Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment

ORIGINAL REPORT

Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Residential Lots Proposed on Part of Lots 2, 3, & 4, Concession 9 Part of Lots 2, 3, 4 & 5 Concession 8 Geographic Township of Radcliffe Township of Madawaska Valley County of Renfrew in northcentral Ontario.

Report Author: Dave Norris Woodland Heritage Northwest 134 College St. Thunder Bay, ON P7A 5J5 p: (807) 632-9893 e: [email protected]

Project Information Location: Lot 2 and 3 CON 8 and Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 of the Township of Madawaska Valley PIF P307-0077-2017

Proponent Information: Mr. Neil Enright National Fur Farms Inc. 118 Annie Mayhew Road Combermere, Ontario K0J 1L0 Tel: (480) 363-6558 E-Mail: [email protected]

Report Completed: September 13, 2017 Report Submitted: October 1, 2017

Executive Summary National Fur Farms Inc. in Combermere, Ontario contracted Woodland Heritage Services to conduct a Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of their property located on Part of Lots 2, 3 and 4 CON 9 and Lots 2, 3, 4 and 5 CON 8 of the Township of Madawaska Valley, in the county of Renfrew in northcentral Ontario.

The proponent is planning on subdividing the property into 60 residential lots.

The archaeological assessment was undertaken in accordance with the requirements of the Ontario Heritage Act (R.S.O. 1990), the Planning Act, and the Standards and Guidelines for Consulting Archaeologists (2011). All archaeological consulting activities were performed under the Professional Archaeological Licence of Dave Norris (P307).

The Subject property is situated in the Canadian Shield (Section 1.3.3, Standard 1).

This project involves the purchase of land whereby previous activities on the subject property include seasonal camping and RV park in lots 2 and 3 on CON 9 and a private airstrip located in the southern portion on lots 2 and 3 CON 8. The property is bordered by the Madawaska River to the immediate south and includes shorelines associated with Green Lake to the north. There is approximately 230 m of beach located on the southwestern portion of the subject property that was utilized by the commercial camp and the area is dotted by various accommodations such as cottages, RV and tenting camp spaces and Pod “Glamping” structures which consist of a wooden frame that include a bed and indoor living space. Proposed changes include the development of cottages along the river area for more permanent living.

A previous Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment (P307-0070-2017) determined that several areas of the proposed development exhibited archaeological potential and thus recommendations for Stage 2 were required. Following Stage 2 investigations for this assessment (P307-0077-2017) a find spot was discovered however, subsequent testing in the surrounding area did not result in any further archaeological materials being recovered. The area has no further cultural heritage value. Physical inspection was carried out upon the remaining portion of the proposed development with no archaeological potential observed. Recommendations for further assessment are as follows: • Part of Lots 2, 3, & 4, Concession 9 Part of Lots 2, 3, 4 & 5 Concession 8 Geographic Township of Radcliffe Township of Madawaska Valley County of Renfrew hold no further cultural heritage value and therefore no further archaeological investigations are recommended.

Table of Contents

Executive Summary ...... ii • Part of Lots 2, 3, & 4, Concession 9 Part of Lots 2, 3, 4 & 5 Concession 8 Geographic Township of Radcliffe Township of Madawaska Valley County of Renfrew hold no further cultural heritage value and therefore no further archaeological investigations are recommended...... ii Maps ...... iv Photographs of Survey Area ...... iv Project Personnel ...... vii 1.0 Project Context ...... 1 1.1 Objectives ...... 1 1.2 Development Context ...... 1 1.3 Historical Context ...... 1 1.3.1 Historical Documentation ...... 1 1.3.2 Pre-Contact Period ...... 1 1.4 Archaeological Context ...... 6 1.4.1 Current Conditions ...... 6 1.4.2 Physiography ...... 6 1.4.3 Previous Archaeological Assessments ...... 7 1.4.4 Registered Archeological Sites ...... 7 1.4.5 Summary ...... 8 2.0 Methods ...... 8 2.1 Physical Inspection...... 8 2.2. Shovel Testing ...... 9 3.0 Records of Finds...... 10 4.0 Analysis and Conclusions ...... 10 5.0 Recommendations ...... 11 Part of Lots 2, 3, & 4, Concession 9 Part of Lots 2, 3, 4 & 5 Concession 8 Geographic Township of Radcliffe Township of Madawaska Valley County of Renfrew hold no further cultural heritage value and therefore no further archaeological investigations are recommended. ... 11 6.0 Advice on Compliance with Legislation ...... 11 7.0 Bibliography and References ...... 13 8.0 Maps ...... 16 9.0 Photographs ...... 20

Maps Map 1. General Location of proposed development in northcentral Ontario (from P307-0073- 2017)...... 16 Map 2. Close-up satellite imagery (Bing Maps) of proposed development area (from P307- 0073-2017)...... 16 Map 3. Location of proposed development area (from P307-0073-2017)...... 17 Map 4. Recommended areas of testing from the Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment (P307- 0073-2017)...... 17 Map 5. Results of areas inspected via pedestrian and test pit survey for this archaeological assessment...... 18 Map 6. Map of observed disturbance, water and undisturbed areas in the study area...... 18 Map 7. Location and direction of photographs in this report...... 19 Map 8. Proposed development map for the 52 lots for the proposed development...... 19

Photographs of Survey Area Photo 1. In northern portion of property along Labrador Lake, looking at pond area...... 20 Photo 2. Northern portion of property east side of beaver pond...... 20 Photo 3. Northern portion of property west edge of Labrador Lake...... 21 Photo 4. Northwestern portion of Labrador Lake...... 21 Photo 5. Edge of Labrador Lake along western edge...... 22 Photo 6. Edge of beaver dam on south edge of pond...... 22 Photo 7. Shores of western edge of beaver pond...... 23 Photo 8. General landscape of undisturbed forested area, northern area...... 23 Photo 9. General landscape terrain in northern portion of proposed development...... 24 Photo 10. General landscape terrain of central portion of proposed development...... 24 Photo 11. Northwestern edge of Green Lake...... 25 Photo 12. General landscape along the western side of Green Lake...... 25 Photo 13. General landscape terrain west of Green Lake...... 26 Photo 14. General landscape between beaver pond and Green Lake...... 26 Photo 15. General landscape between Green Lake and beaver pond...... 27 Photo 16. General landscape terrain along the western edge of Green Lake...... 27 Photo 17. Boat launch area along western shores of Green Lake...... 28 Photo 18. Camping area along the southwestern shores of Green Lake...... 28 Photo 19. Shores along southwestern edge of Green Lake...... 29 Photo 20. Shores along southern portion of Green Lake - known as 'Rocky Point'...... 29 Photo 21. Small bridge across large wetland along southern portion of Green Lake...... 30 Photo 22. Testing along southern shores of Green Lake...... 30 Photo 23. Southwestern shores of Green Lake near Rocky Point...... 31 Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew iv © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

Photo 24. Southern edge of Green Lake - note evidence of flooding water...... 31 Photo 25. General terrain south of Green Lake...... 32 Photo 26. Small wet-land east of airstrip, south of Green Lake...... 32 Photo 27. General landscape between Green Lake and Madawaska River, eastern portion. . 33 Photo 28. General landscape along the Madawaska River, eastern portion...... 33 Photo 29. Eastern end of private airstrip...... 34 Photo 30. Terrain between Airstrip and RV campground...... 34 Photo 31. Example of manicured campgrounds along the Madawaska River...... 35 Photo 32. Generalized landscape along the northern shores of the Madawaska River...... 35 Photo 33. Example of steep bank along southern shoreline of the Madawaska River...... 36 Photo 34. Generalized area along northern side of Madawaska River thought to have potential and tested...... 36 Photo 35. Generalized landscape tested along Madawaska River...... 37 Photo 36. Example of manicured camp ground along the northern side of the Madawaska River...... 37 Photo 37. Example of landscape along the western edge of the Madawaska River...... 38 Photo 38. Southern beach area along the western side of the park...... 38 Photo 39. Northern portion of beach area, with walkway from open area...... 39 Photo 40. Erosion noted along walkway...... 39 Photo 41. Open camping area manicured in the past and used for recreational purposes. .... 40 Photo 42. Open field area cleared for recreational purposes...... 40 Photo 43. Image of bank along the northern shoreline of study area...... 41 Photo 44. Cabins along the northern shoreline of study area...... 41 Photo 45. Residential house along the northern portion of study area...... 42 Photo 46. Shoreline along the northern portion adjacent to residential housing...... 42 Photo 47. Second residential house along northern boundary of study area...... 43 Photo 48. Image of shoreline on the northern corner of the study area boundary...... 43 Photo 49. Manicured back lawns of the residential houses along the northern boundary. .... 44 Photo 50. North of beach area between cabins and main office building...... 44 Photo 51. Area behind main office buildings, manicured and used for recreational purposes...... 45 Photo 52. Area behind main office buildings - mid portion of study area...... 45 Photo 53. Maintenance building on mid-portion of study area...... 46 Photo 54. Additional machinery laydown area and log cutting area mid-portion of study area...... 46 Photo 55. Ditch area near main road entering the RV park...... 47 Photo 56. Leaf compositing area north of maintenance area...... 47 Photo 57. Main road entering the RV park...... 48 Photo 58. Shoreline of wet area known as Jacob Pond (note flooding of shoreline)...... 48 Photo 59. Small cabin used for winter ice activities on shores of Jacob's Pond...... 49 Photo 60. Example of all-terrain vehicle trail in forested area in the north-central portion of study area...... 49 Photo 61. Example of secondary road running through RV park area...... 50 Photo 62. Example of camping area in the south-central area of RV park...... 50 Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew v © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

Photo 63. Example of camping and RV area in south-central portion of study area...... 51 Photo 64. Example of camping area for RV's in south-central portion of study area...... 51 Photo 65. Example of camping area on storm beach area near Madawaska River...... 52 Photo 66. Example of camping area along storm beach area along Madawaska River...... 52 Photo 67. Example of terrain and vegetation in the southeast portion of the development. . 53 Photo 68. Example of eastern shoreline of small water body on eastern portion of development...... 53 Photo 69. Example of terrain in the eastern portion of proposed development...... 54 Photo 70. Example of terrain in eastern portion of proposed development...... 54 Photo 71. Example of terrain in the northern portion of proposed development...... 55 Photo 72. Example of terrain in northwestern portion of proposed development...... 55 Photo 73. Example of terrain and vegetation in northwestern portion of proposed development...... 56

Project Personnel Field Director Dave Norris (P307)

Archival Research Dave Norris (P307)

Field Inspection Dave Norris (P307) Jamie Dumas

Mapping Dave Norris (P307) Report Preparation Dave Norris (P307)

1.0 Project Context 1.1 Objectives The objective of a Stage 2 archaeological assessment, as outlined by the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (2011 MTCS), are as follows: • To determine all archaeological resources on the property • To determine whether the property contains archaeological resources requiring further assessment • To recommend appropriate Stage 3 assessment strategies for identified archaeological sites The Stage 2 assessment involves on-site documentation and inventory of archaeological resources through systematic means such as pedestrian and/or test pit survey. 1.2 Development Context National Fur Farms Inc. in Combermere, Ontario contracted Woodland Heritage Services to conduct a Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of their property located on Lot 2 and 3 CON 8 and Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 of the Township of Madawaska Valley, in the county of Renfrew in northcentral Ontario (Map 1). This project involves the purchase of land whereby previous activities on the subject property include seasonal camping and RV park in lots 2 and 3 on CON 9 and a private airstrip located in the southern portion on lots 2 and 3 CON 8. The area of the property subjected to this assessment measures approximately 5.2 km and 79.93 ha in size. The property is bordered by the Madawaska River to the immediate south and includes shorelines associated with Green Lake and Labrador to the north. There is approximately 230 m of beach located on the southwestern portion of the subject property that was utilized by the commercial camp and the area is dotted by various accommodations such as cottages, RV and tenting camp spaces and Pod “Glamping” structures which consist of a wooden frame that include a bed and indoor living space. Proposed changes include the development of cottages along the river area for more permanent living (Map 2 and 3). A final development map outlining where the 52 lots will be located can be found in the map section of this report (Map 8). 1.3 Historical Context 1.3.1 Historical Documentation 1.3.2 Pre-Contact Period Traditionally, the history of northern Ontario has been categorized into three main periods: (1) Paleoindian (9500 to 7500 BP); (2) Archaic 7500 to 2500 BP); and (3) Woodland (2500 to 400 BP). A fourth period, the Historic (400 to present) can be assigned to the latter portion of the cultural chronology since it involves the contact and introduction of Europeans and their material culture. The first three periods are based on differences in artifact content that represents technological and cultural changes through time.

1.3.2.1 Paleoindian Period Sites of a Paleoindian cultural affiliation are rare in northern Ontario, and research on them is limited. To the west, closer to the Lake Superior Basin, Fox (1975) assessed the majority of Paleoindian sites and identified a cultural entity known as the “Lakehead Complex”. It is a discrete and temporal cluster of Late Paleoindian sites, which are associated with the middle, and late development stages of Lake Minong (Fox 1975). These sites have been found across a broad area extending from east of Lake Nipigon to as far west as the Manitoba border. Many of these sites tend to cluster along the Gunflint formation, which is a broad band of siliceous rock, which extends west from Pass Lake to Gunflint Lake (Adams 1993). It should be noted that since Fox’s (1975) assessment of Paleoindian sites in northern Ontario, there has been very little research on Paleoindian sites in Northern Ontario. The current understanding of the Paleoindian artifact assemblage, as well as other sites that lie in the region, is limited to non-organic materials, primarily stone tools. Manufactured artifacts from materials such as taconite and silicified sandstone are what remain, offering a limited glimpse into the culture. Due to the antiquity of the sites and the relative acidic nature of boreal forest soils, wood, bone, skins, bark and other natural materials which were commonly used are rarely preserved on such sites, eliminating valuable evidence that can be used to interpret the early lifeways of the people occupying the sites. This also produces a problem when trying to fit sites into a chronological sequence. With little or no organic materials surviving the volatile nature of the environment (including frost heave, acidic soils and poor preservation), there is little material for radiometric absolute dating. Therefore, establishing a firm chronology of the occupation of northern Ontario is not possible now. In the Ottawa River valley area only 2 Paleoindian projectile points have been recovered along with several lanceolate projectile points (Watson 1999:28) with no actual Paleoindian sites being excavated. The two fluted projectile points were recovered from the Lower Rideau Lake. One projectile point has double flutes on both faces and corresponds to a period when the Champlain Sea would have been at its highest elevation. The second point is side-notched and likely dates to the Late Paleoindian Period (Watson 1999:36). The lanceolate points recovered in the Ottawa Valley date to the Plano phase of the Late Paleoindian Period. Plano people hunted caribou, fish, and birds, and considering the temperate, and often extreme climate conditions, would have used mammal hides to stay warm, and as coverings for small dwellings. As the glaciers retreated north, so did the caribou, attracting occupation in the far reaches of Ontario (Dawson 1983:7). To the east, in more central Ontario, however, because of the later retreat of the glaciers in the northern part of the province and subsequent flooding of the glacially-compressed landscape by pre and post glacial lakes, there was a time delay in the settlement of this region. by colonizing vegetation, animals and humans. It appears that people may have entered the eastern Lake Superior/northern Lake Huron area about 9,000 years ago, while archaeological work farther north in the Hudson’s Bay Lowlands suggests that human occupation there may be limited to about the last 6,000 years.

1.3.2.2 Archaic Period An environmental transition brought about warmer, drier conditions resulting in a change in the plant and animal communities, which consequently impacted the subsistence patterns of humans living in the region now represented by north-central Ontario. These alterations of subsistence patterns are reflected in the artifact assemblages. For instance, in response to the hunting of smaller game, large spear points were replaced by smaller, notched projectile points and stone knives generally became smaller. A new technology involving the production of stone tools by grinding rather than chipping was also utilized. About 5,000 B.P., people started to make use of copper, which was cold-hammered to form spear points, knives, gaff hooks and elaborate jewelry. One of the most complete copper assemblages for northwestern Ontario comes from a burial south of Lake Nipigon, dating to about 3,500 B.P. 1.3.2.3 Woodland Period The Woodland Period began around 2500 years B.P. in the Ottawa Valley and is defined by the appearance of pottery alongside distinctive stone tools. The woodland period concludes with the arrival of European traders and explorers, otherwise known as the Historic or Contact Period. Methods of manufacture and decorative stylistic similarities of the pottery can be traced to what is today Pennsylvania, New York State, and southern Ontario. Throughout the Woodland Period there is also an increase in population, indicated by the numerous sites found throughout Ontario, and the adoption of agriculture by some groups. Despite the appearance of agriculture Woodland Period groups still retained their nomadic lifestyles, moving from one campsite to another to exploit local resources. In the southern part of the Province, the Woodland Period begins approximately 2800 B.P. Generally, the Woodland Period in the Ottawa Valley and southern Ontario is divided chronologically into the Early Woodland Period (ca. 2800 B.P. to 2400 B.P.), the Middle Woodland (2400 B.P. – 1100 B.P.), and the Late Woodland Period (ca. 1100 B.P. - European Contact). Little evidence exists for the Early Woodland Period in the Ottawa Valley. However, the presence of sites along the Ottawa River indicates Early Woodland occupation. Vinette 1, the earliest pottery to appear in Ontario, is associated with the Meadowood Complex (ca 2800 to 2400 P.B.), which is considered the transitional period between the Late Archaic and Early Woodland Periods (Ritchie and MacNeish 1949). Vinette 1 pottery is like steatite vessels used by Late Archaic groups (Mitchell 1990). The only Vinette 1 vessel recovered in the Ottawa Valley is from the Deep River site (CaGi-1) on the Quebec side of the Ottawa River across from Chalk River. Mitchell (1990) suggests that this vessel was likely made in New York State or Pointe-du- Buisson near Montreal and transported up the Ottawa River. Other diagnostic tools recovered from Early Woodland Period sites within the Ottawa Valley include objects such as chipped stone tools as side-notched Meadowood points manufactured from distinctive preforms, ground and polished tools, such as trapezoidal gorgets, and expanded-body birdstone (Watson 1999:57). Like Archaic groups, Early Woodland peoples in the Ottawa Valley practiced a nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyle, based on a seasonal subsistence strategies. Diets consisted of mammals such as deer, moose, beaver, and muskrat

and fish resources from the various waterways and lake sources within the Ottawa River Valley, as well as wild fruits, such as berries, cattails, and edible roots. A marked change is noted during the Middle Woodland Period regarding cultural practices in that the appearance of burials are observed at sites during this time. Groups begin to inter the dead in burial mounds and outfit them with grave goods and offerings, such as projectile points (Adena-like), axes, pendants, and various items fashioned from copper and stone (Laliberté 1999:71). Adena-like projectile points have a distribution throughout most of the eastern United States in the Ohio River valley with second highest concentrations in the Tennessee and Mississippi River valleys. The nearest Middlesex burial mound to the Ottawa Valley is the See Mound site in the St. Lawrence Valley. However, Adena-like projectile points have been found in several burials throughout the Ottawa Valley (Watson 1990). A burial site located on Morrison’s Island produced the remains of an adult interred with several items typical of the Middlesex Complex, including stone artifacts from Ohio and copper adornment from Lake Superior, indicating elaborate long-distance exchange networks across the several regions (Spence et al. 1990). During the Late Woodland period, subsistence strategies change from nomadic lifestyles to a more sedentary agricultural lifeway for most groups in southern Ontario. However, whether groups in the Ottawa Valley adopted some form of agriculture is yet to be determined. The arrival of the Europeans dramatically altered the way of life for First Nations groups in the Ottawa Valley and ushered in what is referred to as the Historic or Contact Period. 1.3.2.4 Contact Period in the Ottawa River Valley In the early seventeenth century French explorers, such as Samuel de Champlain and Étienne Brûlé, encountered groups of people speaking an Algonquian language along the Ottawa River Valley. These groups included the Weskarini, Onotchataronon, Kichesipirini, Matouweskarini, and Otaguotouemin Algonquians (Trigger 1976: 279). Champlain first met the Algonquians in 1603 at the trading centre of Tadoussac near the mouth of the St. Lawrence River (Hessel 1993: 14). In search of the Northwest Passage in 1613, Champlain entered Algonquin territory and explored the Ottawa Valley as far north as Morrison’s and Allumette Islands. During this time, the Kichesipirini collected a tax from the French traders who wished to trade with the more interior groups such as the Nipissing, Huron, Ottawa and Ojibway (Hessel 1993; Trigger 1976). These taxes began to build resentment from the French to the Algonquin. The French traders and missionaries began to become hostile with the idea of the Algonquin self-proclaiming themselves as middlemen along the Ottawa River (McRae and Paauw 2008). The endemic warfare of the age, and severe smallpox epidemics in 1623-1624, and again between 1634 and 1640, brought about drastic population decline among the Algonquin peoples (Hessel 1993). The French unwillingness to provide military support to the Algonquin against their mutual enemy, the Mohawk, led to the defeat and dispersal of the known Algonquin bands by the Five Nations Iroquois between 1640 and 1650 (Trigger 1976: 610, 637- 638). Survivors of the various bands coalesced as a single First Nation people to the north of the Ottawa Valley, and at the French posts of Montreal, Sillery, and Trois-Rivières (McRae and Paauw 2008).

Despite the dispersal of the various Algonquin groups as political entities in the mid seventeenth century, the Ottawa Valley remained the major trade and exploration route to the interior of New France. The Algonquian-speaking Ottawa from the Georgian Bay area became the pre-eminent First Nations traders and joined flotillas of French courier de bois who traveled through the French River-Lake Nipissing-Mattawa River route from Georgian Bay before descending the Ottawa River to deliver furs and receive goods at Montreal (Kennedy 1970:70). The interior to the west of the Ottawa River and south of Lake Nipissing remained virtually unexplored by Euro-Canadians. Several Algonquin families were known to have settled at Golden Lake and Round Lake on the Bonnechere River in the early 1800s (McKay 1981:9-11). Other Algonquin groups may have settled on nearby lakes, but no written records are available. As McRae and Paauw (2008) note, the Government land surveys of the east interior of Upper Canada began as a military endeavor to find water or an overland route through the Huron Tract to bypass the vulnerable lower Great Lakes. Lieutenant Henry Briscoe of the Royal Engineers crossed by the Madawaska Highlands from Georgian Bay to the Ottawa River in 1826, and has the distinction of being the first Euro-Canadian recorded to pass within the confines of the future Algonquin Park area (Briscoe 1826 in Wyatt 1971). Briscoe concluded that a suitable canal route was not present through the Canadian Shield, but others, notably Charles Shirreff, believed that the interior could be settled by farmers and serviced by a canal (Wyatt 1971:4). Alexander Shirreff, the son of Charles, searched for a possible canal route across the uplands in 1829 (Shirreff 1831 in Wyatt 1971). In his subsequent report, Alexander considered hardwood stands to reflect fertile soils, and thus promoted the Lake Opeongo area as suitable for future farming settlements. In 1836, the government passed legislation to survey the Ottawa River and the waterways of bordering lands (Wyatt 1971:22). David Thompson, the surveyor of the Thompson River in British Columbia, examined the area from Penetanguishene on Georgian Bay through the Muskoka-Madawaska region. In 1837, Thompson found evidence of previous campers, likely Alexander Shirreff, on a bay at the northeastern corner of Canoe Lake, in what would become Algonquin Park (Wyatt 1971:4). The Fur trade quickly grew in popularity in the area, and since the fur trade in New France was based in Montreal, Ottawa River navigation routes through the Mattawa area were of strategic importance in the movement of trade goods inland and furs down to Montreal (McRae and Paauw 2008). Therefore, in 1830, a permanent Hudson’s Bay post was set up on the Mattawa Explorers’ Point and after a series of portages, fur traders would cross the watershed into Lake Nipissing. In 1837 this post, called the Mattawa House, became an important Hudson’s Bay Company post and centre of the fur trading and lumber business (Morrison 2005:215). McRae and Paauw (2008) note that at the beginning of the nineteenth century, there was a shift from the fur trade to the lumber industry due to the Napoleonic blockades and Europe’s demand for quality pine. Settlement followed and many farms and lumber camps began to appear in the area. A mutually beneficial relationship soon developed between the lumber industry and the farmer as lumber camps depended on farmers to sell foodstuffs to shanties and lumber camps, and farmers depended on the lumber industry for seasonal work in the winter (Mercer 1998:5). Unfortunately, the lumber industry was also wholly responsible for the almost complete destruction of the primary forests in the region, and many parts of Northern

Ontario. Companies such as Booth, Gillies, and Eddy were responsible for clear cutting the great red and white pine forests of Ontario and Quebec (Barnes 2000:6). When these larger trees were depleted, smaller trees were used for sawn lumber. Sawmills were set up on the lakes and rivers to process the timber close to where it was felled. Furthermore, an increasingly literate society created a new demand for paper for newsprint (Barnes 2000:7). Thus, a market for poorer grade lumber devastated the forests even further. Nevertheless, lumbering was a transitory trade, and once the desirable timber was gone, the lumbermen moved on as well (McRae and Paauw 2008). 1.3.2.5 Renfrew County Prior to Renfrew became a county, it formed part of the Bathurst District (Belden 1881:48). The first settlement in the area was founded around 1820, and the first land cleared was by Joseph Brunette, at the second chute of the Bonnechere, which is now the town of Renfrew (Belden 1881:41). Fourteen years later in 1850, Renfrew became a county in conjunction with Lanark, in 1861 the United Counties of Lanark and Renfrew were separated, and Renfrew became a provisional county. Finally, in 1864, Renfrew was declared an independent county (Price and Kennedy 1961:61). 1.4 Archaeological Context 1.4.1 Current Conditions Presently the landscape has been utilized for several different activities such as recreational camping on the northern lots and a private air strip in the southern lots. The southwest portion which is used for recreational camping encompasses approximately 20 ha of land with camping spots, cottages and associated buildings, roads, paths and manicured landscape including a beach area for recreational swimming. The southern portion was used in the past as a private landing strip for the previous owner. The remaining areas to the north and east are forested over and undisturbed. The property is also surrounded by permanent water sources, to the west lies the mouth of the Kamaniskeg River which is of considerable size (approximately 150 m in width). To the immediate east and northeast of the property lie Green Lake and Labrador Lake. These pothole lakes are of considerable size, and more dot the landscape to the north and northeast (Map 2). 1.4.2 Physiography The proposed development is situated in the geological region known as the Canadian Shield. This designation refers to a portion of exposed continental crust underlying North America. The Canadian Shield runs from central Ontario north to the Arctic Archipelago, and from Labrador west to the Northwest Territories. Consisting of various rocks from the Archean and Proterozoic eons, the Canadian Shield yields a tremendous amount of resources such as minerals, coniferous forests and capacity for hydroelectric developments (Historica Canada 2017). Vegetation within the region is consistent with boreal forest species. South of the Hudson Bay Lowlands, major vegetation species of trees include black spruce, as well as conifers such as tamarack, balsam fir and jack pine. This area is also considered to be a part of the Northern Coniferous region, a vegetation zone that extends from western Ontario to western Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew 6 © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

Saskatchewan (Rowe 1972:43). Stands of black spruce form on thin soils of the uplands as well as in poorly drained lowlands with jack pine and tamarack being associated with these areas as well. River valleys around some of the lakes and on south-facing slopes were favourable conditions for soil accumulations. In these areas, white spruce, balsam fir, trembling aspen and balsam poplar form mixed stands of vegetation. Glaciation was intense in this region, resulting in irregular relief of the landscape, with rocky parallel ridges separating poorly drained depressions and innumerable narrow lakes (Rowe 1972:43). 1.4.3 Previous Archaeological Assessments A previous Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment (P307-0071-2017) was carried out without a physical site inspection. The report indicated that the property exhibited archaeological potential in several areas along the shores of several permanent water features. These water sources included Labrador Lake, Green Lake and The Madawaska River (Map 4). Other studies that have been carried out in areas of portions of northcentral Ontario outline potential for the discovery of unknown archaeological sites and do prove past peoples did migrate across the landscape of northwestern Ontario. Of importance to this study area is the deglaciation of northern Ontario. Late Pleistocene and early Holocene events are of relevance to this area. Despite the limited geomorphological studies in the area, a general reconstruction is possible (Dyke and Preset 1987; Bjorck 1985; Dredege and Cowan 1989; Teller 1989; McAndrews et al. 1987). Approximately 10,000 years ago, the study area was under the waters of Glacial Lake Agassiz. As the Laurentide Ice Sheet continued to move northeast, areas within the study region become both free of ice and water between 9,000 and 8,000 years ago. Between 8,400 and 8,000 years ago, the main mass of the Laurentian glacier rapidly retreats further north and waters of Glacial Lake Agassiz quickly drain into the Arctic Ocean (Hamilton 2004: 340). During this time, from about 9,000 years ago, northern Ontario begins to see a post-glacial vegetative recovery that is reflected in McAndrews (1987) pollen sequence (Hamilton 2004:342). This pollen sequence is divided into four stages and is critical to the interpretation of past land use by peoples of this time. The first stage “Zone 1” is characterized by open tundra, especially on the uplands, with more diverse plant communities developing in sheltered areas (McAndrews 1987). Comparatively brief, this zone disappeared during a rapid development of closed spruce forest -”Zone 2”. Julig et al. (1990:39) note that continued global warming and soil development most likely influenced these larger forest communities (Hamilton 2004:342). “Zone 3” begins about 8,000 years ago and consists of a warmer period of more diverse forest communities. During this time, the Hypsithermal period occurs which produced warmer and drier conditions. “Zone 3” lasts from 8,000 years until contact and subsequently, “Zone 4” coincides with modern climactic and vegetative conditions (Hamilton 2004:342; Julig et al. 1990:39; McAndrews; 1987). 1.4.4 Registered Archeological Sites In Ontario, information concerning archaeological sites is stored in the Ontario Archaeological Sites Database and is maintained by the MTCS. A request for site data was made to the Ministry of Culture by Woodland Heritage when filing for the project. There are no sites located within 1 km of the proposed development area.

1.4.5 Summary Due to the diverse cultural and historical background of northern Ontario, there is an increased chance that unknown archaeological sites could be impacted by development, especially given the location of permanent water sources to the area of study. Given that there have been few archaeological investigations, attention should be given to the study area so that a complete accurate archaeological history can be developed. 2.0 Methods Inspection and testing was completed between July 21 and July 28th 2017 in excellent weather that allowed for unobstructed view of the landscape. The entire property was visually inspected and photo documented and approximately 35% of the property was shovel tested for the presence of unknown archeological resources. Testing of the property adhered to section 2.1.5 of the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archeologists (MTCS 2011). All shovel tests were 30 cm in diameter, with excavation of each test pit, by hand, into the first 5 cm of subsoil to examine the pit for stratigraphy, cultural features, or evidence of. The soils were screened through mesh no greater than 6 mm and all test pits were backfilled wen completed. 2.1 Physical Inspection Site inspection of the property began in the northern portion where pedestrian transects were traversed through undisturbed forest spaced approximately 10 m apart. The natural vegetation was a mixed forest that was open with little underbrush obscuring the surface of the forest floor. When possible existing trails were utilized to gain access to portions of the property. Focus of the survey was along areas of permanent water sources such as Labrador Lake, Green Lake and the Madawaska River and areas of the interior portion of the property that had yet to be disturbed. In speaking with the current landowners, it was revealed that the property had been used for a considerable length of time, at least since the early 1900s. Thus, the interior inspection of the property was completed to inspect the landscape for homesteads or structures on the property that might offer insight in to the past use (Map 5 – blue shaded area). The northern portion of landscape, north of the road (Parcher Road to the west and Chippawa Road to the east) will not be developed. Inspection of the area indicated that there was a rise in landscape north from the road, and that the lower lands along the road were inundated with water, most likely run-off from the slope. South of the road, at the entrance of the property, a low-lying pond sits to the east side of the gravel road. A result of a beaver dam, the landscape surrounding the area is marshy with no archaeological potential (Photos 1 to 7). Moving east, the western portion of Labrador Lake was inspected for archaeological potential. Water in this lake appears to have been elevated considerably as trees and shrubs were submerged along the shores of the lake. Considering that the shoreline was artificial and the land sloped to the east down in to the water, no habitable spots along this portion of Labrador Lake were observed (Map 5 – blue shaded area) (Photos 7-26).

The central portion of the proposed development area consisted of several structures related to the campground maintenance as well as several dozen spots for campers with trailers or tents. East of the beach, a flat area had been cleared in the past, and according to the landowner cleared for hay use, but also for park recreation use. Several cabins have been constructed along the edge of the lake on the western portion of the proposed development property (Map 5 – red shaded area) (Photos 42 – 56, 58, 60-63). Along the southeastern portion of the proposed development is a private air strip that the current landowner utilized on a regular basis in the past. The area was cleared of trees, flattened out with the native sand used as a base for the landing strip (Photos 28 and 29). 2.2. Shovel Testing To the south, Labrador Lake joins with the larger Green Lake. It is conceivable that past people moving across the landscape could have moved north (approximately 300 m) from the Madawaska River to either fish or camp along the shores of Green Lake. Shores of Green Lake exhibited slope on the eastern sides, from Labrador Lake south to mid portion of the lake. At this point along Green Lake, the landscape flattened out and areas along the shoreline appeared to have potential for small campsites (Map 5 – shaded yellow). These areas were shovel tested as per the Standards and Guidelines section 2.1.6 with a complex combination of archaeological potential because in some areas, slope was too steep for human habitation, whereas other areas were flat and close to the water. A standard survey grid of 5 m was maintained in these flat areas, with the periphery of the areas tested as a means of capturing all potential possible (Map 5 – yellow shaded area). Moving south, and east, a portion of land juts into the lake, aptly named “Rocky Point”. In this location, surficial bedrock was exposed, however south of this location the landscape exhibited archaeological potential and thus was shovel tested. It is conceivable that past people moving across the landscape could have moved north (approximately 300 m) from the Madawaska River to either fish or camp along the shores of Green Lake. Moving south and east along the southern shores of Green Lake, the landscape began to slope dramatically, as areas of bedrock, boulders and cobbles dotted the landscape. No potential was documented along this area due to slope and surficial geology. Inspection of the property moved south and focused along the Madawaska River. This portion of the property, although situated close to the river, exhibited extensive landscape manicuring to make the property more attractive for campers. The forest had been thinned, with tree removal and the surface had undergone reshaping via bulldozer to create flat areas for tenting. The bank of the river was quite high in the eastern end of the proposed development. Moving west along the edge of the river, the height of the bank rose then dipped down. Despite the obvious curation of the landscape, testing was completed in spots where trees and scrub appeared undisturbed. In these areas, soils consisted of a sandy soil with a thin forest layer on top. The colours of sand ranged from brown just below the surface to tan brown, red to orange. It did not appear, along these areas that there was an “A” horizon indicating that the surface had been impacted in the past. Further back from the bank, in obvious areas of clearing, soils exhibited similar profiles suggesting that from the bank, back approximately 50 to

60 m had been impacted (Map 5 – yellow shaded area). Evidence of previous landscaping was noted by large pushed piles of scrub and soils along the northern side of these camping areas. The low level of water and high bank suggested that in the past the river flowed at a higher level, and thus older occupations could be situated along the banks of the river. Testing was completed in this area despite the obvious clearing in an attempt to discover any unknown archaeological resources that could be situated in a slightly deeper context. Finally, pedestrian transects were traversed along the existing beach to inspect the area for exposed archaeological materials. In speaking with the landowner, information regarding the use of the beach indicated that the area had been used for quite some time. The landowner, who had run the park for 45 years indicated that a ferry used to drop people off at the beach in the early 1900s. Historic research suggests that this ferry could have been the Mayflower, constructed in 1903 and used for fright, mail and limited passenger service between Combermere and Barry’s Bay (http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/). Prior to this, the area was logged extensively by the landowners. According to the current landowner, from this point, people utilized the area and beach as a recreational spot, camping over weekends and during the warmer months of the summer. 3.0 Records of Finds During the shovel testing one flake of miscellaneous chert was recovered. As per section 2.1.3 of the Standards and Guidelines, testing, which was on a standard 5 m grid, was reduced to 2.5 m around the positive test pit. A maximum of eight shovel tests were completed around the positive test, with a 1 m test unit excavated over the positive test pit. No other finds of archaeological nature were recovered. The general location of the site was situated on a lower terrace from the Madawaska River, in an area that appeared to be untouched by previous clearing and landscape modification. Set from the water, the area was quite flat and would have been an excellent area for camping, or site occupation. To the west and to the north, the lands had been cleared and impacted by previous construction with a gravel road to the immediate north. A campground area lies to the east. Soils indicated that this small area, had escaped previous impacts. Below the forest floor of leaves and twigs was a black organic/sand matrix horizon from 0-8 cm below surface. Underneath this was a tan brown beach sand from 8-20 cm below the surface and finally a red/orange course sand with small pebbles from 20-45 cm below the surface. The flake appears to be a secondary sharpening/re-sharpening flake from stone tool manufacturing. Complete, it measures approximately 1 cm in length and 2 cm in width, with a bulb of procession that ends in a feathering type of termination. 4.0 Analysis and Conclusions The interior of the property was inspected mainly for historic land use from previous landowners. Although areas were flat, the majority of the northern portion of the property was forested and no evidence of historic land use was observed.

Despite some of the property exhibiting archaeological potential from the results of the Stage 1 (P307-0071-2017), the shores of Labrador Lake and Green Lake when physically inspected did not reveal any unknown or buried archaeological resources (Map 5). Given that Green Lake is situated approximately 300 m north of the Madawaska River, it was thought that past people moving across the landscape might have utilized this area for subsistence in the form of fishing, water fowl or plants. No evidence of this type of activity was observed either through visual inspection or shovel testing. The beach area, frequently utilized on a constant basis was inspected for exposed archaeological materials. Given the park had been used for at least 45 years (the experience of the current landowner), it was believed that previous buried remains might have been exposed. This was not the case and no archaeological materials were observed in this area. Along the Madawaska River, shovel testing was completed along the banks in an attempt to uncover deeper buried remains. The area had been previously cleared and impacted to make campsites more attractive to occupants. Given the sandy soils and location, it seemed likely upon visual inspection that in the past, when the river was higher, areas could have been utilized by past people moving across the landscape. This was most likely the case with regards to the single flake find. It cannot be determined how big the original site was, but considering only one flake was recovered, it was likely a smaller campsite that wasn’t occupied for any length of time. Despite all attempts at further investigation, no other archaeological remains were recovered. Therefore, there is no further cultural heritage value to this site area. The remaining portion of the property, along the northern area of the was visually inspected and was either disturbed in that cottages were built on the landscape or the bank was too high from the water to provide any type of advantage. 5.0 Recommendations Part of Lots 2, 3, & 4, Concession 9 Part of Lots 2, 3, 4 & 5 Concession 8 Geographic Township of Radcliffe Township of Madawaska Valley County of Renfrew hold no further cultural heritage value and therefore no further archaeological investigations are recommended. 6.0 Advice on Compliance with Legislation This report is submitted to the Minister of Tourism and Culture as a condition of licensing in accordance with Part VI of the Ontario Heritage Act, R.S.O. 1990, c 0.18. The report is reviewed to ensure that it complies with the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (2011) that are issued by the Minister, and that the archaeological fieldwork and report recommendations ensure the conservation, protection and preservation of the cultural heritage of Ontario. When all matters relating to archaeological sites within the project area of a development proposal have been addressed to the satisfaction of the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, a letter will be issued by the Ministry stating that there are no further concerns with regard to alterations o archaeological sites by the proposed development. It is an offence under Sections 48 and 69 of the Ontario Heritage Act for any party other than a licensed archaeologist to make any alteration to a known archaeological site or to remove any artifact or other physical evidence of past human us or activity from the site, until such time as

a licensed archaeologist has completed archaeological fieldwork on the site, submitted a report to the Minister stating that the site has no further cultural heritage value or interest, and the report has been filed in the Ontario Public Register of Archaeological Reports referred to in Section 65.1 of the Ontario Heritage Act. Should previously undocumented archaeological resources be discovered, they may be a new archaeological site and therefore subject Section 48(1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The proponent or person discovering the archaeological resources must cease alteration of the site immediately and engage a licensed consultant archaeologist to carry out archaeological fieldwork, in compliance with Section 48(1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The Cemeteries Act, R.S.O. 1990 c.C.4 and the Funeral, Burial and Cremation Services Act, 2002, S.O. 2002, c.33 (when proclaimed in force) require that any person discovering human remains must notify the police or coroner and the Registrar of Cemeteries at the Ministry of Consumer Services.

7.0 Bibliography and References Barnes, Michael 2000 The Tri-Towns: Cobalt, Haileybury, New Liskeard. Highway Book Shop, Cobalt.

Belden, H. 1881 The Historical Atlas of Lanark and Renfrew Counties, Ontario. H.A. Belden and Co., Toronto.

Bjorck, Savante 1985 Deglaciation chronology and re-vegetation in northwestern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Earth Science 22:850-871.

Dyke A.S. and V.K. Prest 1987 Paleogeography of northern North America, 18,000 to 5,000 years ago. Map 1703A. Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.

Fox, William 1975 The Paleo-Indian Lakehead Complex. pp.29-53 In P. Nunn, ed. Canadian Archaeological Association, Collected Papers. Historical Sites Branch Research Report No. 6. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Toronto, Canada.

Hamilton, Scott 2004 Early Holocene Burials at Wapekeka, Northern Ontario. pp: 337-368. In L. Jackson and A. Hinshelwood ed., The Late Paleo-Indian Great Lakes: Geological and Archaeological Investigations of Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Environments. Mercury Series Archaeology Paper 165, Canadian Museum of Civilizations, Ottawa, Canada.

Hessel, P. 1993 The Algonkin Nation: The Algonkins of Ottawa Valley, A Historical Outline. Kichesippi Books, Arnprior.

Historica Canada https://www.historicacanada.ca - accessed November 2015.

Julig, P.J. J.H. McAndrews and W.C. Mahaney 1990 Geoarchaeology of the Cummins site on the beach of proglacial Lake Minong, Lake Superior Basin, Canada. In Lasca, N.P. and Donahue, J. eds., Archaeological Geology in North America. Geology Society of America, Centennial Special Volume 4, Boulder, Colorado.

Kennedy, C. 1970 The Upper Ottawa Valley. Published by the Renfrew County Council, Pembroke.

Laliberté, Marcel 1999 The Middle Woodland in the Ottawa Valley. In Ottawa Valley Prehistory, edited by Jean-Luc Pilon, pp. 70-81. Outaouais No. 6. Outaouais Historical Society, Hull.

McAndrews, J.H., K.B. Liu, G.C. Manville, V.K. Prest, J.S. Vincent 1987 Plate 4: Environmental Change after 9,000 BC. In R. Cole Harris, ed. Historical Atlas of Canada: From the Beginning to 1800, Vol. I. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Ontario.

McKay, R.I. 1981 Over the Hills to Georgian Bay: The Ottawa, Arnprior, and Parry Sound Railway. Boston Mills Press, Erin.

McRae, Laura and Derek Paauw 2008 Stage 1 Archaeological Background Study; Stage 2 Archaeological property survey Lot 27, Concession 9, Geographic Township of South Algoma, Township of Bonnechere Valley, Renfre County (CIF No. P248-032-2008) Report on file with the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

Mercer, Jennifer 1998 Staying the Run: A History of the United Townships of Rolph, Buchanan, Wylie and McKay. Rolph, Buchanan, Wylie and McKay Historical Society, Deep River.

Mitchell, Barry M. 1990 Vinette-1: A Review of Origin and Development. The Ottawa Archaeologist 17(2):9-13.

Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport 2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists. Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto, Canada.

Morrison, James 2005 A Background Study for Nomination of the Ottawa River Under the Canadian Heritage Rivers System. Electronic document, http://www.ottawariver.org, accessed May 8, 2008.

Price, Mrs. Carl and Clyde C. Kennedy 1961 Notes of the History of Renfew County: For the Centennial 1961. Renfrew County Council, Pembroke.

Ritchie, William A. and Richard S. MacNeish 1949 The Pre-Iroquoian Pottery of New York State. American Antiquity 15:97-124.

Rowe, J.S. 1972 Forest Regions of Canada. Department of the Environment, Canadian Forestry Service Publications No. 1300, Ottawa, Ontario.

Spence, Michael W., Robert H. Pihl, and Carl R. Murphy 1990 Cultural Complexes of the Early and Middle Woodland Period. In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650, edited by Christopher Ellis and Neal Ferris, pp. 125-170. Occasional Publications of the London Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society, London.

Teller, James T. 1989 Proglacial lakes and the southern margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. In W.F. Ruddiman and H.E. Wright, Jr. eds. North American and Adjacent Oceans during the last Deglaciation. The Geology of North America Vol. K-3. The Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado.

Trigger, Bruce 1976 The Children of Aataensic: A History of the Huron People of 1660. McGill- Queen’s University Press, Montreal.

Watson, Gordon D. 1999 The Paleo-Indian Period in the Ottawa Valley. In Ottawa Valley Prehistory, edited by Jean-Luc Pilon, pp. 27-41. Outaouais No. 6. Outaouais Historical Society, Hull.

Wyatt, D. 1971 A History of the Origins and Development of Algonquin Park. Algonquin Park Task Force. Unpublished Background Paper.

8.0 Maps

Map 1. General Location of proposed development in northcentral Ontario (from P307-0073-2017).

Map 2. Close-up satellite imagery (Bing Maps) of proposed development area (from P307-0073-2017).

Map 3. Location of proposed development area (from P307-0073-2017).

Map 4. Recommended areas of testing from the Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment (P307-0073-2017). Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew 17 © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

Map 5. Results of areas inspected via pedestrian and test pit survey for this archaeological assessment.

Map 6. Map of observed disturbance, water and undisturbed areas in the study area.

Map 7. Location and direction of photographs in this report.

Map 8. Proposed development map for the 52 lots for the proposed development. Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew 19 © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

9.0 Photographs

Photo 1. In northern portion of property along Labrador Lake, looking at pond area.

Photo 2. Northern portion of property east side of beaver pond. Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew 20 © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

Photo 3. Northern portion of property west edge of Labrador Lake.

Photo 4. Northwestern portion of Labrador Lake.

Photo 5. Edge of Labrador Lake along western edge.

Photo 6. Edge of beaver dam on south edge of pond.

Photo 7. Shores of western edge of beaver pond.

Photo 8. General landscape of undisturbed forested area, northern area. Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew 23 © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

Photo 9. General landscape terrain in northern portion of proposed development.

Photo 10. General landscape terrain of central portion of proposed development. Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew 24 © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

Photo 11. Northwestern edge of Green Lake.

Photo 12. General landscape along the western side of Green Lake. Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew 25 © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

Photo 13. General landscape terrain west of Green Lake.

Photo 14. General landscape between beaver pond and Green Lake. Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew 26 © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

Photo 15. General landscape between Green Lake and beaver pond.

Photo 16. General landscape terrain along the western edge of Green Lake. Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew 27 © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

Photo 17. Boat launch area along western shores of Green Lake.

Photo 18. Camping area along the southwestern shores of Green Lake. Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew 28 © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

Photo 19. Shores along southwestern edge of Green Lake.

Photo 20. Shores along southern portion of Green Lake - known as 'Rocky Point'.

Photo 21. Small bridge across large wetland along southern portion of Green Lake.

Photo 22. Testing along southern shores of Green Lake. Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew 30 © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

Photo 23. Southwestern shores of Green Lake near Rocky Point.

Photo 24. Southern edge of Green Lake - note evidence of flooding water. Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew 31 © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

Photo 25. General terrain south of Green Lake.

Photo 26. Small wet-land east of airstrip, south of Green Lake. Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew 32 © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

Photo 27. General landscape between Green Lake and Madawaska River, eastern portion.

Photo 28. General landscape along the Madawaska River, eastern portion. Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew 33 © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

Photo 29. Eastern end of private airstrip.

Photo 30. Terrain between Airstrip and RV campground. Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew 34 © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

Photo 31. Example of manicured campgrounds along the Madawaska River.

Photo 32. Generalized landscape along the northern shores of the Madawaska River. Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew 35 © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

Photo 33. Example of steep bank along southern shoreline of the Madawaska River.

Photo 34. Generalized area along northern side of Madawaska River thought to have potential and tested. Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew 36 © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

Photo 35. Generalized landscape tested along Madawaska River.

Photo 36. Example of manicured camp ground along the northern side of the Madawaska River.

Photo 37. Example of landscape along the western edge of the Madawaska River.

Photo 38. Southern beach area along the western side of the park.

Photo 39. Northern portion of beach area, with walkway from open area.

Photo 40. Erosion noted along walkway. Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew 39 © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

Photo 41. Open camping area manicured in the past and used for recreational purposes.

Photo 42. Open field area cleared for recreational purposes. Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew 40 © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

Photo 43. Image of bank along the northern shoreline of study area.

Photo 44. Cabins along the northern shoreline of study area. Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew 41 © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

Photo 45. Residential house along the northern portion of study area.

Photo 46. Shoreline along the northern portion adjacent to residential housing. Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew 42 © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

Photo 47. Second residential house along northern boundary of study area.

Photo 48. Image of shoreline on the northern corner of the study area boundary. Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew 43 © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

Photo 49. Manicured back lawns of the residential houses along the northern boundary.

Photo 50. North of beach area between cabins and main office building. Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew 44 © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

Photo 51. Area behind main office buildings, manicured and used for recreational purposes.

Photo 52. Area behind main office buildings - mid portion of study area. Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew 45 © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

Photo 53. Maintenance building on mid-portion of study area.

Photo 54. Additional machinery laydown area and log cutting area mid-portion of study area. Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew 46 © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

Photo 55. Ditch area near main road entering the RV park.

Photo 56. Leaf compositing area north of maintenance area. Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew 47 © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

Photo 57. Main road entering the RV park.

Photo 58. Shoreline of wet area known as Jacob Pond (note flooding of shoreline). Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew 48 © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

Photo 59. Small cabin used for winter ice activities on shores of Jacob's Pond.

Photo 60. Example of all-terrain vehicle trail in forested area in the north-central portion of study area. Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew 49 © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

Photo 61. Example of secondary road running through RV park area.

Photo 62. Example of camping area in the south-central area of RV park. Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew 50 © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

Photo 63. Example of camping and RV area in south-central portion of study area.

Photo 64. Example of camping area for RV's in south-central portion of study area. Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew 51 © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

Photo 65. Example of camping area on storm beach area near Madawaska River.

Photo 66. Example of camping area along storm beach area along Madawaska River. Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew 52 © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

Photo 67. Example of terrain and vegetation in the southeast portion of the development.

Photo 68. Example of eastern shoreline of small water body on eastern portion of development. Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew 53 © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

Photo 69. Example of terrain in the eastern portion of proposed development.

Photo 70. Example of terrain in eastern portion of proposed development. Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew 54 © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

Photo 71. Example of terrain in the northern portion of proposed development.

Photo 72. Example of terrain in northwestern portion of proposed development. Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Lots 2 and 3 CON8, Lots 2 and 3 CON 9 in the Township of Madawaska Valley, Township of Renfrew 55 © 2017 Woodland Heritage Northwest. All rights reserved.

Photo 73. Example of terrain and vegetation in northwestern portion of proposed development.