Notes

Introduction

1 Following Adorno, the term Auschwitz is not taken to refer to the actual exterm• ination camp but rather as 'a shorthand for the caesura of Western culture as well as for the deep wound in the body of the Jewish people'. Cited in Efraim Sicher (ed.) (1998) Writing and Memory after Auschwitz, Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 14.

Chapter 1 German, European and Global Recollection of the Nazi Past

1 See Maurice Halbwachs (1968) La memoire collective (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France). On collective memory, also see Jan Assmann (1999b) Das kulturelle Gediichtnis. Schrift, Erinnerung und politische Identitiit in friihen Hochkulturen (Munchen: Verlag C.H. Beck); Paul Connerton (1989) How Societies Remember (Cambridge-New York-Melbourne: Cambridge University Press); David Sutton (1998) Memories cast in stone. The relevance of the past in everyday life (Oxford: Berg); Harald Welzer (2001) Das soziale Gediichtnis. Geschichte, Erinnerung, Tra• dierung (Hamburg: Hamburger Edition); and James Fentress and Chris Wickham (1992) Social Memory. New Perspectives on the Past (Oxford UK-Cambridge USA: Blackwell). 2 The concept of 'willing executioners' refers to Daniel Goldhagen's controversial thesis that 'eliminationary anti-semitism' led Germans to support and perpetrate crimes against the Jews. See Daniel Jonah Goldhagen (1996) Hitler's Willing Executioners. Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust (London: Little, Brown). 3 Karl Jaspers drew the distinction between criminal, political, moral and meta• physical guilt. In his view, all Germans were politically guilty as members of a nation in whose name the atrocities of the Second World War had been com• mitted, and criminally guilty if responsible in legal terms. Moral guilt was however a matter for the individual conscience, the individual being responsible for his own actions. Metaphysical guilt concerned non-action, that is, a failure to try and stop the atrocities of the Third Reich or to show solidarity with the victims. See Karl Jaspers (1974) Die Schuldfrage. Von der politischen Haftung Deutschlands [originally published in 1946] (Munchen: Piper Verlag), especially 42-7. 4 German citizenship was formerly based on blood according to the ius sanguinis principle. However, new citizenship laws introduced in 1999 mean that citizen• ship relates instead to the ius soli (territorial) principle, whereby nationality can be granted according to where someone is born. German citizens thus do not necessarily have blood links to the Third Reich. Viola Georgi has conducted an interesting study into attitudes towards the Holocaust and the Third Reich amongst children of ethnic minorities in Germany. Some identify themselves with the Jews, feeling discriminated against on account of their skin colour or religion. Others, however, express a sense of association with German history. 234 Notes 235

See Viola B. Georgi (2003) Entliehene Erinnerung. Geschichtsbilder junger Migranten in Deutschland (Hamburg: Hamburger Edition). 5 The term Stunde Null denotes the idea that 1945 represented a new beginning for Germany. It encapsulates both the desire to forget the twelve years of National Socialism and the hope of a better future, although in practice it was impossible to achieve such a clean break with the past. 6 Adenauer also had to deal with the millions of ethnic Germans expelled from Central and Eastern Europe after the war. By 1950, some eight million expellees had settled in West Germany, comprising approximately 16.5 per cent of the West German population. Another four million had settled in East Germany. Although integration did happen, many expellees remained bitter about the loss of their homelands to what became eastern bloc countries. See Bill Niven (2002) Facing the Nazi Past. United Germany and the Legacy of the Third Reich (London: Routledge),96. 7 In Ancient Greece, the term ethnos defined a loose, rather federal form of social organisation made up of a collection of towns and villages, in contrast to the centralised polis. It is used here in the sense of a society linked together by certain characteristics and common origins, along the lines of the German Volk. 8 The term, usually attributed to JUrgen Habermas, was originally used by Dolt Sternberger. See Heinrich August Winkler (2001) 'Ende aller Sonderwege', Die Gegenwart der Vergangenheit: Spiegel Special, Nr.l, 56-62. 9 Adolf Eichmann was one of the architects of the Final Solution, that is, the Nazi plan to implement a systematic genocide of European Jewry. 10 There were three such debates - in 1965, 1969 and 1979 - on whether the IS-year statute of limitations on prosecution for National Socialist crimes should be lifted. In 1979 it was decided that the IS-year period would not apply, so it was not possible for war criminals to escape punishment with the passage of time. See Jeffrey Herf (1997) Divided Memory. The Nazi Past in the Two Germanys (Cambridge Massachusetts-London, England: Harvard University Press), 335-42. 11 The contested term Sonderweg refers to the idea that Germany took a different path to modernity than other European countries. Proponents of the viewpoint consider the Sonderweg to have led to the rise of Nazism. 12 http://www.historikerkommission.gv.at. 13 They are also not restricted to the Holocaust: Robert Hughes, for example, argues that contemporary American culture is being corroded by a 'culture of thera• peutics' where confessing one's 'sins' is tantamount to redemption. See Robert Hughes (1993) The Culture of Complaint: the {raying ofAmerica (New York-Oxford: Oxford University Press). 14 Japan opened a Jewish Holocaust Museum in Fukuyama in 1995, dedicated to the memory of the children who died in the Holocaust, and in the same year an Anne Frank exhibition was shown at Hiroshima. There is a Holocaust Center in Cape Town, South Africa (http://www.ctholocaust.co.za/). 15 The point was made at a lecture by Peter Novick entitled 'Is the Holocaust an American Memory?', JFK Institut Berlin, 7 February 2001. 16 Ibid. 17 See http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/vhi/. 18 The Task Force's website is at: http://www.holocausttaskforce.org. 19 http://www.hmd.org.uk. 20 Ibid. 21 Anne Frank Trust, http://www.annefrank.org.uk. 236 Notes

Chapter 2 Schroder, Walser and the Dialectic of Normality

1 Subsequent references to the speech are given in the text as page numbers in brackets. Walser has previously expressed disillusionment at being forced into a certain role as an intellectual. See, for example, the essay tUber freie und unfreie Rede' (1994), in Martin Walser (1997) Deutsche Sorgen (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp), 468-86. 2 Both Klaus Harpprecht (writing in Die Zeit) and Salomon Korn (writing in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung) mention possible Jewish targets, including the Central Council of Jews in Germany, the World Jewish Congress and 'inter• national Jewry', although Korn concedes that the ambiguity of the speech led to these conclusions. See Klaus Harpprecht, 'Wen meint Martin Walser?' in Frank Schirrmacher (ed.) (1999) Die Walser-Bubis Debatte. Eine Dokumentation (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp), 51-3; and Salomon Korn, 'Es ist Zeit. Die andere Seite des Walser-Bubis-Streits', in ibid, 304-7. The Schirrmacher volume contains a comprehensive selection of newspaper articles relating to the Walser debate. Subsequent references to articles reprinted in this publication will be given in the text as WBD, together with page numbers. 3 On these and other common far right terms, see Stefan Frohloff (ed.) (2001) Gesicht Zeigen! Handbuch fUr Zivilcourage (Frankfurt-New York: Campus Verlag), 146-50. 4 For a summary of far right reactions to the speech, see Dietzsch et al. (1999) Endlich ein normales Volk? Vom rechten Verstandnis der Friedenspreis-Rede Martin Walsers. Eine Dokumentation (Duisburg: DISS); and Joachim Rohloff (1999) Ich bin das Volk. Martin Walser, Auschwitz und die Berliner Republik (Hamburg: Konkret Literatur Verlag), 66-75. Rohloff provides a rather tenuous assessment of alleged far right thinking in Walser's work based on the essays in Walser's Deutsche Sorgen (1977). In some cases, Rohloff twists the context of what Walser has written to assert that his views are allied with those of the far right. For example, he sees Walser's crit• icism of German division as evidence of nationalist thinking, his comment that one should perhaps not recognise the Federal Republic or the GDR as anti• Americanism, and his wish to see Germany united as a way of drawing a line under the National Socialist past. See Rohloff, II-56, especially 16-19 and 26-7. 5 Salomon Korn also thought that Walser may have been referring to the com• pensation debate. See WBD, 445. 6 Bubis was one of the property investors who secured permission from the Frankfurt authorities in the 1970s to destroy certain properties, but rented these out to students prior to demolition. This resulted in student protests and clashes with police. The events are dealt with in Rainer Werner Fassbinder's play Der Mull, die Stadt und der Tod (1981). 7 This view is held by the German Jewish journalist Henryk Broder. See the section on Leidkultur and the 'hysterical Republic' in Chapter 3. 8 Also see Herzog's speech on the anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz in January 1999 in WBD, 596-605. 9 However, Schirrmacher was to withdraw his support for the author following the publication of Walser's allegedly anti-semitic novel Tod eines Kritikers in 2002. See Chapter Five. 10 On the allegedly far right content of the letters sent to Walser, see Wolf D. Hund, 'Der scheusslichste aller Verdachte. Martin Walser und der Antisemitismus', in Johannes Klotz and Gerd Wiegel (2001) Geistige Brandstiftung. Die neue Sprache der Berliner Republik (Berlin: Aufbau Taschenbuch Verlag), 183-282. Notes 237

Chapter 3 Approaches to the Dialectic of Normality

1 Following a Bundestag decision of 16 October 1998, the Bundeswehr took part in air strikes on the former Yugoslavia as part of the NATO-led 'Allied Force' mission from 24 March to 10 June 1999. After the UN passed resolution 1244, on 11 June 1999 the Bundestag agreed to send German troops into Kosovo in the framework of the multinational KFOR peace-keeping force, led by NATO. On the Bundestag deliberations, see Bundestag (1998) 13. Wahlperiode, Drucksache 13/11469, 12 October 1998; and Bundestag (1999) 14. Wahlperiode, Drucksache 14/1133, 11 June 1999. 2 There was concern that the Greens would reject intervention, which would have put the coalition in danger. Schroder ultimately called for a vote of confidence, which he won and with it the agreement to deploy 3900 Bundeswehr soldiers. 3 For an overview of the compensation debate, see Rolf Suhrmann (ed.) (2001) Das Finkelstein-Alibi. 'Holocaust-Industrie' und Tiitergesellschaft (Koln: Papy Rossa Verlag) and Ernst Piper (ed.) (2001) Gibt es wirklich eine Holocaust-Industrie? (Zurich: Pendo-Verlag). 4 Former forced labourers had to apply for compensation by a certain date and have proof of their former status, which naturally posed some problems. None• theless, some 1.8 million people applied for compensation and 1.2 million were considered eligible. For details of the foundation and the law on compensation, see http://www.stiftung-evz.de. 5 See http://www.fonds-ez.de. 6 http://www.verfassungsschutz.de. On the development of the far right in unified Germany, also see Forschungsinstitut der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (1999) Recht• sextremismus und Fremdenfeindlichkeit im vereinten Deutschland: Erscheinungsformen und Gegenstrategien (Bonn); Armin Pfahl-Traughber (2000) 'Die Entwicklung des Rechtsextremismus in Ost-und Westdeutschland', Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, B39 (22 September), 3-14; Richard St6ss (2000) Rechtsextremismus im vereinten Deutschland (Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung); Hajo Funke (2002) Paranoia und Politik. Rechtsextremismus in der Berliner Republik (Berlin: Schiler Verlag); Torud Staud (2005) Moderne Nazis (Koln: Kiepenheuer & Witsch); Armin Pfahl-Traughber (2006) Rechtsextremismus in der Bundesrepublik (Munchen: Beck); and Elmar Brahler and Oliver Decker (2006) Vom Rand zur Mitte (Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert• Stiftung). 7 It is interesting to note how the focus has changed since, despite the fact that the problem of the far right has not disappeared. The 2001 report emphasised the implications of the September 11 terrorist attacks, especially the increased threat from Islamic extremists, and the 2002 report also focused on global terror• ism. Both reports are available at http://www.verfassungsschutz.de/de/publi• kationen/verfassungsschutzbericht. 8 The September 2000 campaign showed train passengers standing up to right• wing extremists who were threatening a foreigner. See Bundesregierung (2000) Bundesregierung fOrdert Kinospot fur Zivilcourage und gegen Rechts, Pressemit• teilung Nr. 424/00, 11 September 2000. 9 http://www.buendnis-toleranz.de. 10 A few days later, Rau again indicated the dominance of present concerns in the discourse on the past at the annual Volkstrauertag (People's Day of Mourning) on 19 November 2000, which for the first time mentioned recent victims of hate and violence against foreigners alongside the victims of the two World Wars and of National Socialism (FAZ, 20 November 2000). 238 Notes

11 For an overview of the teaching of National Socialism and the Holo• caust in West Germany, see Falk Pingel (2000) 'National Socialism and the Holocaust in West German school books', in Internationale Schulbuchforschung / International Textbook Research, Zeitschrift des Georg-Eckert-Instituts fUr inter• nationale Schulbuchforschung, 22. Jahrgang, Heft 1, Unterricht uber den Holocaust / Teaching the Holocaust, 11-29. 12 Information from an interview with Norbert Kampe, Director of the House of the Wannsee Conference, May 2001. Also see the website at http://www.ghwk.de. 13 Also see http://www.asf-ev.de. 14 Also see http://www.gegen-vergessen.de. 15 Also see Landesjugendring Berlin (brochure, undated) Stadterkundung. Politisch• historische Stadtrundfahrten und Fiihrungen (iir Jugend- und Schiilergruppen, and http://www.ljrberlin.de. Information from an interview with Michel Schmidt of the Berliner Landesjugendring, June 2001. 16 The websites for these organisations are as follows: Aktion Noteingang: http:// www.aktion-noteingang.deiSTEP21: http://www.step21.deiExit Deutschland: http://www.exit-deutschland.dei Mut gegen rechte Gewalt: http://www.mut-gegen• rechte-gewalt.de. 17 The organisation was founded by Paul Spiegel, Michel Friedman and Uwe Karsten-Heye, former press spokesman of the SPD-Green government, under the patronage of the late President Johannes Rau. Further details can be found at http://www.gesichtzeigen.de. 18 Interview with Sophia Oppermann, Director of Gesichtzeigen, Berlin, February 2002. 19 Thierse expressed this view in a lecture 'Politisches Nachtgebet. Welche Kultur leitet uns?' in the Franzosiche Kirche, Berlin on 28 February 2001. Biermann was a guest on the Sabine Christiansen show on 5 November 2000. 20 This must have involved compromise from Muller, who had previously opposed the term Leitkultur. Moreover, his references to Germany as an 'immigration country' (Einwanderungsland) had been deleted from the paper (see Zeit, 9 Nov• ember 2000i and BZ, 4-5 November 2000). 21 Trittin perhaps had an axe to grind with Meyer, who had criticised the Greens' position on the transport of nuclear waste (see taz, 30 May 2001). 22 The case ultimately collapsed in March 2003 after it had emerged that the gov• ernment's case against the NPD was based in part on speeches made by police informers (so-called V-Manner).

Chapter 4 The Holocaust Memorial in Berlin

1 On cultural remembrance in post-war Germany, see Peter Reichel (1995) Politik mit der Erinnerung. Gedachtnisorte im Streit um die nationalsozialistische Vergan• genheit (Munchen-Wien: Carl Hanser Verlag). For details of individual memorial sites, see Ulrike Puvogel and Martin Stankowski (1995) Gedenkstatten (iir die Opfer des Nationalsozialismus. Eine Dokumentation, Band I (Bonn: Bundeszentrale fUr politische Bildung)i Stefanie Endlich, Nora Goldenbogen and Beatrix Herlemann (eds.) (1999) Gedenkstatten (iir die Opfer des Nationalsozialismus. Eine Dokumenta• tion, Band II (Bonn: Bundeszentrale fUr politische Bildung)i and Klaus Siebenhaar (ed.) (2001) Kulturhandbuch Berlin. Geschichte und Gegenwart von A-Z (Berlin: Bostelmann & Siebenhaar Verlag). There is a comprehensive online list of Gedenk- Notes 239

stiitten in Germany and elsewhere in Europe at http://www.gedenkstaetten• uebersicht.de. 2 Interview with Gunter Morsch, Director of the memorial site at Sachsenhausen, Oranienburg, 21 January 2002. 3 Examples include the former concentration camps at Sachsenhausen, Buchen• wald and Ravensbruck, the Topography of Terror, the German Resistance Memorial Centre, the House of the Wannsee Conference and the former Stasi detention centre at Berlin-Hohenschonhausen. 4 Interview with Inge Rocker, assistant on the team which designed the Holocaust monument, Krefeld, 29 July 1999. 5 One of the main criticisms against this design was that it drew no distinction between victims and perpetrators. Moreover, the Jewish community pointed out that Hebrew was not the language of the Nazi murderers (taz, 25 June 1999). 6 English translation from http://www.holocaust-denkmal.de/en/thememorial/ history/resolution. 7 These comments were made at a Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung seminar '(Uner• wunschte) Monumente, Steine des AnstoBes oder kollektive Sinnstiftung? - Politische Denkmaler als Orte der Erinnerung', June 2001, Berlin. Rosh's critics included the American journalist Jane Kramer, who painted a picture of Rosh as someone who would sit in her office receiving guests and chatting about the Holocaust whilst Sipping white wine, answering post and signing photos (Zeit, 3 November 1995). Jost Kaiser discusses claims that Rosh changed her name to sound Jewish (SZ, 26 May 1999). 8 These comments were also made during the aforementioned interview with Inge Rocker. 9 The monument to the Sinti and Roma, designed by Dani Karavan, is to be erected south of the Reichstag at a cost of around €2 million, provided by central government. However, there have been problems with the design and the inscription. Romani Rose, chief representative of the Sinti and Roma in Germany, wanted it to equate the genocide of the Sinti and Roma with that of the European Jews, but this provoked criticism from other victim groups (see Spiegel, 3 February 2004). 10 http://www.jmberlin.de. 11 For details, see http://www.topographie.de. The Topography of Terror Founda• tion runs the online Gedenkstiittenforum (http://www.gedenkstaettenforum.de) with news articles and discussion forums on confrontation with the Nazi legacy. 12 The exhibition can be viewed online at http://www.topographie.de/openair/. 13 Interview with Gunter Morsch, 21 January 2002.

Chapter 5 The I Anti-Semitism Dispute'

1 This paraphrases Finkelstein's comments at his book presentation at the Urania in Berlin, 7 February 2001. 2 Rensmann cited a 1994 US publication according to which 39 per cent of Germans thought that Jews manipulated the Holocaust for their own purposes; a 1999 book on xenophobia which stated that in 1998 up to 50 per cent of Germans thought that Jews were trying to make them pay for the past; and a 1998 Forsa survey according to which 63 per cent of Germans thought a line should be drawn under the debate on Jewish persecution. See Lars Rensmann 240 Notes

(2001) 'Entschadigungspolitik, Erinnerungsabwehr und Motive des sekundaren Antisemitismus', in Petra Steinberger (ed.) Die Finkelstein-Debatte (Mtinchen: Piper Verlag), 126-54, here 127. 3 Participants in the survey could choose from a scale with seven possible answers ranging from 'totally disagree' (1) to 'totally agree' (7). Those who chose 5-7 on certain questions were classed as 'latently anti-semitic', which suggests that the results were not entirely representative. See ASF (2003) 'Umfrage zu Juden• feindlichkeit: Jeder mnfte Deutsche latent antisemitisch', 21 November. 4 A German research project on the transmission of memory of the National Socialist past within families also concluded that at this level Germans are com• monly portrayed as victims rather than perpetrators. See Sabine Moller, Karoline Tschuggnall and Harald Welzer (2005) "Opa war kein Nazi". Nationalsozialismus und Holocaust im Familiengedachtnis (Frankfurt am Main: Fischer). 5 Frahm criticises Aleida Assmann's article (1999) 'Ein deutsches Trauma? Die Kollektivschuldthese zwischen Erinnern und Verges sen' in Merkur, Nr. 608, Jg. 53 (December 1999), 1142-54.

Chapter 6 Sixty Years On: Commemoration and a New Government

1 As further indication that the 1950s are regarded as a 'golden age' of post-war history, Konrad Adenauer was voted the 'top' German in the 2003 ZDF show Unsere Besten (Germany's Best). 2 The Foundation for the Centre against Expulsions has distanced itself from this campaign. See ZGVd 'Zentrum gegen Vertreibungen distanziert sich von Preussischer Treuhand', 21 March 2004, http://www.z-g-v.de/aktuelles/index. php3?id=141. 3 The site will be replaced with a park until the means can be found to finance the reconstruction of the Prussian Palace (see FAZ, 19 January 2006 and 5 July 2002). 4 Unless stated otherwise, further references to the meeting are from this source. 5 For details of the campaign, see http://www.land-der-ideen.de. 6 For details, see http://www.du-bist-deutschland.de. References

All internet resources were accessed on 7 April 2007

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Action Reconciliation Service for Peace (Aktion Siihnezeichen Friedensdienste) http://www.asf-ev.de Against Oblivion, for Democracy (Gegen Vergessen fur Demokratie e.V.) http://www. gegen-vergessen.de Alliance for Democracy and Tolerance (Biindnis fur Demokratie und Toleranz) http://www.buendnis-toleranz.de Anne Frank Trust http://www.annefrank.org.uk Austrian Historical Commission (Republik Osterreich, Historikerkommission) http://www.historikerkommission.gv.at Berlin Youth Circle (Berliner Landesjugendring) http://www.ljrberlin.de Centre Against Expulsions (Zentrum gegen Vertreibungen) http://www.z-g-v.de Courage Against Far Right Violence (Mut gegen Rechte Gewalt) http://www.mut- gegen-rechte-gewalt.de 'Emergency Entrance' scheme (Aktion Noteingang) http://www.aktion-notein• gang.de Exit Deutschland http://www.exit-deutschland.de Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (Bundesamt fur Verfassungs• schutz) http://www.verfassungsschutz.de Foundation Memory, Responsibility and Future (Stiftung Erinnerung, Verantwortung und Zukunft) http://www.stiftung-evz.de Gedenkstattenforum http://www.gedenkstaettenforum.de Germany Land of Ideas (Land der Ideen) http://www.land-der-ideen.de Gesichtzeigen http://www.gesichtzeigen.de Holocaust Center in Cape Town, South Africa http://www.ctholocaust.co.za/ House of the Wannsee Conference http://www.ghwk.de Jewish Museum Berlin http://www.jmberlin.de List of memorials to Nazi victims (Gedenkstatten fur NS Opfer) http://www. gedenkstaetten-uebersicht.de Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe (Holocaust memorial) http://www. holocaust-denkmal.de Responsibility and Future Fund (Fonds Erinnerung und Zukunft) http://www. fonds-ez.de STEP21 http://www.step21.de Task Force for International Cooperation on Holocaust Education, Remembrance and Research http://www.holocausttaskforce.org Topography of Terror http://www.topographie.de UK Holocaust Memorial Day: http://www.hmd.org.uk UN: 'Remembrance and Beyond' http://www.un.org/holocaustremembrance USC Shoah Foundation Institute (Oral History Project) http://www.usc.edu/schools/ college/v hi/ Working Group on the History of the German Research Foundation (Forschergruppe zur Geschichte der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft 1920-1970) http://projekte. geschichte.uni-freiburg.de/DFG-Geschichte/ You are Germany (Du Bist Deutschland) http://www.du-bist-deutschland.de Index

131 Law, 15 'anti-monuments', 124 1968, impact of on confrontation with anti-semitism Nazi past, 45 and book The Holocaust Industry, also see generation of 1968 166-7, 168, 169 27 January (commemoration), xv, 30, and book Tad eines Kritikers, 181-4, 199-203 186 8 May (commemoration), xvi, 23, and debate on Walser's Peace Prize 89-90,124,163-6,205-6,209 speech, 57, 62-3, 65-6, 68, 69, 9 November (commemoration), xvi, 88, 74-6, 77, 78 97-9 and hostility to Israel, 176-8 11 September 2001, 1,88, 156, 188, 192, compared with far right extremism, 197 96 compared with secondary Abram, Ido, 100-1 anti-semitism, 171 Action Reconciliation Service for Peace in Europe, 163, 231 (ASF), 101-2, 188 Joschka Fischer on, 180, 207 active memory, 3, 7,81,99-100, 101-2 Jurgen Mbllemann accused of, 173-4 Adenauer, Konrad, xv, 15,47 surveys on, 180-1 Adorno, Theodor W., 20,51, 75, 100, also see secondary anti-semitism and 187 'Anti-Semitism Dispute' Afghanistan, 52, 88-9 'Anti-Semitism Dispute' Against Oblivion, for Democracy (Gegen (Antisemitismusstreit), 171-87 Vergessen. Fur Demokratie), 102 and German foreign policy, 208 Ahmedinajad, Mahmoud, 207 and Mbllemann debate, 171-81 Alliance for Democracy and Tolerance, and Tad eines Kritikers (Martin 96 Walser), 181-7 Allied bombing raids, 189, 191,203, Apfel, Holger, 203-4 204, 218-19 Arendt, Hannah, 18 Allies ASF and confrontation with Nazi past, see Action Reconciliation Service for 14-15, 123 Peace and repression of Nazi past, 16-17, 28 Assmann, Jan, 11 Alltagsgeschichte (everyday history), 22, on communicative and cultural 124 memory, 25-6 American Jewish Committee, 166, 177-8 Assmann, Aleida, 26, 63 amnesty (in West Germany), 15-16 Association [Forderkreis] for the Annan, Kofi, 200 Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Anne Frank, 13, 29, 35, 42 Europe, 133, 134, 137, 138, 140 Anne Frank Trust, 42 Aufarbeitung der Vergangenheit ('working anti-communism (West Germany), 16, through the past'), 20 53 Augstein, Rudolph, 76 anti-fascism (East Germany), 14, 15, 53 Auschwitz, 234 (note to Introduction) and memorialisation, 123 and 60th anniversary of liberation of, anti-memory narratives, 16 196, 199-203

254 Index 255

annual commemoration marking Berlin Youth Circle (Berliner liberation of, 30 Landesjugendring), 103 as global symbol, 31-5, 41, 87, 187 Bernhard, Thomas, 56 cited to legitimate German Biermann, Wolf, 107-8, 109 intervention in Kosovo, 84, 86, Bitburg controversy, 23 87 Blair, Tony, 41-2, 113 impact of on Federal Republic, 12, 14, Blum, Norbert, 177 17 Blumenthal, Michael, 152, 154, 155, instrumentalisation of, 58, 104, 165, 156 229 (also see Peace Prize speech) Boll, Heinrich, 18 viewed as sum of Second World War, Bonn (capital of West Germany), I, 16, 7,32,35,150 48, 49 also see Holocaust (remembrance of compared to Berlin, 45-6 post-war) Bosbach, Wolfgang, 109 Auschwitz Trials (Frankfurt), 18, 58 Boyes, Roger, 206, 219, 220, 222 Austria, 29, 40, 201 Der Brand, 189 Austrian Fund for Reconciliation, Peace Brandt, Willy, xv, 21, 117 and Cooperation, 29 Broder, Henryk, 98, 223 Austrian Historical Commission, 29 on 'Holocaust industry', 167 on Holocaust memorial, 141, 146, 'banality of evil', 18 147, 148 Basic Law (Grundgesetz), 16, 53, 81, 94, on Leidku/tur, 2, 82, 104-5 103, 109, 139, 206 Brumlik, Micha, 63, 74, 78 Becker, Boris, 206 Bubis, Ignatz, 62, 145 Belgium, 28-9, 30 on normality in Germany, 53 Benz, Wolfgang, 20, 42 role in debate on Walser's Peace Prize Berenbaum, Michael, 34 speech, 64, 65-6, 67-70, 71, 73, Bergen-Belsen (former concentration 75,77 camp),123 Buchenwald (former concentration Berlin (as capital of unified Germany) camp),123 active memory initiatives in, 101-3 and Schafer controversy, 214 and dialectic of normality, 52 as East German memorial, 121, 123 as planned location for Centre against Bude, Heinz, 50 Expulsions, 210, 211, 213 Bundesamt {iir Verfassungsschutz Gerhard Schroder on, 49, 89, 90 see Federal Office for the Protection of memorialisation in, 127-9, 160, 217 the Constitution move of government to (1999), 45-6 Bundestag Berlin Republic, I, 46 and debate on Holocaust memorial, and attitudes towards the Nazi past, 138-9, 144-6 2-3,4,44-50,62 and Patriotism Debate (2001), 116-18 and concern of distancing from Nazi Burchardt, Lothar, 112 past in, 73, 76-7, 170, 205 Bush, George, 89, 118, 194, 197, 199 and neue Unbefangenheit, 46-7 Gerhard Schroder on role of, 47-9 capitulation of Germany (1945) Holocaust memorial as symbol of, annual commemoration of (8 May), 119, 142 xvi also see SPD-Green government and 1985 commemoration of, 23, 124 (1998-2005) and Berlin and 2000 commemoration of, 89-90 Berlin Underground (Berliner and 2002 commemoration of, 163-6 Unterwe/ten), 221 and 2005 commemoration of, 196, Berlin Wall, xvi, 49, 97, 142, 157, 160 205-6,209 256 Index

Carsten-Heye, Uwe, 219-20 shift from to cultural memory, 25-7, Central Council of Jews in Germany 44,47,121,228 (Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland) 'communities of interpretation', 26, 62, and 'Anti-Semitism Dispute', 172, 228 174, 175 communities of memory, 8-10, 11, rejection of 2004 228 Gedenkstiittenkonzept, 217 and debate on Walser's Peace Prize Central Office of the Judicial Authorities speech, 63, 67, 69-70 of the Federal States for the and generational change, 18-19, 164 Investigation of National Socialist and German victimhood, 191 Crimes, 18 and globalised remembrance, 27, 32-3 Centre against Expulsions (Zentrum compensation to former forced gegen Vertreibungen), 209-14 labourers, 91-3 CDU (Christian Democratic Union) and dialectic of normality, 51 and' Anti-Semitism Dispute', 179 and Norman Finkelstein debate, 169, and Centre against Expulsions, 170 211-13 raised in debate on Walser's Peace and Gedenkstiittenkonzept controversy Prize speech, 67 (2004),217-19 Connolly, Kate, 113 and Leitkultur debate, 108, 109-11 constitutional patriotism and Martin Hohmann debate, 187-8 see Verfassungspatriotismus and Nationalstolz debate, 111-12, 113, concentration and extermination 114-15,116-17 camps; post-war memorialisation attitude of towards Nazi past, 13; of, 120-2, 123 under Konrad Adenauer, 15-18; also see memorials under Helmut Kohl, 22-5; under Connerton, Paul, 19 Angela Merkel, 208-9, 228, 229 Cook, Robin, 86, 113 election defeat (1998), 1 Courage against Far Right Violence election victory (2005), 207 (Mut gegen rechte Gewalt), 102-3 also see Grand Coalition Cullen, Michael, 162 Chirac, Jacques, 30, 197, 201 cultural memory, 25-7, 88, 97, 217 Coalition Treaty (2005),211,217 and glob ali sed remembrance, 32-3 Cold War, 24, 25, 36, 49, 123, 165 shift from communicative memory to, and repreSSion of Nazi past, 15, 16-17 25-7,44,47,121,228 collective guilt cultural remembrance (memorials), 120 see guilt 'culture of contrition', 43 collective memory, 8-10 Czech, Hermann, 162 Cole, Tim, 35, 167 Czech Republic, 211 commemorations related to Nazi past impact of present-day events upon, 34, Dachau (former concentration camp), 99-100 123 on 27 January, xv, 30, 199-203 Daubler-Gmelin, Herta, 194 on 8 May, xvi, 23, 89-90, 124, 163-6, Day for Democracy, 206 205-6,209 Day of German Unity (Tag der Deutschen on 9 November, xvi, 88, 97-9 Einheit), xvi, 110 also see sixtieth anniversary of the end Day of Remembrance for the Victims of of World War Two and D-Day National Socialism (27 January), xv, commemorations 30, 199-203 communicative memory, 25-7, 228 D-Day commemorations (2004), 196, impact of non-transmission of, 19, 197-8 190 Degussa (Holocaust memorial), 139 Index 257 democracy East Germany and West German identity, IS, 24 see German Democratic Republic as a focus of Leitverantwortung, 80-1 Economic Miracle (Wirtschaftswunder), demonstrations against far right 17,21 on 9 November 2000, 97-9 Education after Auschwitz (Erziehung on 8 May 2005, 206 nach Auschwitz), 100-1 also see far right Eichmann, Adolf, 52 denazification, 14, 15 Eichmann Trial, 18 Denkmal (as compared to Mahnmal), 136 Eisenman, Peter (Holocaust memorial), also see memorials 129, 136, 137, 139, 148-9 Denkmal fUr die ermordeten Juden Europas Elsasser, Jiirgen, 193 see Holocaust memorial Emergency Laws (West Germany), 20 'Deutscher Weg' ('German path'), 192-5 'Empty Library' memorial (Berlin), dialectic of normality, 2, 4, 50-3, 221, 129 222, 229 Enquete-Kommission (memorial sites), and Berlin, 52, 128 125-7, 161 and debates on Nazi legacy, 73, 78-9, Enzensberger, Hans Magnus, 86 178,207 Erinnerungskultur, 125, 218 and debate on Walser's Peace Prize Erzwungene Wege (exhibition), 213-14 speech, 64, 72 ethnos, 16 and German foreign policy, 192, 193 Europe; European Union and generational change, 53, 79 and 2005 commemorations, 200-2 and Holocaust memorial, 119, 132, and anti-semitism, 163,231 142 and proposed European Union ban of and Jewish Museum, 157 Nazi symbols, 200--1 and Leitkultur debate, 107 attitudes towards in Berlin Republic, Leidkultur and Leitverantwortung as 47,89-90 responses to, 80 attitudes towards in West Germany, outside Germany, 51 17 self-imposed nature of, 2, 53, 74, 166, changing attitudes to Nazi past in, 12, 193,229 28-31 Diepgen, Eberhard, 136, 150 dispute over resolution on Holocaust Diner, Dan, 16 remembrance, 201 division of Germany eastward enlargement of, 89, 197, 198 impact on confrontation with Nazi European Network on Memory and legacy, 16-17, 123 Solidarity, 211 viewed as punishment for Auschwitz, European Parliament resolution on 24 Holocaust remembrance, 201 Donhoff, Marion Grafin, 108 expellees (Vertriebene) 'double past'; and memorialisation, and Centre against ExpulSions, 217-19 209-14 also see memorials remembrance of in post-war Dresden Germany, 189, 191 and film Dresden (2005), 204-5 EXPO 2000,90-1 commemoration of Allied bombings expulsion (and flight) of Germans from of, 203 eastern Europe Dubiel, Helmut, 30, 37, 43 see expellees Du bist Deutschland (You are Germany), 219 far right, far right extremism, 94-9 DVU (German People's Union), 203, and 2005 commemorations, 203-4, 204 205-6 258 Index far right, far right extremism - continued forced labourers and anti-semitism, 96 see compensation to former forced and dialectic of normality, 52 labourers and Germany's image, 94, 96, 98, 204, Forderkreis (Holocaust memorial) 206,220 see Association [Forderkreis) for the and the 'New Right', 25 Memorial to the Murdered Jews and debate on Walser's Peace Prize of Europe speech, 65-6, 73-4 Foundation against Expulsions (Stiftung and World Cup 2006,219-20 gegen Vertreibungen), 210 as European phenomenon, 95 also see Centre against Expulsions compared to Nazis, 77 Frahm, Ole, 191 development of since unification, 94-5 France, xvi, 28 election successes, 203, 232 Frei, Norbert, 16, 190-1, 198 political and public initiatives against, Freudenheim, Tom, 157 94, 96-9, 101-3, 206 Frevert, Ute, 26, 63 also see NPD Friedenspreisrede FOP (Free Democratic Party), 1, 116, see Peace Prize speech 174,179,198 Friedlander, Saul, 51, 120 Federal Office for the Protection of the Friedman, Michel, 98,172, 173, 175, Constitution (Bundesamt (iir 176,179 Verfassungsschutz), 94 Friedrich, Jorg, 189, 190 Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) Funke, Hajo, 63,74,76,77,78,176 and the European Union, 17,47 and Western integration, 15 Galinski, Heinz, 147 attitude of towards German Gauck, Joachim, 215, 218 Democratic Republic, 17 Gedenkstiitten (memorial sites); attitude of towards Nazi past definition of, 121 post-unification, 24-5 (also see also see memorials, memorial sites Berlin Republic) Gedenkstiittenkonzept (memorial sites), attitude of towards Nazi past 125-7 pre-unification, 14-24 controversy over 2004 national identity in, 14, 17 Gedenkstiittenkonzept, 217-19 national memory in, 11-12, 14 generational change The Final Solution (genocide), 39, 40, and Berlin Republic, 2, 45 86,101,232 and dialectic of normality, 53 Finkelstein, Norman, 31, 35 and remembrance of Nazi past, 9-10, and debate on book The Holocaust 18-20 Industry, 166-71 generation of 1968, 2, 20, 89 Fischer, Joschka members of in Schroder government, as member of generation of 1968, 2,45 45 'generation of 89', 50 on European enlargement, 89 German Democratic Republic (GDR) on German foreign policy, 46 attitude of towards Nazi past, 14, 17 on German victimhood, 210 attitude of towards West Germany, 17 on legacy of Nazi past, 200, 207 comparison with Third Reich, 25 on military intervention in Kosovo, memorial sites in, 121, 123 86,87 remembrance of since unification, 25, on relations with Israel, 179-80 102, 214-19 Flick, Friedrich Christian, 205 German Historical Museum, 209, 212 'Flight, Expulsion, Integration' German-Jewish relations (post-war), 76, (exhibition),212-13 174-6, 179-80, 188,232 Index 259

German Research Foundation, 52 Gunzel, Reinhard, 188 Germany - Land of Ideas, 219 Gysi, Gregor, 25 Gerz, Jochen, 124, 136; and Shalev-Gerz, Esther, 124 Haacke, Hans, 124 Geschichtskultur, 124-5 Habermas, Jurgen, 63 Geschichtspolitik, 13, 22, 24, 25, 30, 62, as possible target of Peace Prize 142,196-7,208,209,228 speech,56 Gesichtzeigen, 103 on 'Anti-Semitism Dispute', 185 Gibowski, Wolfgang, 93 on Holocaust memorial, 142, 146 globalisation (of Holocaust role in Historians' Dispute, 24 remembrance), 31-5 Haider, J6rg, 39 Globke, Hans, 15 Halbwachs, Maurice, 8-10, 18-19 'Gnade der spaten Geburt' (grace of late Haury, Thomas, 175-7 birth), 23, 48 Beim Hiiuten der Zwiebel (Peeling the Goebbels, Joseph, SO, 52, 184 Onion),224 Goethe-Institut, 91, 94 Herbert, Ulrich, 22, 39, 215 Goldhagen, Daniel J., 25, 168 Herf, Jeffrey, 15, 16,21, 52 Goran Eriksson, Sven, 202 Herzinger, Richard, 87, 175, 176, 190 Gorbey, Ken, 154 Herzog, Roman, xv, 61, 70 Grand Coalition (elected in 2005) Heyl, Matthias, 100-1 and attitudes to Nazi past, 207-9, 229 Historians' Dispute (Historikerstreit), and debate on German victimhood, 23-4 209-10 Historical Association to Reappraise foreign policy of, 206-7 SED Injustice (Geschichtsverbund also see Merkel, Angela zur Aufarbeitung des SED-Unrechts), Grass, Gunter, 18,24, 133, 163, 190 215-16 and novel 1m Krebsgang, 189 Hochhuth, Rolf, 18 as possible target of Peace Prize Hoffmann, Christa, 20 speech,58 Hohmann, Martin controversy surrounding wartime SS and allegations of anti-semitism, involvement, 224-7 187-8 Great Britain, xv, 29 on Holocaust memorial, 145 and Holocaust Memorial Day, 30, Holocaust (remembrance of post-war) 40-2,202 absence from discourse in early and patriotism, 113 post-war years, 10, 15 Greece, 93-4 and dialectic of normality, 2, 51 Green Card initiative, 51-2 and Holocaust (TV series), 13, 22, 36 Green Party (Die Griinen/Bilndnis 90), 1, as barrier to understanding, 6-7 218 emergence of discourse on in West and debate on intervention in Germany, 20-2 Afghanistan, 88 instrumentalisation of, 58, 104, 165, and debate on intervention in 229 (also see Peace Prize speech) Kosovo,36 media representation of, 53, 57-8, 76, and Nationalstolz debate, 110, 115 82, 166, 167 Grimond, John, 44, SO, 53 uniqueness or comparability of, 24, Grosser, Alfred, 9, 13 34,168-9 Grundgesetz use of word, 15,22 see Basic Law viewed as sum of Second World War, Gruppe 47, 15 7, 32, 35, 150 guilt; collective guilt (Karl Jaspers on), Holocaust denial, 40, 231 10, 20, 234 (note 3) Holocaust education, 100 260 Index

The Holocaust Industry (book by Norman Jaspers, Karl, 10, 15, 16,20, 71, 82 Finkelstein and subsequent debate), Jeismann, Michael, 30, 31, 32, 50, 59, 166-71,230 70 compared to Walser's Peace Prize Jenninger, Philip, 23 speech, 167-8 Jewish Claims Conference, 166,232 Holocaust memorial (Berlin), 129-51 JeWish Museum (Berlin), 132, 151-7 and dialectic of normality, 52 Jorges, Hans-Ulrich, 186-7,205 Holocaust Memorial Day, xv, 30, 201, 'Joseph affair', 105-6 231 Jung, Franz Josef, 208 in Great Britain, 29, 40-2, 202, 231 Holocaust Memorial Museum Kaczynski, Jaroslaw, 213, 214 (Washington), 36 Kaiser Wilhelm Society, 52 homosexuals (remembrance of Nazi Karsli, Jamal, 172 victims of), 93, 124, 150 Kiesinger, Kurt Georg, xv, 20 Honderich, Ted, 188 Klinsmann, ]Urgen, 221 House of the Wannsee Conference Klotz, Gerd, 76-7 (Berlin), 101, 123, 232 Knabe, Hubertus, 216, 218 Hungary, 201 Kohl, Helmut, 87 and attitudes to Europe, 47 identity and Bitburg controversy, 23 see national identity and Holocaust memorial, 60, 76, 143 Institute for Contemporary History and Neue Wache, 142-3 (Munich), 18, 216 and 'normalisation', 22-3 instrumentalisation (of Nazi past), Kohler, Horst, xv, 199,202-3,206,209, 13-14,104,165,229 214, 219, 221 as theme of Walser's Peace Prize Korn, Salomon, 68 speech,58 Koselleck, Reinhard, 27 during Cold War, 17 Kosovo; German military intervention positive and negative impact of, in, 52, 83-8 229-30 'Kosovocaust', 86 intellectual arson (geistige Brandstiftung) 1m Krebsgang, 189,227 (Peace Prize speech), 64, 65 Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass), intellectuals xvi, 97, 98, 124 criticism of in Peace Prize debate, Kuntzel, Matthias, 87 55-7 Kwasniewski, Aleksander, 211 role of in remembrance of Nazi past, 15, 18 Lagrou, Pieter, 28-9 International Auschwitz Committee, Lammert, Norbert, 207 202 Langenscheidt, Florian, 223 Iran, 231 Lebanon, 208 Iraq (war in Iraq), 192, 193, 194, 197 Leggewie, Claus, 20 Irving, David, 40 Legitimationskultur (culture of Israel, 33, 67, 120, 188, 199,200,203 legitimation), 30--1, 32, 37, 43, 191, and Anti-Semitism debate, 163, 200 171-8, 180-1 Leidkultur, 2, 82-3, 230 German relations with, 180, 203, 208 and Holocaust memorial, 146-8 Italy, xv, 30 and 'Joseph affair', 105 and Leitkultur debate, 107 Jackel, Eberhard, 132 and Nationalstolz debate, 111 Jager, Lorenz, 170 compared to Leitverantwortung, 83, 105 Jakob-Marks, Christine, 134 Henryk Broder on, 82, 103-5 Index 261

Leitkultur debate (2000), 80, 105-11 memorials, memorial sites and Leidkultur, 107 and 'anti-monuments', 124 and Leitverantwortung, 107, 109 and Berlin, 127-9 Leitverantwortung, 2, 80-1, 230 and cultural remembrance, 120-3 and attitudes to Europe, 84-5, 89-90 and dialectic of normality, 128-9 and compensation to forced and Gedenkstiittenkonzept, 125-7, labourers, 91-4 217-19 and GDR past, 85 and Leitverantwortung, 125 and Germany's image, 89-91 as authentic or constructed sites, and initiatives against the far right, 120-2 94-9 challenges for in unified Germany, and instrumentalisation, 81-2, 86 125,217-19 and Jewish Museum, 155-7 definition of Gedenkstiitten (memorial and military intervention in Kosovo, sites), 121 83-9 development of in East Germany, and political education, 99-101 121, 123 compared to Leidkultur, 83, 105 development of in West Germany, Lejeune, ErichJ., 222-3 123-4 Levy, Daniel, 31-3, 36, 39, 86, 87 distinction between Denkmal and Levy, Daniel (film-maker), SO Mahnmal, 136 liberation (1945) to homosexual victims of Nazism, see capitulation 124, 150 Libeskind, Daniel, 136 to Sinti and Roma, 124, 150, 239 and design for SS-Truppenlager site, (note 9) 162 also see Holocaust memorial (Berlin) and Jewish Museum, 152, 154, ISS and under individual names on the new Berlin, 128 memory (of Nazi past) lieux de memoire, 120-1, 122, 124-5, active, 3, 7, 81, 99-100, 101-2 126, 160 Americanised, 34, 35-7 Linenthal, Edward, 35, 36 and communities of memory, 8-10, Lipstadt, Deborah, 40 11, 18-19,228 Livingstone, Ken, 202 as interpretation, 6, 26 Lu{tkrieg und Literatur, 189 as narrative, 7-8, 9, 11, 14 collective, 8-10 Maffay, Peter, 112 communicative, 25-7, 228 Mahnmal (as compared to Denkmal), 136 cultural, 25-7, 88, 97, 217 also see memorials 'de-Germani sed', 14, 31, 32 Maron, Monika, 71 globalisation of, 27, 31-5 Matussek, Matthias, 223 individual, 10-11, 42 Max Planck Society, 52 in East Germany, 14, 15 media; role of in remembrance of Nazi in West Germany, 14-24 past, 11, 76, 78-9, 82, 166,229 in post-war Europe, 12,28-31 (also and cultural memory, 26 see under individual countries) and Nationalstolz debate, 112-14 layering of, 3, 12-13 criticism of in Peace Prize speech, 56-8 non-transmission of, 9, 19 Meinecke, Friedrich, 15 national, 10-12 Meinungssoldaten (opinion soldiers) (Peace repression of, 15, 16, 17, 19,20,21, Prize speech), 56, 59, 72, 75, 146 28, 55, 145, 156 and 'Anti-Semitism Dispute', 185-7 ritual, 3, 6, 7 Memorial to the Murdered Jews of memorial site concept Europe, see Holocaust memorial see Gedenkstiittenkonzept 262 Index

Mengele, Joseph, 93 national myths Menzel, Klaus-Jtirgen, 203 see myths, and national memory Merkel, Angela, xv national pride and debate on German victimhood, Gerhard SchrOder on, 116, 164, 166 209-10 Horst Kohler on, 221 attitude to Nazi past, 208-9, 228, 229 in Great Britain, 113 election victory (2005), 207 Johannes Rau on, 116 on German foreign policy, 208 also see Leitkultur debate, Nationalstolz on Leitkultur, 106, 109, 110 debate and Patriotism debate on national pride, 3, 115, 221, 223 (2006) also see Grand Coalition (elected Nationalstolz debate (2001), 111-18 2005) also see Patriotism debate (2006) Merz, Friedrich, 106, 110, 114, 117 nativization (of memory), 34 Meyer, Laurenz, 111-12, 113 Naumann, Michael, 38, 108, 136-7, 138 milieux de memo ire, 120-1, 124-5, 126, Nazi past, confrontation with 158, 160 and generational change, 2, 9-10, Milosevic, Slobodan, 83, 86 18-20,45,53 Mitscherlich, Alexander, 19,21, 114 and unification, 24-5 Mitscherlich, Margarete, 21 as global phenomenon, 31-5 Moeller, Robert G., 16 in East Germany, 14, 15, 17 Moller, Horst, 216 in Europe, 12,28-31 Mohler, Armin, 19 in the United States, 34, 35-7 Mohr, Reinhard, 46, 64, 221 in West Germany, 14-24 Mollemann, Jurgen legacy of in post-war Germany, 6 and allegations of anti-semitism under SPD-Green government ('Anti-Semitism Dispute'), 171-6 (1998-2005), 44-50 and flyer controversy, 179 under Grand Coalition (since 2005), parallels with Martin Walser, 172, 207-9,229 180, 184-7 also see memory MoIzer, Andreas, 201 Nazis, former members of in West Morsch, Gunter, 126, 161 German government, 15 monuments 'negative nationalism', 60, 82, 146 see memorials Neo-Nazis Muller, Henrik, 223 see far-right extremism Muller, Kirsten, 117 The Netherlands, 28, 29, 30, 42, 66 Muller, Peter, 109 neue Unbe(angenheit, 46, 50, 54, 77, 166, Muntefering, Franz, 110, 192 170, 175, 185, 187, 192,207,224, Muslim Council of Britain, 202 230 myths; and national memory, 11-12 Neue Wache (New Guardhouse) memorial (Berlin), 127, 138, 142-3 Nachama, Andreas, 140 Neumann, Bernd, 212-13, 216 national identity (in post-war Germany) New Right (Neue Rechte), 25,73, 179 constructions of in East Germany, Niethammer, Lutz, 18 16-17 Niven, Bill, 15, 21, 25, 54, 56, 61, 81, constructions of in West Germany, 96,124,198,217 16-17,22 Nolte, Ernst, 23-4 impact of unification on, 24-5 Nooke, Gunter, 144-5 problems of post-war, 12, 14,43 Nora, Pierre, 27, 120-1 also see Leitkultur debate, Nationalstolz normalisation, 18,22, 45, 48, 73, 75, debate and Patriotism debate 117,203,205 (2006) Novick, Peter, 32, 34, 35-6, 39, 167, 169 Index 263

NPD (National Democratic Party), 94, Prussian Claims Society (Preussischer 115,141,203-4,205-6,219,232 Treuhand), 211 proposed ban of, 52, 99, 117 Pruss ian Palace (Berlin), 86, 217 also see far right Putin, Vladimir, 199 Nuremberg Trials, 14 Queen Elizabeth II, 202, 204 Olendzki, Krysztof, 213 OMGUS (US Office of the Military Rau, Johannes, xv, 88, 97, 98, 116, Government), 16 155-6,210-11 Opperman, Sophia, 103 Reagan, Ronald, 23 Oranienburg re-education (West Germany), 14-15 see Sachsenhausen Reich-Ranicki, Marcel Ort der Information (Information Centre) and debate on Walser's Peace Prize (Holocaust memorial), 129, 139, speech, 59, 62, 72 143, 150 and debate on Tad eines Kritikers, Ostpolitik, 21 181-2, 184, 186 'Our 1950s' (ARD series), 209 Reichstag, as symbol of new capital, 49, 124 Palast der Republik (Berlin) remembrance see People's Palace see memory Patriotism debate (2001) Rensmann, Lars, 63, 68,74-5,78, see Nationalstolz debate 144-6, 150, 170, 176 Patriotism debate (2006), 220-2 repression (of Nazi past), 15, 16, 17, 19, PDS (Party of Democratic Socialism), 20,21,28,55,145,156 110,115 resistance (to National Socialist regime), Peace Prize speech (Friedenspreisrede) 15, 28 (October 1998), 54-79 'Revolt of the Decent People', 94 ambiguity in, 70-2 right-wing extremism and allegations of anti-semitism, 57, see far right 62,63,65,74-5 Roeder, Manfred, 141 and breaking of taboos, 63, 73 Rohloff, Joachim, 63, 76 and dialectic of normality, 64, 72 Roseman, Mark, 39 and shift to right, 73-4 Roth, Claudia, 115, 179 impact on discourse on Nazi past, 64, Rosh, Lea, 132-3, 134, 136, 137, 138, 73-9 139,140-1,147,221 likely targets of, 56, 57, 59, 61, 62 Ross, Jan, 45, 50, 64 reaction of far right to, 73 Der RUf(newspaper), 15 also see Walser, Martin Rupp, Rainer, 55, 61 People's Day of Mourning, xvi, 237 Rurup, Reinhard, 158-9 (note 10) Rusen, Jorn, 125 People's Palace (Berlin), 217 Persson, Goran, 37 Sachsenhausen (former concentration PETA,230 camp), 121, 123, 216 Pfahl-Traughber, Armin, 95 planned redevelopment of Phantomschmerz, 205, 223, 230 55-Truppenlager on site, 161-2 The Pianist, 37 Saxony Memorial Site Foundation, 217 Plotzensee memorial (Berlin), 123 Schafer, Hermann, 214, 219 Po~nd,93, 19~201,211,213,214 Scharping, Rudolf, 84, 87 Postone, Moische, 25 Schiffer, Claudia, 141, 219 Prant!, Heribert, 114, 117 Schill, Ronald, 95-6 Prince Harry, 201, 202 Schily, Otto, 2, 133, 206 264 Index

Schindler's List, 25, 37 shame (Scham); reference to in debate Schirrmacher, Frank, 68, 72, 86, 181-2, on Walser's Peace Prize speech, 71 186 Sharon, Ariel, 163, 172, 173, 174-5, 178 Schlu~strich (line drawn under the past), Shoah Visual History Foundation, 37 64,74,77,168,185,188,205 Sinti and Roma (remembrance of Nazi Schmidt, Helmut, xv, 21 victims), 124, 143, ISO Schonbohm, Jorg, 216-17 Six-Day War, 20 Schoneberg memorial (Berlin), 128-9 sixtieth anniversary of the end of World Schroder, Gerhard, 44, 60 War Two (commemorations), and 'Deutscher Weg', 192-5 196-206 and neue Unbefangenheit, 46 Sonderweg ('special path'), 24, 47, 85, attitude to Nazi past, 46-9, 62 235 (note 11) debate with Martin Walser (2002), discussions of during 2002 elections, 163-6 192-5 inaugural policy statement, 46-7, 48 SPD (Social Democratic Party); and on Berlin as new capital, 48, 49, 89, attitudes to Nazi past, l3; under 90 Willy Brandt, 21; under Gerhard on compensation to former forced Schroder, 46-9, 62 labourers, 92-3 SPD-Green government (1998-2005) on far right, 94, 96, 100, 203 and attitudes to Nazi past, 44-50 on German foreign policy, 83-5, and compensation to former forced 88-9, 192 labourers, 91-4 on Germany's role in Europe, 47, and generational change, 45 89-90, 164 campaign against far right, 94, 96, on Holocaust memorial, 143-4 100, 203 on Leitkultur debate, 110 election victory in 1998, 1 on national pride, 116, 164, 166 election victory in 2002, 193 on normality, 48, 50 foreign policy in, 83-9 on role of Berlin Republic, 47-9 also see Berlin Republic and Schroder, presence at 2004 D-Day Gerhard commemorations, 197-8 'society without a father' speech at Stockholm conference, 38-9 see vaterlose Gesellschaft speeches at 2005 commemorations, Spiegel, Paul, 96, 97, 98, 108-9, 141, 202,206 173 also see SPD-Green government Spielberg, Steven, 37 (1998-2005) and Berlin Ein springender Brunnen, 59, 192 Republic Stadtschloss (Berlin) SchrOder, Richard, l37, 216 see Prussian Palace Die Schuldfrage, 10, IS Stasi (East German secret police), 216 Schulz, Martin, 201 Steinbach, Erika, 210, 212, 2l3, 214, Schumacher, Michael, 112 225 Sebald, Winfried G., 189 Steinbach, Peter, 16, 170, 171, 187 secondary anti-semitism, 4, 75, 104, Stockholm International Forum on 173-4 the Holocaust, 37-9 and The Holocaust Industry, 170 Straw, Jack, 197 compared with anti-semitism, 171 Strieder, Peter, 148 also see anti-semitism Stunde Null (Zero Hour), 14, 16, 48, 109, SED (Socialist Unity Party), 110, 125, 235 (note 5) 127 Sweden, xv, 30 memorialisation of victims of, 215-19 Sznaider, Natan, 31-4, 36, 37, 39, 86, Serra, Richard, l36 87, 187 Index 265 taboos (related to Nazi legacy), 3 in Europe, 29 in Berlin Republic, 170 and Nationalstolz debate, 116-17 discussion of during Anti-Semitism also see Nazi past, confrontation with Dispute, 174-6 Verfassungspatriotismus (constitutional discussion of in relation to The patriotism), 17, 106, 109, 115, 164, Holocaust Industry, 166, 170-1 198,221,223 discussion of in relation to Walser's Verfassungsschutzbericht, 94, 95, 96 Peace Prize speech, 63 Vergangenheitspolitik, 16,20,37,73 on German wartime suffering, 189 Verjiihrungsdebatten (debates on the Taking a Stance for Humanity and statute of limitations for Nazi Tolerance (demonstration), 97-9 crimes), 18, 235 (note 10) Task Force for International Versammlungsrecht (right of assembly), Cooperation on Holocaust 206 Education, Remembrance and Volkstrauertag Research, 37 see People's Day of Mourning Thierse, Wolfgang, 107, 111, 139, 145, Vertriebene 146,204 see expellees Tibi, Bassam, 106 victimhood; German debate on, 188-92 Tod eines Kritikers (and Anti-Semitism and 2005 commemorations, 203-5 Dispute), 181-7 and remembrance of the GDR, Topography of Terror (Topographie des 214--16, 217-18 Terrors) (Berlin), 129, 132, 133, 151, focus on in early post-war years, 16, 157-61 189 'triangle of memory' (Berlin), 129-30, re-emergence of since unification, 151 189-91 Trittin, Jurgen, 111-12, 113, 114, 115, also see expellees and Centre against 116,117 Expulsions 'voids' (Jewish Museum), 154-5 Ulrich, Bernd, 89, 197,203 Vollmer, Antje, 145 Die Unfiihigkeit zu trauern, 21 von Dohnanyi, Klaus, 64, 66-8 unification of Germany (1990); and von Weizsacker, Richard, xv, 23 impact on confrontation with the von Wilcken, Dagmar, 129 Nazi past, 1, 24-5 United Nations (UN), xv, 31, 197 Waldheim, Kurt, 29 and Resolution on Holocaust Walesa, Lech, 225 remembrance, 200 Walser, Martin, 104 United States accused of wishing to forget the Nazi and debate on compensation to past, 57-8, 61, 64, 68 former forced labourers, 91, 93 and alleged anti-semitism, 57, 62, 63, Holocaust remembrance in, 34, 35-7 65 'usable past', 11 attitude of far right to, 66, 73 compared to Jurgen Mollemann, van der Will, Wilfried, 51, 53, 56 171-2, 186-7 vaterlose Gesellschaft ('society without a debate with Gerhard Schroder, 163-6 father'), 19,61 explains Peace Prize speech Vergangenheitsbewiiltigung (mastering terminology, 71-2 the past), 20-2, 23, 45 Geschichte als Zeughaus (essay), 58 conservative attempts to lessen novel Ein Springender Brunnen, 59 impact of, 22 novel Tod eines Kritikers, and emergence of in West German subsequent debate, 181-8 discourse, 20-1 on Auschwitz Trials, 58 266 Index

Walser, Martin - continued Wiegel, Gerd, 74, 75, 76, 77 on Holocaust memorial, 60 Wiesel, Elie, 34, 66, 71 Peace Prize speech (October 1998), Wilds, Karl, 43 and subsequent debate, 54-79 Winkler, Heinrich August, 17,82 'Ober Deutschland reden' (essay), Winkler, Uirike, 169 59-60 Wirtschaftswunder 'Ober freie und unfreie Rede' (essay), see Economic Miracle 55-6, 58 Wittenbergplatz memorial (Berlin), 128 'Unser Auschwitz' (essay), 58 Wolffsohn, Michael, 20 also see Peace Prize speech Wolfrum, Edgar, 13, 22 Walser debate; Walser-Bubis debate Wollaston, Isabel, 34 (October 1998 Peace Prize speech), Woods, Roger, 25 54-79 World Cup (2006), 219-24 also see Peace Prize speech Wowereit, Klaus, 140, 150 'war on terror', 1,88, 197, 199 'wars of memory', 34, 63, 82, 104, 119, Young, James 160,201,202,214,216,233 on Holocaust memorial, 134, 135, Wehrmachtausstellung (exhibition on 137, 148, 149-50 the crimes of the Wehrmacht), 25 on memorialisation, 120, 121, 124 Weinmiller, Gesine, 136 on Topography of Terror, 160-1 Weiss, Christina, 211, 215 Weiss, Peter, 18 Zentrum gegen Vertreibungen Weissberg-Bob, Nea, 173, 178 see Centre against Expulsions Westerwelle, Guido Zero Hour and 'Anti-Semitism Dispute', 172-3, see Stunde Null 179 Zivilcourage (the courage of one's and Nationalstolz debate, 112, convictions), 98, 99 115-16 Zivilisationsbruch (breakdown in West Germany civilisation), 6, 90 see Federal Republic Zumthor, Peter, 158