NHS Digital Annual Report and Accounts 2018 to 2019

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

NHS Digital Annual Report and Accounts 2018 to 2019 CCS0519287132 978-1-5286-1323-1 Health and Social Care Information Centre (HSCIC) Annual Report and Accounts 2018-19. The Health and Social Care Information Centre is an executive non-departmental public body created by statute, also known as NHS Digital. Presented to Parliament pursuant to Schedule 18, paragraph 12(2)(a) of the Health and Social Care Act 2012. Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed on 9 July 2019. HC 2333 © NHS Digital copyright 2019 The text of this document (this excludes, where present, the Royal Arms and all departmental or agency logos) may be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium, provided that it is reproduced accurately and not in a misleading context. The material must be acknowledged as NHS Digital copyright and the document title specified. Where third party material has been identified, permission from the respective copyright holder must be sought. Any enquiries related to this publication should be sent to us at [email protected] This publication is available at www.gov.uk/government/publications ISBN: 978-1-5286-1323-1 CCS0519287132 07/19 Printed on paper containing 75% recycled fibre content minimum. Printed in the UK by the APS Group on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. Contact us: NHS Digital 1 Trevelyan Square Boar Lane Leeds LS1 6AE T:0300 303 5678 E:[email protected] www.digital.nhs.uk Contents Chairman’s foreword 6 Performance report 8 Chief Executive’s introduction 8 What we do 12 Our delivery directorates 18 Product Development 20 Data, Insights and Statistics 44 Platforms and Infrastructure 60 Live Services and Cyber Security 70 Performance analysis 78 Financial analysis 79 Managing performance and risk 85 Accountability report 90 Salaries and pensions of senior management 92 Corporate governance report 110 Annual governance statement 116 Statement of the Board and Chief Executive’s responsibilities 128 The certificate and report of the Comptroller and Auditor General to the Houses of Parliament 129 Appendices 164 Appendix A – Sustainability report 164 Appendix B – Board members’ biographies and Register of Interests 168 Appendix C – Attendance at the Board and committees 176 Appendix D – Our regulatory and compliance framework 177 Introduction Chairman’s foreword At NHS Digital, we have continued the work we started with our ‘Fit for 2020’ capability review two years ago to transform ourselves into the trusted technology partner that the NHS needs to realise its technology vision and to deliver on the opportunities technology offers to clinicians and patients. Our workforce We have delivered significant NHS Digital is also the national new digital innovations for the custodian of critical health transformation plan NHS over the past 12 months, technology infrastructure. is equipping us with starting with the citizen-facing We design, build and run tools that underpin a more one of the most complex new skills, greater patient-centred model of care: messaging networks in the the NHS App, NHS 111 online, country and deliver outstanding organisational agility and the NHS login. Our responsiveness, reliability and and new ways of nationwide services, including speed. In October 2018 alone, electronic referrals, electronic the NHS Spine handled a record working to ensure prescriptions and the Summary one billion messages, about the the needs of Care Record have all been same as all of the transactions enhanced and extended. More on all gov.uk services over the clinicians, patients than 90% of first outpatient whole year. Messaging reliability and the public remain appointments in England are on the Spine has been constant now made electronically, at 100% for three years and at the heart of all compared to about 66% system response times are in March last year. about 15 times faster than we do. they were in 2014. We began to modernise clinicians’ and social care We are the custodians of the professionals’ access to patient nation’s patient data and have information, improving safety, a statutory duty to maintain and efficiency and outcomes. improve its quality, usefulness Initiatives such as GP Connect, and safety. We now produce Child Protection - Information indicators on more than 1,000 Sharing and the National Record different measures of NHS Locator are helping our digital performance, helping leaders services keep in step with the plan and manage the NHS’s reconfiguration of care settings services more efficiently and and care pathways. All these effectively, and last year we innovations signal a more launched eight new series of fundamental shift towards an statistics on contemporary integrated and open IT and trends, ranging from data environment across all of appointments in general our health and care platforms. practice to the mental health of children and young people in England. Over the past two years, In delivering this agenda, Our track record of delivering we have doubled the number we rely on continuously significant innovations this of data collections and begun earning public trust and year has marked a watershed delivery of our new Data confidence in our services; in our performance and shown Processing Services platform we do this by demonstrating we can rise to the challenge of which allows us to systematically transparency, openness and helping the NHS shape, at pace, combine datasets within a single integrity in all we do. We will a new operating model. Patients data architecture. These new also invest in nurturing new have begun to see the benefit information streams give and stronger partnerships in that digital tools can bring to medical researchers, small and the NHS family and across our managing their conditions. medium-sized enterprises in wider ecosystem, including our Clinicians, social care providers healthtech and the life sciences, new partnership with Health and the people who run NHS commissioners and service Data Research UK in support our vital services have begun managers the rich insight they of the Life Sciences Industrial to see more efficient and need to continuously improve Strategy and with our new effective technology solutions. services and create new technology partner, NHSX. The people who lead and possibilities in health and care. manage the NHS have begun My responsibility to see the power of information In the coming year, we will to improve the planning and focus sharply on implementing as Chairman, and the management of one of the the digital ambitions of the NHS most complex health and Long Term Plan. This vision for stewardship role of care organisations in the world. health and care in England the Board, is to envisages better use of data I am immensely proud of and technology in hospitals, ensure NHS Digital the contribution our people in social care, across integrated delivers on its have made to this profoundly care settings, through online important mission and I would channels and as tools in the promises and like to thank them all for their hands of the NHS workforce. extraordinary efforts during commitments to all a year of significant change our stakeholders and for our organisation and to help build a digital for the NHS. workforce of the future that the NHS can be proud of. Noel Gordon Chairman NHS Digital 7 Performance report Chief Executive’s introduction It is a privilege to serve the NHS at this unique moment in history, when advances in biology and technology are aligning to create phenomenal new opportunities to deliver transformational products and services. We are inspired and energised by the impact that we know these will have on patients, clinicians and medical research, as well as our many other stakeholder communities across the health and care system, in industry and in the third sector. This has been an We run more than 80 core Our NHS 111 online service has national systems, and we now been used more than 1 extremely rewarding continue to operate these at million times and the NHS and an extremely extraordinarily high levels of e-Referrals Service currently availability and performance. handles over 70,000 referrals demanding year. Our most critical services ran at every working day, up from an average of 99.95% 40,000 at the start of 2018. Through the intense availability over the year. Given Our Electronic Prescription hard work and the scale of the NHS, Service handled more than it is no surprise that we manage 690 million prescription items commitment of more traffic than some of the in 2018-19 and, from February, staff across our major national credit card we included schedule 2 and 3 systems and we operate, as far controlled drugs in the system. organisation, and as we can ascertain, one of the largest email systems in Europe. We delivered new services the continuing for our colleagues working delivery of world We are also incredibly excited in medical research, in particular about the new products and in support of large-scale clinical class products and services that we have delivered trials. We commenced a new services, we have and the impact that they have partnership with Great Ormond had. More than 200,000 people Street Hospital focused on strengthened our have downloaded the NHS App addressing long-standing since it went live on New Year’s digitisation gaps through reputation and Eve, 45,000 of whom have smart use of data analytics extended our impact proven their identity and and commodity technology. obtained an NHS login that We worked with GPs and across the system. they will be able to use to colleagues in NHS England access multiple services to reshape the market in in future. primary care IT services. 8 NHS Digital Annual Report and Accounts 2018-19 In addition to the publication of These achievements We have also completed the many large-scale open data sets, first wave of our organisational we disseminated data to over are exciting because transformation program this 450 customers in support of of the incredible year.
Recommended publications
  • Response from NHS Digital
    1 Trevelyan Square Boar Lane Leeds LS1 6AE FAO: Joanne Andrews North East Kent Coroners Cantium House Country Hall Sandling Road Maidstone Kent ME14 1XD By Email Only: [email protected] Your ref: Our ref: 4 February 2021 Dear Ms Andrews Inquest into the death of Mr Ronald Richard Tilley I am writing in response to the Regulation 28 report received from HM Coroner dated 4 December 2020. This follows the death of Ronald Richard Tilley, who sadly died on 23 October 2019. This was followed by an investigation and inquest which concluded on 29 October 2020. I would like to express my sincerest condolences to Mr Tilley’s family. NHS Digital provided written statements in advance of the inquest, but did not attend the inquest. NHS Digital is a non-departmental public body created by the Health and Social Care Act 2012 and is the national information and technology partner for the health and care system. We use technology to support the NHS and social care. NHS Digital operates and maintains the Personal Demographics Service (‘PDS’) under the Spine Services No.2 Directions issued by the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care to maintain a register of NHS patients in England. PDS is the national electronic database of NHS patient details such as name, address, date of birth and NHS Number (known as demographic data). It also records the primary care registration (i.e. the GP practice with which the patient is registered for general medical services1) held by each registered patient and as notified through other NHS systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report
    Our 2018/19 Annual Report Health and high quality care for all, now and for future generations HC 2293 NHS England Annual Report and Accounts 2018/19 NHS England is legally referred to as the National Health Service Commissioning Board. Presented to Parliament pursuant to the National Health Service Act 2006 (as amended by the Health and Social Care Act 2012). Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed 11 July 2019 HC 2293 © Crown copyright 2019 This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3 Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. This publication is available at www.gov.uk/official-documents Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to us at: NHS England, Quarry House, Quarry Hill, Leeds, LS2 7UE. ISBN 978-1-5286-1036-0 CCS0219647926 07/19 Printed on paper containing 75% recycled fibre content minimum Printed in the UK by the APS Group on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office Contents A view from Lord David Prior, Chair ............................................................................7 About NHS England ......................................................................................................9 Performance Report ......................................................................................................13 Chief Executive’s
    [Show full text]
  • Care Quality Commission
    A picture of the national audit office logo Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General Care Quality Commission Care Quality Commission – regulating health and social care HC 409 SESSION 2017–2019 13 OCTOBER 2017 Our vision is to help the nation spend wisely. Our public audit perspective helps Parliament hold government to account and improve public services. The National Audit Office scrutinises public spending for Parliament and is independent of government. The Comptroller and Auditor General (C&AG), Sir Amyas Morse KCB, is an Officer of the House of Commons and leads the NAO. The C&AG certifies the accounts of all government departments and many other public sector bodies. He has statutory authority to examine and report to Parliament on whether departments and the bodies they fund have used their resources efficiently, effectively, and with economy. Our studies evaluate the value for money of public spending, nationally and locally. Our recommendations and reports on good practice help government improve public services, and our work led to audited savings of £734 million in 2016. Care Quality Commission Care Quality Commission – regulating health and social care Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed on 11 October 2017 This report has been prepared under Section 6 of the National Audit Act 1983 for presentation to the House of Commons in accordance with Section 9 of the Act Sir Amyas Morse KCB Comptroller and Auditor General National Audit Office 4 October 2017 HC 409 | £10.00 This report examines whether the Care Quality Commission is taking appropriate action to address the risks to people’s care.
    [Show full text]
  • Health Research Authority Board Meeting Agenda Part 1 – Public Session
    Page 1 of 63 HEALTH RESEARCH AUTHORITY BOARD MEETING AGENDA PART 1 – PUBLIC SESSION Date: Tuesday 24 July 2018 Time: 1.30pm – 3.15pm Venue: etc venues, Avonmouth House, 6 Avonmouth Street, London SE1 6NX Item Item details Time Attachment Page (mins) no 1. Apologies Verbal - Janet Messer Janet Wisely 2. Conflicts of interest Verbal - 3. Minutes of the last meeting 10 - 16 May 2018 A 4. Matters arising Verbal - Including: - HRA Annual Report and Accounts 2017-18 published 5. Update from Chair 5 Verbal - 6. Chief Executive update 10 To be tabled - 7. HRA Directorate update 5 To be tabled - 8. Transformation Programme update 10 B Including: - SIP Proportionality project 10 C 9. Update on progress of research transparency work 5 Verbal - 10. Pilot proposal for an HRA Accountable Centre Model for 15 D improvement evaluations Page 1 of 2 HRA Board Meeting Agenda – Part 1 (2018.07.24) Page 2 of 63 11. Finance report: April – June 2018 10 E Items for information 12. Annual Freedom of Information Report (2017/18) F 13. Annual Complaints Report (2017/18) G 14. Summary of 06.06.2018 Audit & Risk Committee meeting H 15. Out of session business conducted / External areas of Verbal interest since previous meeting 10 - Update regarding recruitment of Nick Hirst to support Research System Programme circulated 07 June 2018 - Statement issued by NIHR regarding Improving Performance in Initiating and Delivering Clinical Research circulated 07 June 2018 - Update regarding two studies to be published circulated 17 June 2018 16. Any other business 5 Verbal - (Any AOB items should be notified to the Head of Corporate Governance no later than 24 hours prior to the Board meeting barring exceptional circumstances) 17.
    [Show full text]
  • Saving and Improving Lives: the Future of UK Clinical Research Delivery
    Saving and Improving Lives: The Future of UK Clinical Research Delivery Published 23 March 2021 Saving and Improving Lives: The Future of UK Clinical Research Delivery Contents Ministerial foreword ....................................................................................................................... 3 The value of clinical research ....................................................................................................... 5 Our lifeline during COVID-19 ....................................................................................................... 5 Our opportunity to grow, adapt and improve ............................................................................... 6 Our hope for the future ................................................................................................................. 7 Our chance to help others ............................................................................................................ 8 Our time to act is now .................................................................................................................. 9 Our vision for UK clinical research delivery ............................................................................. 12 Clinical research delivery embedded in the NHS ...................................................................... 12 Patient-centred research ............................................................................................................ 12 Streamlined, efficient and innovative clinical
    [Show full text]
  • NHSX Job Description and Person Specification
    NHSX Job description and person specification Position Job title Digital Delivery Adviser Directorate/ Region NHSX Pay band AFC Band 8d Responsible to Director of Screening Transformation Salary Accountable to Director of Screening Transformation From £75,914 - £ 87,754 per annum Tenure Permanent Responsible for Responsible for day to day work assigned to the Digital Transformation of Screening Programme Funding Admin funded Base London/Leeds with travel between both locations Arrangements NHSX NHS England and NHS Improvement NHSX is leading the largest digital health and social care transformation NHSX is a joint until between DHSC and NHSE/I. This role is being recruited programme in the world and has been created to give staff and citizens the into NHSE/I. technology they need. NHS England and NHS Improvement (NHSE/I) came together on 1 April 2019 We are a joint unit made up of colleagues in the Department of Health and as a new single organisation. The NHS Long Term Plan focuses on delivering Social Care (DHSC) and NHS England and Improvement (NHSE/I) and integrated care to patients at the local level and we can best support the NHS will harness the best expertise from industry, the NHS, Government and to deliver this as a single integrated organisation. the health and care sectors. Our new operating model represents a strong shift to regional delivery NHSX will deliver the Health Secretary’s Tech Vision, building on the NHS supported by expert corporate teams. Local health systems are supported by Long Term Plan. We will speed up the digital transformation of the NHS and our integrated regional teams who play a major leadership role in the social care.
    [Show full text]
  • A Buyer's Guide to AI in Health and Care
    A Buyer’s Guide to AI in Health and Care 10 questions for making well-informed procurement decisions about products that use AI TRANSPARENCY CONFIDENTIALITY NOVEMBER 2020 PRIVACY AUTONOMY 4 1 ACCELERATINGTHE SAFEANDEFFECTIVE ADOPTIONOFAI INHEALTHANDCARE NHSX A Buyer’s Guide to AI in Health and Care 2 3 CONTENTS Foreword4 Procurementanddelivery64 Executivesummary6 Isyourprocurementprocessfair,transparentandcompetitive?64 Introduction18 Can you ensure a commercially and legally robust contractual outcome for your organisation,andthehealthandcaresector?66 Problemidentification22 Acknowledgements70 What problem are you trying to solve, and is artificial intelligence the right solution?22 Furtherinformation72 Productassessment24 Doesthisproductmeetregulatorystandards?24 Doesthisproductperforminlinewiththemanufacturer’sclaims?33 Implementationconsiderations48 Willthisproductworkinpractice?48 Canyousecurethesupportyouneedfromstaffandserviceusers?52 Can you build and maintain a culture of ethical responsibility around this project?54 What data protection protocols do you need to safeguard privacy and comply withthelaw?56 Canyoumanageandmaintainthisproductafteryouadoptit?60 AUTHORS Dr. Indra Joshi and Dominic Cushnan 4 5 Foreword Artificial intelligence (AI) is already impacting positively on our health and care This is where the Buyer’s Guide to AI in Health and Care comes in. It is aimed at system - for example, supporting diagnostic decisions, predicting care needs, anyone likely to be involved in weighing up the pros and cons of buying a informing resource planning, and generating game-changing research. We need product that uses AI. It is recommended reading for clinical and practitioner to harness its promise to reap tangible benefits for patients, service users and leads, chief officers, senior managers, transformation experts and procurement staff. That’s why the Government announced a £250m investment last year to leads. It offers practical guidance on the questions to be asking before and set up an Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (AI Lab).
    [Show full text]
  • UNDERSTANDING the NEW NHS a Guide for Everyone Working and Training Within the NHS 2 Contents 3
    England UNDERSTANDING THE NEW NHS A guide for everyone working and training within the NHS 2 Contents 3 NHS ENGLAND INFORMATION READER BOX Introduction 4 Directorate ◆ The NHS belongs to us all Medical Operations Patients and information Nursing Policy Commissioning development Foreword (Sir Bruce Keogh) 5 Finance Human resources NHS values 6 Publications Gateway Reference: 01486 ◆ NHS values and the NHS Constitution Document purpose Resources ◆ An overview of the Health and Social Care Act 2012 Document name Understanding The New NHS Structure of the NHS in England 8 Author NHS England ◆ The structure of the NHS in England Publication date 26 June 2014 ◆ Finance in the NHS: your questions answered Target audience Running the NHS 12 ◆ Commissioning in the NHS Additional circulation Clinicians working and training within the NHS, allied ◆ Delivering NHS services list health professionals, GPs ◆ Health and wellbeing in the NHS Description An updated guide on the structure and function of Monitoring the NHS 17 the NHS, taking into account the changes of the Health and Social Care Act 2012 ◆ Lessons learned and taking responsibility ◆ Regulation and monitoring in the NHS Action required None Contact details for Dr Felicity Taylor Working in the NHS 20 further information National Medical Director's Clinical ◆ Better training, better care Fellow, Medical Directorate Skipton House NHS leadership 21 80 London Road SE1 6LH ◆ Leading healthcare excellence www.england.nhs.uk/nhsguide/ Quality and innovation in the NHS 22 ◆ High-quality care for all Document status This is a controlled document. While this document may be printed, the The NHS in the United Kingdom 24 electronic version posted on the intranet is the controlled copy.
    [Show full text]
  • Joint Framework: Commissioning and Regulating Together
    With support from NHS Clinical Commissioners Regulation of General Practice Programme Board Joint framework: Commissioning and regulating together A practical guide for staff January 2018 Publications Gateway Reference: 07488 Contents 1. This framework ..................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Purpose of the framework .................................................................................... 3 1.2 Who this framework is for ..................................................................................... 3 1.3 The Regulation of General Practice Programme Board ....................................... 4 1.4 Our principles ....................................................................................................... 4 1.5 Changing landscape of primary care .................................................................... 4 2. Collaborative working arrangements ................................................................. 6 2.1 Benefits of collaboration ....................................................................................... 6 2.2 Routine information sharing ................................................................................. 6 2.3 Local meetings ..................................................................................................... 8 2.4 Support for improvement ...................................................................................... 8 2.5 Emerging and urgent concerns (non-routine) ......................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Health Education England Annual Report and Accounts 2020-21
    Annual Report and Accounts 2020-21 Health Education England (Executive Non-Departmental Public Body) www.hee.nhs.uk We work with partners to plan, recruit, educate and train the health workforce. HC 266 Health Education England (Executive Non-Departmental Public Body) Annual Report and Accounts 2020-21 Presented to Parliament pursuant to Paragraph 26 (4) of Schedule 5 of the Care Act 2014 Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed on 15 July 2021 HC 266 © Crown copyright 2021 This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3 Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. This publication is available at www.gov.uk/official-documents Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to us via www.hee.nhs.uk ISBN 978-1-5286-2444-2 CCS0221001382 06/21 Printed on paper containing 75% recycled fibre content minimum Printed in the UK by the APS Group on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office About Health Education England Health Education England exists for one reason only: our vision is to help improve the quality of life and health and care services for the people of England by ensuring the workforce of today and tomorrow has the right skills, values and behaviours, in the right numbers, at the right time and in the right place. Our purpose as part of the NHS, is We serve … to work with partners to plan, recruit, educate and train the health workforce.
    [Show full text]
  • NHS England's Responsibilities for Quality
    OFFICIAL Paper: PB.07.03.2018/10 NHS ENGLAND – BOARD PAPER Title: NHS England’s responsibilities for quality Lead Directors: Jane Cummings, Chief Nursing Officer Steve Powis, NHS England Medical Director Purpose of Paper: For Information This paper sets out NHS England’s functions relating to service quality. It outlines an initial map of the functions and processes in place, and how this translates into actions to improve service quality. The paper also suggests areas where we could ensure consistency of practice across these functions and the wider organisation, whilst recognising that our impending running cost cuts means overall we are going to have to do less, not more, as an organisation. The Board is invited to: Note the functions, processes and governance in place across the organisation, and how we work across NHS England in order to take action; and Note our work with NHSI and other ALBs to strengthen improvement capabilities across the NHS Page 1 of 14 OFFICIAL NHS England’s responsibilities for quality Purpose 1. This paper maps out NHS England’s formal functions relating to service quality. It gives an outline of the processes in place and how this translates into actions to improve service quality. The paper also suggests areas where we could ensure consistency of practice across these functions and the wider organisation. Background 2. The Health and Social Care Act 2012 states that NHS England has a duty to continually drive improvements in the quality of care across a comprehensive health service. Quality is defined in statute as having three dimensions: safety, clinical effectiveness and patient experience.
    [Show full text]
  • Methodological Challenges in Post-Licensure Vaccine Safety Studies Using Large Routinely Collected Datasets
    Methodological challenges in post-licensure vaccine safety studies using large routinely collected datasets by Julia Margaret Toffa-Stowe A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Manchester Metropolitan University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Published Work (Route 2) Manchester Metropolitan University 2017 Table of Contents 1. Abstract 2. Acknowledgments 3. Introduction 3.1 Vaccine safety concerns past and present 3.2 Routinely collected health data 3.3 Pre-Licensure 3.4 Post-Licensure 3.4.1 Signal detection 3.4.2 Signal Strengthening 3.4.3 Individual Causality Assessment 3.4.4 Hypothesis Testing 3.4.5 Statistical Methods 3.5 Ethical and Legal framework 3.6 Summary 4. Critical account of Published Works 4.1 Study 1: Intussusception / Rotavirus vaccination 4.2 Study 2: Narcolepsy in adults / Pandemic Influenza vaccine 4.3 Study 3: Convulsions / Pandemic and Seasonal Influenza vaccine 4.4 Study 4: Bacterial and Viral Infections / Measles Mumps and Rubella vaccine 4.5 Study 5: Guillain-Barré syndrome / Seasonal Influenza vaccine 4.6 Study 6: Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura / second dose of Measles Mumps and Rubella Vaccine 4.7 Study 7: Bell’s Palsy / Seasonal Influenza vaccine 5. Methodological Challenges in Post-Licensure Vaccine Safety Studies 5.1 Setting up the study 5.2 Study design and dealing with confounding 5.3 Case identification 5.4 Defining index data 5.5 Cleaning Data 5.6 Media attention 5.7 Validation 5.8 Publication 5.9 The communication of risk 6. Conclusions 7. Published works 8.
    [Show full text]