental and organizations system traceability actors the in Participating Certifying agents aim to confirm that the actors the productive the that in to agents confirm chain aim Certifying Image 54 – Actors in the traceability process traceability the in –Actors 54 Image 73 CAPÍTULO 6 – RASTREABILIDADE NA CADEIA DA CARNAÚBA 74 CAPÍTULO 6 – RASTREABILIDADE NA CADEIA DA CARNAÚBA 4. Independent audits using a defined traceability platform. Independent4. adefined traceability audits using 3. Independent audits (audits at each of stage supply the chain); Supplier Internal Audits;2. Self-declaration; 1. (combinationsThere different are ways traceability to ensure possible): are but quite of are common. acertification, not offer guarantees best the acknowledgment of do aproduct validations process. of or These quality the service there simpler are cheaper to certification, and Prior options formal for public consistent manner, according to parameters. pre-established the services)certification performed aprocess, product in that being is or service involveddirectly actors the by regulators the with recognized to and provide such (entity provided process aform Party is certification ofThe not by assurance aThird Traceability Certification Traceability ingredients in the supply the in chain. ingredients non-certified with bemixed can ingredients certified that means balance: 3. Mass framework. certification specific from for different producers of carnauba example, part, are of a that mixing the allows do keptare not that from separate This other features. have ingredients same the (e.g.: features certain features) with certified ingredients that Segregation: means 2. producer /collector collected. was where carnauba the Identity1. Preserved (IP): betraced back to can specific the ingredient the that means levels forKey traceability systems sustainable certification Image 55: Preserved Identity (IP) traceability level. (IP) traceability Identity Preserved 55: Image Image 57: Mass balance traceability level. traceability balance Mass 57: Image Image 56: Segregation traceability level. traceability Segregation 56: Image 75 CAPÍTULO 6 – RASTREABILIDADE NA CADEIA DA CARNAÚBA 76 CAPÍTULO 6 – RASTREABILIDADE NA CADEIA DA CARNAÚBA (when collection the took place, for instance). involved process the (collectors in others), and when were activities the performed 10. batch With the number, it should bepossible to have on information who was production. audit-friendly an segregation, in way,9. Distinguish from non-traced traced and been completed;process has oninformation conversion rates volumes and before beavailable must the after and volumes, the affects way any that in processed are /transformed ingredients If 8. at 5years; least 7. related documents Keep records for to traced ingredients the /purchasing of sales activity; the 6. Keep evidence relate and produced the in collectors batches the with participating betraced back tocan producer the /supplier; 5. Have a product identification system (coding system) / batching which ingredients in requirements to each control one of critical the points; policies / or and Establish 4. procedures traceability compliance the to with assess for each one of supply the chains; 3. Develop of control identified traceability ingredients to a critical-points plan ensure system; traceability the appoint Formally correct2. personnel the implementation responsible for of ensuring level traceability the and applied at each step of chain; the production, storage transformation, procedures record entire the and process keeping 1. Have the a documented which system, describes overview of traceability the production chain: topics following the Thus, recommended are for actors the carnauba the in stakeholders. toprocessing all ablebut being to provide accurate product-associated at information each of stage related to standards production or technical quality, socio-environmental regarding requirements legal system complying not with Implementing atraceability only means of information. shared truthfulness of cooperativeimportance interdependent and and quality the relationships with to consumers the and understand distributors importers, industries, intermediaries, involved For production the to forlinks in occur, it important chain. producers, this is the throughout information supply the of ensures system quality that traceability For to implement it essential efficient improvement is an chain, of carnauba the Accountabilities inthecarnaubatraceabilitysystem it canbeincorporated by the mainlinksinthe production chain. To thisend, the carnauba traceability model inthe ANNEXESisrecommended, sothat aspects of the chain (property location, collection data, manpower data, among others). It should also incorporate all relevant records related to the social and environmental production chain. and collectors involved, aswell asprimary processing and consolidations along the identification of allproduct batches and their relationship withthe collection areas In summary, the development of acarnauba traceability system should afford the model traceability Proposed for carnauba chain: the ANNEX 2 AND 3, FOR PRINTING AND / THE FORM TEMPLATES ARE IN OR CONSULTATION. 77 CAPÍTULO 6 – RASTREABILIDADE NA CADEIA DA CARNAÚBA FOTO: SAMUEL PORTELA APPENDIX

Organizations and contacts / service points

Organization Telephone Website / Contact email

National

MMA - Ministry of Environment +55 (61) 2028-2192 http://www.mma.gov.br/

MAPA - Ministry of Agriculture, +55 (61)3218-2828 http://www.agricultura.gov.br/ Livestock and Supply 0800 704 1995

http://portal.mpt.mp.br MPT - Labor Prosecutor + 55(61)3314 8500 https://mpt.mp.br/pgt/fale-com-o-mpt

IBAMA - Brazilian Institute of 0800-618080 Environment and Renewable Natural https://www.ibama.gov.br/ + 55 (61) 3316-1212 Resources

ICMBio - Chico Mendes Institute for http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/ +55 (61) 3341-9101 Biodiversity Conservation http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/contato

TST - Superior Labor Court 0800 644 3444 https://bit.ly/31BMfMa

Inpacto - National Pact Institute for the +55 (11) 3897-2400 https://bit.ly/2Kz178t Eradication of Slave Labor

CEARÁ

ADECE - Ceará State Development http://www.adece.ce.gov.br/ +55 (85) 3457-3300 Agency [email protected]

+55 (85) 3215.3090 https://bit.ly/2Mhm5uF Carnauba Sector Chamber +55 (85) 3457-3336 [email protected]

SINDCARNAÚBA - Union of Carnauba http://sindcarnauba.org.br/ Wax Refining Industries of the State of +55 (85) 4009-6300 Ceará [email protected]

FAEC - Federation of Agriculture and 0800-618080 https://www.ibama.gov.br/ Livestock in Ceará +55 (61) 3316-1212

FIEC - Federation of Industries of the +55 (85) 4009-6300 https://www1.sfiec.org.br/ State of Ceará

FETRAECE - Federation of Rural http://www.fetraece.org.br/ Workers, Small Farmers and Family +55 (85) 3231-5887 Farmers of the State of Ceará [email protected]

https://www.acaatinga.org.br CAATINGA ASSOCIATION +55 (85) 3241-0759 [email protected]

78 LABOR PUBLIC PROSECUTION - [email protected] OFFICE

+55 (85) 3255-3950 SRTE - Regional Superintendence of [email protected] +55 (85) 3255-3941 Labor and Employment in Ceará [email protected] +55 (85) 3255-3940

PIUAÍ

SRTE - Regional Superintendence of +55 (86) 3226-1715 - Labor and Employment in Ceará +55 (86) 3222-0001

LABOR PUBLIC PROSECUTION +55 (86) 4009-6430 [email protected] OFFICE +55 (86) 9544-7871

FIEPI - Federation of Industries of the https://www.fiepi.com.br/ +55 (86) 3218-3231 State of Piauí [email protected]

FETAGPI - Federation of Rural Workers, https://www.fetagpi.org.br/ Small Farmers and Family Farmers of +55 (86) 3230-9850 the State of Piauí http://webmail.fetagpi.org.br/

FAEPI - Federation of Agriculture and https://www.sistemafaepi.org.br/ +55 (86) 3218-6059 Livestock of Puauí http://webmail.sistemafaepi.org.br/

Rio Grande do Norte

SRTE - Regional Superintendence of +55 (84) 3220-2036 [email protected] Labor and Employment in Ceará +55 (84) 3220-2000

LABOR PUBLIC PROSECUTION +55 (84) 4006-2800 [email protected] OFFICE +55 (84) 4006-2864

FIERN - Federation of Industries of the https://www.fiern.org.br/ +55 (84) 3204-6150 State of Rio Grande do Norte https://www.fiern.org.br/contato/

FETARN - Federation of Rural Workers, Small Farmers and Family Farmers of +55 (84) 3211-4688 http://www.fetarn.org.br/ the State of Rio Grande do Norte

FAERN - Federation of Agriculture and http://www.senarrn.com.br +55 (84) 3611-0441 Livestock of Rio Grande do Norte https://bit.ly/300qTry

79 BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

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AQUINO, D. F.; SOUSA, G. A. L. Cera de carnaúba. In: CONAB. Estudos de Preços Mínimos: Produtos de Inverno, Regionais e Café, safra 2008 – 2009. p.61-69. Disponível em: < www.conab.gov.br/.../03cb0f1bd23769d7e1d9513e323890bd..doc > Acesso em 10 de setembro de 2012.

BAYMA, C. 1958. Carnaúba. Produtos rurais. No. 9. Rio de Janeiro: Serviço de Informação Agrícola.

BORÉM, A.; MIRANDA, G. V. Melhoramento de plantas. 4 ed. Viçosa: UFV, 2005, 525p.

BRAGA, R. Plantas do Nordeste, especialmente do Ceará. 4. ed. Natal: Editora Universitária UFRN, 1976, 539p. (Coleção Mossoroense, v.315).

BRASIL. Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Secretaria de Extrativismo e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável. Departamento de Extrativismo. Carnaúba : boas práticas para o extrativismo sustentável orgânico / Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Secretaria de Extrativismo e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável. Departamento de Extrativismo. – Brasília, DF : MMA, 2016.

BROSCHAT, T. K.; MEEROW, A. W.; TOMLINSON, P. B. Ornamental Palm Horticulture. 1 ed., Wadsworth, 2000, 628p.

CÂMARA SETORIAL DA CARNAÚBA. A carnaúba: preservação e sustentabilidade. Câmara Setorial da Carnaúba, Fortaleza: Câmara Setorial da Carnaúba, 2009, 40p.

CARVALHO, F. P. A. Eco-eficiência na Produção de Pó e Cera de Carnaúba no Município de Campo Maior (PI). 2005. 157f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente) – Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, 2005.

CARVALHO, J. B. M.. Ensaios sobre a Carnaubeira. 2ª. ed. Natal: Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Rio Grande do Norte – EMPARN, 1982. 369p.

CARVALHO, M. R. R. Carnaúba: Geoecologia Regional. 1976. 79f. Monografia (Graduação em Geografia) – Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, Recife, 1979.

CARVALHO, F. P. A.; GOMES, J. M. A. Eco-eficiência na produção de cera de carnaúba no município de Campo Maior, Piauí, 2004. Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural, v.46, n.2, p.421-453, 2008.

D`ALVA, O. A. O extrativismo da carnaúba no Ceará. Série BNB teses e dissertações, n. 4. Fortaleza: Banco do Nordeste do Brasil, 2007, 172p.

D’ALVA, Oscar Arruda. O extrativismo da Carnaúba no Ceará. 2004. 186 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Núcleo de Pós-Graduação, Programa Regional

80 de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, Fortaleza-CE, 2004.

ECKSCHMID, THOMAS. O livro verde de rastreamento. Editora:Varela, 2009, 76p.

FAHEINA, R. C. Planta africana ameaça carnaúbas. Fortaleza, 21 abr. 2007. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 19 out. 2007.

FREITAS, S. M. Semente de girassol, um mercado em expansão. Óleos & Grãos. São Paulo, v.10, n.55, p.30-34. 2000.

GOMES, J. M. A.; CERQUEIRA, E. B.; CARVALHO, J. N. F. de. Custos e benefícios da preservação dos carnaubais nativos nordestinos. In:CONGRESSO DA SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE ECONOMIA, ADMINISTRAÇÃO E SOCIOLOGIA RURAL, 47., 2009, Porto Alegre. Anais... Porto Alegre, 2009. p. 1-20.

GOMES, J. M. A.; NASCIMENTO, W. L. Visão sistêmica da cadeia produtiva da carnaúba. In: GOMES, J. M. A.; SANTOS, K. B.; SILVA, M. S. (Org.) Cadeia produtiva da cera de carnaúba: Diagnóstico e cenários. Teresina: EDUFPI, 2006, p. 23-34.

GOMES, P. Carnaubeira. Rio de Janeiro: Ministério da Agricultura, Serviço de documentação, 1945, 162p.

GOMES, R. P. A Germinação da Carnaubeira. Rodriguésia, Rio de Janeiro, v.10, n.20, p.1- 5, 1946.

GOMES, J. M. A.; SANTOS, K. B.; SILVA, M. S.. Cadeia produtiva da cera de carnaúba: diagnóstico e cenários. Teresina: editora gráfica da UFPI, 2006, 190p.

HAGENMAIER, R. D. A comparison of ethane, ethylene and CO2 peel permeance for fruit with different coatings. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 12 fevereiro de 2006.

HERRERA O, MAJOR I. Visitantes Perigosos no Nordeste - Brasil Tropical. Ciência Hoje 38: 42-44. 2006.

JACOMINO, A. P.; OJEDA, R. M.; KLUGE, R. A.; SCARPARE FILHO, J. A. Conservação de goiabas tratadas com emulsões de cera de carnaúba. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, Jaboticabal, v.25, n.3, p.401-405, 2003.

JOHNSON, D. A carnaubeira e seu papel como uma planta econômica. Tradução de Fernando Bastos da Silveira e Pedro Guimarães Mariz Filho. Recife. Banco do Nordeste do Brasil, 1970. 107p.

KITZE, E. D. A method for germinating Copernicia palm seed. Principes, v.2, n.1, p.5-8, 1958.

LUCÍRIO, I. D.; FAHEINA, R. C. Árvore com Brilho Próprio. Revista publicada em 1999. Disponível em: http://super.abril.com.br/ecologia/arvore-brilho-proprio-437810.shtml

MARTINEZ, F. E. M. Las ceras en la industria del embalaje. Disponível em: Acesso em: 12 fevereiro de 2006.

81 MEEROW, A. W. Palm seed germination. In: IFAS Cooperative. Nevada: University of Nevada, 2004. Disponível em: < http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EP238 > Acesso em: 15 de março de 2005.

MMA. Ministério do meio Ambiente; IBAMA. instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis. Monitoramento do desmatamento dos biomas brasileiros por satélite: monitoramento do bioma Caatinga 2008/2009. Brasília - DF: Centro de Sensoriamento Remoto - Ibama. 2011

MUÑOZ, D. H.; ALONSO, B. G. El uso de las ceras en el recubrimiento de quesos. Disponível em: Acesso em: 12 de fevereiro de 2006.

NASCIMENTO, E.B, SILVA, J.L.M, ALMEIDA, L.V. et.al. A cera de Carnaúba: Origem, Produção e mercados. VIIEEPA.2013

OLIVEIRA, A. M. S.; GOMES, J. M. A. Vantagens mercadológicas e exigências dos importadores de cera de carnaúba. UFPI, Teresina - PI – Brasil. 2007.11p.

PINHEIRO, C. H. B. Germinação de sementes de palmeiras. Revisão bibliográfica. Teresina, EMBRAPA-UEPAE de Teresina, 1986, 102p.

PONTES INDÚSTRIA DE CERA LTDA. Cartilha de Boas Práticas de Fabricação e Orientação para o Produtor Rural de Pó Cerífero e Cera de Carnaúba. 4ª Edição. 2018 (Julho). 17p.

SANTOS, A. P. S. Estudo socioeconômico dos principais produtos do extrativismo vegetal do Piauí: Carnaúba. Fundação Cepro, Teresina – PI, 1979, 50p.(mimeografado).

Secretariado da Convenção sobre Diversidade Biológica (2014) Panorama da Biodiversidade Global 4. Montréal, 155 páginas

SOUZA, A. J. A Carnaubeira e seu papel como uma planta econômica. Fortaleza-Ce: Banco do Nordeste, 1972. 86p.

ULLMANN´S, V. C. H. Encyclopedía of Industrial Chemistry. Vol A 28, 1996. Verlagsgesellschaft.

VALOIS, A. C. C. SALOMÃO, N. ALLEN, A. A. C. Glossário de recursos genéticos vegetais. Brasília: EMBRAPAS PI, 1996, 62 p.

VANDENBURG L. E.; WILDER E. A. Aromatic Acids of Carnauba Wax. The Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 47, 659-662, 1970.

VASCONCELOS, C. Cadeia produtiva da carnaúba sofre crise. Publicado em 23 de novembro de 2003. Disponível em: http://www.fiec.org.br/artigos/agroindustria/ carnaubamodernizacao.htm

82 Searched websites

Lei n°13.123/15 http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2015-2018/2015/lei/l13123.htm

Decreto 8.772/16 http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2015-2018/2016/Decreto/D8772.htm

Guia sobre patrimônio genético http://www.mma.gov.br/index.php/comunicacao/agencia-informma?view=blog&id=2833

Perguntas frequentes – http://www.mma.gov.br/patrimonio-genetico/ legisla%C3%A7%C3%A3o/perguntas-frequentes

SISGEN – http://www.mma.gov.br/patrimonio-genetico/conselho-de-gestao-do- patrimonio-genetico/sis-gen

Publicidade do SISGen - http://www.mma.gov.br/patrimonio-genetico/conselho-de- gestao-do-patrimonio-genetico/sis-gen www.e-social.gov.br/Insitucional/ambiente-de-produção-empresa www.planalto.gov.br/CCivil_03/LEIS/L8.213 www.portal.com.br/noticias/36577/alteração-na-contribuição-do-produtor-rural-pessoa- fisica www.planalto.gov.br/CCasa_03/Ato 2007-2010/2008/Lei/L11718 www.exame.daoab./jusbrasil.com.br/noticias/477395550/reforma-trabalhista-e- aprovada-no-sendo-confira-o-que-muda-na-lei www.senar.org.br/sites/default/files/senar/folder_pessoa_fisica_pdf. www.blog.contaazul.com/tabela-simples-nacional https://www.legisweb.com.br/legislacao/?id=356508 http://www.caixa.gov.br/programas-sociais/bolsa-familia/Paginas/default.aspx http://mds.gov.br/assuntos/cadastro-unico/o-que-e-e-para-que-serve/como-se-cadastrar

83

ANNEX ANNEX 1

CARNAUBA GROOVE / PRODUCER ID SHEET

PRODUCER IDENTIFICATION

Name:

RG: CPF: DAP (if applicable): (Personal ID Number) (Individual Taxpayer Number) PRONAF Statement of Aptitude Phone number: ( ) E-mail:

Carnauba groove Identification: City / State: Location:

Possession: ( ) Possessor’s name ______

Land legal situation of the collecting Small Rural Property: ( ) area: Owner’s name:______Rural Settlement: ( ) Name of the settlement:______

Land Use Agreement: Is the carnauba groove near any Conservation Unit (reserve, park, ecological station)? Leasing ( ) Yes ( ) No ( ) Sharecropper ( ) If so, which one?______Collective / Family Production ( )

Owner’s name:

Owner’s Contact data: ( ) Size of management area in hectares:

Estimated amount of Estimated amount of straw (in productive carnauba palm trees: thousands) in the carnauba groove:

Amount of powder per thousand units of straw (Kg) Amount of total carnauba groove powder (Kg): “Eye” Powder ______(Kg) “Eye” Powder ______(Kg) Median powder ______(Kg) Median powder ______(Kg) Other ______(Kg) Other ______(Kg)

Amount of carnauba groove wax, if applicable (Kg) Are there access roads and trails to the col- Wax Type ______/______(Kg) lection areas? Wax Type ______/______(Kg) Yes ( ) No ( )

Wax Type ______/______(Kg) If so, how many? ______Are there waterways (streams, rivers, lakes or Carnauba groove access and cleaning ponds, water springs) on the property? ( ) Good access Yes ( ) No ( ) ( ) Acceptable access If so, which type? ______( ) Difficult access

( ) Yes ( ) No

If yes, answer below ( ) Infestation in up to 10% of the carnauba groove Is the carnauba groove infested by the devil’s claw? ( ) Infestation in up to 20% of the carnauba groove ( ) Infestation in up to 50% of the carnauba groove ( ) Infestation in up to 75% of the carnauba groove ( ) Infestation over 100% of the carnauba groove

Predominant carnauba groove Carnauba groove Carnauba groove The carnauba A área é height: spacing: maturity: groove is: de uso: ( ) Short ( ) Close ( ) Green ( ) Native ( ) Collective use ( ) Medium ( ) Spaced ( ) Mature ( ) Planted ( ) Individual use ( ) Tall

Is there herd activity (cattle, goat or sheep) in the collection areas? Are chemical products used in the collection and surrounding area (pesticides)? Yes ( ) No ( ) Yes ( ) No ( ) If so, which type? ______

( ) Yes Document ID: ______

Does the property have a Rural ( ) No Environmental Registry (CAR)? Property reference point: ______

Property GPS coordinate: ______ANNEX 2

PRODUCER SHEET

Product information: Plant product name: Type of raw material: ( ) “eye” wax, ( ) “fatty” wax, ( ) “sandy” wax, ( ) “eye” powder, ( ) straw powder, ( ) sludge. Amount of product produced (Kg): Batch ID: Date of batch completion:

Producer Information: Name or Company Name: CPF, IE (State Tax Register) or CNPJ (Corporate Taxpayer Number): Full address, geographic coordinates or Rural Property Register Certificate (CCIR) of the property: Telephone: Land Lease Document:

Collectors’ Information: List with full names: Copy of CPF (Individual Taxpayer Number) and / or ID card: Copy of receipts for workers’ tax payment and compensation: ANNEX 3

CONSOLIDATOR / MIDDLEMAN SHEET

Product information: Plant product name: Type of raw material: ( ) “eye” wax, ( ) “fatty” wax, ( ) “sandy” wax, ( ) “eye” powder, ( ) straw powder, ( ) sludge Amount of product produced (Kg): Identification of source batch(es):

Producer Information: Name or Company Name: CPF, IE (State Tax Register) or CNPJ (Corporate Taxpayer Number): Full address, geographic coordinates or Rural Property Register Certificate (CCIR) of the property: Telephone: Land Lease Document:

Collectors’ Information: List with full names: Copy of CPF (Individual Taxpayer Number) and / or ID card: Copy of receipts for workers’ tax payment and compensation:

Consolidator / Middleman Information: Name or Company Name: CPF, IE (State Tax Register) or CNPJ (Corporate Taxpayer Number): Full address: Telephone: Identification of source batch(es): Consolidated Batch ID: Consolidated batch volume (Kg): Batch consolidation date: ANNEX 4

INDUSTRY

Product information: Plant product name: Type of raw material: ( ) “eye” wax, ( ) “fatty” wax, ( ) “sandy” wax, ( ) “eye” powder, ( ) straw powder, ( ) sludge Amount of product produced (Kg): Identification of source batch(es):

Producer Information: Name or Company Name: CPF, IE (State Tax Register) or CNPJ (Corporate Taxpayer Number): Full address, geographic coordinates or Rural Property Register Certificate (CCIR) of the property: Telephone: Land Lease Document:

Information about the collectors: List with full names: Copy of CPF (Individual Taxpayer Number) and / or ID card: Copy of receipts for workers’ tax payment and compensation:

Consolidator / Middleman Information: Name or Company Name: CPF, IE (State Tax Register) or CNPJ (Corporate Taxpayer Number): Full address: Telephone: Identification of source batch(es): Consolidated Batch ID: Consolidated batch volume (Kg): Batch consolidation date:

Processing Information: Name or Company Name: CNPJ (Corporate Taxpayer Number): Full address: Telephone: Consolidated batch ID: Consolidated product x processed product conversion rate: Processed product volume (Kg): Processed product classification: ( ) Type 1, ( ) Type 2, Type 4 ( ) Processing date:

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