Chaco Culture National Historical Park
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National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior CHACO CULTURE NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK RESOURCE MANAGEMENT RECORDS FINDING AID ACC CHCU-00782, 00783, 00784, 00785, 00786 CAT CHCU 52717 Prepared by National Park Service Intermountain Region Museum Services Program Tucson, Arizona 2009-2010 CHCU 52717 2 COPYRIGHT AND RESTRICTIONS The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted materials. The various state privacy acts govern the use of materials that document private individuals, groups, and corporations. Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a reproduction if the document does not infringe the privacy rights of an individual, group, or corporation. 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CHCU 52717 3 HISTORY Chaco Culture National Historical Park preserves one of America's most significant and fascinating cultural and historic areas. Chaco Canyon was a major center of ancestral Puebloan culture between AD 850 and 1250. It was a hub of ceremony, trade, and administration for the prehistoric Four Corners area - unlike anything before or since. The first sighting of these ruins in modern history was that of an expedition led by Lieutenant James H. Simpson whose guide led them to the ruins of Pueblo Pintado. His enthusiastic report stirred little interest back home in Washington D. C. It was not until 1877 that a second exploration of the area that William Henry Jackson visited and photographed the ruins. Soon other visitors arrived at Chaco Canyon, notably the Mindeleff brothers of the American Bureau of Ethnology, and the Hyde Exploration Expedition, with Richard Wetherill, the explorer of Mesa Verde, and a student, George Pepper, a student from the Peabody Museum of Harvard University. Wetherill and Pepper did the first excavations at Pueblo Bonito, and Wetherill claimed a homestead in 1901 that included, among others, Pueblo Bonito and Chetro Ketl. By this time the self-trained Wetherill had become anathema to scholars trained in institutions, and eastern academics began to rally around an attempt to stop what they felt was wanton pot hunting and looting of antiquities in the American West. Land Office Agent S. J. Holsinger was assigned to investigate the activities of the Hyde expedition, and in addition to mapping the area, noting other significant structures, irrigation ditches and ancient roadways, he developed a personal animosity toward Wetherill. Holsinger’s research contributed towards passage of the American Antiquities Act in 1906, and in 1907 Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed Chaco Canyon National Monument. Wetherill then relinquished his claim. In 1921 Neil Judd, Curator of Archeology at the United States National Museum, in conjunction with the National Geographic Society, began the first federally authorized excavations on Chaco Canyon, focusing on Pueblo Bonito. Using technically sophisticated methods such as stratigraphy and dendochronology (the study of the age of tree rings), they focused less on collecting objects than answering questions about the meaning and purpose of the ruins. In 1929, Edward Hewett led a team from the Museum of New Mexico, the School of American Research, and the University of New Mexico. This excavation led to further refinements such as those of Florence Hawley Ellis in dendochronology and Gordon Vivian, an archeologist from Arizona State Museum, working with the National Park Service. By the mid 1930s researchers had learned much about the culture of Chaco Canyon, but it was becoming apparent that the approach using multi-agency teams had its drawbacks, mainly inter-agency squabbling about CHCU 52717 4 who could do what and by 1947 it was decided that one agency, the National Park Service, would be the head. Gordon Vivian was named head of archeology, and excavations of additional structures were expanded. The Chaco Center was established in 1971 by the National Park Service in conjunction with the University of New Mexico, first under Robert Lister and then James Judge as Directors. Its goal was to achieve a comprehensive view of the archeological sites, irrigation systems, road, petroglyphs, etc. New techniques such as remote sensing, photogrammetry, and thermography have aided in these studies of the outlier road system and the extensive network of canals and irrigation ditches. Despite the extensive work done in Chaco Canyon many fundamental questions remain to be answered, for example: the essential purpose of the Chaco network, and why it was abandoned. Research work will continue, but some answers may never be found. Information taken from: Strutin, Michele. Chaco: A Cultural Legacy, Tucson, Arizona: Southwest Parks & Monuments Association, 1994 CHCU 52717 5 SCOPE AND CONTENT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT RECORDS 1936-2004 (bulk dates: 1960-1990) COLLECTION NUMBER 0300 CATALOG NUMBER CHCU 52717 VOLUME [Count] [Extent]35.8 [Type of Unit]LF DESCRIPTION This collection contains the Resource Management Records for Chaco Canyon National Historical Park. It contains Administration Records, Development and Maintenance Records, History and Archeology Records, Lands and Recreation Planning Files, and Natural and Social Sciences Files. ORGANIZATION [Organization] [Arrangement]These files are arranged according to the NPS -19 Records Disposition Schedule. Within the alpha-numerical code system, records are arranged in ascending chronological order. Within the individual folders records are arranged, when possible, in ascending chronological order. PROVENANCE Found in collections at Chaco Culture National Historical Park. RESTRICTIONS NO CHCU 52717 6 HIERARCHY A - ADMINISTRATION, 1936-2004 (bulk dates: 1960-1990) D - DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE , 1936-2002 (bulk dates: 1960-1990) H - HISTORY AND ARCHEOLOGY, 1929-2005 (bulk dates: 1936-1999) L - LANDS AND RECREATION N - NATURAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES, 1924-2002 (bulk dates: 1960-1999) K - INTERPRETATION AND INFORMATION, 1939-2011 F - FISCAL W - LAWS AND LEGAL MATTERS CHCU 52717 7 SERIES DESCRIPTIONS AND FILE UNITS Collection/Series: 0300/001 Series Title: A - ADMINISTRATION Accession: CHCU-00782 Catalog Nbr: CHCU 52717 Inclusive Dates: 1936-2004 Bulk Dates: 1960-1990 Scope: This series contains correspondence, memorandums, reports, surveys, inventories, lists, Memorandums of Understandings, Cooperative Agreements, and photographs regarding committees, interagency groups, Superintendent's narrative reports, conference meetings, inspections, organizational records, transportation studies, and conservation and preservation areas. Arrangement: Files in this series are arranged according to the alphanumeric order found in NPS-19 Appendix B. Provenance: Found in collections at Chaco Culture National Historical Park. CHCU 52717 8 Series Nbr: 001 File Unit: 001 Dates: 1993 Title: A1615 - ADVISORY BOARDS ON NATIONAL PARKS, HISTORICAL SITES, BUILDINGS AND MONUMENTS 1993 Summary Notes: This folder contains correspondence regarding road development into Chaco Culture National Historical Park, Copy of Resolution of Nageezi Chapter over road construction, and copy of map. _____________________________________________________________ Series Nbr: 001 File Unit: 002 Dates: 1990-1993 Title: A18 - RECORDS OF ADVISORY BOARDS - FIELD BOARDS 1990-1993 Summary Notes: This folder contains a copy of notice of Fajada Butte closure and correspondence and memorandums regarding American Indian Consultation Committee for Chaco Culture National Historical Park meetings, concessions, and NAGPRA costs. _____________________________________________________________ Series Nbr: 001 File Unit: 003 Dates: 1941-1986 Title: A20 - RECORDS OF OTHER ADVISORY BOARDS OR GROUPS Summary Notes: This folder contains: - Van Valkenburgh, Richard F., Dine Bike yah, Navajo Service, Window Rock, 1941