Saro Shah & Serai Bazar Shah Sub

Initial Environmental Examination Report ______

Project Number: 47021-002 Loan Number: 3239

PAK: Federally Administered Tribal Areas Water Resources Development Project

Initial Environmental Examination Report for Saro Shah and Serai Bazar Shah Weir, District Mohmand

Prepared by Project Management Unit, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

For the Asian Development Bank Date received by ADB: June 2019

NOTES

(i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and its agencies ends on 30 June. (ii) In this report “$” refer to US dollars.

This initial environmental examination report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Project Management Unit PMU FATA Water Resources

Development Project FWRDP Merged Area Secretariat

FEDERALLY ADMINISTERED TRIBAL AREAS

WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION (IEE) SARO SHAH & SERAI BAZAR SHAH SUB PROJECT

(MOHMAND TRIBAL DISTRICT) January, 2019

JOINT VENTURE: FATA WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT CONSULTANTS

House # 3, Street # 1, Near Board Bazar, Tajabad, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Tel: +92 91 5601635 - 6 Fax: +92 91 5840807 E-mail: [email protected]

Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Saro Shah & Serai Bazar Shah subproject

TABLE OF CONTENTS

S. No. Description Page No.

General ...... 1 Project Background ...... 1 Project Consultants ...... 2 Purpose of Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) ...... 2 IEE Methodology ...... 2 Study Area ...... 3 Baseline Survey Methodology ...... 5 Impact Assessment Methodology ...... 6 Report Format ...... 6 Project Categorization ...... 8 IEE Team ...... 8

General ...... 9 National Policy and Legal Framework ...... 9 The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act, 2014 ...... 9 Regulations for Environmental Assessment, Pakistan EPA ...... 10 Regulatory Clearances, EPA ...... 11 Guidelines for Environmental Assessment, Pakistan EPA ...... 11 Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, (2000)……...... 11 National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) ...... 11 Comparative Analysis of the National and International Standards ...... 12 ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 ...... 16 Project Categorization ...... 17 Other Environment Related Legislations ...... 18

Project Features ...... 20 Project Location ...... 25 Project Objectives ...... 25 Construction Planning Saro Shah Weir ...... 25 Construction Planning Serai Bazar Shah Subsurface Subproject ...... 31 Lateral Pipe Network ...... 33 Collector Pipe ...... 35 Filter Envelop ...... 37 Irrigation Pipe ...... 37 Subproject Implementation Period ...... 38

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Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Saro Shah & Serai Bazar Shah subproject

Executing Agency ...... 38 Design Consultant ...... 38 Provincial Development Working Party...... 38 Terms of Partnership ...... 39 Operation and Maintenance (O&M) ...... 39

General ...... 40 Baseline Survey Methodology ...... 40 Study Area ...... 42 Physical Environment ...... 45 Topography ...... 45 Climate ...... 45 Hydrology ...... 46 Regional Geology ...... 47 Geology of the Project Area ...... 47 Soil ...... 48 Seismology ...... 48 Ambient Air Quality and Noise ...... 50 Water Resources ...... 52 Water Quality ...... 56 Land use and Land Cover ...... 57 Biological Environment ...... 59 Flora ...... 60 Fauna ...... 63 Avifauna ...... 64 Protected areas / National sanctuaries ...... 65 Socio-Economic Environment ...... 66 Administrative Set Up ...... 66 Demographic Profile ...... 67 Family Size ...... 67 Dwelling ...... 68 Language ...... 68 The Family System...... 68 Livestock ...... 69 Conflicts Resolution Mechanism ...... 69 Religious Beliefs ...... 70 Water Supply and Sanitation ...... 70 Poverty ...... 71 Health facilities ...... 72 Social Organization ...... 73 Agriculture ...... 73

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Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Saro Shah & Serai Bazar Shah subproject

Occupation ...... 73 Food ...... 74 Dress and Ornaments ...... 74 Mining ...... 74 Roads ...... 74 Telephone Facilities ...... 74 Sites of Historical Significance ...... 75 Gender Issues ...... 75

No Project Option ...... 76 Project Siting Alternatives ...... 77 Technological Alternatives...... 78

Impact Assessment - Overview ...... 80 Impact Area ...... 81 Impacts on Land Resources ...... 84 Excavation ...... 84 Waste Generation and Disposal ...... 85 Labour Camps, storage and approach roads...... 85 Soil pollution due to fuel and oil spillage from Construction machinery ...... 86 Agriculture Land Damage ...... 87 ...... 87 Changes in Soil Characteristics due to labour camps, and machinery yards ...... 88 Construction material leftovers and sites restoration ...... 89 Impacts on Hydrology and Water Resources ...... 89 Contamination of surface water due to washing ...... 89 Drinking water supply for Contractor’s Crew ...... 89 Municipal waste disposed into the stream ...... 90 Water quality and sedimentation load ...... 90 Impact on Air Quality and Noise Pollution ...... 90 Dust from construction and smoke from plants and equipment ...... 90 Smoke from burning of waste and firewood ...... 91 Noise from use of old/and or out dated machinery ...... 91 Dust Emission from Stone quarrying and Transportation ...... 91 Impact on biological resources Flora, Fauna (Biota) ...... 92 Impacts on Socioeconomic, Cultural and Archaeological Issues ...... 92 Tribal Tension and Rivalries ...... 92 Impact on Civic Infrastructure ...... 94 Community safety risks due to accidental or natural hazards ...... 94 Health and safety of labour at construction site ...... 94

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Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Saro Shah & Serai Bazar Shah subproject

...... 95 ...... 95 ...... 96

General ...... 98 Mitigation Measures ...... 98 Residual Impact ...... 99 Institutional Arrangements ...... 99 Management Responsibilities ...... 99 Monitoring Activities ...... 116 Performance Indicators ...... 116 Project Enhancement Plans ...... 117 Restoration Plan ...... 117 Reports ...... 117 Training Schedule ...... 118 Estimated Budget for EMP Implementation ...... 119 Third Party Monitoring ...... 120

General ...... 122 Identification of Stakeholders ...... 123 Methodology ...... 124 Agenda of Consultative Session ...... 125 Local Farmer Views...... 125 Consultation with Other Stakeholders and Their Response ...... 126

General ...... 130 Objectives of Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 130 Awareness of GRM ...... 131 Implementation of GRM ...... 132

Findings and Recommendations ...... 135 Conclusion ...... 135

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Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Saro Shah & Serai Bazar Shah subproject

List of Annexures

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Figure 1.1: The Sub Projects Location Map ...... 4 Table 2.1 Comparison of International and local Air Quality Standards ...... 13 Table 2.2: Comparison of International and local for Noise-Limit in dB(A) Leq ...... 14 Table 2.3 Comparison of International and local Standards for Drinking Water ...... 15 Table 2.4 Environmental Guidelines and Legislations ...... 18 Table 3.1: Salient Features of the Subprojects ...... 21 Figure 3.1: Sub Projects Location Map ...... 22 Figure 3.2: Satellite Image of Saro Shah Sub Project ...... 23 Figure 3.3: Satellite Image of Serai Bazar Shah ...... 24 Table 3.2: Diversion Weir Works and Quantity ...... 27 Table 3.3: Irrigation Channel Works and Quantity ...... 28 Figure 3.4: Plan of Diversion Arrangement (Weir) ...... 30 Figure 4.1: Mohmand Tribal District ...... 44 Figure 4.2 Mean Monthly Temperature ...... 46 Figure 4.3: Tectonic Map of Pakistan ...... 49 Table 4.2: Details of Watershed ...... 55 Table 4.3 Water Table of the Subproject Area...... 56 Table 4.4: Water Quality analysis result Saro Shah and Serai Bazar Shah ...... 57 Table 4.5: Land Use Statistics of Mohmand Tribal District ...... 58 Fig 4.5 Land Use Map of Saro Shah & Serai Bazar Shah ...... 59 Table 4.6 Common Trees Species in Mohmand Tribal District ...... 61 Table 4.7: Common Grasses Species in the Area ...... 62 Table 4.8: Common Shrub Species in the Project Area ...... 62 Table 4.9: Fauna of the Project Area ...... 63 Table 4.10: Avifauna of the Project Area ...... 64 Table 4.11: Population Details of Mohmand Tribal District ...... 66 Figure 5.1 Impact Area ...... 82 Table 5.1 Screening of Environmental Impacts; Construction and Post Construction Stages ...... 83 Table 6.1: Environmental Management (Mitigation) Plan (Construction & Operation) ...... 103 Table 6.2 Environmental Monitoring ...... 116 Table 6.3: Distribution of Reports ...... 118 Table 6.4: Estimated Budget for Environmental Management ...... 120 Table 6.5: Estimated Budget for Environmental Monitoring……………………………………………120 Figure 7.1: Identification of Stakeholders ...... 124 Table 7.2: List of Government Official Contacted...... 127 Table 7.3: List of Community Consultation Participants at Saro Shah ...... 127 Table 7.4: List of Community Consultation Participants at Serai Bazar Shah ...... 128 Figure 7.2: Community Meetings at Saro Shah and Serai Bazar Shah ...... 129 Figure 8.1: Proposed GRM ...... 134

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Units Conversion Tables Length Units

Millimeters Centimeters Meters Kilometers Inches Feet Yards Miles mm cm m km in ft yd mi 1 0.1 0.001 0.000001 0.03937 0.003281 0.001094 6.21e-07 10 1 0.01 0.00001 0.393701 0.032808 0.010936 0.000006 1000 100 1 0.001 39.37008 3.28084 1.093613 0.000621 1000000 100000 1000 1 39370.08 3280.84 1093.613 0.621371 25.4 2.54 0.0254 0.000025 1 0.083333 0.027778 0.000016 304.8 30.48 0.3048 0.000305 12 1 0.333333 0.000189 914.4 91.44 0.9144 0.000914 36 3 1 0.000568 1609344 160934.4 1609.344 1.609344 63360 5280 1760 1

Area Units

Millimeter Centimeter Meter Inch Foot Yard square square square square square square 2 2 2 2 2 mm cm m2 in ft yd 1 0.01 0.000001 0.00155 0.000011 0.000001 100 1 0.0001 0.155 0.001076 0.00012 1000000 10000 1 1550.003 10.76391 1.19599 645.16 6.4516 0.000645 1 0.006944 0.000772 92903 929.0304 0.092903 144 1 0.111111 836127 8361.274 0.836127 1296 9 1

Volume Units

Centimeter Mete Liter Inch Foo US Imperia US barrel (oil) cube r cub t gallons l 3 3 3 cm m3 ltr in ft US gal Imp. gal US brl 1 0.000001 0.001 0.061024 0.000035 0.000264 0.00022 0.000006 1000000 1 1000 61024 35 264 220 6.29 1000 0.001 1 61 0.035 0.264201 0.22 0.00629 16.4 0.000016 0.016387 1 0.000579 0.004329 0.003605 0.000103 28317 0.028317 28.31685 1728 1 7.481333 6.229712 0.178127 3785 0.003785 3.79 231 0.13 1 0.832701 0.02381 4545 0.004545 4.55 277 0.16 1.20 1 0.028593 158970 0.15897 159 9701 6 42 35 1 Mass Units

Grams Kilograms Metric tonnes Short ton Long ton Pounds Ounces g kg tonne shton Lton lb oz 1 0.001 0.000001 0.000001 9.84e-07 0.002205 0.035273 1000 1 0.001 0.001102 0.000984 2.204586 35.27337 1000000 1000 1 1.102293 0.984252 2204.586 35273.37 907200 907.2 0.9072 1 0.892913 2000 32000 1016000 1016 1.016 1.119929 1 2239.859 35837.74

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453.6 0.4536 0.000454 0.0005 0.000446 1 16 28 0.02835 0.000028 0.000031 0.000028 0.0625 1 Volumetric Liquid Flow Units

Meter Foot Foot US barrels Liter/second Liter/minute US cube/hour cube/minute cube/hour gallons/minute (oil)/day L/sec L/min M3/hr ft3/min ft3/hr gal/min US brl/d 1 60 3.6 2.119093 127.1197 15.85037 543.4783 0.016666 1 0.06 0.035317 2.118577 0.264162 9.057609 0.277778 16.6667 1 0.588637 35.31102 4.40288 150.9661 0.4719 28.31513 1.69884 1 60 7.479791 256.4674 0.007867 0.472015 0.02832 0.01667 1 0.124689 4.275326 0.06309 3.785551 0.227124 0.133694 8.019983 1 34.28804 0.00184 0.110404 0.006624 0.003899 0.2339 0.029165 1

Temperature Conversion Formulas

Degree Celsius (°C) (°F - 32) x 5/9 (K - 273.15) Degree Fahrenheit (°F) (°C x 9/5) + 32 (1.8 x K) - 459.67 Kelvin (K) (°C + 273.15) (°F + 459.67) ÷ 1.8

Currency Exchange Table

US Dollar Pakistani Rupees 01 139.88 Exchange Rate as of January 24, 2019

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Saro Shah & Serai Bazar Shah subproject

List of Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank AMSL Above Mean Sea Level APA Assistant Political Agent CO Community Organization CCA Culturable Command Area CSC Construction Supervision Consultant DG Director General EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return EMU Environmental Management Unit EMMP Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan EMP Environment Management Plan EPA Environment Protection Agency ECR Environmental Complaints Register FIRR Financial Internal Rate of Return FRDP FATA Rural Development Project FWRDP FATA Water Resources Development Project FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas FGD Focus Group Discussions GIS Geographic Information System GoP Government of Pakistan GRC Grievance Redress Committee GFP Grievance Focal Point GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism HSE Health, Safety and Environment IA Implementing Agency IEE Initial Environmental Examination KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa MM Mitigation Measure MMT Main Mantle Thrust NGO Non-Governmental Organization NOC No Objection Certificate PA Political Agent PD Project Director PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Act PIU Project Implementation Unit PMU Project Management Unit PPTA Project Preparatory Technical Assistance PRM Pakistan Resident Mission RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete RE Resident Engineer SDS Safety Data Sheet SPS Safeguard Policy Statement SSEMP Site Specific Environmental Management Plan ToP Terms of Partnership ToR Terms of Reference WWF World Wide Fund for Nature

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Executive Summary

1. Introduction The environmental study was undertaken in accordance to the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act, 2014 and Asian Development Bank`s (ADB) Environment Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 requirement and recommendations. The TOR requires that an assessment of the environmental impacts of the project (i.e. IEE or EIA), preparation of the environmental management and monitoring plans (EMMPs), inclusion of costs for implementing recommended mitigation measures, and any capacity strengthening measures in the project development costs. Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) Water Resources Development Project (FWRDP) will be operational in the federal territories at the western borders of Pakistan with Afghanistan. It focuses on increasing irrigation supplies in three Tribal districts, namely Mohmand, Khyber and Bajaur, to increase crop production and harvest water sustainably. The project is being proposed as a result of the Water Assessment Study executed under the completed ADB supported FATA Rural Development Project of Merged Area Secretariat. The study identified 40 watersheds where the groundwater aquifers are depleting at a high rate, even under average weather conditions due to unplanned water extraction for irrigation and other associated purposes. It recommends shifting from groundwater to surface water, which remains totally unutilized, and identified potential sites for small reservoirs and diversion weirs in the 40 watersheds of Mohmand, Khyber and Bajaur Tribal Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). With above background, ADB financed a Project Preparatory Technical Assistance (PPTA), TA 8409-PAK, for FWRDP in preparing a project for financing consideration by ADB through FATA support implemented the PPTA during 2013-2014, in which a team of national consultants prepared a feasibility study for a water resources project for FATA. Based on the findings of the PPTA and on the request of Government of Pakistan, ADB approved, on 15th December 2014, the FATA Water Resources Development Project (Project) contributing $42.97 million from ADB’s Special Funds. The Government will contribute $4.93 million as counterpart fund. The ADB and Government of Pakistan signed the legal agreement on 17th April 2015 and declared the loan effective on 7th August 2015. The Project implementation period ends on 31th March 2020 and loan accounts will close on 30th September 2020. Since these projects are categorized as a category B project as per ADB’s Safeguards Policy Statement 2009, an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) exercise is required for these sub-projects.

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2. Project Location The Saro Shah and Serai Bazar Shah subprojects are proposed at Ambahar Khwar. The distance from Ekka Ghund through District Mohmand road is 55 km to reach Serai Bazar Shah site. As per site observation perennial flow of 255 lit/sec (9 cusecs) exist in the khwar. The Saro Shah and Serai Bazar Shah subprojects are proposed at coordinates of 34.5484° N &71.4502°E and 34.5484° N & 71.4502°E respectively. 3. Environmental Issues The subprojects activities include construction of a weir, sump with solar pump, irrigation channel and development of culturable command area of 115 ha. This will cause some disturbance due to construction activities on the RoW at site and the allied sites involving, camp areas, borrow area, material and machinery yard and necessary facilities for the staff and labor to be engaged for the execution of the subproject. 4. Policy Legal and Administrative Framework This report is in accordance to Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act, 2014 and Asian Development Bank’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 requires that environmental considerations be incorporated into ADB’s funded project to ensure that the project will have minimal environmental impacts and be environmentally sound. Occupational health & safety of the local population should also be addressed as well as the project workers as stated in SPS 2009. As this project falls in the jurisdiction of provincial EPA, therefore approval from the KP-EPA will be required. 5. Project Description Sub-surface Infiltration Gallery is proposed at Serai Bazar Shah to collect water from the khwar and convey it to the sump. Solar pump is proposed to lift water from the sump and deliver it to the command area. It is anticipated that from the scheme, culturable command area of 15 ha will be irrigated at cropping intensity of 138 % and design discharge of 27.8 lit/sec. Total length of irrigation network is 2.09 km. The project cost is estimated Rs. 19.881 million and anticipated to take 12 months to complete. The results of the economic analysis show that the project is economically viable (EIRR 9.53 %). The financial analysis also indicates the safe investment with FIRR as 8.26 %. Weir is proposed at Saro Shah to collect water from the khwar and convey it to the sump. Solar pumps are proposed to lift water from the sump and deliver it to the command area. It is anticipated that from the scheme, culturable command

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area of 100 ha will be irrigated at cropping intensity of 126 % and design discharge of 134.1 lit/sec. Total length of irrigation network is 2.90 km. The project cost is estimated Rs. 92.530 million and anticipated to take 12 months to complete. The results of the economic analysis show that the project is economically viable (EIRR 10.84 %). The financial analysis also indicates the safe investment with FIRR as 9.43 %. 6. Project Alternatives Project alternatives have been considered with consideration of their ability to match immediate demand and then keep pace with emerging demand while ensuring capture of available yield in the stream. Technically there is no other source of water or place diverting water for irrigation purposes. The subprojects area is considered as poor from an economic perspective. Subsistence farming is the economic mainstay. Water availability is scarce in area hence the proposed project will contribute positively to the project area. Therefore, no project option is not viable option. However various technical alternatives including typical conventional weir were also considered and the most viable option Tyrolean weir and subsurface infiltration gallery with solar pump were adopted due to its efficiency and effectiveness. 7. Environmental and Social Baseline The purpose of this chapter is to establish the baseline conditions for the physical, biological and the social aspects of the environment of project area. The data were collected regarding the physical environment, biological environment and social aspects of the study area from field surveys, desk studies, and visits to the Government departments, other relevant agencies, and discussions with the main stakeholders of the area. 8. Physical Environment Mohmand Tribal district is an area of rugged mountains with barren slopes. Most of the area is mountainous, with brown Rocky Mountains and little vegetation. There are patches of flat plains and during the spring time the region becomes greener temporarily. This region has no rivers, canals nor rich underground water reservoirs. Running water is hard to find in most of these valleys except Gandab and Shilman valleys. Land use data of the subprojects area shows that 44.74% of the total geographic area of is cultivated, while 13.40% is range land and is not available for cultivation. This puts intense pressure on the available agricultural land and creates food insecurity in the district. Due to the mountainous terrain and limited

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surface water resources, agriculture is on the few small plains, which are irrigated by water streams from mountains. Forests constitute only 12.04% of the subproject area while 15.70% is sparse forest. Wheat is the major crop, followed by maize and barley. Rice, grapes and mustard, onion and masoor are emerging as important crops. Fruit and vegetable farming is becoming popular here and it is expected that with improved irrigation facilities the production of fruits will increase further. The project area experiences two rain seasons: winter and summer. The mean maximum temperature during the hottest months of June and July are 38 °C and 28 °C respectively. December and January are the coldest months with mean minimum temperature of about 12 °C and 9 °C. Water supply is from rainfall, snow melt, and groundwater during the dry periods. Most of the area is a rain fed (barani) area. Depth of water table generally varies from 67 to 91 meters below ground level. The drinking water quality test result revealed that it is not fit for drinking as it is contaminated with total coliform bacteria. However the stream water is only turbid where the results are 108 NTU which exceeds the permissible limits (<05 NTU) of NEQS but it is fit for irrigation. The ambient air quality and noise in the subproject area is within permissible level of NEQS. 9. Biological Environment Ecologically, this area falls within the main group of Dry Subtropical Broad leaved Forest. The sub–group is Monotheca Scrubs. Generally, the vegetation is thorny evergreen shrubs, which are capable of developing into small trees, even under harsh climatic conditions and social pressure (heavy grazing/browsing). The main tree species in the project area are Eucalyptus, Acacia modesta, Zizphus nummularia, Populus, Acacia nilotica, Melia azedarach and Morus alba. Avifauna of the area is highly diversified and colorful, which is widely dispersed in gardens, cultivated fields, streams and hill slopes. After merger of Tribal district with KP the wildlife and forest laws are extended to the district. In past there were no wildlife or forest laws enacted for erstwhile FATA. However, in the recent past, Governor KP has issued a notification, declaring all wetlands in erstwhile FATA as Community Game Reserves. Hunting shall only be allowed with joint agreement of local communities and political authorities. Moreover, a separate notification has also been issued declaring trade in body parts (pelt, skin, stuffed bodies, trophies, etc.) of all wild fauna including migratory birds as illegal.

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Black and grey partridges as well as quails are also commonly seen. Black Partridge (Melanoperdix niger) classified as vulnerable species in accordance to the Redlist of IUCN. The hotspots for these birds and waterfowls are irrigation dams, khwars, river beds and banks. 10. Socio-Economic and Cultural Aspects Mohmand is one of the Tribal districts in erstwhile FATA and is bounded by Bajaur Tribal District to the north, Khyber Tribal District to the south, Malakand and Charsadda districts to the east, Peshawar district to the south east, and Afghanistan towards west. The total area of the District is about 2,297 km2 which is mostly hilly and mountainous with little flat land. The total cultivated area is only 21,410 hectares (ha) a little less than 10 percent of the total, most of which is rain fed, having insufficient rainfall with low agriculture productivity. Total population of Mohmand Tribal District is currently at 466,984 persons, out of which 51% are males and 49% are female. Average household size is around 9.7 persons per family. According to the 2017 population census, the entire Tribal District is termed as rural. The subproject sites are situated in Ambar tehsil, having a population of approximately 2801 people, and 260 households. Utman Khel is the main tribe in the area and is further sub divided into four sub-sections that are Esa Kor, Baso Kor and Adam Kor. Springs, streams, rivers and perennial watercourses serve as the primary source of water for drinking and domestic use. In mountainous areas, where natural surface and ground sources are not available, people rely on rain-water ponds. In the plains where surface water is scarce, shallow wells allow the people to meet their basic requirements. The people in the district is not widely educated. They migrate to down districts in search of jobs or any other labour. Government services are a cherished source of livelihood for about 3% people while just 4% is employed in private sector. Agricultural farming (55%), small scale business (4%) and working on daily wages (25%) basis are also major providers of job and sources employment in the district. About 4% of the employed population which is predominantly male works as migrant workers in Gulf countries while just less than 5% of the population is reported as employed in other provinces of Pakistan. About 4% people are busy in trading within village while 2% people have poultry farms. Women in the area play a dominant role in running the household, rearing and guiding children, managing household finances, and providing much of the labor for agriculture and animal husbandry. They do not normally have a public role, particularly in interactions with the broader society.

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Only 10 per cent of the population has access to adequate sanitation in the form of toilets, sewerage, drainage and solid waste disposal. 11. Public Consultation The public consultation process with various stakeholders has been carried out three times so as to create awareness, information dissemination and to involve them in the designing, planning and execution of sub projects. A total of 12 people including XEN Irrigation department, District Forest Officer (DFO) and Agency Agriculture Officer were consulted by CSC. The viewpoints of the stakeholders have been taken into account and their concerns and suggestions for possible improvements have been included where appropriate. During the field survey, significant efforts were made to identify the possible categories of stakeholders. Stakeholders at site were notified villagers, local residents, government officials, shop owners, public representative, NGO’s and general public. All those stake holders had different types of stakes according to their professions. Tribal society is dominated by men with final say in the affairs of all members of the family. Women, by comparison, play a subservient role and observe strict purdah (veiling). They are for the most part restricted to performing household work, and are excluded from decision-making both on the domestic front and at the community level. Keeping in mind the above background, women of the subproject area were not consulted. Generally, people of the area were supportive to the subproject and appreciated the efforts of Govt. to uplift the socio-economic conditions of the area. They were informed about the construction related negative environmental impacts e.g. dust and noise etc. and the proposed mitigation measures. They responded that these impacts are temporary and negligible in front of larger positive benefits of the subprojects. 12. Environmental Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures The Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study has disclosed that these subprojects are not likely to have any severe negative impacts on the environment and people of the area. All the potential impacts which have been identified during the present assessment are associated with the construction stage of the subprojects, and minor to moderate in severity; and can easily be avoided (through good design and construction planning) or mitigated (through proper implementation of the EMP). No acquisition of permanent land will be involved. There is no such adverse environmental impact of the subprojects but the construction-related temporary negative impacts such as air pollution, noise and use of community resources can be well managed through proper implementation of the mitigation

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measures, which have been identified in this report. Also there is no environmentally sensitive area in the vicinity of the subprojects area. Women headed households have not been identified in the subprojects area and no indigenous people impacts are involved in the proposed subprojects. The other social issues like safety of general public and workers, security problems, risk of communicable diseases, vector borne diseases etc. are of temporary nature. On the other hand, the subproject will create job opportunities particularly for the local population during construction stage and extremely beneficial for uplift of Socio-economic condition of the local population through irrigated agriculture i.e. development of 115 ha culturable land. 13. Environmental Management Plan Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is produced as a complementary part of Detailed Design and is a free-standing document. It ensures incorporation of the relevant environmental factors into the overall subprojects design and will identify linkages to other safeguard policies relating to the project. The EMP defines responsibilities for the implementation of mitigation measures in order to minimize or control negative impacts of construction and operational of the project, as well as defining a framework and responsibilities for the monitoring of each mitigation measure. The EMP shall implemented throughout the construction period by the contractor. The EMP shall be supplemented by Site Specific Environmental Management Plan (SSEMP) to be prepared by the contractor upon mobilization. Based on the preliminary assessment, key mitigation measures recommended under this Environmental Management Plan (EMP), the Contractor will submit the Site-Specific Environmental Management Plan (SSEMP) to the CSC and PMU for approval at least ten (10) days prior to commencement of any physical works. Overall responsibility for Environmental Management and Monitoring will rest with the Project Management Unit (PMU) which is headed by a Project Director (PD) and assisted by the CSC. 14. Conclusion and Recommendations The assessment of potential adverse impacts of the proposed Saro Shah and Serai Bazar Shah subprojects reveals that these projects will generate only minor to moderate adverse environmental impacts. These adverse impacts will be mostly confined to the construction works and will be temporary in nature. The predicted adverse impacts will be minimized and reduced by implementing the prescribed mitigation measures and will be continually monitored by implementing and updating the EMP. The overall finding is that the beneficial gains provided by these subprojects will by far exceed the negative impacts – most of them being short-termed and

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without major interference to both the bio-physical and human environment. It is emphasized that the success of the EMP depends on the respective line agencies and institutions identified as key players in the implementation of the EMP. The timely and complete inclusion of the EMP’s compliance clauses with allocated cost in the Contractor documents is mandatory to ensure the success of all environmental safeguard measures. As these subprojects are exclusively an irrigation system, all identified adverse environmental impacts during the rehabilitation and improvement works of the project will be of minor nature, easily to be mitigated by adequate implementation of the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans. Entire command of the subproject’s components do not include any environmentally sensitive areas. The final conclusion is that, the subprojects are environmentally safe and socially acceptable.

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INTRODUCTION

General The environmental study is in compliance to the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act, 2014 and Asian Development Bank`s (ADB) Environment Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 requirement and recommendations. The TOR requires that an assessment of the environmental impacts of the project (i.e. IEE or EIA), preparation of the environmental management and monitoring plans (EMMPs), inclusion of costs for implementing recommended mitigation measures, and any capacity strengthening measures in the project development costs. Project Background The Tribal areas of Pakistan have scarcity of land and water resources. In spite of the land scarcity, the people are agriculturalist and livestock herders by occupation and practice agriculture where possible. Encouraged by the salutary effects of schemes in water sector, the Merged Area Secretariat has proposed to harvest the flood water in the streams by constructing small dams to bring more areas under irrigation and to recharge aquifer for supplementing groundwater reserve. Therefore, the main focus in recent years has been the construction of dams to conserve water in order to expand and intensify irrigated agriculture. The irrigated agriculture has evolved over many centuries and today, despite the decades of civil strife, there are still thousands of hectares being irrigated by traditional systems, which are managed, operated and maintained by communities with little or no involvement of the government. However, there is considerable opportunity for increasing agricultural production by construction of major infrastructure works, like construction of small dams, diversion weirs, lining of water courses and increasing awareness about latest farm practices and cropping patterns which are beyond the technical and financial capacity of the farming communities. FATA Water Resources Development Project (FWRDP) will be operational in the Tribal territories at the western borders of Pakistan with Afghanistan. It focuses on increasing irrigation supplies in three agencies, namely Mohmand, Khyber and Bajaur, to increase crop production and harvest water sustainability. The project is being proposed as a result of the Water Assessment Study executed under the completed ADB supported FATA Rural Development Project of Merged Area Secretariat. The study identified 40 watersheds where the groundwater aquifers are depleting at a high rate, even under average weather conditions due to unplanned water extraction for irrigation and other associated purposes. It recommends shifting from groundwater to surface water, which remains totally unutilized, and identified

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potential sites for small reservoirs and diversion weirs in the 40 watersheds of Mohmand, Khyber and Bajaur Tribal Districts of erstwhile FATA. With above background, ADB financed a Project Preparatory Technical Assistance, TA 8409-PAK (PPTA) for FATA Water Resources Development Project in preparing a project for financing consideration by ADB. ADB through FATA support implemented the PPTA during 2013-2014, in which a team of national consultants prepared a feasibility study for a water resources project for erstwhile FATA. Based on the findings of the PPTA and on the request of Government of Pakistan, ADB approved, on 15th December 2014, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas Water Resources Development Project (FWRDP) contributing $42.97 million from ADB’s Special Funds. The Government will contribute $4.93 million as counterpart fund. The ADB and Government of Pakistan signed the legal agreement on 17th April 2015 and declared the loan effective on 7th August 2015. The Project implementation period ends on 31th March 2020 and loan accounts will close on 30th September 2020. The Saro Shah and Serai Bazar Shah subprojects are proposed at Ambahar Khwar. The distance from Ekka Ghund through District Mohmand road is 55 km to reach Serai Bazar Shah site. As per site observation perennial flow of 255 lit/sec (9 cusecs) exist in the khwar. The Saro Shah and Serai Bazar Shah subprojects are proposed at coordinates 34.5484° N &71.4502°E and 34.5484° N & 71.4502°E respectively. Project Consultants The Proponent / client, FATA Water Resources Development Project, Merged Area Secretariat entered into a formal contract in October 2016 with design and supervision consultants for the project with joint venture, led by BAK Consulting Engineers, AGES Consultants and Rehman Habib Consultants. Purpose of Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) The purpose of the IEE is: • To establish preconstruction environmental baseline of the subproject for construction and operation phases impacts evaluation. • To predict positive and adverse impacts. • To find ways to minimize/manage adverse impacts. • To enhance positive effects. IEE Methodology In the present study, standard methods were followed for Environmental and Social Impact Assessment. All the methods were structured for collection and organization of environmental baseline data and identification of environmental impacts using different survey tools and discussions with different stakeholders.

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The information, thus gathered, has been analyzed and presented in the form of a number of visual formats for easy interpretation and decision making. The baseline data was developed and analyzed to identify potential environmental impacts of the subproject. A Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist methodology was adopted to identify the high-risk activities and suggest their mitigation measures. Where possible, eliminating the risk by altering the scope or method of execution of work was preferred rather than minimizing the risk with control measures. The Social Assessment (SA) has been conducted to evaluate the subproject’s potential positive and adverse effects on the affected people and to examine subproject alternatives where adverse effects may be significant. The width, depth and type of analysis in the social assessment are proportional to the nature of the subproject and scale of its potential effects, positive or adverse, on the affected people. Study Area The study area related to IEE of the project comprised the following areas and features / aspects:

i. Primary impacts zone where the proposed subproject components, including “the area of weir, subsurface infiltration gallery along the alignment of the proposed irrigation system, solar system installation, Contractor’s camp and construction material storage area. ii. The secondary impact zone is the command area of the subproject where beneficial impacts are anticipated as with the availability of water, the cultivated area will be increased and cropping pattern will be changed as well as intensified

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Figure 1.1: The Sub Projects Location Map

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Baseline Survey Methodology A survey was carried out in the project area for field studies including physical, biological and social impact assessment in September, 2018. A summary of the main activities undertaken during the visit has been enlisted below: i. Collected information and required data from the project area for preparation of Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) report. ii. Identified site-specific issues of the proposed project. iii. Information obtained regarding existing infrastructure in and around the project area. iv. Requirements of necessary mitigation measures to be integrated into the overall plan were identified. v. Consultations were held with the population settled in the vicinity of the project. vi. Survey of nearby environmentally sensitive receptors was carried out. vii. Vegetation survey was conducted. viii. Different forest classes were identified and the degraded areas and scrubs were delineated. The grasslands/ alpine pastures and agricultural areas were also identified and delineated. The non- forest land cover was also delineated. ix. Interviews of the local for the presence and relative abundance of various animal species within each locality were also taken to have firsthand information. x. Data collection was carried out on habitat condition, animal presence by direct sighting and indirect evidences.

The section on climatology has been taken from the Project Hydrology Report made by project hydrologists. The regional geology and seismo-tectonics of the region are discussed based on the various available data sources and reports. Particularly, the discussion on Project geology has been based on the data available in the Project Geology Report and field observations made in selective pockets of different project affected sites. Land use and land cover mapping was carried out by standard methods of analysis of remotely sensed data followed by ground truthing. Forest types and plant species were recorded during the field visits and the floristic data for the catchment were sourced from the published literature. Based on the field data and available literature, frequency, density and cover of each species were calculated. Rare and endangered species were identified as per IUCN Red list, 2017.

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In order to collect the information on the fauna (mammals, avifauna, herpetofauna) in the area, primary as well as secondary sources were utilized. The Forest Working Plans of the Forest Divisions falling in the project area were referred to for secondary information on the wildlife of the area. The environmental testing (air, noise and water) at site has been carried out and the results are attached as supporting documents in Annex-I. Impact Assessment Methodology Prediction of impacts has been based on a broad matrix group ‘ecosystem’ constituted by physical and biological components. The vulnerability of an ecosystem to various impacts resulting from an activity or multiple activities was identified and accordingly impacts predicted. The main theme of the ecosystem approach in visualizing impacts on various sets of environmental data revolves around the idea that natural processes and patterns are likely to be affected under impacts of a developmental activity. The potential impacts at various stages of the project were predicted, identified and assessed according to their category of impact. They were classified as negligible, moderate or high. Each category is defined as under; Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Moderate: Site specific potential impact but can be mitigated High: Definite impact but can be mitigated significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented The moderate to high impacts were further described and mitigation measures were suggested accordingly. The mitigation measures and environmental monitoring have been worked out in the light of environmental impacts assessed. Interviews, field visits/surveys, scoping sessions with officials/notables and concerned stakeholders were also made for the accomplishment of the study. Report Format Chapter A: Introduction consists of the background, project needs and objectives. It also explains the methodologies adopted for carrying out different environmental and socio-economic studies. Chapter B: The legal and institutional framework section provides in detail, an overview of the government laws and rules that apply to regulate and control the environmental impacts due to project implementation, operation and maintenance,

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together with the relevant guidelines, legislation and policies concerning the project. Chapter C: It provides details of the project components and study of different project alternatives. This chapter also includes, route selection studies to select most viable route with maximum socio-economic benefits with minimum environmental adverse impacts. Chapter D: It describes the baseline conditions like physical, biological and socioeconomic, and surrounding area people. It also provides information about the existing amenities like education, health, infrastructure, cultural heritage, water supply/availability, electricity, etc. in the area. Chapter E: It describes the different alternative options studied for placing the weir axis and type including No Project Option. Different options were considered and evaluated on the basis of technical, economic, social and environmental parameters. It also provides the justification of current axis. Chapter F: It provides the project impacts, both positive and negative/adverse, on the land, land based assets, infrastructure, crops, forest and fruit trees, existing amenities, sewage, waste material generation etc. due to the construction of the project. This section also deals with the mitigation of the adverse impacts identified in the shape of the compensation, rehabilitation, capacity building, provision of livelihood resources and other needed amenities etc. Chapter G: This chapter ensures that healthy and friendly environment is created during the construction, operation and maintenance of the project by adopting effective Environmental Management Plan (EMP). Chapter H: This chapter deals with consultation with different stakeholders of the project as well as the study area. Chapter I: This chapter covers the Grievance Redress Mechanism from stakeholders and general public, and also includes required actions taken on any issue raised by them during construction or operational phases of the project. Chapter J: It summaries the positive and adverse impacts, mitigation measures of the adverse impacts and main recommendations based on the studies carried out and discussions/consultations with the affected persons, other stakeholders and notables of the project area.

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Project Categorization The subproject falls under Schedule-I of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Review of IEE & EIA) Regulations, 2000 in water management, dams, irrigation and flood protection heading which states that dams and reservoirs with storage volume less than 50 million cubic meters of surface area less than 8 square kilometers require an IEE. According to ADB Safeguard Policy Statement 2009, projects are to be categorized into three environmental categories; A, B, or C. All the anticipated adverse environmental impacts of the project can be mitigated, temporary nature and localized, except few adverse impacts those are long term and will be manage/minimize through implementation of Environment Management Plan. The REA Checklist (Attached as Annex-II) defines this in category “B” as per ADB’s guidelines for project categorization. IEE Team The team of this IEE Report includes:

Name Designation Qualification Experience

Mr. Shabir Ahmad Khan Environment M.Sc. Soil & Environment 35+ Years Specialist

Mr. Ihsan Afridi Environmentalist M.Phil. Environmental 7 years Sciences

Mr. Ibad Ullah Sociologist M.A Sociology 6 Years

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Saro Shah & Serai Bazar Shah subproject

POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

General This section provides an overview of the policy framework and national legislation that applies to the proposed sub-project. The project is expected to comply with all national legislation relating to environment in Pakistan and ADB`s Environment Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS) 2009. National Policy and Legal Framework National Environmental Policy (2005) (NEP) is the primary policy of Government of Pakistan addressing environmental issues. The broad Goal of NEP is, “to protect, conserve and restore Pakistan’s environment in order to improve the quality of life of the citizens through sustainable development”. The NEP identifies a set of sectorial and cross-sectorial guidelines to achieve its goal of sustainable development. It also suggests various policy instruments to overcome the environmental problems throughout the country. Prior to the adoption of the 18th Constitutional Amendment, the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA) 1997 was the governing law for environmental conservation in the country. Under PEPA 1997, the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) and Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) were primarily responsible for administering PEPA 1997. After the adoption of the 18th Constitutional Amendment in 2011, the subject of environment was devolved and the provinces have been empowered for environmental protection and conservation. The Government of Pakistan promulgated the prime environmental legislation “Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance” in 1983 which later enacted as Pakistan Environmental Protection Act in 1997. Under GoP regulations, the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of Initial Environmental Examination and Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations (2000) categorizes development projects into two schedules per their potential environmental impact. The proponents of projects that have reasonably foreseeable impacts are required to submit an IEE for their respective projects (Schedule-I). The proponents of projects that have more adverse environmental impacts (Schedule-II) are required to submit an environmental impact assessment (EIA). The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act, 2014 The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act, 2014 is the basic legislative tool empowers the provincial government to frame regulations for the protection of the environment. The act is applicable to a broad range of issues and

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extends to air, water, soil, marine, and noise pollution, as well as to the handling of hazardous substance. The key features of the law which are directly related to the proposed project area: Section-11: Prohibition of certain discharges or emissions: (1) "Subject to the provisions of this Act and the rules & regulations made there under no person shall discharge or emit or allow the discharge or emission of any effluent or waste or air pollution or noise in an amount, concentration or level which is in excess of the National Environmental Quality Standards.” Section-13: Initial Environmental Examination and Environmental Impact Assessment: (1) "No proponent of a project shall commence construction or operation unless he has filed with the Federal Agency an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) or, where the project is likely to cause an adverse environmental effect, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), and has obtained from the Federal Agency approval in respect thereof". Section-14 and 15: Prohibition of Import of Hazardous Waste and Handling of Hazardous Substances: No person shall carry, import, bring, transport or deliver hazardous waste or cause to carry, import, bring, transport or delivery of hazardous waste into the territorial jurisdiction of the Province of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Subject to the provisions of this Act, no person shall generate, collect, consign, transport, treat, dispose of, store, handle, deal in and use or import any hazardous substance except: (a) under a license issued by the Agency and in such manner, as may be prescribed; or (b) in accordance with the provisions of any other law for the time being in force, or of any International Treaty, Convention, Protocol, Code, Standard, Agreement or other instrument to which Pakistan or the Province of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is a party. Regulations for Environmental Assessment, Pakistan EPA Under Section 12 of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 and section 13 of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act 2014, a project falling under any category specified in Schedule I (SRO 339, 10/2000) requires the proponent to file an Initial Environment Examination (IEE) report with concerned provincial or federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Projects falling under any category specified in schedule II, the proponent shall submit an EIA

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with the Provincial or federal Agency, in this case Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Agency (KP-EPA) Islamabad, as the project is located in KP. Within 10 working days of IEE or EIA having been deposited, the concerned agency will confirm that the document submitted is complete for the purpose of review. During this time should the empowered agency require the proponent for revision, clearly citing those aspects that need further discussion the proponent will carry out necessary revision. Subsequently, the concerned agency will make every effort to complete the process for an IEE review within 45 days and an EIA within 90 days of filing and issue a “No-Objection Certificate” to the project proponent. Regulatory Clearances, EPA In accordance with regulatory requirements, an IEE/EIA satisfying the requirements of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act is to be submitted to provincial Environment Protection Agency for review and approval, and subsequent issuance of NOC before the commencement of construction. Guidelines for Environmental Assessment, Pakistan EPA The Pak-EPA has published a set of environmental guidelines for conducting environmental assessments and the environmental management of different types of development projects. The guidelines that are relevant to the proposed subproject are listed below: • Guidelines for the Preparation and Review of Environmental Reports, Pakistan, EPA1997;

• Guidelines for Public Consultations; Pakistan EPA May 1997;

Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, (2000) The Regulation classifies projects on the basis of expected degree of adverse environmental impacts and lists them in two separate schedules. Schedule I lists projects that may not have significant environmental impacts and therefore require an IEE. Schedule II lists projects of potentially significant environmental impacts requiring preparation of an EIA. The Regulations also require that all projects located in environmentally sensitive areas require preparation of an EIA. It also lists projects not requiring either an EIA or an IEE. National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) were first promulgated in 1993 and have been amended in 1995 and 2000. They have been revised and the latest NEQS were issued in 2010.These standards are also correlating with the International Regulation. The following standards that are specified in the NEQS

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are relevant to the proposed subproject. The WHO standards are also annexed at Annexure - III for air, noise and water. • NEQS for Ambient Air – November, 2010 state the maximum allowable concentration of air pollutants. • NEQS for vehicle exhaust –2000 maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (02 parameters) in gaseous emissions from vehicle exhaust and noise emission from vehicles. • NEQS for Drinking Water Quality – 2010 describe the drinking water properties by outlining the defined physical and chemical parameters. • NEQS for Noise – November 2010 states the maximum allowable limit of noise arising from vehicles in decibels (dB) separately for day and night times. • NEQS for Waste Effluents –2000 states the Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (32 parameters) in municipal and liquid industrial effluents discharged to inland waters, sewage treatment facilities and the sea. • These standards apply to the gaseous emissions and liquid effluents discharged by, campsites and construction machinery. The standards for vehicles will apply only during the construction phase of the Sub Project. Standards for ambient air quality have also been prescribed. (Reference Annex IV for NEQS) Comparative Analysis of the National and International Standards 1. A comparison of applicable local and international guidelines for air quality has been provided in Table 2.1. In general, the NEQS standards for air quality are most stringent in comparison to USEPA, WHO and the World Bank standards. The only exception is the TSP parameter for the annual mean where the World Bank standard (100 ug/m3) is more stringent than the NEQS standard (360 ug/m3). Apart from this one exception, the NEQS standards will also be used for the proposed project. 2. Similar to the standards for air quality, the comparison of noise standards provided in Table 2.2 clearly shows that NEQS standards for noise in case of commercial areas are more stringent in comparison to the World Bank/IFC standards. In case of night time standards for the residential areas, the IFC/WHO standards are more stringent as compared to Pak NEQS. Apart from this one exception, the NEQS will be used for the proposed project. 3. A comparison of National Standards for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ), Pakistan and World Health Organization (WHO) are given in Table 2.3. Maximum Allowable

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limits of all of the contaminates are almost same except for Lead & Arsenic. The NSDWQ will be used for the proposed project.

Table 2.1 Comparison of International and local Air Quality Standards

USEPA1 WHO2 World Bank3 Pak. NEQS Pollutants Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Standard Standard Standard Standard Time Time Time Time 125 (Interim target-1) 24- 20 Annual 50 Annual Primary- hour 80 ug/m3 μg/m3 Mean (Interim Average 75 ppb mean 1 hr target-2) Secondary- SO2 20 0.5 ppm 3hrs (guideline) (1,300 10- 500 120 μg/m³) minute 24 hrs 3 ug/m3 mean μg/m 10 500 ug/m3 minutes Primary 35 1 hr ppm (40 mg/m³) 10 8 hrs 5 mg/m3 Primary 9 mg/m3 CO 8 hrs - - 8 hrs ppm (8.7 (10 mg/m³) ppm) 10 40 mg/m3 1 hr mg/m3 1 hr Primary & annual 40 Annual 40 40 ug/m3 Secondary- mean μg/m3 Average Annual Annual (guideline) NO2 0.053 ppm Mean Mean 200 (100 1-hour 200 3 (guideline) 24 hrs 80 ug/m μg/m³) mean μg/m3 Primary & Secondary- 0.12 ppm 1 hr (235

μg/m³) 130 O3 - - 1 hr ug/m3 Primary & 8 hrs 100 3 8 hrs Secondary- mean μg/m 0.070 ppm (140 μg/m³)

1 Source- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards retrieved on 15th January, 2018. 2 Source-http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ retrieved on 15th January, 2018. 3 Source-IFC Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines-GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY, April 2007.

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USEPA1 WHO2 World Bank3 Pak. NEQS Pollutants Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Standard Standard Standard Standard Time Time Time Time Annual Annual 360 100 ug/m3 150-230 Mean Mean ug/m3 TSP 24 hrs 260 ug/m3 24 hrs ug/m3 500 24 hrs 500 ug/m3 24 hrs ug/m3 70 Annual 120 (Interim Mean ug/m3 target-1) 50 (Interim target-2) 30 (Interim target-3) annual 1 year 20 20 mean 150 μg/m³ 3 (guideline) Primary μg/m PM10 24 hrs and 24- 50 150 150 Secondary hour 24 24 hrs 3 3 (Interim ug/m mean μg/m hours target-1) 100 (Interim target-2) 75 (Interim target-3) 50 (guideline) Primary Annual 15 ug/m3 - 12 μg/m³ annual 10 Average 3 Annual Secondary mean μg/m 24 hrs 35 ug/m3 15 μg/m³ PM2.5 - - Annual 24- Primary & hour 25 1 hr 15 ug/m3 24 hrs Secondary mean μg/m3 35 μg/m³ Note: I ug/m3 = 0.002ppm

Table 2.2: Comparison of International and local for Noise-Limit in dB(A) Leq

NEQS (Effective form July, 2012) IFC & WHO S.No Category of Day time Night time Receptor Day time Night time Area/Zone (7-00:22-00) (22:00-7:00) 1 Residential Area (A) 55 55 Residential; 55 45 institutional; educational4 2 Commercial Area (B) 65 45 Industrial; 70 70 commercial 3 Industrial Area (C) 75 65 4 Silence Zone (D) 50 45

4 For acceptable indoor noise levels for residential, institutional, and educational settings refer to WHO (1999).

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Table 2.3 Comparison of International and local Standards for Drinking Water

National Sr. WHO Standards for Parameter Unit No. Guidelines Drinking Water Quality

Biological Analysis

1. Total Coliform No./100ml 0/100 ml 0

2. E. Coli No./100ml 0/100 ml 0

3. Fecal E. Coli No./100ml 0/100 ml 0

Chemical Analysis

1. pH - 6.5 – 8.5 6.5 – 8.5

2. Temperature 0C - -

3. Color TCU <15 <15 Not 4. Taste …. Not Objectionable Objectionable Not 5. Odour ouE/m³ Not Objectionable Objectionable 6. Turbidity NTU <5 <5

7. Electrical Conductivity µS NA NA

8. Total Hardness mg/l <500 <500

9. TDS mg/l <1000 <1000

10. TSS mg/l NA NA

11. Ammonia mg/l NA NA

12. Arsenic mg/l 0.01 <0.05

13. Iron mg/l NA NA

14. Aluminum mg/l - <0.2

15. Sodium mg/l NA NA

16. Chloride mg/l NA NA

17. Sulphate mg/l 0.01 <0.05

18. Fluoride mg/l <1.5 <1.5

19. Nitrate mg/l <50 <50

20. Nitrite mg/l 3 3

21. Cadmium mg/l 0.003 0.01

22. Chromium mg/l 0.05 <0.05

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National Sr. WHO Standards for Parameter Unit No. Guidelines Drinking Water Quality

23. Copper mg/l 2.0 2.0

24. Manganese mg/l 0.5 <0.5

25. Nickel mg/l 0.02 <0.02

26. Lead mg/l 0.01 <0.05

27. Zinc mg/l 3.0 5.0

NA: Not Applicable

ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 The Asian Development Bank’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 requires that environmental considerations be incorporated into ADB funded projects to ensure that the project will have minimal environmental impacts and be environmentally sound. Health and safety aspect for the project workers and the local population should also be addressed as well as the project workers as stated in SPS. All loans and investments are subject to categorization to determine environmental assessment requirements. Categorization is to be undertaken using Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklists, consisting of questions relating to (i) the sensitivity and vulnerability of environmental resources in subproject area, and (ii) the potential for the subproject to cause significant adverse environmental impacts. Projects are classified into one of the following environmental categories: Category A: A project is classified as category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area larger than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required. Category B: A project is classified as category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts are less adverse than those of category “A” projects. These impacts are site-specific, few, if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for category “A” projects. An Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is required. Category C: A project is classified as category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. No environmental assessment is required although environmental implications need to be reviewed.

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Category FI: A project is classified as category FI if it involves investment of ADB funds to or through a financial intermediary (FI). As a result of the completion of the Involuntary Resettlement (IR) and Indigenous People (IP) Checklist the sub project has been placed in Category “C” while in Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist, the subproject has been placed in Category ‘‘B’’ thus a detailed and comprehensive IEE study has been prepared including the EMP. Project Categorization Under Section 12 of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 and section 13 of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act 2014, a project falling under any category specified in Schedule I (SRO 339, 10/2000) requires the proponent to file an Initial Environment Examination (IEE) report with concerned provincial or federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Projects falling under any category specified in schedule II, the proponent shall submit an EIA with the Provincial or federal Agency, in this case Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Agency (KP-EPA) Peshawar, as the project is located in KP. Within 10 working days of IEE or EIA having been deposited, the concerned agency will confirm that the document submitted is complete for the purpose of review. During this time should the empowered agency require the proponent for revision, clearly citing those aspects that need further discussion the proponent will carry out necessary revision. Subsequently, the concerned agency will make every effort to complete the process for an IEE review within 45 days and an EIA within 90 days of filing and issue a “No-Objection Certificate” to the project proponent. This project falls under schedule-I of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Review of IEE & EIA) Regulations, 2000 in water management, dams, irrigation and flood protection heading which states that dams and reservoirs with storage volume less than 50 million cubic meters of surface area less than 8 square kilometers require an IEE.

IEE/EIA Regulations 2000, Schedule I IEE Required

Dams and reservoirs with storage volume less than 50 million cubic Yes meters or surface area less than 8 square kilometers

Irrigation and drainage projects serving less than 15,000 hectares Yes

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Other Environment Related Legislations The Table 2.4 provides all other legislations, guidelines, conventions and corporate requirements.

Table 2.4 Environmental Guidelines and Legislations

Legislation/Guideline Description The Forest Act (1927) The Act empowers the provincial forest departments to declare any forest area as reserved or protected. It empowers the provincial forest departments to prohibit the clearing of forest for cultivation, grazing, hunting, removing forest produce, quarrying and felling, lopping and topping of trees, branches in reserved and protected forests The Antiquities Act It ensures the protection of Pakistan’s cultural resources. The Act (1975) defines “antiquities” as ancient products of human activity, historical sites, or sites of anthropological or cultural interest, national monuments, etc. The Act is designed to protect these antiquities from destruction, theft, negligence, unlawful excavation, trade, and export. The law prohibits new construction in the proximity of a protected antiquity and empowers the GOP to prohibit excavation in any area that may contain articles of archaeological significance. Under the Act, the project proponents are obligated to ensure that no activity is undertaken in the proximity of a protected antiquity, report to the Department of Archaeology, GOP, any archaeological discovery made during the course of the project. Pakistan Penal Code It authorizes fines, imprisonment or both for voluntary corruption or (1860) fouling of public springs or reservoirs so as to make them less fit for ordinary use. The Public Health These two laws cover the presentation and spread of human diseases, (Emergency safeguarding the public health and providing and maintaining adequate Provision) Act 1954 medical services and other services essential to the health of the read with West communities in the project area. Pakistan Epidemic Control Act 1958

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND CONSERVATION STRATEGIES National Before the approval of NEP, the National Conservation Strategy (NCS) Conservation was considered as the Government’s primary policy document on Strategy national environmental issues. At the moment, this strategy just exists as a national conservation program. The NCS identifies 14 core areas including conservation of biodiversity, pollution prevention and abatement, soil and water conservation and preservation of cultural heritage and recommends immediate attention to these core areas. Biodiversity Action The plan recognizes IEE/EIA as an effective tool for identifying and Plan assessing the effects of a proposed operation on biodiversity. Environment and There is a well-established framework for environmental management

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Legislation/Guideline Description Conservation in Pakistan. The Ministry of Environment deals with environment and biological resources. Within the ministry, the NCS unit established in 1992 is responsible for overseeing the implementation of the strategy. Two organizations, the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) and the Pak EPA are primarily responsible for administering the provisions of the PEPA, 1997. The PEPC oversees the functioning of the Pak EPA. Its members include representatives of the government, industry, non-governmental organizations and the private sector. The Pak EPA is required to ensure compliance with the NEQS, establish monitoring and evaluation systems, and both identify the need to and institution of legislations whenever necessary. It is thus the primary implementing agency in the hierarchy. The Provincial Environmental Protection Agencies are formed by the respective provinces. ADB’s ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES Safeguard Policy ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 provides guidelines for Statement (SPS), environmental assessments of development projects. These guidelines 2009 help prospective projects identify impacts they will have on various environmental receptors. The guidelines call for carrying out EIAs or IEEs of projects based on severity of their impacts. INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS The Convention on The Convention requires countries to take action to avoid endangering Conservation of migratory species. The term "migratory species" refers to the species of Migratory Species of wild animals, a significant proportion of whose members cyclically and Wild Animals predictably cross one or more national jurisdictional boundaries. The (1981.21) parties are also required to promote or cooperate with other countries in matters of research on migratory species. There are no endangered species of plant life or animal life in the vicinity of the Project. Convention on The convention requires Pakistan to impose strict regulation (including International Trade in penalization, confiscation of the specimen) regarding trade of all Endangered Species species threatened with extinction or that may become so, in order not of Wild Fauna and to endanger their survival further. Flora (1973) International Union Lists wildlife species experiencing various levels of threats for Conservation of internationally. Some of the species indicated in the IUCN red list are Nature and Natural also present in the wetlands of Pakistan. Resources Red List (2000)

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PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Project Features The Saro Shah and Serai Bazar Shah subprojects are proposed at Ambahar Khwar. The distance from Ekka Ghund through District Mohmand road is 55 km to reach Serai Bazar Shah Site. As per site observation perennial flow of 255 lit/sec (9 cusecs) exist in the khwar. Sub-surface Infiltration Gallery is proposed at Serai Bazar Shah to collect water from the khwar and convey it to the sump. Solar pump is proposed to lift water from the sump and deliver it to the command area. It is anticipated that from the scheme, culturable command area of 15 ha will be irrigated at cropping intensity of 138 % and design discharge of 27.8 lit/sec. Total length of irrigation network is 2.09 km. The project cost is estimated Rs. 19.881 million and anticipated to take 12 months to complete. The results of the economic analysis show that the project is economically viable (EIRR 9.53 %). The financial analysis also indicates the safe investment with FIRR as 8.26 %. Weir is proposed at Saro Shah to collect water from the khwar and convey it to the sump. Solar pumps are proposed to lift water from the sump and deliver it to the command area. It is anticipated that from the scheme, culturable command area of 100 ha will be irrigated at cropping intensity of 126 % and design discharge of 134.1 lit/sec. Total length of irrigation network is 2.90 km. The project cost is estimated Rs. 92.530 million and anticipated to take 12 months to complete. The results of the economic analysis show that the project is economically viable (EIRR 10.84 %). The financial analysis also indicates the safe investment with FIRR as 9.43 %. The subprojects on account of its construction volume would not require elaborate arrangements for construction of labour camps. However, Contractor will elaborate his own plan according to site situation in the Site-Specific Environment Management Plan (SSEMP), which is to be prepared and approved before the start of construction. Storage sheds for construction materials would be constructed in the vicinity of weir construction site. Approximately 10-15 labours will be required for the construction of subproject. Non-technical labour to be engaged would be of local origin and as such would not require housing. All the land required for different project components is community owned barren land which would be provided voluntarily; no land base infrastructure will be affected during construction as well as operational phases of the project. The permanent land for project components such as weir, sump, solar system, water

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channels, offices, etc. as well as temporary land will be taken on lease if required. The amount of lease is part of project civil cost and is not added in Environmental Management Cost (details in Chapter G) to avoid duplication of cost. The Salient Features of these sub projects are given in the below Table 3.1.

Table 3.1: Salient Features of the Subprojects

Salient Features Saro Shah Subproject Serai Bazar Shah Subproject

Catchment Area 511 square kilometers 511 square kilometers

Design Flood 1386 cumecs 1386 cumecs

Weir Crest Length 30 m Subsurface infiltration Gallery

Tyrolean Part 3 m --

Culturable Command Area 100 ha 15 ha

Irrigation Intensity 126% 138 %

Irrigation Channel Type Precast Parabolic Type C HDPE Pipe

Irrigation discharge 134.1 lit./sec 27.8 lit./sec

Lift 1 40.5 m 37.5 m

Pipe 1 Length 765 m 890 m

Length of Channel 1 1930 m --

Lift 2 36.5 m --

Pipe 2 Length 610 m 1200 m

Length of Channel 2 970 m --

Project Cost Rs. 92.530 Million Rs. 19.881 Million

Construction Period 1 year 1 year

EIRR 10.84 % 9.53 %

FIRR 9.43 % 8.26 %

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Figure 3.1: Sub Projects Location Map

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Figure 3.2: Satellite Image of Saro Shah Sub Project

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Figure 3.3: Satellite Image of Serai Bazar Shah

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Project Location Mohmand Tribal District is located in the North of Peshawar city of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province bordering Afghanistan in the West, districts Charsadda and Malakand in the East, Bajaur Tribal District in the North and river Kabul in the South. The Swat River enters in the Tribal District at Upper Prang Ghar tehsil and comes out at Munda head works in the Charsadda district. Mohmand Tribal District lies between latitude 30° 09’ to 34° 44’ and longitude 70° 59’ to 71° 42’ E. It is drained by tributaries of the Kabul and Swat rivers. It covers an area of 2,296 km2. Mohmand Tribal District is geographically sub divided for administration convenience in to upper Mohmand, central and lower Mohmand sub- divisions. Lower Mohmand sub division is fertile as compared to central and upper Mohmand sub divisions. The three sub divisions have been further divided into eight tehsils namely Ekkaghund, Pranghar, Pindialy, Safi, Byzai- Khwazai, Ambar, Dawazi and Haleemzai. The Saro Shah and Serai Bazar Shah subprojects are proposed at Ambahar Khwar. The distance from Ekka Ghund through District Mohmand road is 55 km to reach Serai Bazar Shah site. As per site observation perennial flow of 255 lit/sec (9 cusecs) exist in the khwar. The Saro Shah and Serai Bazar Shah subprojects are proposed at coordinates of34.5484° N &71.4502°E and 34.5484° N & 71.4502°E respectively. Project Objectives The main objective of the subprojects is to construct a low height weir, subsurface infiltration galley and irrigation channels that will irrigate Culturable Command Area (CCA) of approximately 115 ha downstream of the subprojects. The present cropping intensity is 40 to 45% in rainfed and irrigated agricultural lands. It is estimated that a reasonable quantity of water from the weir will meet the irrigation demand of lands in the command area. Regular and dependable irrigation water availability with the construction of Saro Shah and Serai Bazar Shah Subprojects will greatly increase cropping intensity by 126% to 138% and production in the currently partially irrigated command area. Due to timely and regulated water supplies there will be substantial improvement in agriculture production. Provision of irrigation water with the construction of the Weir, will transform the below subsistence level rain-fed farming lands into productive irrigated agriculture. Construction Planning Saro Shah Weir

The main components of Saro Shah Weir irrigation project include the: i. Geotechnical Investigation ii. Foundation preparation

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iii. Main Diversion Weir iv. Stilling Basin v. Sump vi. Irrigation system vii. On Farm Water Management Works

These components are proposed to be constructed in two stages. The Geotechnical investigation will be carried out first, while construction of civil works will be carried out after design review. The stage wise break-up of components for construction purposes is briefly described below: Stage-I

Preparation of Foundation for Main Weir

The foundation preparation will involve excavation in stream/khwar bed and abutments, which mostly constitute of shingle gravel and weathered rock formation. The excavated material quantity is 8460.33 m3 where 6,715.68 m3 will be reused in backfill while the rest will be dumped in environmental friendly manner and the location of the dumping site will be provided in contractor SSEMP.

Main Weir

The diversion weir has been located at the minimum possible width of the khwar. It has been considered during project site selection that change in Khwar regime should be avoided with the construction of weir. The width of khwar flood plain at proposed weir location is about 128 m, while active creek is only 30 m wide and 1.0 m deep, therefore weir has been proposed in active khwar creek. The area beyond weir’s side wall will be consolidated by providing protection up to side wall height. For the diversion of irrigation discharge Tyrolean intake is adopted at this location. The diversion weir comprises a Tyrolean section to divert the flow for irrigation and overflow sections for flood routing. Construction of main weir is proposed to commence from left abutment towards the middle. The HDPE Pipe Conduit will be laid through weir body and irrigation channel is to be temporarily re-aligned to HDPE pipe conduit for maintaining irrigation flows. Construction of intake and outlet structure will be taken up at later stage.

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Stage- II

Main Diversion Weir Body

Construction of main diversion weir is proposed to commence from left abutment and intake pipe would be placed near left abutment in weir. Construction of irrigation channel and outlet structure will be taken up as parallel activities of this stage.

Stilling Basin

Construction of stilling basin will be started after construction of outlet structures.

Sump

Sump will be constructed downstream of the weir. The sump provides connection between the 0.3 m diameter pipe and the irrigation channel. The sump also has an overflow spill section for discharging the excess water. Sump has reinforced concrete walls on three side and a recessed portion for the spillway. Sump has been designed for the backfill pressure on their walls and plum concrete protection provided on the spillway side.

Table 3.2: Diversion Weir Works and Quantity

Item # Description Unit Quantity Excavation 1 cu.m 8460.33 2 Structural backfill cu.m 6,715.68

3 Concrete Work cu.m 568.35

4 Steel in Concrete Tonne 31.41 Making and fixing steel grated doors, complete with locking arrangements & angle iron frame, 5 Sq.m 6.4 Providing and Fixing steel windows with openable glazed panels With 22 SWG wire gauze : Glass pane 3mm (for Pump room) 6 Providing and Laying stone pitching/filling cu.m 83.85 HDPE Pipe: dia=12" 7 Rm 570.00 (Connecting Pipe)

Irrigation System

Commencement of activities for the construction of irrigation system will also take place after construction of intake and gate valve structure. This activity will run parallel to other activities onwards till final completion of weir body and other appurtenant structures. Two irrigation channels are to be off-taken from the sumps where water will be lifted through solar pumping system.

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This Irrigation channels is proposed to irrigate the proposed command area of Saro Shah Subproject located along left bank of khwar at higher elevation. The cultivable command area of this plain is about 100 Hectare which has been selected as good cultivable commanded area. The proposed channel’s alignment runs along higher elevation as contour channel. The whole command area is divided into two equal patches of 50 ha each for which two separate irrigation channels have been proposed of length 1930 m and 970 m respectively. Once the main irrigation channel has been completed, the beneficiaries will be provided with design and layout of field channels falling within the proposed weir project. The activity would be mostly carried out by the beneficiaries as part of their labour and Land contribution.

Table 3.3: Irrigation Channel Works and Quantity

Item Description Unit Quantity Earth excavation in irrigation channels 1 cu.m 19.09

2 Structural backfill. cu.m 8,499.07 3 Dressing slopes of banks or ground surface sq.m 7,768.00 Dismantling dry stone masonry 4 cu.m 75.00 (existing walls) Embankment formation in ordinary soil and compaction 5 cu.m 1,556.51 by mechanical means Supplying clean and screened river or pit sand within 6 150m including removal of loose earth or overburden. cu.m 29.13 (Main channel) Carriage on Item (03-43) above. 5 tonnes 7 10.29 (Lead upto 10km) (100 cft) Providing and Laying pre-cast segments in PCC linning 8 Rm 1,942.00 (parabola type) type C PCC 1:4:8 in mass concrete less formwork using 50% 9 cu.m 92.29 boulders Providing Plain Cement Concrete including placing, 10 compacting, finishing & curing G10 (1:4:8) cu.m 15.02 (Beneath RCC) Plain Cement Concrete including placing, compacting, 11 cu.m 92.46 finishing & curing (Ratio 1:1.5:3) Erecting & removing formwork to concrete in any shape 12 sq.m 178.08 / position (Vertical) Reinforced cement concrete work as in dams, spillways, weirs, barrages, cross drainage works and other hydraulic structures using crushed stone aggregate (screening & washing) and coarse sand i/c cost of all labour and material and all kinds of form 13 works, moulds, shuttering, lifting /pumping, curing, Cu.m 27.72 rendering and finishing the exposed surface, cast in situ/precast excluding the cost of steel reinforcement and labour for bending binding also excluding cost of additives which have to be paid separately. Type B (1:1.5:3) (G20)

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Item Description Unit Quantity Supply & fabricate M.S. reinforcement for cement 14 Tonne 2.39 concrete (Hot rolled deformed bars Grade 60) Providing and Laying stone pitching/filling, dry hand 15 cu.m 197.38 packed in pitching & aprons Grouting stone pitching or apron etc, in : Cement, sand 16 sq.m 11.26 mortar (1:8) 17 Providing and Laying RCC pipe sewers complete m 23.76 Providing, laying, jointing and testing including cost of 18 HDPE Pipe Rm 3676

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Figure 3.4: Plan of Diversion Arrangement (Weir)

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On Farm Water Management Works

Considering topography and undulated terrain of the project area, traditional method of land development and land leveling will be adopted i.e. using Bulldozers and Tractors mounted with front blades and rear scrappers. The improvement of entire length of earthen watercourses is suggested according to designed parameters. We have proposed the alignment of watercourses considering the existing system (where available) and contours of the command, but they may change little bit during execution. The length of each watercourse in the command area varies as per contour and layout of the field. The length of lining also depends on field requirement. In case of present project, 100 % length of a watercourse is proposed for lining. For lining, precast parabolic segments will be used to ensure the quality of work.

Commissioning of Weir

The weir and its associated structures will be commissioned on completion of stage-II works and by starting the perennial flow diversion. Construction Planning Serai Bazar Shah Subsurface Subproject During the planning phase of the scheme, option of subsurface irrigation has been considered in which the khwar flow as well as ground water will be utilized to irrigate command area. There is perennial flow in khwar at the proposed location, which may be utilized to irrigate available command area along its right bank. In this option, a network of subsurface pipe is proposed in the active flow channel of the khwar to collect the flow. Therefore, lateral perforated pipes are proposed to collect the discharge from the khwar. The lateral pies will be laid parallel to the flow and deep enough to work under saturated flow condition. At end of lateral pipes, a collector pipe is provided across the khwar to convey the collected discharge into a concrete sump. The sump will be constructed away from the flow area form where discharge will be delivered through a pipe. With this arrangement rain fed area will be irrigated through solar pumps. The schematic arrangement for pipe network, and Sump arrangements are shown in figure 3.5.

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Figure 3.5: Schematic Diagram of Subsurface Irrigation Arrangements

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Lateral Pipe Network To divert the discharge for irrigation a network of buried perforated pipes has been provided at about 1 m depth, which comprises two lateral pipes. The diameter of the lateral pipes are 300 mm, proposed parallel to the khwar flow. These laterals are placed 2.0 m apart from each other. All the lateral discharge into the collector pipe provided across the bed as shown in Figure 3.5. The lateral are provided in single layers, the layer is 1 m deep from ground surface. The arrangement of the lateral pipe is such that two laterals and a collector is a set of subsurface pipe network, therefore to divert the design discharge single set of subsurface pipes is provided.

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Figure 3.6: Section of Lateral Pipe

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Collector Pipe The lateral pipes collect the flow from the khwar and discharge into the collector pipe connected at the downstream end. The alignment of the collector pipe is across the khwar and perpendicular to the flow direction. The diameter of the collector is adopted as 300 mm, the pipe is placed at a slope of 1 in 1000. It has been estimated that single collector of 300 mm diameter may release 0.028 m3/sec (1.0 cfs) discharge at head of 0.85 m. The collectors can evacuate the discharge with a flow velocity of 0.4 m/sec. The collector pipe diverts the flow towards sump.

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Figure 3.7: Plan of Lateral Pipes and Collector Arrangements

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Filter Envelop The collector pipe should be surrounded by a gravel filter, the purpose of which is to prevent fines from the in-situ alluvium from migrating into the collector pipe. The grain-size distribution of the media surrounding the pipe should conform to specific requirements, and a procedure for designing such filters is articulated in Gradation Design of Sand and Gravel Filters, USDA-NRCS National Engineering Handbook, Part 633, Chapter 26. Two layers of fine and coarse filters are provided around the lateral pipes. The fine filter consists of layer of fine sand while the coarse filter contains uniformly graded coarse aggregate materials. These filters envelop are provided mainly to avoid the chocking of pipe perforations and ensure smooth entry of collected discharge into laterals. The thickness of sand layer and crush aggregate filter is 200 mm each. At the top of the fine filter layer, 0.3 m thick stone pitching is proposed. The stone pitching is provided over subsurface pipe as well extended on sides and upstream area. The stone pitching will protect the filter material and pipe installation from erosion during flood condition. Storage Sump A sump will be constructed along the right bank of khwar by excavating the ground surface. The sump will be buried in the ground while top of the sump will be at ground level. For maintenance purpose a removable concrete slab is provided at its top. The inlet of the pipe consists of collector pipe while a delivery pipe is attached at its outlet to convey the discharge to storage sump. The proposed storage sump has a concrete section having size of 2.0 m wide, 3.0 m long having 3.5 m depth, the walls of the concrete sump are 0.3 m thick with 0.3 m thick bottom slab, and the removable top cover is 0.15 m thick. The sump is equipped with delivery pipe and solar energy pump to lift the water. The size of pump has been worked out by considering the required lift and discharge. A delivery pipe will outflow into a small pond provided at its end, from where the discharge will be conveyed to the fields by pipe for irrigation. Irrigation Pipe Due to uneven topography of the area, an irrigation pipe is proposed at the end of lift pipe, to irrigate the command area. This Irrigation pipe is proposed at right side of khwar to irrigate the command area. The gross command area of this plain is about 18 Hectare, out of which 15 Hectare has been

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selected as good cultivable commanded area (CCA) based on availability of water for Irrigation. The proposed pipe alignment runs along right Bank of khwar. The land situated on bank of khwar is good for irrigation and is also command able from this pipe. The alignment is suitable for Serai Bazar Shah sub project command area. The length of main distributary pipes are 980 m and 1200 m respectively having diameter of 0.15 m. Total length of irrigation pipe becomes 2180 m. Subproject Implementation Period The subproject implementation would be carried out in accordance with Project Administration Manual (PAM) framed under FWRDP PPTA by ADB. It will take 01 year (12 months) to complete the subproject civil works. The construction of the subproject will require approximately 10 to 15 skilled and unskilled labour. Most of the unskilled labour will be from local community and would not require any housing. However, Contractor will elaborate his own plan according to site situation in the Site-Specific Environment Management Plan (SSEMP), which is to be prepared and approved before the start of construction. The main construction machinery involved will be excavator, tractor, dumper truck and concrete mixer. Executing Agency The Merged Area Secretariat will be the Executing Agency (EA). A Project Management Unit (PMU) will be established in the Planning and Development Department (P&D Department) of the Merged Area Secretariat. Project implementing agencies include the Directorate of Irrigation, which will be responsible for the improved irrigation infrastructure and on-farm water management components with the latter effort supported by the Department of Agriculture. The Forestry Department will be responsible for the watershed management component. Design Consultant The design and residency supervision of these subproject would be carried out by FWRDP design consultants. The consultants will carry out screening of the Subproject as per selection criteria. Accordingly, feasibility study of the subproject fulfilling the selection criteria would be framed. Provincial Development Working Party The Provincial Development Working Party (PDWP) would approve the feasible subproject of FWRDP. The PDWP would be delegated special powers to approve FWRDP subproject costing more than the threshold

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approval limit of PDWP. The project will also be implemented in cooperation with local Community Organizations (COs) established under the FRDP and will be key partners in the new project. The COs will enter into Terms of Partnership (TOPs) with the Merged Area Secretariat for the preparation and implementation of all sub-projects to be financed under the project. Such TOPs were already signed with COs for the 3 pilot Sub Projects, and are the model to be followed for subsequent subprojects. The COs also would be responsible for maintenance of completed sub-projects under the main project. Prior to the commencement of each proposed subproject, the Merged Area Secretariat and the relevant CO will have entered into a TOP setting forth, among other relevant terms, the details of the preparation and implementation of such subproject (including information on any land to be voluntarily contributed by the community for such subproject) and subsequent operation and maintenance of the facilities financed under such subproject, which such TOP will have been approved by the Deputy Commissioner. Terms of Partnership TOP for a subproject involving the construction of a weir/ subsurface infiltration gallery arrangement or irrigation channel will stipulate that the relevant CO will be responsible for operation and maintenance of such weir or irrigation channel from such CO’s own funds, provided, that, any major repairs to such facilities shall be carried out by, and at the expense of, the Merged Area Secretariat, through its Irrigation Department. Operation and Maintenance (O&M) The project has been designed to minimize manual operation to a minimum but the main canal can be regulated for flows through vertical steel gate. The beneficiaries have signed TOP with the Political Administration of Mohmand Tribal district and Irrigation Directorate. The TOP clearly states the roles and responsibilities of each stake holder. Most of the operation and maintenance (O & M) activities at secondary and tertiary level would be carried out by the beneficiaries through Village Organizations/COs.

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DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

General The purpose of this chapter is to establish baseline conditions for the physical, biological and social aspects of the environment of project area. The data were collected from field surveys, desk studies and visits to the government departments, other relevant agencies, and discussions with the main stakeholders of the area. The purpose of the baseline study is to fulfill the following objectives. a. To get the data about the physical, biological and socioeconomic environment of the project area b. To understand the current environmental situation of the area comprehensively; and c. To rationalize the decisions for the subproject implementation according to the ground realities. Information sources for this IEE also include: i. Water Assessment Study & Management Plan, Bajaur, Khyber and Mohmand, published by ADB and FATA Secretariat, produced under the ADB FATA Rural Development Project (FRDP) ii. Forest Atlas of Pakistan iii. GIS Database developed by the GIS Specialist iv. Primary Surveys conducted under PPTA by Environment Specialist v. Hydraulic Design Feasibilities conducted under PPTA by Hydraulic Design Specialist; and vi. Agriculture and Geological Studies conducted under PPTA by Agricultural Specialist and Geologist The main environmental conditions, likely to be affected due to project execution are: a. Physical Environment b. Biological Environment c. Socio-economic Environment Baseline Survey Methodology A survey was carried out in the project area for field studies including physical, biological and social impact assessment in September 2018. The visit was made to the project area to understand the terrain, environment and social issues, and vegetation of the study area. During the visit, the preliminary interpreted data were tested and necessary corrections made

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after proper ground-truthing. The physiographic features on the satellite imagery appearing in different tones and textures were used to correlate image elements and ground features for accurate identification. The purpose of the site visits was to familiarize with the physical, biological and socioeconomic environment of the proposed project area and the areas in the vicinity. Critical areas with respect to environmental and social concerns were identified and assessment of positive as well as adverse impacts of the project on the environment was done. A summary of the main activities undertaken during the visit have been enlisted below: i. Collected information and required data from the project area for preparation of Initial Environmental Examination report. ii. Identified site-specific issues of microenvironment of the proposed project. iii. Information obtained regarding existing infrastructure in and around the project area. iv. Requirements of necessary mitigation measures to be integrated into the overall plan were identified. v. Consultations with the population settled in the vicinity of the project. vi. Survey of nearby Environmental Sensitive receptors. vii. Interviews of the local for the presence and relative abundance of various animal species within each locality were also taken to have firsthand information. viii. Data collection was carried out on habitat condition, animal presence by direct sighting and indirect evidences. Spatial data base on the physiographic features was prepared based on the various data sources including survey map of the project and topographic sheets. These data were extracted and presented in accordance with the standard IEE methodology used for such studies. The section on climatology has been taken from the Project Hydrology Report made by project hydrologists. The regional geology and seismo-tectonics of the region are discussed based on the various available data sources and reports. Particularly, the discussion on project geology has been based on the data available in the Project Geology Report and field observations made in selective pockets of different project affected sites. Land use and land cover mapping was carried out by standard methods of analysis of remotely sensed data followed by ground truthing.

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Forest types and plant species were recorded during the field visits and the floristic data for the catchment were sourced from the published literature. Based on the field data and available literature, frequency, density and cover of each species were calculated. Ecological status of species was identified as per IUCN Red list, 2017 and other available literature. In order to collect the information on the fauna (mammals, avifauna, herpetofauna) in the area, primary as well as secondary sources were utilized. The environmental testing (air, noise and water) at site has been carried out to determine the baseline conditions of the area. Study Area The studied area for this IEE was broadly the Mohmand Agency (Fig 4.1), and more specifically subproject location including Saro Shah and Serai Bazar Shah Settlements, and the catchment of the Ambar Khwar stream on which Saro Shah and Serai Bazar Shah Subprojects are proposed to be constructed. The project study area primarily includes of the springs in the immediate vicinity, which will be impacted directly or indirectly by the project. The required information/ data of a baseline study were classified into two main categories i.e. Primary data and Secondary data. The project Area of influence (AoI) is referred to all those areas in the region within 0.5 km from the project corridor and which may be affected directly or indirectly by the project activities. The required information/ data of a baseline study were classified into two main categories i.e. Primary data and Secondary data. The primary data was collected directly from the concerned communities and direct observation, secondary data was the information gathered through secondary sources such as census report, research publications, topographic sheets, other published data related to the subprojects such as wildlife, livestock, fishery, forestry, agriculture, horticulture, climate etc.

For the purpose of this IEE, detailed deliberations were held with relevant stakeholders from the state, civil society and academia. A focused primary survey was also conducted in September 2018 to ascertain species distribution and abundance along with a very basic social mapping exercise. As a result, an effort was made to establish a baseline or state of environment for the three selected agencies, with a focus on sub-project site

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locations. Having stated the above, there are still limitations to the accuracy and authenticity, since in numerous cases, sources for data are singular and cannot be cross verified due to paucity of reliable sources.

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Figure 4.1: Mohmand Tribal District

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Physical Environment Topography Mohmand Tribal District lies between latitude 34o 08’ and 34o 21’N, and longitude 70o -58’ and 71o 42’E, covering an area of 2,296 km2.The district is characterized with rugged mountains and barren slopes, with an average elevation of 145 m, and slope being generally from north to east. The drainage pattern is from north-west to south-east with a number of streams initiating from high mountains along Pak-Afghan border. Some parts of the district water flow into the Kabul River, on the left bank, while the rest drains into the Swat River. Climate Mohmand Tribal District weather is hot in summer and cold in winter. The summer season starts in May and ends in August. The winter season initiates in November and culminates in February. The rainfall is scarce and mostly received during winter season. The climate of the project area varies from semi-arid to sub-humid subtropical and temperate. Physiographic features, especially altitudes have major impact on local climatic conditions. This is well depicted by the soils and vegetation of the area. The Project Area has a variable climate with cold winters and hot summers. During summer months there is great fluctuation in diurnal temperature in the open and in the shade of hilly areas. The mean maximum temperature during the hottest months of June and July are 38 °C and 28 °C respectively. December and January are the coldest months with mean minimum temperature of about 12 °C and 9 °C5. The nearest meteorological station to the project area is Peshawar. The graphical presentation of mean monthly with minimum and maximum temperature for Peshawar is provided in figure 4.2 below.

5 Hydrological studies Feasibility Report

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Figure 4.2 Mean Monthly Temperature6

Hydrology Surface flow was not gauged in the past therefore, no flow record exists within watershed and at the proposed diversion axis. Perennial flow exists in Ambahar River at Serai Bazar Shah sub project site. During site visit on September 6, 2018 the flow measured is about 255 lit./sec (9 cusec). As per locals during rainy season in March-April and July-August floods could be expected. The estimation of water availability has also been carried out indirectly by Soil Conservation Services Curve Number (SCS) method. Perennial flow of 255 lit./sec (9 cusec) exists in the khwar. About 57 lit./sec (2 cusesc) has been subtracted from the observed flow, which is demand of Mundara sub project proposed upstream of Saro Shah and Serai Bazar Shah sub project. Perennial flow of 200 lit./sec (7 cusec) is added in estimated flow. Curve number of 51, 70 and 85 for AMC-I, AMC-II and AMC- III conditions are used. As Peshawar rainfall data is representing the project area rainfall, water availability is estimated without any adjustment / correction factor. Daily rainfall data for metrological station Peshawar for the period of 1970- 2015 have been collected from Pakistan Metrological Department. Mean

6 Data Source: Met office Peshawar

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annual isohyetal maps prepared by met. Department indicate that the proposed sub project and its watershed lies in between contours of 450 to 750 mm. Basic purpose of flood studies is to establish design flood for design configuration of weir. As flood peak data is not available at weir site, flood estimation has been carried out indirectly by rainfall-runoff modelling approach through SCS Unit hydrograph method. Based on US Army Corp of Engineers criteria, Saro Shah subsurface infiltration gallery and Serai Bazar Weir is lying in small size, low hazard potential zone. The recommended safety standards are 50-year return periods. Regional Geology The Mohmand Agency, in which Saro Shah and Serai Bazar Shah sub project has been proposed, lies in the region which is close to the collision zone of the Indian and Eurasian Plates; the collision process started in the late Eocene to Early Oligocene with the formation of Himalayan Ranges and this process is still going on. Relative to Eurasia, the Indian Plate is still moving northward at a rate of about 4cm/yr. The subduction of the Indian Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate has resulted in folding and thrusting of the upper crustal layers near the collisional boundary. The thrusting has been depicted from north to south in the shape of Main Karakoram Thrust (MKT), Main Mantle Thrust (MMT), Main Central Thrust (MCT), Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and Salt Range Thrust (SRT). Geology of the Project Area The rocks exposed in study area of Mohmand Agency belong to Cretaceous age. These include Shangla blueshists, Charbagh greenschists, Mingora Ophiolites, Nawagai Melanges and Nawagai Marble and Dergai Ophiolites, Chaoilitic assemblage of Serpentine, Talc-Schist, Meta-Basalts and Greenstone along hanging wall of Main Mantle Thrust (MMT). The quaternary alluvium comprises unconsolidated deposits of gravel, sand, silt and clay7.

Weir Site Geology

The material on the nullah comprise sandy gravel with many cobbles and some boulders with little amount of fines. Gravel, cobbles and boulders are rounded to sub-rounded, spherical to semi-spherical, hard to very hard belonging to both igneous and metamorphic origin. The left abutment at the diversion axis of the sub project is composed of Cultivated and flood plain deposit is composed of Alluvium deposits. It

7 Geological Studies Section of Feasibility Report

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mainly consists of silt sandy mixed with gravel, the silt light gray to dark gray find grain size mixed with gravel of igneous and metamorphic origin. The gravel are rounded to sub rounded and angular in shape. The right abutment at the weir axis is also composed of Alluvium deposits. It mainly consists of silt and clay deposit which has approximate thickness of 15 m- 20 m. The silt and clay light gray to dark gray, fine grained size. Soil The project area consists of a blend of sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks. The most common sedimentary formations consist of sandstone, limestone, shale and conglomerates. These formations can be a source of sedimentation and soil erosion. Metamorphic rocks in the area include schist, slate and marble, and thick patches of pure clay are also significant. The soils are derived mainly from the local weathering of bedrock deposited by streams and rivers, though windblown soil also exists to some extent. Landform in the area is varied, and includes piedmont, plains, valleys, gravel fans, rough broken land and gullied land. Level areas are loamy, while lowlands are calcareous in nature. The organic matter and phosphorus content are very low. Soil of the subprojects area are Silt loam, non-saline and non-sodic in nature. Soil pH is medium alkaline. The soils are low in organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorous while medium in potassium contents. Judicious use of farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizers is required to improve soil physical conditions and soil fertility. Seismology Figure 4.3 shows the tectonic map of the area. The project area falls minor to moderate seismic zone. Formations in the study area are highly folded and faulted due to tectonic movement. A large variety of rocks occur together in a very disturbed manner. The country rocks are diorites, granite phyllites and amphibolites with limestone, schist and phyllites.

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Figure 4.3: Tectonic Map of Pakistan8

8 Source: Pakistan Meteorological Department

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Ambient Air Quality and Noise Sources of air and noise pollution around the subproject area are minimal. The area is predominantly rural, with no major industrial setups, apart from small scale marble cutting and polishing units. The NEQS for noise in residential areas is 55 dB (A) in the day time and 45 dB (A) at night. Traffic is low, with heavy traffic being minimal. Particulate matter emissions from the small scale marble setups are estimated to be below the maximum allowable level of 500 mg/Nm3 in the NEQS for Industrial Gaseous Emissions. Levels of smoke, metallic substances and oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur in the sub-project area are also estimated to be below the maximum allowable levels in the NEQS. The ambient air quality and noise monitoring at site was conducted at 10 m distance from the proposed weir site (Figure 4.4) as most of the construction activities will be carried out there while the settlements are at reasonable distance. The sampling location were selected keeping in view; (a) the Sensitive Receptors and (b) Magnitude of construction activities. These locations will be helpful for construction phase impacts monitoring and comparison of the results with the baseline situation. The results (Table 4.1) reveals that the air quality and noise of the area is within the permissible limits of NEQS.

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Figure 4.4: Environmental Testing and Sampling

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Table 4.1: Ambient Air Quality and Noise of the Project area

S. Parameter UoM Results NEQS WHO Method No. Standard

1 Carbon mg/m3 0.5 5 10 NDIR Monoxide (CO)

2 Sulfur Dioxide µg/m3 11 120 125 UV Fluorescent (SO2 )

3 Nitrogen Oxide µg/m3 16.2 40 -- Chemiluminescence (NO)

4 Nitrogen µg/m3 14.5 80 40 Chemiluminescence Dioxide (NO2)

5 Oxides of µg/m3 30.7 120 -- Chemiluminescence Nitrogen (NOx)

3 6 PM10 µg/m 11 150 150 Beta-Attenuation

3 7 PM2.5 µg/m 10 35 75 Beta-Attenuation

8 Suspended µg/m3 132 27 -- Gravimetric Particulate Sampling Matter (SPM

9 Noise Entrance dB(A) 45.1 55 55 ASTM E-1124 Point

10 Noise Centre dB(A) 47.7 55 55 ASTM E-1124 Point

Water Resources Ambar Khwar, where Saro Shah and Serai Bazar Shah sub project will be constructed, falls within the Mohmand (15-M) watershed. The Water Assessment Study & Management Plan, published by Merged Area Secretariat and ADB in 2010 is the most detailed and reliable study conducted for water resources development and management for the three Tribal Districts. Drainage pattern plays key role in the ground water system. The perennial Nullah on which the weir is proposed is flowing near the command area of the Saro Shah and Serai Bazar Shah sub project. The Nullah is flowing from North to South. The Nullah originates in the Northern Mountains and crossing through Mundara Weir and Ambar Weir command and finally joining the river swat in the south which finally leaves the district Mohmand.

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There are a number of rivers and their tributaries in the project area of Mohmand Agency (as shown in Fig 4.3) that have perennial flow from snow melt.

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Figure 4.4: Surface Water Resources in Project Area

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Surface Water

Mohmand Tribal District lies between latitude 30° 09’ to 34° 44’ and longitude 70° 59’ to 71° 42’ E. It is drained by tributaries of the Kabul and Swat rivers. It covers an area of 2,296 km2. River Swat and Kabul River are the major rivers flow through the project area of Mohmand agency: Kabul River originates from Chitral, and enters Afghanistan at Arandu, making a semi-circle around Kabul City reaches in the vicinity of Jalalabad where it is called Kunar River. Of late, Government of Afghanistan has planned a multipurpose dam at Kama village near Jalalabad. The proposed Kama dam is expected to irrigate about 40,486 ha in Kunar province. The proposed Kama dam will reduce the flows in Kabul River by 15%5. The construction of proposed Munda dam on Swat River which is a tributary of Kabul River will mitigate the effects of 15% reduction of flows in Kabul River due to Kama dam in Afghanistan. Kabul River re-enters Pakistan in Mohmand Tribal District and after traversing a few kilometers it turns into a boundary river between Mohmand and Khyber Tribal Districts. The Swat River enters in the district at upper Prang Ghar Tehsil and comes out of the district at Munda head works in the Charsadda District.

Table 4.2: Details of Watershed

Confining Coordinates Area of 2 S. No Watershed Longitude(E) Latitude(N) Watershed (km ) Degree Degree 1 Lower Pandiali 71.38—71.51 34.33—34.45 73.00 2 Lower Prang Ghaar 71.55—71.70 34.35—34.46 99.23 3 Lower Haleemzai 71.26—71.42 34.31—34.41 97.46 4 Khawazai-Baizai 70.98—71.28 34.35—34.59 390.19 5 Upper Prang Ghaar 71.46—71.66 34.33—34.55 201.29 6 EkkaGhund-I 71.32—71.56 34.24—34.37 165.14 7 QasimKhel 71.33—71.50 34.17—34.26 82.31 8 EkkaGhund-II 71.07—71.34 34.26—34.42 117.25 9 Upper Pandiali 70.30—71.52 34.43—34.55 130.67 10 Upper Haleemzai 71.25—71.42 34.38—34.47 80.52 11 EkkaGhund-III 71.29—71.40 34.16—34.28 53.14 12 Safi 71.09—71.33 34.44—34.63 193.38 13 Lakarao 71.09—71.31 34.58—34.73 176.77 14 Shinwari 71.28—71.41 34.53—34.66 108.21 15 Umbar 71.35—71.56 34.51—34.68 219.17

Ground Water

Unregulated abstraction of groundwater through unplanned construction of tube-wells and dug-wells has considerably lowered the water table and groundwater aquifers are under extreme stress in most of the watersheds in the project area. As mentioned earlier, the geology of the Agency consists of

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schist and phyllites with inter-bedded metamorphosed limestone. Unconsolidated alluvial deposits are found as valley fill in the terraces. Depth to water table in the command area is in the range of 05-50 m below the land surface. The average discharge of the Open well is in the range of 300 Gallon per day whereas the Dug Well yield is 6000 Gallon per hour and pressure pump yielding 8000 Gallon per hour approximately. The EC value and TDS measured in the field is presented in Table 4.3. Rainfall is the only source of recharge in the command area. The command area of the sub project area is situated on the recharge boundary of the Sub watershed 15 M in which the estimated recharge has been computed 11.4 (mcm). The above estimation is for wet year. The previous record indicates that the area under report have some ground water potential.

Table 4.3 Water Table of the Subproject Area

Total Depth Water Level Name of Owner Type of Well (m) (m) Naseer Khan Open Well 85 84 Sheer Zada Open Well 83 82 Maaz Ullah Khan Open Well 69 67 Khyal Muhammad Open Well 79 78 Muntazir Open Well 80 79 Hajab Gul Open Well 90 89 Aseel Khan Open Well 83 80 Roz Amin Open Well 79 78 Gul Khan Open Well 85 83 Rehmat Open Well 95 91

Water Quality The surface water of the stream was collected 10 meters upstream of the proposed axis to examine its suitability for irrigation and drinking water sample was collected from the nearest settlements of the subproject area (Figure 4.4) to determine the baseline status of the drinking water and the water samples were analyzed in the Laboratory. The irrigation water quality parameters are within the permissible limits and fit for irrigation with exception of turbidity which is higher (108 NTU) than permissible limits (<5 NTU) of NEQS. The drinking water quality is contaminated with Coliform bacteria (24/100ml), while all other parameters are within permissible limits of NEQS. However, it needs proper treatment i.e. Chlorination before consumption.

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Table 4.4: Water Quality analysis result Saro Shah and Serai Bazar Shah

Sr. Water Unit Reference NEQS WHO Result Result Results No quality method Standard Surface Drinkin Drinkin parameters s Water g Water g Water Saro Serai Shah Bazar Shah 1. Color TCU Sensory ≤ 15 TCU <15 TCU Colorless colorles colorles evaluation s s 2. Odor - Sensory Non – Not N-O N-O N-O evaluation objectionable Objection (N-O) able 3. Taste - Sensory Non- Not N-O N-O N-O evaluation objectionable Objection able 4. EC uS/c APHA.21th -- -- 353 641 522 m Edition 5. pH - APHA.21th 6.5-8.5 6.5 – 8.5 7.6 7.2 7.7 Edition 6. Turbidity NTU APHA.21th <5 <5 108 4.7 0.49 Edition 7. Alkalinity mg/l APHA.21th -- -- 3.58 4.98 5.78 Edition 8. Bicarbonate mg/l APHA.21th -- -- 179.46 249.26 289.14 Edition 9. Calcium mg/l APHA.21th -- -- 17.94 47.85 15.95 Edition 10. Carbonate mg/l APHA.21th -- -- BDL BDL BDL Edition 11. Chloride mg/l APHA.21th <250 -- 20.93 94.71 22.93 Edition 12. Hardness mg/l APHA.21th <500 <500 229.32 299.11 299.11 Edition 13. Magnesium mg/l APHA.21th -- -- 43.87 42.87 56.83 Edition 14. Potassium mg/l APHA.21th -- -- 1.09 1.49 0.69 Edition 15. Sodium mg/l APHA.21th -- 200 16.94 64.80 41.87 Edition 16. Sulphate mg/l APHA.21th -- 250 24.92 27.91 27.91 Edition 17. TDS mg/l APHA.21th <1000 <1000 247.26 452.65 355.94 Edition 18. Nitrate mg/l APHA.21th ≤50 <50 2.99 5.28 1.69 Edition 19. Total Coli CFU/ EPA 0 CFU/100ml 0/100 ml -- 24 24 form 100 ml 21. E.Coli CFU/ EPA -Ve 0/100 ml -- 0 0 100 ml Land use and Land Cover The data pertaining to land use are required to understand that how much area at present is put directly under different crops. Culturable area,

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cultivated and unculturable areas are also known to see the extent of increase in cropped area, which may be achieved with the provision of project conditions. Similarly, culturable waste and forest, if any, are also taken into considerations. Supply of irrigation water would increase the cultivated areas. Some areas may be cultivated more than one time resulting in increased cropping intensity. The statistics regarding the present land use in the study area at agency level are presented in Table 4.5.

Table 4.5: Land Use Statistics of Mohmand Tribal District9

Mohmand Tribal District Area in Hectares Total Reported Area 229620 Cultivated Area 22804 (i) Net Sown 21129 (ii) Current Fallow 1675 Cropped Area 26939 Un-Cultivated Area 206816 (i) Culturable Waste 8080 (ii) Forest 9993 (iii) Not Available for Cultivation 188743

Agriculture is limited in the region due to rocky soils, steep slopes, lack of suitable land and limited water supply. Scanty shrub vegetation along slopes and other areas are used as grazing and fuel gathering. Land use data of the subprojects area shows that 44.74% of the total geographic area of is cultivated, while 13.40% is range land and is not available for cultivation. Forests constitute only 12.04% of the subproject area while 15.70% is sparse forest. The land use of Saro Shah and Serai Bazar Shah is depicted in the figure below;

9 Source: Development Statistics of FATA (2012-13 to 2014-15)

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Fig 4.5 Land Use Map of Saro Shah & Serai Bazar Shah

Biological Environment The natural environment of the project area has undergone severe degradation due to intensive use of ground water resources, miss management of watershed resources, over grazing of range lands and uncontrolled cutting of forest trees10. The agriculture, irrigation, forest range, and forestry interventions in terms of tree plantation in the Project area will restore the lost eco-systems.

10 PC-I Proforma for Fata Water Resources Development Project (FWRDP)

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Flora Ecologically, this area falls within the main group of Dry Subtropical Broad-leaved Forest 11 . The sub– group is Monotheca Scrubs. Generally, the vegetation is thorny evergreen shrubs, which are capable of developing into small trees, even under harsh climatic conditions and social pressure (heavy grazing /browsing). The main tree species in the project area are Eucalyptus, Acacia modesta, Zizphus nummularia, Populus, Acacia nilotica, Melia azedarach and Morus alba. Some important shrubs are, Adhatoda vasica (Bahker), Calotropis spp (ak), Rhazya spp (vena), Rumex hastatus (khatumaal), Carrisa spp (granda) and Capparis spp (karir). The common grasses are Heteropogon, Cymopogon, Saccharum clumps (munja). The ground vegetation makes appearance after the spring rains in the month of January and February. Some of the tree species, which have been planted by the forest department and local community are, eucalyptus, bakian, mulberry, shisham, and popular. No endangered species have been reported in the project area as per IUCN Red List of 2017. Project area and the study area are free of forest cover. Overall natural vegetation, including shrubs, bushes and grasses can be aptly termed as potential rangelands which provide grazing habitat for livestock. Following are some species of trees and shrubs found in the Mohmand Tribal District:

11 (Forest Types of Pakistan by Champion, Seth and Khattak, 1965)

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Table 4.6 Common Trees Species in Mohmand Tribal District

Local Name Botanical IUCN Local Status Picture Name Status

Shisham Dalbergia NE Common sissoo

Karkanrha Zizyphus NE Rare Nummularia

Zeeton (wild Olea europaea DD Rare olive) subsp. cuspidata

Phulai Acacia NE Common modesta

Kikar Acacia nilotica LC Common

Toot Morus LC Common (Mulberry)

Bakain Melia LC Common (dhraik) azedarach

Palosa Acacia NE Rare Modesta

NE: Not Evaluated; LC: Least Concern DD: Data Deficient NT; Near Threatened as per IUCN Red List, 2017.

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Table 4.7: Common Grasses Species in the Area

Common Botanical IUCN Picture Name Name Status

baruwa Saccharum NE grass clumps (munja)

Suryalla Heteropogon NE ghass contortus

lemon grass Cymbopogon LC

NE: Not Evaluated; LC: Least Concern NT; Near Threatened as per IUCN Red List, 2017.

Table 4.8: Common Shrub Species in the Project Area

Local / Botanical Name IUCN Picture Common Status Name

Baikar Adhatoda vasica NE Justicia adhatoda

Ak Calotropis spp NE

Vena Rhazya spp NE

Khatumaal Rumex hastatus NE

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Local / Botanical Name IUCN Picture Common Status Name

Granda Carrisa spp NE

Karir Capparis spp NE

Karkanrha Zizyphus NE Nummularia

*NE: Not Evaluated; LC: Least Concern NT; Near Threatened as per IUCN Red List, 2017. Fauna No baselines on wild mammals, birds and fish species are available for erstwhile FATA. No comprehensive survey has ever been conducted in the territories by any line department or NGO. For the purpose of this IEE, a primary survey was conducted by project environmentalist during September, 2018 to ascertain the distribution of species, and to collect evidence of any sightings in consultation with local residents, the following animals have potential to be in the area:

Table 4.9: Fauna of the Project Area

S No. Common Name Scientific Name 1 Mammals i) Jackals Canis aureus (LC) ii) Foxes SSP. Vulpes (LC) iii) Field rats Rattus norvegicus (LC) iv) Hare Lepus nigricollis (LC) v) Porcupine Hystrix indica (LC) vi) Hedge Hog Erinaceinae (LC) vii) Wild cat Felis chaus (LC) 2 Reptiles i) Rat eating snake Colubrinae (NE) ii) House gecko Hemidactylus frenatus (LC) 3 Amphibians i) Common Toads Bufo bufo (LC) 4 Others i) Scorpions Scorpiones (NE) ii) Spiders Araneae (NE) *LC: Least Concern NE: Not Evaluated NT; Near Threatened as per IUCN Red list, 2017.

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Avifauna Avifauna of the area is highly diversified and colorful, which is widely dispersed in gardens, cultivated fields, streams and hill slopes. Common species are given in Table 4.10.

Table 4.10: Avifauna of the Project Area

S.NO Common Name Scientific Name

1 Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax (LC)

2 Long Legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus (LC)

3 Sparrow Hawk Accipiter nisus (LC)

4 Rose Finch Carpodacus erythrinus (LC)

5 Indian Blue Robin Luscinia brunnea (LC)

6 Red Headed Bunting Emberiza bruniceps (LC)

7 Crested Bunting Melophus lathami (LC)

8 Grey Tit Melaniparus afer (LC)

9 Blue Throated Fly Catcher Cyornis rubeculoides (LC)

10 White Throated Dipper Cinclus cinclus (LC)

11 Green Warbler Phylloscopus nitidus (LC)

12 Himalayan Tree Creeper Certhia himalayana (LC)

13 Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis (LC)

14 Rosy Pastor Pastor roseus (LC)

15 Common Babbler Turdoides caudata (LC)

16 Rufous Backed Shrike Lanius schach (LC)

17 Hoopoe Upupa epops (LC)

18 Red Vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer (LC)

19 White Cheeked Bulbul Pycnonotus leucotis (LC)

20 Grey Partridge Perdix perdix (LC)

21 Black Partridge Melanoperdix niger (VU)

22 See See Partridge Ammoperdix griseogularis (LC)

23 Grey Lag Goose Anser anser (LC)

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24 Wigeon Mareca penelope (LC)

25 Pintail Anas acuta (LC)

26 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos (LC)

27 Grey Heron Ardea cinerea (LC)

28 Black Winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus (LC)

29 Great Egret Ardea alba (LC)

30 Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus (LC)

31 Sand Plover Charadrius mongolus (LC)

32 Curlew Numenius phaeopus (LC)

33 Red-Wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus (LC)

34 Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius (LC)

35 Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava (LC)

36 Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax (LC)

37 Little Egret Egretta garzetta (LC)

38 White Breasted King Fisher Halcyon smyrnensis (LC)

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far away from the project site. The nearest wetland is approximately 40 km distance from the project site. Socio-Economic Environment Total population of Mohmand Tribal District is currently at 466,984 persons, out of which 51% are males and 49% are female. Average household size is around 9.7 persons per family. According to the 2017 population census, the entire district is termed as rural. The subproject sites are situated in Ambar tehsil, having a population of approximately 2801 people, and 260 households. Utman Khel is the main tribe in the area and is further sub divided into four sub-sections that are Esa Kor, Baso Kor and Adam Kor.

Table 4.11: Population Details of Mohmand Tribal District12

Households Population Male Female Sex Population 1998-2017 2017 Ratio 1998 Average Annual Growth Rate

48118 466,984 238,003 228,981 103.94 334,453 1.77

Administrative Set Up Under the Constitution, the erstwhile FATA is included among the territories of Pakistan (Article 1). It was administered by Governor of the KP in his capacity as an agent to the President of Pakistan, under the overall supervision of the Ministry of States and Frontier Regions in Islamabad. The KP Governor Secretariat played a coordinating role for interaction between the federal and provincial governments and the Merged Area Secretariat. The 25th Constitutional amendment like 18th Constitutional amendment which resulted in abolition of concurrent list and devolved 47 subjects to provinces, is a paradigm shift where under Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) stand integrated with and merged in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The executive authority previously exercised by the Governor Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in respect of FATA under Article 247 of the constitution has been done away with. Now being part of the province, the executive authority is shifted to the Chief Minister and his cabinet. The Merged Areas

12http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS _2017.pdf

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have no longer special status or dispensation. All provincial laws shall equally be applicable to these areas and on mainstreaming of erstwhile FATA due representation (about 16 general seats) shall be given in the Provincial Assembly. The colonial legacy in the form of political administration under the unbridled powers of Political Agent is no longer there. The office is re- named as Deputy Commissioner and Assistant Commissioner. Similarly, the Century old FCR is no more in the field and replaced with Interim Governance Regulation. The tribal people will have fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution and of which they were deprived till now. The introduction and presence of criminal and judicial system will ensure their fundamental rights like other citizens of rest of the Country. Demographic Profile Erstwhile FATA has a unique governance status, whereby all land is owned by tribes inhabiting the areas since generations. Any physical activity hence carried out needs the agreement of the locals, as well as land donation by them. Since it is an egalitarian society, chances of elite capture are minimum and major decisions are taken by Jirga, the tribal administrative and management body. The Malik (chief/elder) serves as an intermediary between the tribe and the political administration, in exchange for a regular allowance with which to meet social and leadership obligations. The more weapons at a Malik’s disposal, and the more men he can command to bear arms when needed, the greater is his stature within the tribe. The jirga plays an important part in tribal society as a traditional mechanism for conflict resolution. Tribal people are accustomed to managing their own resources and solving disputes without outside intervention. They act collectively to assist others in the group and help fulfill social obligations. Marriages and deaths, for example, draw support from all members of the tribe, as do everyday activities such as harvesting and threshing, laying and clearing irrigation channels, carrying out flood protection, maintaining paths, cutting grass, and constructing hujras (meeting places), mosques or other buildings. Family Size According to population census 2017, average family size in the Project area is calculated as 9.7 members per household. This clearly reveals the existence of extended family system which is still dominating the rural set up in the Project Area. Field investigation shows that the number of adult males outnumbers the female.

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Dwelling Mostly the houses are made of mud throughout the district. The houses are called Qila that is fortresses, which encompasses a number of houses inside. A house generally consists of two or three rooms with a verandah in the rear and front. Joint family system is in vogue in the district. Every cluster of houses has a common sitting place called Hujra where the male members daily meet, discuss and share views on variety of local, national and inter-national issues with each other’s. It is a common place and is also used as a guest room. The young spend winter nights in Hujra and arrange for themselves music programmes or traditional food dishes as a pass time activity. It is an important part of Pakhtoon culture, which is unfortunately changing with the modern times as people have begun to prefer using personal guest-room. Majority of the houses (97%) of the study area have ordinary construction (Katcha structure) with timber roof and mud mortar, whereas moderate standard buildings with cement masonry (pacca structure) and dry-stone masonry (semi-pacca structure) are 1% and 2% respectively. Language Pashto is the main language of the area, with a softer form spoken in the north and a harder dialect in the south. The Family System Majority households are compound type where one or extended families13 are living. Both Joint and nuclear family systems14 exist in the compounds. The area of the house and number of persons living in a house is irrelevant in the context of tribal society. The household data shows that a middle- sized compound is housed with 25 persons as one extended family. Another same sized compound is housed with 3 small sized families. The construction material used for the compound is an indicator of economic status of the occupants. Men are the dominant force in the household, with final say in the affairs of all members of the family. Women, by comparison, play a subservient role and observe strict purdah (veiling). Although divorces or separations are extremely rare in tribal households, a husband is free to take on additional wives.

13 a family which extends beyond the nuclear family to include grandparents and other relatives. 14 A nuclear family, elementary family or conjugal family is a family group consisting of two parents and their children (one or more).

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Livestock Livestock not only provides milk, meat, eggs for daily human consumption but also provides hides/skins and wool/hair and bones/blood for industrial products and manure /urine for soil fertilization. Livestock is also a source of rural transport and draft power in Agricultural farming and provides an easy source of income to majority of the rural population. The erstwhile FATA, being mostly dry hilly terrain, has little land for crops production whereas sizeable land is available for grazing. The land-less and small holders (more than 85% of farmers) are mostly dependent on Livestock production. Livestock provides employment to 50% of the population either directly or indirectly. About 80% of the income of trans- hum ant families accrues from Livestock. There is a good enough network of Veterinary Institutions in erstwhile FATA established since years, providing Veterinary services to the poor Livestock Farmers; but due to meager amount of operational funds, lack of access to appropriate know how the SDS is not up to the required level. Conflicts Resolution Mechanism Erstwhile FATA region is traditionally based on the principle of close association by tribe or kinship. The people of have long been accustomed to witnessing violent conflict between the members of different tribes and clans. Inter- or intra-tribe conflict may range from minor family disputes that create tensions and uncertainty to full-blown armed clashes that result in irreparable losses. While for many generations the people have managed to build their lives in this climate of instability, today there is growing awareness that internecine conflict of this sort is a waste of resources and a major obstacle in the way of development. The tribal elder (Malik) often serves as an intermediary between people and the local administrative structures for identifying the priorities. The tribal council of elders (Jirga) is the main mechanism for decision making on behalf of the local population and is also considered the key entity for conflict resolution and providing judgment for punitive actions. The Jirga is essentially the only mechanism for out-of-court settlements over enmities that span generations. The tribe’s identity is the key to how local communities exercise their right to and ownership of natural resources and other assets. The tribal identity as depicted through the Malik and Jirga is therefore essential for access and use of resources and is often seen as the only safety net available to poorer segments of the population. This intricate community system has survived for centuries with adequate legitimacy by the local authorities as well as acceptance by local communities as it continues to exert its influence on

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communal life. In more recent times, some development projects15 working in the tribal district have invested in forming local community-based groups and indigenous organizations that have cooperated with the local Jirga as well as the political administration for implementing their programs. Religious Beliefs A primary survey was conducted as part of the Social Feasibility Study. All the respondents of the Social Assessment Primary Survey, reported to be Muslim. People generally have conservative outlook on life and are particular in observance of religious ceremonies. Majority of the respondents normally offers prayers and keep fasts during the month of Ramzan. Religious extremism was in full swing for last few years, but the situation is relatively better now. Majority of the population belong to Sunni sect of Islam. They believe in Hanafi interpretation of Shariah. Majority has a religious disposition and practice Islam according to its fundamental principles. Inheritance is divided according to the Islamic principles and daughters are given their property right accordingly. Water Supply and Sanitation Springs, streams, rivers and perennial watercourses serve as the primary source of water for drinking and domestic use. In mountainous areas, where natural surface and ground sources are not available, people rely on rainwater ponds. In the plains where surface water is scarce, shallow wells allow the people to meet their basic requirements. A combination of factors, including the large-scale movement of displaced persons from neighboring Afghanistan, has adversely affected forest reserves which are critical for watershed protection. The depletion of forest resources has reduced the water retention capacity of the soil, while ecological and climatic conditions have led to the low recharge of groundwater sources. As a result, many springs, streams and perennial watercourses have dried up, forcing people to turn to deep groundwater sources. Official records for 2004–05 show that 56 per cent of the population is covered by water supply schemes, mainly through community tanks and taps. Just 27 per cent of supply through these schemes consists of individual residential connections. Some 85 per cent of public-sector schemes rely on groundwater, while the remaining use surface sources16. The majority of groundwater schemes consist of tube wells, while dug wells and infiltration galleries using electric or diesel pumps are few in

15 For example, the ADB supported the FATA Rural Development Project in Khyber, Bajaur and Mohmand agencies that implemented the project interventions through Community Organizations for delivering services including drinking water supply schemes; irrigation and small dams; natural resource management e.g. raising forest nurseries; etc. 16 Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA); Rural Livelihood and Community Infrastructure Project, FATA Secretariat.

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number. The normal water table in most parts of erstwhile FATA is between 300 and 500 feet. Surface schemes are gravity-based, using slopes and gradients to carry water to distribution points. Sources developed by the works and services department are analyzed for physical and chemical properties alone, and these results show that the water is fit for human consumption. Traditionally, settlements in the tribal areas have always been widely dispersed. For reasons of security, meanwhile, communities have generally preferred to build their houses on mounds and hill-tops. In such areas, the drainage of rainwater and domestic wastewater was never a problem. Perhaps as a result, most communities failed to pay much attention to sanitation infrastructure. But as the population has grown and settlements have expanded, this arrangement is no longer safe or practicable. The physical growth of settlements without any provision for basic sanitation is degrading the living environment and polluting water sources. Commerce, trade and business activities, and related services, add to the congestion. Today, the lack of adequate sanitation infrastructure poses a serious health hazard. Children, women and the elderly are particularly vulnerable. Results from the primary social survey show that 10 per cent of houses have “separate” latrines, 50 per cent have access to shared latrines and 40 per cent have no latrines. No details about the type of latrine (flush or pit) are given in the census report, making it difficult to assess what percentage of the population has access to hygienic sanitation facilities. Overall, it appears that just 10 per cent of the population has access to adequate sanitation in the form of toilets, sewerage, drainage and solid waste disposal. Poverty The region has historically remained amongst the poorest parts of Pakistan. There are serious disparities in service provision as compared to the rest of the country. The absence of visible progress and the perceived lack of interest by both sub-national and federal governments in redressing the disparities have consequently deteriorated citizens’ trust in the ability of government institutions to meet the basic needs of the population. The general lack of basic services and weak institutional capacity to provide these have been recognized as drivers of crisis creating conducive environment for opportunistic militant groups whose economic incentives for potential recruits greatly outweighed the alternatives available to the people for their livelihoods. The militancy crisis in KP and erstwhile FATA is a key contributor to stagnant growth and high unemployment. The ranks of the unemployed

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have risen with the intensification of the crisis in 2009/10, and even are likely to continue rising. These conditions have created a conducive environment for opportunistic militant groups whose economic incentives for potential recruits greatly outweigh alternative available options. Many are dependent on the black economy, drug trafficking and criminal activity for survival. Official statistics on rural income and poverty in the area are quite weak. Factors underlying the region's poverty include (i) historical, political, and social isolation; (ii) a legal system reliant on executive and judicial authority administered through civil servants preferring to maintain the status quo; (iii) poor quality and coverage of institutions responsible for the provision of basic services; (iv) social practices that preclude women’s participation in economic life; and (v) lack of effective institutions for skill training to enable the labor force to shift from low to high-productivity sectors. Poverty has to some extent made the population vulnerable to extremist tendencies and criminality. In the absence of viable options to earn a living, the lure of illicit activities such as smuggling (consumer goods, weapons) and drug trafficking is as difficult to resist as the call of extremist elements. Health facilities Health indicators for district are incomplete and, in many cases, only estimates are available. These highlight the poor state of the health care system. Health facilities in project area are inadequate. District Headquarter Hospital is main hospital. Other than that, there are a number of private doctors and Hakeems present in the area. Access to health services is severely limited, with just one dispensary, Basic Health Units (BHU17) or Rural Health Centre (RHCs18) reported in the year 2004 for every 50 square kilometers of area, and these facilities concentrated near the settled areas. Nearest Basic Health Unit (BHU) to the subproject is available at Had Kalay.

17 A BHU is a first level health care facility, located at the village level. It is supposed to have a medical practitioner to provide first aid and refer cases to higher level facilities 18 RHCs function primarily at tehsil level to offer services for population ranging from 60,000 to 100,000. They are supposed to be equipped with x-ray equipment and laboratory facilities and to include some in-patient care with approximately 10 beds per center

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Social Organization Society is structured on kinship basis in the Project area. Most of the decisions are made at the household level. The rich and influential people are accepted as community leaders, especially in collective welfare and development of the area. Also, the traditional leader in the village is the “Malik”, the elder who commands respect in the community. Agriculture The erstwhile FATA region is a predominantly agrarian economy, with livelihoods predicated on agriculture and livestock. While agriculture is a profitable activity with good income potential, particularly from horticulture (fruit and vegetables), given the limited water availability, agriculture is practiced in just a few valleys. The rural economy remains mainly pastoral, with low quality rangelands providing more than 70 percent of the total fodder and forage requirement. Yields are substantially lower than national averages and dependent on rainfall. The project area is dominated by small farmers with less than 5 acres (approximately 2 ha) of land and a few livestock. Many of these households experience food deficits and rely on remittances to meet their needs Land use data from 2008-09 shows that 8% of the total geographic area of the erstwhile FATA is cultivated, while more than 86% of the land is not available for cultivation. This puts intense pressure on available farmland, which supports an average of 18 persons per cultivated hectare, and more than 40 persons per irrigated hectare. Some 39% of farmland is under irrigation, with the remaining cultivated area relies entirely on rainfall. 19 Crops are categorized under two types, Rabi and Kharif, according to their cultivation seasons. Rabi crops are sown in winter and harvested in late winter or during early summer. Kharif crops are sown in summer and harvested in late summer or early winter. The Rabi crops include wheat (major), fodder and few vegetables. Kharif crops include maize (major), fodder and few vegetables. Occupation The people in the district is not widely educated. They migrate to down districts in search of jobs or any other labour. Government services are a cherished source of livelihood for about 3% people while just 4% is employed in private sector. Agricultural farming (55%), small scale business (4%) and working on daily wages (25%) basis are also major providers of job and sources employment in the district. About 4% of the employed population which is predominantly male works as migrant workers in Gulf

19 Development Brief of FATA, 2008-09 – BOS, FATA

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countries while just less than 5% of the population is reported as employed in other provinces of Pakistan. About 4% people are busy in trading within village while 2% people have poultry farms.20 Food Simplicity is the haul-mark of the food of the people of the Area. Rice is a staple dish especially for dinners21. Maize bread with local vegetable Saag and Lassi is offered to guest as a seasonal specialty in summer. Dress and Ornaments People wear the traditional Pakhtoon dress of Shalwar Kameez and head- wear. Generally, the people wear handmade Dir caps while notables wear Pugri and Kula, but this tradition is gradually fading out. Women folk wear Shalwar Kameez and Chadder/veil and for Purdah they use Burkas (veil). Mining Extensive deposits of marble are found at several places in Mohmand Tribal District. The marble is associated with the calcareous rocks. The marble is processed in different green and black colours. The marble is processed in different marble factories in KP, and in other parts of the country. Roads According Important Agency/FR wise Socio-Economic Indicators of erstwhile FATA 2016, total coverage extends to 476.41 kilometers of blacktop and another 131.13 kilometers of shingle roads in the year 2016 has been reported in Mohmand Tribal District. Land acquisition laws in force in the rest of the country do not apply to FATA. If a proposed road or bridge is to pass through qaumi (tribal) land, a ‘tribal commission’ amounting to 6.2522 per cent of the total project cost is handed over to the political agent, to be distributed among local clans and tribes according to ownership. Where roads or bridges are to pass through private land, the political administration meets with the local Malik and a settlement is reached through jirga negotiations. Telephone Facilities Landline telephone facilities as well as cellular networks are available in the subproject area.

20 Primary Social Survey Feasibility Study

22 Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA); Rural Livelihood and Community Infrastructure Project, FATA Secretariat

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Sites of Historical Significance No sites have been reported around the subproject of any cultural and social significance. Gender Issues Tribal society is dominated by men. Cultural tradition, social practices and low female literacy have left women in a vulnerable position. They are for the most part restricted to performing household work, and are excluded from decision-making both on the domestic front and at the community level. Women’s access to education and health care is limited because such services are not available close to home. Women in the area play a dominant role in running the household, rearing and guiding children, managing household finances, and providing much of the labor for agriculture and animal husbandry. They do not normally have a public role, particularly in interactions with the broader society.

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PROJECT ALTERNATIVES

No Project Option Project alternatives have been considered with consideration of their ability to match immediate demand and then keep pace with emerging demand while ensuring capture of available yield in the stream. With an increased awareness of the scarcity of water as a resource, short-term supplies may be achieved through demand management strategies water use efficiency, combined with research and development programmes that reduce consumption. Agricultural demand has the potential to be met through the take up of currently unutilized, or under-utilized, water resources. The use of groundwater within the area is limited to primarily stock and domestic purposes and supplies to small towns and is not considered to be a feasible alternative supply to the Project Inability to support the Project increases inherent risk of supply from a single source. The primary objective of the Project is to increase the agricultural production. The ‘no project’ option has the potential to inhibit to increase the crop production. Limiting agricultural production in particular has the potential to adversely impact on the area economy with large scale agricultural development potentially seeking alternative locations interstate due to this water supply constraint. With the implementation of project leading to increase in agricultural yields and production, the additional generating benefits are: • Additional revenues directly from the project output. • Crop diversification. The introduction of irrigation enables farmers to diversify their crops based on local markets demand and export. • Employment opportunities: During the construction phase there will be improved employment opportunities for local people and new comers. • The project will provide water for cultivation of crop, irrigated fodder development, domestic purpose, livestock etc. • Food security further improved. In this case, the proposed small-scale diversion weir irrigation will have a paramount importance in further improving the overall living conditions of the people residing in and around the project environment and will plays its own role in alleviating food shortage. • Improved forage varieties provided and increase

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• Animal productivity and production. • Increase the opportunities to nursery site • establishment, and forest seedling production. • Forest tree plantation. Water availability is scarce in area hence the proposed project will contribute positively to the project area. The no project option is not viable option. Project Siting Alternatives Based on Topography, command area, available flow and sites visit alternative arrangements for project formulation have been done for a simple, sustainable and suitable project layout. Two alternative layout options have been developed which are detailed discussed in the proceeding section. These includes, • Construction of weir with solar pumps. • Subsurface pipes with solar pumps. Alternative 1: There is perennial discharge available in the Ambahar river. Therefore, it is a primary option to divert the discharge and convey it to the command area along right bank situated at higher elevation through solar pumps by providing weir across the khwar. The diversion weir has been located at the minimum possible width of the khwar. It has been considered during project site selection that change in Khwar regime should be avoided with the construction of weir. The width of khwar flood plain at proposed weir location is about 128 m, while active creek is only 30 m wide and 1.0 m deep, therefore weir has been proposed in active khwar creek. The area beyond weir’s side wall will be consolidated by providing protection up to side wall height. Therefore, this option was most viable and adopted for Saro Shah Subproject. Alternative 2: During the planning phase of the scheme, option of subsurface irrigation has been considered in which the khwar flow as well as ground water will be utilized to irrigate command area. There is perennial flow in khwar at the proposed location, which may be utilized to irrigate available command area along its right bank. In this option, a network of subsurface pipe is proposed in the active flow channel of the khwar to collect the flow. Therefore, lateral perforated pipes are proposed to collect the discharge from the khwar. The lateral pies will be laid parallel to the flow and deep enough to work under saturated flow condition. At end of lateral pipes, a collector pipe is provided across the khwar to convey the collected discharge into a concrete sump. The sump will be constructed away from the flow area form where discharge will be

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delivered through a pipe. With this arrangement rain fed area will be irrigated through solar pumps. Keeping in mind the topography and command area this option is the most viable option for Serai Bazar Shah Subproject.

Technological Alternatives A conventional weir at proposed location may be adopted for diversion of design discharge. However, it needs sediment removal arrangement deposited at upstream, which necessitates the flushing arrangements by means of providing Bottom outlets or under sluice section. For the diversion of irrigation discharge Tyrolean intake is adopted at this location. The diversion weir comprises a Tyrolean section to divert the flow for irrigation and overflow sections for flood routing. Tyrolean intake weir is the most appropriate diversion arrangement for perennial streams without ponding at upstream and mild to steep sloping beds. A Tyrolean section is slightly deeper portion provided in main weir, the crest level of this section is placed at khwar bed level at this location. The Tyrolean intake consists trash rack at bottom and embedded channel beneath. The length of rack is provided according to design discharge to be diverted. Bars of the rack are laid parallel to flow and inclined in the direction of flow. The flow passing over the rack, is collected in the embedded channel to the limit of its capacity. The embedded channel has provided sufficient bed slope to convey the sediments laden discharge outside through delivery pipe connected at its end. A gravel flushing tank is provided at the end of pipe which settles the sediment by lowering the flow velocity. The settled sediments will be flushed laterally at downstream of the weir. After removal of coarse sand and pebbles from diverted discharge comparatively clean water will be delivered into the conveyance system to irrigate command area. Selection of the Tyrolean type has been accomplished on following basis: • Self-operated system; • Insured diversion of water during minimum flow season. • Self-creation of upstream channelization and minimize silt deposition at upstream of intake; • Ease in construction; and • Cost effectiveness.

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Perforated pipes are commonly used in under-drain systems such as infiltration trenches, French drains, porous pavement drainage, and bio-retention ponds. The results produced from the research for the saturated condition can be applied to trenches or under-drains where the aggregate is completely saturated or where the inflow is normal to the pipe and the resulting water surface is parallel to the pipe.

In the saturated flow condition, the water surface is parallel to the pipe and the predominant flow direction occurs in the vertical direction. As such, as long as the water surface is parallel to the pipe and the outlet is flowing full it can be considered ‘saturated’ even when the water surface is contained within the aggregate.

The concept of subsurface drainage system has been adopted to withdraw the irrigation flow from Ambahar River for Serai Bazar Shah Subproject.

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES

Impact Assessment - Overview The Environment Assessment study has disclosed that the subprojects are not likely to have any severe negative impacts on the environment and people of the area. All the potential impacts which have been identified during the present assessment are associated with the construction stage and minor to moderate in severity; and can easily be avoided (through good design and construction planning) or mitigated (through proper implementation of the EMP). On the other hand, the project will be beneficial particularly for the local population on creation of job opportunities and extremely beneficial for irrigation. Significant social indicators of the project benefits are mentioned below: . Construction of irrigation system in unirrigated lands tends to change water and land use patterns that might have potential of severe, long term permanent impacts on the environmental settings of that area. . Construction activities in general could lead to interference with local community life. . Most beneficial impacts associated with the on-farm water management works, management and efficient and equitable water distribution are of long-term in nature. . After completion of the construction works, the improved channel water supplies will contribute to increased cropping intensity resulting into increased use of agricultural inputs like fertilizers and pesticides which may cause limited adverse impacts and need to be addressed. . The improved water supplies will boost the agriculture and improve the living standard of the community in the project area. . The subprojects will also help to regulate the groundwater abstraction to neutralize the lowering trend. The subprojects will also provide unskilled jobs during the construction phase and a limited number of jobs in operations. This will be a bonus for the people of the area, many of who are used to having to travel down country for employment.

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Impact Area The subprojects impact area mainly comprises of weir site, storage sump with solar system, water channel, irrigation command area and labor camp. The weir and subsurface infiltration gallery site are however located in khwar, hence no felling of trees is involved.

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Figure 5.1 Impact Area

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Table 5.1 considers the potential impacts at various stages of the project, and assesses the category of the impact, classifying them as negligible, moderate or high. Each category is defined as under: Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Moderate: Site specific potential impact but can be mitigated High: Definite impact but can be mitigated significant adverse environmental impacts which are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented The section further goes on to explain the table, by describing those impacts that have moderate to high impact, but can be mitigated.

Table 5.1 Screening of Environmental Impacts; Construction and Post Construction Stages

Potential Environmental Impacts Project Stage Impact Categorization N=Negligible, M=Moderate, H=High 1. Land resources 1.1 Excavation Construction M 1.2 Waste generation and disposal Construction N 1.3 Labor camps, storage, approach Construction M roads 1.4 Soil pollution due to fuel and oil Construction M spillage (related to construction machinery) 1.5 Agriculture land damage Construction N 1.6 Earth Borrow Site Construction M 1.7Installation of cement mixing plants Construction N 1.8 changes in Soil Characteristics due Construction N to labour camps, and machinery yards 1.9 Leaching of soil nutrients and Operation N changes in soil characteristics 1.10 Soil pollution due to excessive Operation M application of fertilizers and pesticides 1.11 Construction Material Leftover construction N

2. Hydrology and Water Resources 2.1 Contamination of surface water due to Construction M washing (machinery and other related materials) 2.2 Drinking water supply for contractor’s Construction M crew 2.3 Municipal waste disposed into the Construction M stream 2.4 Excessive use of irrigation water for Operation M cultivating high delta crops 2.5 Contamination of water due to farm Operation N runoff 3. Air Quality and Noise Pollution 3.1 Dust and smoke and other Construction M pollutants from plants and equipment 3.2 Smoke from burning of waste or Construction M firewood

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3.3 Noise control from use of old and/or Construction M outdated machinery 3.4 Dust Emission from Stone quarrying Construction M and transportation 4. Biological Resources 4.1 Damage to flora and fauna Construction N 4.2 Habitat fragmentation Operation N 4.3 Aquatic Life Construction and N Operation 5. Socioeconomic and Cultural Issues 5.1 Tribal tensions and rivalries All stages M 5.2 Impact on civic infrastructure Construction N (education, health, roads, water supply, electricity) 5.3 Community safety risks due to both Construction and M accidental and natural hazards Operation 5.4 Health and safety of labor and Construction H employees at construction site 5.5 Aesthetic/scenic value Operation N 5.6 Employment of alien labor Construction N

Negligible: No adverse impact, Moderate: Potential impact but can be mitigated, High: Definite impact but can be mitigated

Construction Stage Impacts Impacts on Land Resources Excavation Being located in a hilly terrain, the weir and subsurface infiltration gallery will require excavation for alignment of abutments and land leveling. Such physical work has the propensity to alter the landscape, due to leveling mounds and hills, and also create dust pollution. In case of these subproject, the site does not have extensive vegetation in terms of trees. Any excavation work during the construction activities, whether permanent or temporary, may lead to loss of soil. Erosion of soil can also occur from removal of vegetation cover, runoff from unprotected excavated areas, etc. The excavated material quantity is 8460.33 m3 where 6,715.68 m3 will be reused in backfill. Excavations on slopes would also decrease their stability. It is expected that minor level of short-term risk is associated with the type of construction activities that are likely to take place. The current land formation is fairly stable therefore no major impact is associated with regards to slope stability. The duration of the risk is expected to be short and the spatial scale of risk is small because the excavation effects are not likely to affect areas further than 200 meters from the subproject facilities.

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Mitigation

Vegetation loss will be avoided as much as possible and limited to demarcated construction area. Slope stabilization measures will be adopted such as adequate vertical and horizontal drains, cross drainage etc. Slope movements will be monitored around excavation work areas. Top six inches’ soil should be protected before excavation and should be placed back after completion of construction work. Excavated material shall preferably be reused after approval from quality control engineer. Remaining surplus excavated material shall be safely dumped and leveled in barren land and the site will be selected in joint survey of CSC and contractor and the location will be provided in SSEMP. Waste Generation and Disposal During the construction phase, most of the waste generated will be related to construction. Construction waste will involve debris due to cutting of stones, residual RCC material, domestic waste and other associated waste from construction site. This is a medium negative impact but can be mitigated. Mitigation

To minimize environmental impacts and avoid any need for disposal of earthwork materials or the importation and unnecessary storage of earth, the subprojects will maximize the reuse of excavated materials. All of the construction activity will be contained inside construction area. Solid waste generation should be reduced and should be reused and recycled. Any residual spoil will have to be disposed in environment friendly manner, where it will be leveled and landscaped. The dumping sites must be approved by CSC environment specialist. To be made contractor’s obligation through contract document, as an SSEMP will be prepared by the contractor and waste management plan will be a part of it. Labour Camps, storage and approach roads Because of availability of ample community owned barren land, location, material yards, equipment yards and approach roads will not cause any serious problem. So, this is a matter of moderate significance and can be easily mitigated and managed through proper mitigation measure. Mitigation

The contractor will, in consultation with RE, resolve the exact location of all these facilities within the barren land owned by the local community that will be provided by the community temporarily and free of cost. The location of

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these facilities will be at least 500 m away from the settlements. The contractor will not locate and construct any facilities without the written approval of the CSC. Soil pollution due to fuel and oil spillage from Construction machinery Leakage of oil from machinery and vehicles and the dumping of oil will permanently create contamination along with allied physical, biological and social losses. This can be mitigated through effective application of the maximum spill regulations. “Guidelines for Oil Spill Waste Minimization and Management issued by International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association23 are as follows: - Soil contaminated by minor spills/ leakages (defined as leaks from vehicles, machinery, equipment or storage containers such that the area and depth of contaminated soil is less than 0.092903 m2. and 0.0762 meter respectively is to be scraped and disposed of accordingly in environmentally friendly manner to ensure protection of water sources. Moderate spills defined as spills of volume less than or equal to 200 liters is to be contained and controlled using shovels, sands and native soil. These equipment’s and materials are to be made available at camp sites during the operation. The contaminated soil is to be excavated and stored in a burn area lined with an impermeable base. Depending on the volume, the contaminated soil is either disposed-off through by specialized treatment such as bioremediation or through approved contractor. Major spills (defined as spills of volume much greater than 200 liters) require initiation of Emergency Response Procedures and Oil Spill Contingency Plan. These spills are to be handled and controlled according to the Plan and require special treatment such as bioremediation and through approved contractors. Mitigation

Strict rules will be imposed on workers and labors to ensure that no such spills are caused. If the spills take place, it must be followed by treatment prescribed above as per the degree of spill. An Oil Spill Management Plan containing specific mitigation measures is to be part of Contractors site specific environmental management plan. The measures may include but not be restricted to:

23 http://www.ipieca.org/resources/good-practice/oil-spill-waste-minimization-and-management/

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• Spill prevention trays will be provided and used at refueling locations • On-site maintenance of construction vehicles and equipment will be avoided. A vehicle maintenance area with impermeable floor will be designated. • Regular inspections will be carried out to detect leakages in construction vehicles and equipment. • Fuels and lubricants will be stored in covered and dyked areas, underlain with impervious lining. • Spill control kit (shovels, plastic bags and absorbent materials) will be available near fuel and oil storage areas. • Contaminated soil will be removed from the site and disposed in a manner to ensure protection of water sources • Emergency plan for spill management will be prepared and inducted to the staff for any incident of spill. • The bottom of any soak pit or septic tank will be constructed at least 100 meters away from springs and water bores • Record of spills and Volume of removed contaminated soil will be maintained. • Record of remedial measures taken will be maintained. Agriculture Land Damage Land leveling, construction of access road, excavation and construction of channels may cause damage to agricultural land. In case of this sub project there will be minor agricultural land damage as result of on farm water management works as the irrigation channel and minors will pass through cultivated area. Mitigation

It is Contractor’s obligation to strictly follow the design and not to cause such damage. Top six inches soil will be removed and stored and will be reapplied to land to restore it to previous condition after completion of construction works. Avoid use of heavy machinery within cultivated fields where possible. Impact of taking borrow material from earth borrow site There is likelihood for obtaining the earth fill material for On-Farm Water Management works. Excavation and cutting activities could cause adverse

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environmental impacts including sliding, soil erosion and drainage on the surrounding areas. Mitigation

No private land will be acquired for the borrow areas. The Contractor will ensure that selected borrow areas on irrigation land are clearly demarcated and approved by the engineer including the allowed depth of the excavation before starting excavation. The borrow areas will be leveled. The Contractor will not leave the borrow pits in such a condition that they are unsuitably filled with rain water and cause the problem for the community. If the borrow area is near to the settlements, then it should be fenced completely. If agriculture land needs to be used as borrowing area, then the Contractor will adopt the following methods during the digging process. o Fix the location of excavation. o Remove thirty centimeters of the top soil and keep it on reserved site for re-spreading in the field. o Excavate up to one-meter depth. o Maintain the slope as far as possible. o Place the top soil back during the restoration process. o Pay compensation for any damages/ crop losses. o Following the above criteria, after identification and approval by the Engineers, the Contractor will mark borrow areas location in his Site- Specific Environmental Management Plan (SSEMP). Changes in Soil Characteristics due to labour camps, and machinery yards The mechanical activity (machinery intervention) normally compacts the soil and turns it nonproductive which leads to the social impact and is manageable. Mitigation

Contractors before handing the site back will apply such measures as to mitigate the impact of compaction and leave the site almost in the same state in which it was occupied. Pictures of the area should be taken before handing it over to contactor which will help the RE to ensure an acceptable state of soil while getting the area back from the contractor.

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Construction material leftovers and sites restoration Construction material leftover may likely happen after the closure of temporary construction sites. This might have short term and minimal insignificant impact on the project area. Mitigation • All shivers and material that remain after the closure of temporary construction sites are to be removed from the location and re-used/recycled where possible. • All remains are to be disposed of in a manner that will not be harmful to environment. • All construction sites should be restored to its previous position as much as possible. Impacts on Hydrology and Water Resources Contamination of surface water due to washing There is a tendency to wash construction machinery and equipment using the stream water, eventually draining the same into the stream. Contaminants like motor oil, diesel and other such materials pollute the water body in the short run, causing harm to aquatic life, and affecting the overall water quality. Mitigation

Contractor will demarcate a washing area for all sorts of washing activities, with running water facility connected to a dedicated drain flowing into the septic tanks. There would be restriction on servicing/ washing of vehicles and equipment at site. Drinking water supply for Contractor’s Crew Since the site and adjacent area is away from settlements, there is no connection available to a water supply scheme. There are springs in the catchment and downstream of the weir, but they can be far off. Stream water will need to be tested to ensure it is fit for drinking purposes. Mitigation

Contractor, under the guidance of Environment Specialist of CSC, will get stream water tested for chemical and biological contaminants, and assist in providing filtration to make water drinkable. There are numerous cost- effective water treatment models available in order to mitigate chemical and/or biological contamination. Sand filtration, chlorination, UV treatment and oxidation are a few such methods.

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Municipal waste disposed into the stream Municipal waste generated due to human activity is a concern if it is disposed and drained into the stream. Waste water from construction camp may also pollute the stream water if they are directly discharged to stream water. Mitigation

Solid waste bins will be placed at labor eating and resting areas. Latrines and washing areas with septic tanks will be erected by the contractor at the construction site. Waste from the project construction area and office area shall be segregated and collected by the Tehsil Municipal corporation for dumping at approved Land fill site or if small amount than will be arranged natural gully uncultivable land for dumping. Water quality and sedimentation load The soil texture at the sub project area is of medium quality with medium organic load. Due to the sand formation upstream, there is a likelihood of sedimentation load filling up the weir. Mitigation

Quarterly water sampling and testing will be conducted in order to ascertain water quality during different seasons. A sample each at two locations, one upstream and another downstream of the weir, will be drawn for testing. Impact on Air Quality and Noise Pollution Dust from construction and smoke from plants and equipment Due to nature of the construction, involving excavation, land leveling and clearing, a lot of dust will be produced. Heavy machinery will be used to carry out these activities which will result in vehicular emissions as well as other exhaust fumes. Dust or other pollution from stored material is also inevitable, moderately significant and can be mitigated. Mitigation

Contractor’s contractual obligation will include keeping the dust and smoke within permissible levels by using machinery which is well maintained and with low noise and all Katcha roads and paths will be sprinkled with water after regular intervals. The contractor must avoid/ control the dust and smoke by carefully storing and distributing the construction material so as to cause minimum dust which again should be within the acceptable limits.

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Smoke from burning of waste and firewood Labor will burn waste material and wood for various purposes, including cooking and heating, which will cause smoke, and in some weather conditions smog in the area. Mitigation

Contractor shall strictly ban burning of waste or of wood, especially extracted from nearby shrubs and bushes. Contractor must provide clean fuel to the labor to use for their daily purposes. Noise from use of old/and or out dated machinery Old and poorly maintained machinery generates higher decibels of noise and cause noise pollution for workers in the close vicinity of heavy machinery. Mitigation

Contractor’s contractual obligation is to use new, well maintained and low noise machinery preferably during daytime. The drivers, operators and workers working on or near the heavy machinery must be provided ear plugs. The contractor will ensure use of newer, well maintained machinery that creates minimum noise and emissions, as per National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS 2000). Environment Specialist of CSC will ensure that this clause is added to the biding and contract documents. Night time construction activities will be strictly discouraged, and may only be carried out in exceptional cases, with prior permission of Resident Engineer. Noise monitoring will be carried out near sensitive receptors on a monthly basis. The NEQS for noise residential areas is 55 dB (A) in the day time and 45 dB (A) at night. It is recommended that noise levels close to sensitive receptors do not exceed 55 dB (A) during the daytime as required by the NEQS. Dust Emission from Stone quarrying and Transportation This will not cause any impact on the immediate project area except that the vehicles carrying the stone shall exert additional traffic load on the roads leading to the project. Crushed stone will fall on roads. Mitigation

Contractor shall use the road network carefully and repair any damages immediately. During transportation, covering of vehicle with sheet will be done. Unloading of vehicles will be done on designated sites.

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Impact on biological resources Flora, Fauna (Biota) No major change is expected in the habitat of the natural flora or fauna. There will be no tree to cut for the project construction. Small readjustment of place may be made by some birds and rodents. Similarly, negligible impact on aquatic life is anticipated. Mitigation

Environment Specialist of CSC together with line departments will ascertain the status of the site area in terms of occurrence of wildlife species, flora and aquatic life. And in accordance, recommend a watch and ward system that will be based on partnership between communities, wildlife, forest & fisheries departments and political administration. Each partner’s roles will be specified at the onset, and responsibilities assigned. Till the completion of the survey, contractor will ensure no extraction takes place from the surrounding vegetation for fuel wood or hunting of any birds by the labor employed. If such a case is witnessed, it will be brought to the notice of the project management as well as the concerned Assistant Commissioner. Contractor’s obligation to strictly respect the limits of construction site. Cutting of trees will be strictly prohibited and if no alternate is available plantation of trees will be done in case any tree is cut for project activities. Tree cutting will be restored by planting four trees against each tree cut. As per Environmental Safeguard policy of the project, sufficient amount has been allocated for tree plantation for better environment. For this purpose, Watershed Management Specialist in consultation with District Forest Officer (DFO) will prepare a tree plantation plan including the type of species, location for plantation and other necessary information. This plan will also compensate any unlikely tree cutting involved during project implementation. Selection of borrow area with least vegetation cover. Soft start for allowing time to reptiles to move away from the project site Restriction and prohibition on hunting, shooting, trapping, and poaching of wild species. No night time activity will be carried out. Photographs of the project area will be taken at pre and post project stage. Continuous inspection of the area will be carried out jointly with other agencies involved in maintenance of protected areas. Impacts on Socioeconomic, Cultural and Archaeological Issues Tribal Tension and Rivalries Since the project will benefit a certain number of beneficiaries and their agricultural land, a tendency of rivalry exists which can cause tensions amongst neighboring tribal households. Although terms of partnership have been signed with the intended beneficiaries, the risk will still remain.

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Other socio economic cultural and archaeological impacts can be: • Disturbance to existing services: education, health, electricity, water supply or signboards. • Aggravation of any disputes on land ownership. • Any need for land acquisition. • Access to other construction materials. • Adverse effects on known archaeological sites. • Dealing with chance finds. • Problems to Health and Safety of labour and employees on construction work and provision of safety equipment to workers on site. • Employment of locals on the project. • Possibility of spread of HIV/AIDS amongst the project labour and adjoining population. • Rise in prices of essential commodities. • Gender Issues. • Recreational facilities for public. • Any spots of religious significance e.g. Mosques, Tombs and Shrines etc. • Discovery of Antiquities Mitigation

For matters pertaining to social obligation and benefits of the communities, if needed, a social Framework Agreement shall be signed by the RE with communities to ensure their participation and full satisfaction in matters pertaining to them. All matters where contractor is involved, these should be made his contractual obligations. Project Team along with the Social Organizers of Project Implementation Unit (PIU) will ensure continuous liaison with the communities throughout the construction phase of the project, so as to identify any incident or cause of dispute/grievance in time. Relevant political authorities will be kept abreast of the progress, as well as any such issue if in making. If, during the execution of the activities or excavation, any material is discovered onsite, which may be considered of historical or cultural interest, such as evidence of prior settlements, native or historical activities, evidence of any existence on a site, which may be of cultural significance, all work

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shall stop and the supervising contracting officer shall be notified immediately. The area in which the material was discovered shall be marked and the evidence preserved for examination. The contractor is required to develop Chance Find Procedure as part of the SSEMP. Impact on Civic Infrastructure Construction activities cause additional wear and tear of roads and cross drainage. Such situation can arise through carelessness of the heavy machinery drivers / operators. A considerable damage to paths, roads and drainages structures may occur if the drivers/operators are not made aware, trained and bound to be careful. It is a concern of minor significance but can be mitigated through care and regulation. Mitigation

Contractor’s contractual obligations to impose strict control over operators and drivers of all types of vehicles/machinery. Awareness may be given to them. The position of infrastructure and underground installation should be precisely located to avoid any damage. Should the damage take place, the contractor must contractually be bound to carry out repair immediately. Community safety risks due to accidental or natural hazards Although there are no settlements near the construction site, but there is always some risk involved with construction activities. Also, since the area is prone to natural hazards including floods, earthquakes and drought, the construction team will pay heed to this risk as well. Mitigation

The contractor will ensure proper signage and fencing in order to limit public access to the construction site. Access will be strictly restricted especially during activities such as excavation. Construction site will have a first aid facility with certain staff trained to handle emergencies. The design of the weir has been tested for a 50 years flood return period, but at the same time, an emergency response plan will be prepared by subproject contractor’s SSEMP in order to respond to any hazard caused naturally or otherwise. Health and safety of labour at construction site Since the project is being constructed at a remote site in the tribal areas, safety of labor will be of prime concern. In addition, adequate measures related to Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) will have to be provided for the labor employed.

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Mitigation

The contractor will ensure that proper HSE protocols are in place, including protective gear, drinking water, sanitation, energy supply and overall safety for the labor. Evacuation plans in case of fire or any other accidents will also be prepared, and drills carried out to ensure the labor is aware of responding to such a situation.

Operation Phase Impacts Various operational activities will invariably create environmental disturbances, which may have impacts on the people working in the area nearby communities and flora and fauna. Such impacts include the following: Change in visual character and soil erosion There will be a long-term visual impact due to the construction of the weir and the creation of the reservoir, so it is necessary to retain as much natural vegetation as possible supplemented with arrangement of additional vegetation where possible. The construction phase visual impact will be local and temporary. The construction will take place at the weir site. The activities during construction that will affect the aesthetics of the area include excavation, stacking of material onto stockpiles and dumping at the waste disposal areas. Borrow pits and quarry areas are to be excavated, useful material will be stacked to stockpiles whereas waste and spoils will be dumped to waste disposal areas. These activities will result in the creation of artificial and unnatural features in the landscape. Mitigation • Restoration and environmental enhancement plan to be prepared. • Use of borrow areas with Engineer’s approval at specified depth. • Limited movement of machinery. • Documentation of area including photographs. • Ensuring areas under crops are not used as borrow areas. • Leveling and dressing of borrow areas; water sprinkling. Soil pollution due to excessive application of pesticides and fertilizers Pesticides and herbicides are applied to agricultural land, during operational phase, to control pests that disrupt crop production. Soil contamination can occur when pesticides persist and accumulate in soils,

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which can alter microbial processes, increase plant uptake of the chemical, and also cause toxicity to soil organisms. Pesticide leaching occurs when pesticides mix with water and move through the soil, ultimately contaminating groundwater. The amount of leaching is correlated with particular soil type and pesticide characteristics and the degree of rainfall and irrigation. Only a fraction of the nitrogen-based fertilizers is converted to produce and other plant matter. The remainder accumulates in the soil or lost as runoff. High application rates of nitrogen-containing fertilizers combined with the high water-solubility of nitrate leads to increased runoff into surface water as well as leaching into groundwater, thereby causing groundwater pollution. The excessive use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers (be they synthetic or natural) is particularly damaging, as much of the nitrogen that is not taken up by plants is transformed into nitrate which is easily leached. Mitigation Agriculture Directorate shall introduce agriculture extension programs targeting use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM), green manure, and limiting use of pesticides/ fertilizers to required levels only, and will target farmer communities to inform and train them. In general, in erstwhile FATA area the farmer uses mostly the farm yard manure or green manure. The pesticide use is also rare, because of less vegetables and fruit production. Use of additional irrigation water for cultivating high delta crops With additional guaranteed supply of irrigation water, there is strong likelihood that the farmers will cultivate high delta crops. Such practices will not be sustainable in longer term, since the water diversion capacity is dependent limit the irrigation capacity of the weir. In such a situation, high water demand crops will consume maximum share of irrigation water supply, and leave the farmers unattended for future cropping seasons. Water balance models for the area will need to take heed of this factor, and cropping pattern will have to be developed. Mitigation

Cultivation of high delta crops will be strictly discouraged keeping in mind the appropriate use of the water for maximum are under cropping, and the water balance model24. Cropping pattern in accordance with the water

24 Water balance models were prepared as part of the Water Assessment Study and Management Plan, 2010

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balance model will be suggested and promoted with the help of the Agriculture Department.

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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

General This Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is produced as a complementary part of Detailed Design, as a free-standing document. It ensures incorporation of the relevant environmental factors into the overall project design and will identify linkages to other safeguard policies relating to the project. Mitigation Measures Based on the preliminary assessment, key mitigation measures recommended under this EMP are listed as follows: a. Identify and locate on project plans any sensitive natural resources in the project area including but not limited to patches of natural habitat, bird colonies, and wet lands, unique plant communities etc. (consult with local nature protection authorities). b. Identify local access routes through and around cultivated land and pasture. c. Minimize requirements for temporary or permanent alteration of lands. d. Provide zones for preliminary accumulation of wastes that will cause no damage to the vegetation cover and other components of the environment. e. Transport and disposal of construction concrete rubble, debris and spoils in approved paths and landfills/ dumpsites. f. Delineate access roads/ work areas carefully and prevent their expansion. g. Rehabilitate access roads and work areas after work completion (scratch soil with special engine, put fertile topsoil in place, etc.). h. Use closed/covered trucks for transportation of construction materials. i. Clean the surrounding area from dust by water sprinkling, removal of excess materials and cleaning of sites upon completion of activities. j. Restoration to original conditions of landscape after completion of construction and rehabilitation works. k. Arrange necessary preservation measures (establish protection zones, by-pass these areas during transportation and other). l. Cease the works at once, historical and cultural monuments are encountered during earthworks and provide relevant information

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to the State Agency for Historical and Cultural Monuments Protection. m. Conduct mid-term and end-of-project inspections to the sites during construction works. The parameters, mitigation, monitoring and responsibility will be discussed in detail in the EMP. Residual Impact Residual impacts are defined as those impacts that remain following the implementation of the mitigation measures proposed. Residual impacts refer to those environmental effects predicted to remain after the application of mitigation outlined in this IEE. The predicted residual effects are considered for each project phase (construction, post construction, pre-operations and operation, as per the Impact screening presented in Table 5.1, the significance has been determined for each residual adverse effect. Institutional Arrangements Management Responsibilities The Merged Area Secretariat is the project’s executing agency (EA). It established a Project Management Unit (PMU) in the Planning and Development Department of the Merged Area Secretariat. The PMU will; (i) be responsible for sub-project preparation including feasibility studies; (ii) monitor implementation of all project activities; (iii) undertake all procurement activities; (iv) coordinate and monitor the required civil works and project facilities; (v) undertake financial accounting and reporting; and (vi) ensure the project is implemented in compliance with ADB Safeguard policies and procedures. Project implementation units (PIU) is established in each of the three Agencies for execution of the project at agency level. The three PIUs will have core staff comprised of a project manager assisted by account and administration officer, monitoring and evaluation coordinator, and social organizers. Project implementing agencies include the Directorate of Irrigation, which will be responsible for the improved irrigation infrastructure and on-farm management components with the latter effort supported by the Department of Agriculture, and the Department of Forests, which will be responsible for the watershed management component. The IAs will coordinate with the PMU and PIUs to ensure project activities are reflected in their annual work plans, along with requisite financial and human resources.

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Environment and Social Management Unit

For an effective compliance of an EMP, roles and responsibilities need to be defined at the onset, with relevant professionals hired as project team members at the executing or implementing agency (E/IA) levels. Moreover, these professionals are to be placed in the project hierarchy in such a way whereby they cannot be influenced by the operational teams (engineers, procurement, contractors, etc.) in order to lessen their compliance monitoring responsibilities. For the Project, an Environmental and Social Management Unit (ESMU) is proposed to be set up within the Project Director’s (PD) Office at the E/IA level, with direct reporting line to the PD. An Environment Specialist and a Social Development Specialist will need to be a part of the ESMU so as to ensure compliance to both parts of the EMP. The responsibilities of ESMU will be the following, but not limited to: o Ensure effective compliance of EMP as per ADB Safeguards Policy requirements o Provide technical assistance to the Project Team, in matters related to EMP in particular, and to environmental and social safeguards as a whole o Put in place reporting mechanism and monitoring regimes for project staff as well as contractors o Ensure that EMP related clauses specifically, and environment related clauses in general, are part of all the tender/bid/RFP documents.

o Ensure that EMP implementation costs are made part of BoQs; o Provide technical input to the various training programs proposed as a part of the EMP o Ensure that all regulatory clearances (e.g. clearance from KP- EPA) have been obtained before starting civil works for the subproject. o Conduct on site spot checks to check the compliance level, as well as for any outstanding issue not being covered by the EMP o Regularly report to PD as well as ADB and EPA on progress related to EMP Compliance and

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o Immediately report any unanticipated environmental impact to ADB.

The Consultant

The Construction Supervision Consultant (CSC) will ensure the implementation and regular monitoring of the EMP in true letter and spirit during execution of the civil works and shall submit periodic reports to ESMU of IA regarding the EMP implementation status. The Consultant will engage qualified Environmental Specialist and Social Specialist who will be responsible for EMP implementation and reporting any non-compliance to the Engineer of the Project and the ESMU. a. The Contractor

The contractor will be responsible for on-site implementation of the EMP of the sub-project environmental protection liabilities. They will be responsible for compliance of EMP provisions under contractual obligations. The contractor will train their crew/ staff in implementation of the EMP though capacity building interventions. The EMP will be an integral part of the contract document. The bid should include a detailed environmental mitigation budget as part of the engineering costs of the respective works. Contractor will engage social and environmental managers to realize the above requirements. A site-specific environmental management plan (SSEMP) will be prepared and submitted/approved to CSC by the contractor at least 10 days before the commencement of civil work. b. Environmental Management Plan

The mitigation plan, being a key component of EMP includes measures to mitigate potential negative impacts and enhance its positive impacts during construction phase of the sub-project. The contractor is responsible for implementation of EMP with the co-operation of executing and implementing agencies, client staff, social and environmental consultants and local community of the project. The Environmental management plan, shown in Table 6.1, which also covers monitoring, will therefore form the basis of the environmental and social protection measures implemented by ESMU and Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) contractor that will be employed. The implementation of the EMP ensures that environmental, health and safety (EHS) and social performance is in accordance with national (PAK-EPA) and international (ADB Safeguard Policies) standards and best practice.

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The Table 6.1 states the environmental management plan for the impacts along with mitigation plan, as well as the institutional responsibility.

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Table 6.1: Environmental Management (Mitigation) Plan (Construction & Operation)

Problem / Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Indicator Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Activity Impact Implement Negligible: No or minimum adverse Responsibility Responsibility MM impact Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented Pre-Construction Stage Assure • Acquire construction permit. Before the Minimization and continued EPC ESMU/ compliance with • Provide Water management guidelines if projects are construction of Number of reported non- improvement in number of reported Contractor Consultant relevant executed near surface watercourse. the project compliances non compliances construction activities. field legislation. Construction Stage Impacts Impacts on Land Resources Excavation • Protects Top six inch soil before excavation During • Implementation of Not Significant (Minimal) EPC ESMU/ • Excavated material shall preferably be reused after Construction SSEMP before start Target = zero Threshold 1, with agreed Contractor Consultant approval from quality control engineer. of works mitigation • Non-reusable excavated material shall be safely dumped • Annual reports and and leveled in barren land and location should be documentation of provided in SSEMP. safety inspection • The dumping site must be approved by Environment • Workforce specialist of CSC. /Community complaints Waste • Proper Waste Management at Construction sites and During • EPC’s Site officer Not Significant EPC ESMU/ Management Labor Camps. construction and EHS officer in (Minimal) Contractor Consultant • Waste from the project construction area and office area stage place shall be segregated and collected and collected by the • SSEMP including Tehsil Municipal corporation for dumping at approved Waste Management Land fill site or if small amount than will be arranged Plan natural gully uncultivable land for dumping. • Zero Complaints from • The preparation of a Site-Specific Environmental Community & Management Plan (SSEMP) will be made contractor’s Workers obligation through contract document., The SSEMP will • Internal auditing and be prepared by the contractor and various topic specific reporting by EPC plans such as waste management plan, blast

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Soil pollution • Avoid servicing and re-fueling at the site. Because the Spill contingency plan is Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ due to oils and • A vehicle maintenance area with impermeable floor will area can be available at site (Minimal) Consultant lubricants / be designated subject to un Properly paved/cemented equipment poor • Use protective foils and spill prevention trays during seasonal mechanical workshop maintenance possible vehicle re-fueling and maintenance at the heavy rain No water bodies near the and repairs / construction site. plan before working area refueling at the • Regular inspection will be carried out to detect leakages and during Staff Training over oil construction in construction vehicles and equipment. construction spillage site. • Fuels and lubricants will be stored in covered and dike (cut and fill, All the vehicles and areas, underlain with impervious lining. land machinery seals are • Spill control kit (shovels, plastic bags and absorbent reclamation intact materials) will be available near fuel and oil storage etc.) while Containers are available areas. considering for used oil • Contaminated soil will be removed from the site and the climatic disposed in a manner to ensure protection of water conditions. resources. • Provide absorbing material in case of fuel spills. • Used oil/ oily materials and agents should be managed in

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Problem / Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Indicator Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Activity Impact Implement Negligible: No or minimum adverse Responsibility Responsibility MM impact Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented line with the Waste management plan. • Procedure in place for actions in case of incidental oil and lubrication spills. • Prepare and implement the Construction Site Organization Plan that incorporates good construction practice measures, measures from water management documents and measures from the Water management plan. Agriculture Land • Top six inches of soil will be removed and stored, and will Construction • Monthly Reports Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC Damage be reapplied to restore the land to its previous condition and post (EPC) (Minimal) after completion of construction works construction • Supervision by • Contractor shall strictly follow the design to avoid any Consultant agricultural damage. • EHS officer • Avoid use of heavy machinery where possible. implementing SSEMP • Information Events for work force Earth borrow • No private land will be acquired for the borrow areas. Construction Top soil management Minor Contractor ESMU/ CSC site • The Contractor will ensure that selected borrow areas on and post Government approved \Reduced irrigation land are clearly demarcated and approved by construction site the engineer including the allowed depth of the Approval for any other excavation before starting excavation. site by RE and • The borrow areas will be leveled. The Contractor will not Government leave the borrow pits in such a condition that they are Borrow area unsuitably filled with rain water and cause the problem for management generated the community. and implemented • If the borrow area is near to the settlements, then it Agreement in case of should be fenced completely. private land owner • If agriculture land needs to be used as borrowing area, Grievance redress then the Contractor will adopt the following methods Mechanism during the digging process. Leveling of Borrow Area • Fix the location of excavation. • Remove thirty centimeters of the top soil and keep it on

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Impacts on Hydrology and Water Resources Drinking Water • Contractor will get spring water tested for chemical and Before • Documentation of Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC supply biological contaminants, and assist in providing filtration construction audit and remedial (Minimal) to make water drinkable. and during the actions where • The contractor to make his own arrangements for water project necessary required for construction ensuring that water availability activities. • Grievance’s record

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Municipal solid • Contractor will ensure solid waste bins are placed at During • Implementation of Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC and liquid Waste labor eating and resting areas. construction SSEMP (Minimal) • Installation of field toilets for workers with septic tanks • Site auditing • Grievance’s record (Target=0, Threshold 1 with agreed mitigation)

Impacts on Air Quality and Noise Pollution Dust/smoke • Compact deposited earth material. During • Water sprinkling Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC Emission from • Sprinkling all Katch roads and dust sources with water in Construction. Records (Minimal) plants and order to reduce impacts on the surrounding population Water • Monthly reports EPC equipment and vegetation. sprinkling to • Site Inspection and • Control the speed of vehicles in order to reduce dust be done on Audits rising. regular/daily • Monthly Monitoring • Prepare and implement a plan for the construction site basis. Reports by EPA organization that includes good construction certified Laboratory management practices. • The stock piles should be covered or kept moist in dry weather and to be located in such a distance, so that the communities are not affected by upwind of the stockpiles.

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Problem / Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Indicator Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Activity Impact Implement Negligible: No or minimum adverse Responsibility Responsibility MM impact Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented • Use earth material with the approval of the Engineer. • Procure shingle/ stone from quarry site approved by the Engineer. • Regular inspection, tuning, and maintenance of transport vehicles. • Material transport in closed containers or covered with canvas (Tarpal) sheets. • Regular equipment maintenance. • The contractor is obliged to submit evidence of vehicle roadworthiness in line with the regulations on the hazardous gases emission. • Prepare and implement the construction site organization plan that incorporates good construction practice measures. Smoke from • Contractor shall strictly ban burning of waste or of wood, During • EPC’s Site officer Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC burning of waste especially extracted from nearby shrubs and bushes. construction and EHS officer in (Minimal) or firewood • He must provide clean fuel to the labor to use for their place daily purposes i.e LPG gas cylinders • SSEMP Implementation • Internal auditing and reporting by EPC Noise in the • The contractor will ensure use of newer, well-maintained During • EPC Site Manager Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC operation of machinery that creates minimum noise and emissions, as Construction and EHS Officer in (Minimal) heavy per NEQS. stage Place mechanization • Environment Specialist will ensure that this clause is • Audit and Inspection and generators. added into the bidding and contract documents record of heavy • Observe law-defined working hours at the construction mechanization and site. generators. • Make the generator casings sound proof if they are • Monthly Noise level located near residential units. Monitoring Reports • Ensure mufflers for heavy machinery. by EPA certified • Prepare and implement the construction site organization Laboratory plan that incorporates good construction practice • No. of Grievance’s

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Problem / Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Indicator Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Activity Impact Implement Negligible: No or minimum adverse Responsibility Responsibility MM impact Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented measures. (Target=0) Regular inspection of equipment and machineries Dust Emission • Using trucks with awning and special vehicles depending During • Recording of Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC from Stone on the type of materials. construction. violations and (Minimal) quarrying and • During the transportation of soil, the trucks must be corrective measures Transportation covered with Tarpaulin. • Performance of of material • Use earth material with the approval of the Engineer Regular Driver • Procure shingle/ stone from quarry site approved by the Training (target 100% Engineer. participation of • Regular inspection, tuning, and maintenance of transport drivers) vehicles. • Instruction and • Material transport in closed containers or covered with Information Events canvas (Tarpal) sheets. for workforce • Avoid night time activity. • No. of accidents • Maintain liaison with communities; Repair of damaged (Target=0) roads/ other infrastructure. • Transportation of material during off peak hours. Impacts on Biological Resources Damage to • As per Environmental Safeguard policy of the project, Rerouting and • EPC internal Not Significant (Minimal) Contractor ESMU/ CSC Flora and Fauna sufficient amount has been allocated for tree plantation site monitoring and during construction phase for better environment. For this purpose, a tree plantation identification monthly reports plan will be prepared including the type of species, during design • Site auditing Beneficial in long terms with the location for plantation and other necessary information. stage and • Photographic record implementation of Environmental This plan will also compensate any unlikely tree cutting other matters of pre and post Enhancement Program involved during project implementation. Selection of during project borrow area with least vegetation cover. Soft start for construction of • Implementation of allowing time to reptiles to move away from the project relevant Environmental site activities Enhancement • Restriction and prohibition on hunting, shooting, trapping, Program and poaching of wild species • Construction during non-migratory season • No night time activity • Photographs of pre and post project

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Problem / Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Indicator Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Activity Impact Implement Negligible: No or minimum adverse Responsibility Responsibility MM impact Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented • Continuous inspection of the area will be carried out jointly with other agencies involved in maintenance of protected areas. Impacts on Socioeconomic and Cultural Issues Tribal tensions • Ensure continuous liaison with the communities Before and • Continued Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC and rivalries throughout the construction of the project, so as to During Community (Minimal) identify any such incident in time. construction Consultation Records • Relevant political authorities will be kept abreast of the • Implementation of progress, as well as any such issue if in making. Community Liaison • The contractor is required to develop Chance Find Plan by EPC Procedure as part of the SSEMP. • No. Of Grievance’s (Target=0) Impact on the • Precisely situate the position of infrastructure and Before the • Continued Not Significant Contractor CSC / ESMU existing civil underground installations at the local works in construction of Community (Minimal) in infrastructure cooperation with the relevant institutions at all levels of the dam and Consultation Records cooperation and facilities, authority. all other • No. Of Grievance’s with especially • Close liaison with local relevant authorities structures, the (Target=0) concerned underground • Should the damage take place, the contractor must APs should be • Monthly Reports on Department. installations contractually be bound to carry out repair immediately. given sufficient Information activities I-e, Public (water supply time and and response from Health etc. and sewerage compensation community pipeline etc.) to satisfy • Liaison Records with which cause them. local relevant obstacles in the authorities provision of services to consumers.

Increased • Prioritize qualified local population in employment. At the time of • Job Posting and Highly Beneficial Contractor ESMU/ CSC possibility of commenceme information in local employment and nt of project. communities income in the Complaints of • Transparency of local APs to be employment

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Conflicts arising • Preference to provide jobs to local job seekers. Before and • Up to date Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC due to • Motivation/Trainings to the workers for a peaceful work during the information on (Minimal) Mixing of local environment. construction of employment

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Reduced • Plan the relocation of equipment at time when daily traffic Necessary • Implementation of Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC possibility is not jammed; provide alternative passage for evacuations to Construction Site (Minimal) through the area pedestrians and vehicles in cooperation with local be done as Organization Plan where the works authorities or provide a safe passage through the when • Health and safety are executed. construction site. necessary if Plans in Place and • Avoid roads through inhabited areas especially near construction Implemented schools and hospitals. impacts are of • Site Audit • Prepare and implement the Construction Site significant Organization Plan that incorporates good construction duration and practice measures. close to APs. Population at • Assure adequate warning signs, lighting, protective Prior to and • Implementation of Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC increased risks fencing etc. throughout the SSEMP, Traffic (Minimal) of traffic • Observe traffic rules. construction. Management Plant Short term during construction stage accidents and • Clean construction waste form the construction site both • Accident/Incident construction in the construction phase and after works completion, Record works. when closing the construction site. • Implementation of • Assure medical supplies and aid through institutional and Construction Site administrative arrangements with municipal hospitals at Organization Plan the construction site. • Site Audits & Inspection Risk of injuries • Demand from all workers to abide by the Protection at Prior to • Site Inspection Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC at work work measures. commenceme • Monthly EPC Reports (Minimal) • Provide protective equipment; install warning signs at the nt and during • PPEs issuance construction site. construction records • Prepare and implement the Construction site • Health and safety

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Accident risks • Preparation and implementation of HSE Plan. Prior to • Monthly EPC Reports Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC • Provision of PPEs. commenceme • PPEs issuance (Minimal) • Provision of first aid kits and emergency vehicle. nt and during records • Emergency response teams. construction • Health and safety • Preparation of emergency response plans Plans in Place and Implemented • Implementation of Construction Site Organization Plan • Accident/Incident Record Health risks due • Preparation and implementation of HSE Plan. Safety During • Workplace Risk Contractor ESMU/ CSC to unsafe and measures taken by the contractor such as installation of construction Assessment before unhygienic living firefighting equipment, safe storage of hazardous start of works environment. material, fencing, provision of first aid facilities etc.; • Health and safety Contingency measures in case of accidents; Obligatory Plans in Place and insurance of contractor’s staff and laborers against Implemented accidents; Provision of adequate sanitation, washing, lighting, cooking and dormitory facilities. HSE trainings to construction and camp staff. EHS Training • Arrange training, guidelines and brushers in Urdu to staff During • EHS Trainings and Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC and laborers about the Environment, Health and Safety. construction Events Record (Minimal)

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Operation Stage Impacts and Maintenance (O&M) Change in visual • Restoration and Environmental enhancement plan to be Pre • Implementation of Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC character and prepared. Operations Environmental (Minimal) EPA soil erosion • Use of borrow areas with Engineer’s approval at enhancement plan Short term during construction phase ADB specified depth. • EPC Construction • Limited movement of machinery. Completion Report Beneficial in long terms with the • Documentation of area. • Site Inspection implementation of Environmental • Ensuring areas under crops are not used as borrow Enhancement Program areas. • Leveling and dressing of borrow areas; Water sprinkling. • Rescue of any encountered species. Soil pollution • Agriculture extension programs targeting use of Post • Agriculture extension Minor Agriculture PMU due to Integrated Pest Management (IPM), green manure, and Construction program developed Directorate excessive limiting use of pesticides to required levels only will target before completion of application of farmer communities to inform and train them construction fertilizers and pesticides Use of irrigation • Cultivation of high delta crops will be strictly discouraged. Post Agriculture extension Not Significant Agriculture PMU water for Cropping pattern in accordance with the water balance model construction program developed (Minimal) Directorate cultivating high will be suggested and promoted. before completion of delta crops construction

Strategies that An ‘Operation Environmental Action Plan’ (OEAP) needs to Pre Implementation Beneficial in long terms with the EMU PMU & ADB require be prepared demonstrating the manner in which the Operations Operation Environmental implementation of Operation development. Contractor/Operator will comply with the requirements of Action Plan’ (OEAP) Environmental Action Plan’ (OEAP) management plans proposed in EMP. The following strategies and procedures will be developed prior to the commencement of Project operations: Project specific security and public access control strategy;

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Monitoring The following monitoring programmes will be developed prior Operational Site Inspection Beneficial in long terms with the Irrigation PMU programmes to the commencement of Project operations: stage Monitoring Reports implementation of Operation Department Landslide monitoring; Environmental Action Plan’ (OEAP) Water quality monitoring Watershed and flood telemetry monitoring

The following educational programmes will be developed Operational Implementation of Highly Beneficial Irrigation PMU Training/ prior to the commencement of Project operations: stage Training Events and Department educational • Employee induction programme on environmental Programs programmes. awareness; • Employee code of conduct; • Health and Safety training programme MM: Mitigation Measures

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Monitoring Activities For each of the environmental components, the monitoring plan specifies the parameters to be monitored; location of the monitoring sites and duration of monitoring. The monitoring plan also specifies the applicable standards, implementation and supervising responsibilities. In addition to the critical locations selected during design stage, the environmental monitoring will also be done at the construction camp site and any other plant site as determined relevant during rehabilitation works stage. Performance Indicators A key aspect of monitoring is defining relevant indicators. A Performance Indicator is a measurable value that demonstrates how effectively the EMP is achieving its key objectives, evaluated against the criteria defined in environmental management Plan.

Table 6.2 Environmental Monitoring

S Test Frequency Parameters Location of Number of samples No. & Duration Monitoring 1 Water Quarterly pH Surface water 02 (surface and Ground Quality One hour sample to be water) Color during collected 10 m construction Odor downstream of time the weir. Electrical Conductivity Drinking water sample from Turbidity Labour camp Alkalinity Bicarbonate Carbonate Calcium Sodium Potassium Hardness Sulphate Nitrates TDS Total Coliforms & E-Coli 2 Air Quality Quarterly Carbon 10 m from the 01 One hour Monoxide (CO) main construction during site Sulfur Dioxide construction (SO2) time Nitrogen Oxide

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(NO) Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

PM10 Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) 3 Noise Quarterly Quarterly and 10 m from 02 Quality whenever construction site required in an emergency or exceeding the NEQS limits Project Enhancement Plans Restoration Plan If during construction, further material is required or contractor needs to borrow material from any other site, then the contractor can acquire private land in accordance with the lease agreement with the land owner. Photographic record will be kept before and after the land use as borrowing area. The contractor will not leave borrowing pit in such a condition that they are unusable and could be filled with rain water and provide breeding place for mosquitoes or cause any health and safety issues. Agricultural land should be restored such that it can be re-used for the agricultural purpose. The topsoil of agricultural land, if used as borrow area, should be removed up to 6 inches and kept separate on site for its re-spread back on the leveled borrow area. Then the site area should be leveled for placing the topsoil back. Reports The Environmental Specialist of the Construction Supervision Consultant (CSC) shall produce periodical reports as well as inspection notes based upon the visits to the subproject site. The contractor will submit weekly checklist report to CSC on the basis of which CSC will prepare monthly report and submit to PMU. Similarly, CSC will prepare Bi-annual report and submit it to PMU. This information shall make a basis for Project Management Unit (PMU) for their further reporting or visiting the site. All reports shall be location and activity specific. The reports shall especially identify areas of contractor’s noncompliance with the EMP and provide guiding remarks on actions to be taken. The significance of the non-compliance shall also be noted. Copies of these reports shall be sent to the Resident Engineer (RE) who shall forward them to the team leader, Head PIU and the contractor for their action(s). The RE will include in routine reports a summary status of activities relating

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to the EMP. Supplemental reports on issues should also be prepared as and when required. The consultant’s environmental team will produce daily, monthly reports, as well as a final report of the project based on the information collected. The Table of Contents (TOC) is annexed as annex VI. The list of distribution reports is given in Table 6.3.

Table 6.3: Distribution of Reports

Report Prepared by Reviewed by Distribution

Weekly Checklist Contractor’s Contractor`s Environment Resident Engineer HSE/Environment officer Officer and Consultant’s Environment Specialist

Monthly Environment team of the PMU`s Environment Project Director Design & Construction Specialist Supervision Consultants

Effects Environment team of the PMU`s Environment Project Director Monitoring Design & Construction Specialist Supervision Consultants

Change Environment team of the PMU`s Environment Project Director Management Design & Construction Specialist Supervision Consultants

Biannual Environment team of the PMU`s Environment ADB through Design & Construction Specialist Project Director Supervision Consultants

Final Environment team of the Reviewed by ESU of ADB through Design & Construction EMU Project Director Supervision Consultants

Training Schedule Environmental training will form part of the Environment Management Plan. The training will be conducted for all personnel involved in the project works. The key objective of training program is to ensure that the requirements of the EMP are clearly understood and followed throughout the Sub Project. The trainings to the staff will help in communicating environmental related restrictions specified in the EMP. The contractors will be primarily responsible for providing environmental training to all project personnel on potential environmental issues of the Sub Project. Responsibility of trainings related to public safety lies with PMU. In addition to the training specified in the training log, special/ additional trainings will be provided during the subproject activity.

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Estimated Budget for EMP Implementation Contractor will be responsible for the implementation of environmental mitigation plan. Most of the mitigation measures are covered in the engineering costs of the respective works. The following EMP Cost reflected in Table 6.4 deem to covered in the engineering cost, the contractor will not claim this amount as a direct cost, while the environmental monitoring cost (Table 6.5) to be claimed as a direct cost, when to be carried out at site. The appointment of Environment Health & Safety (EHS) staff is already included in the contractor Employees/personnel requirement. The afforestation cost will be covered as part of Watershed Management component for the project catchment area.

Table 6.4: Estimated Budget for Environmental Management

Serial No. Description Amount in Pak Rs 1 PPEs 1,00,000 2 Safety Banners & Sign boards 25,000 3 Medical facility at site 1,00,000 4 Water sprinkling 2,00,000 5 Fire protection equipment’s 50,000 6 HSE Training 1,00,000 7 Misc. (Unforeseen) 75,000 Total Amount 6,50,000

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Table 6.5: Estimated Budget for Environmental Monitoring

Item No Item Parameters Frequency Rate As per Contract Description (Rs) Amount Quantity Amount 1 Air Testing at 1. Carbon Monoxide Quarterly 8000 4/year 32000 site (CO) 2. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) 3. Nitric Oxide (NO) 4. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 5. PM10 6. PM2.5 2 Noise Testing 1. Noise Quarterly 500 8/year 4000 at site 3 Water 1. Total Coli form Quarterly 11000 8/year 88000 Testing in 2. E. coli Lab 3. pH 4. Total Dissolved solids (TDS) 5. Total Hardness as CaCO3 6. Sodium 7. Potassium 8. Sulphate 9. Chloride 10. Alkalinity 11. Color 12. Odor 13. Taste 14. Nitrogen-Nitrates 15. TSS Total 1,24,000 Contingency 6200 Cost @5% Grand Total 1,30,200 Third Party Monitoring The purpose of third-party monitoring is to ensure that the project is implemented with the due concern for Environment and Social Safeguards according to ADB’s Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS) 2009, and specifically to ensure that these issues are adequately addressed in compliance with the approved EIA/IEE reports and Environment Management plan (EMP). The third-party monitoring consultant will check / validate these reports during the construction phase of the project to ADB and also the Project Completion Report. As per TOR of the Contract the third-party Consultant will perform the following key tasks. i. Review the sub-project's environmental performance to ensure that it complies with the national environmental legislation, requirements under Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, ADB's environmental

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safeguards as stipulated in Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) and relevant environmental documents (IEE, EIA, Site specific EMP, Environmental Assessment and Review Framework); ii. Monitor and participate in selected sub-projects' design and construction stage consultations; iii. Monitor the performance of consultants in delivering the services and the performance of EA/PMU/PIUs and IAs in delivering their roles and responsibilities so that the project stays compliant with ADB environmental safeguards; iv. Monitor on sample basis EMP compliance at a construction site; v. In the case of unpredicted environmental impacts occurring during project implementation, provide guidance on the preparation of a corrective action plan, and monitor its implementation; vi. Support the PMU in information sharing and disclosure of environmental safeguard documents, training on environmental management, and health and safety aspects to project staff; vii. If required, participate in the ADB project review missions to assist in due diligence reviews and analyses; viii. Identify implementation capacities gaps, recommend improvements and troubleshooting to address bottlenecks and emerging issues that affect project management; The Consultant will deliver (a) third party monitoring detailed plan in consultation with the EA, PMU, PIU and IAs; (b) biannual external environment safeguards monitoring report; and (c) collate and provide input to the final TA report. The Consultant will report to ADB Project Team Lead in PRM Islamabad.

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PUBLIC CONSULTATION

General Public consultation is a process to disclose project information to the local communities, other concerned stakeholders and record feedback regarding the proposed subprojects and preference. It brings new ideas and information in a dynamic and integrated way. It also educates the community towards type and objectives of the subprojects and persuades them to be rational to participate in the subproject’s activities. The public consultation process was commenced in the initial feasibility stages (prior to construction) in order to disclose the project information to the stakeholders. The stakeholders involved in the process, were the population likely to be impacted, the village leaders and relevant departments. Prior to the implementation of the subproject, the consultations have been carried out to support this EMMP. The focus of attention has been the population near the subproject area that may be affected by the subproject. The level of engagement varied from the stakeholder to stakeholder with some registering no major comment but it is noted that none registered any outright opposition to subproject. The disclosure of the subproject intervention and subsequent consultation with stakeholders is imperative for the environmental assessment and mitigation of impacts. Public consultation can also provide a conduit for the improvement of the subproject implementation to better serve the stakeholders. In this EMMP, the consultation process was performed to achieve the objective of ADB Safe guard’s policy statement 2009. The main objectives of public participation and consultation are to achieve the following: • Ensure public and community participation in the subproject environmental policy objectives and decision making. • Ensure public confidence in the administration of the environment by demonstrating the role of government to enforce the environmental stewardship of government agencies and organs, corporate citizens and elite organizations; • Grant the citizenry access to environmental information and data, thereby promoting the quality of environmental management and compliance monitoring.

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• Provide key project information and create awareness among various stakeholders about project intervention; • Have interaction for primary and secondary data collection with project affectees and other stakeholders; • Begin establishing communication and an evolving mechanism for the resolution of social and environmental problems at local and project level; • Involve project stakeholders in an inclusive manner; and • Receive feedback from primary stakeholders on mitigation and enhancement measures for environmental and social impacts. Community engagement provides a valuable link between the stakeholders of the Sub Project and serves by; • Enabling the community to be better informed • Reducing the level of misconception/ misinterpretation or deception • Ensuring commitment and greater ownership of the final decision by the community • Strengthening relationships between project cycle and the community • Encouraging the community to put forward ideas • Assembling better understanding of local needs • Helping to identify issues which may not otherwise have been considered. Identification of Stakeholders Stakeholders are persons or groups who are directly or indirectly affected by a project as well as those who may have interests in a project and/or the ability to influence its outcome, either positively or negatively. Stakeholders of the Sub Project include locally affected communities, local government authorities, and civil society organizations, groups with special interests, the academic community, or businesses. (Figure 7.1). During the field survey, different stakeholders identified, were the villagers, local residents, government officials, farmers, public representative, NGO’s and general public. All those stakeholders had different types of stakes according to their professions. Two types of the stakeholders were identified: the primary stakeholders, who would be directly affected by the subproject; and the secondary stakeholders, who would be indirectly affected by the subproject.

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Figure 7.1: Identification of Stakeholders

These stakeholders were contacted by the Construction Supervision Consultants (CSC). Their views and reservations/ concerns about the subproject were taken into consideration. CSC also interacted with the community-based organizations that can support the community during the execution of the subproject. Methodology To carry out stakeholder consultations, the survey team adopted a strategic and flexible approach, where influential were earlier briefed and taken into confidence for holding community level meetings and followed by candid meetings with residents and small group meetings with locals. A total of three comprehensive consultations were carried out with the Sub Project stakeholders at various locations during the preparation of environmental and social impact assessment. These consultations were carried out during September 2018. The consultation and scoping sessions were designed specifically to provide subproject information to the public. These sessions were

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informal so as to encourage friendly social environment in which participants may feel comfortable in raising questions, expressing their opinion and concerns about the subproject besides seeking clarification regarding their concerns. The focus group discussions were instrumental in the process, whereas one-to- one meetings were also held with the institutions. The subproject survey was carried out to cover socio-economic condition of the area and to assess the farmer community’s demands and difficulties with the consideration of the following protocols: The meeting was freely formatted so as to avoid any uneasiness of local farmers and to provide them maximum freedom of speech. • Survey team has highlighted the potential benefits of project implementation and noticing any aspects which would need to be covered in greater detail during execution stage. • Discussions were also made regarding the proposed rehabilitation of irrigation system and feedback /suggestions based on historical knowledge of area were recorded. • Preliminary assessment of community’s willingness was assessed to contribute to project implementation in the form of local labor with the Civil Works Contractor. Agenda of Consultative Session The agenda for the consultative session with local farmers was prepared after investigating all existing irrigation infrastructure in the area. Similarly, an informal interview guide was used to obtain views of key informants on the issues of irrigation in the project area. Data obtained helped the facilitator in drafting and adopting the following agenda for the community meetings.  To assess the apprehensions and aspirations of the local farmers regarding improvements to the existing irrigation infrastructure;

 To assess indigenous knowledge of potential improvements in irrigation system

 Knowledge and experience of any similar works undertaken by government agencies, NGOs and other technical institutions.

Local Farmer Views The local farmers openly expressed their views that farmers understood fully that improved and ensured surface water supply is the only way to improve

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agriculture and rural livelihood. The improved surface water supplies will contribute to minimize reliance on ground water abstraction thus, resulting into improved income and regulated ground water regime. The peoples told that the tail end users will not receive water, as experience of surrounding irrigated area. Farmers termed the uncertain and unreliable supply of the canal water. No one has directly or indirectly indicated any negative feelings towards the proposed intervention. Relations between farmers and Irrigation Department officers are generally poor. Rural farmers have little trust in government generally and in the Irrigation Department in particular. Therefore, the proposed Weir will be supervised by the farmer community. The irrigation Department will arrange only the major repair in future. When asked whether a Farmers’ Organization (FO) would be useful or not, respondent answers were largely in favor (90%). Farmers want FOs to share the resolution of issues like water theft, cementing of watercourse etc., agricultural issues (e.g. marketing) and credit etc. The participants were in complete agreement about the benefits of the project and expressed full support to the project. Qualitative assessment during the field survey indicates that the community is willing to contribute to sub-project implementation by working as unskilled labor. The preference is to work during the agricultural off-season. Training in labor-based construction works will be needed in order to implement the project efficiently. This will also result in necessary basic skills transfer for future maintenance of the scheme. Consultation with Other Stakeholders and Their Response The potential stakeholders were inhabitants, field staff of Irrigation Department and other relevant departments working in the Sub Project area. During the consultation, maximum information about the Sub Project was shared. A list of Government official consulted is enlisted in Table 7.2 and local Notables/beneficiaries farmers are in Table 7.3 and 7.4. All the stakeholders including the local community were consulted about the proposed subproject. Salient features of the subproject and requirement of ADB SPS were discussed. Subproject does not require land acquisition and no resettlement of the people is involved. There is no major issue related to the RoW of the subproject, which was provided by Irrigation Department. Public consultation was also made with the local people residing in the adjacent and surveyed villages in the subproject area. The discussion was focused on the impacts of the proposed subproject.

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Generally, people of the area were supportive to the subproject and appreciated the efforts of Govt. to uplift the socio-economic conditions of the area. They were informed about the construction related negative environmental impacts e.g dust and noise etc. and the proposed mitigation measures. They responded that these impacts are temporary and negligible in front of larger positive benefits of the subprojects. The people were pleased to know about the proposed subproject. They appreciated the efforts of taking-up the subproject for providing benefits to the public and uplift of their socioeconomic conditions. The stakeholders were asked about the likely impacts of the proposed subproject during construction/ execution phases. Most of the people have knowledge about the subproject. People of the area were demanding some basic facilities like drinking water supply, electricity, schools etc. however they were told that the project focuses only on improving irrigation and efficient use of water resources. They also demanded for flood protection wall. Their concerns were noted and were shared with the line department and their queries about the subproject were answered to their satisfaction. Suggestions were also sought from the locals for incorporating mitigation measures in the EMP.

Table 7.2: List of Government Official Contacted

S. No Name Designation Contact No Department

1 M.Saeed Agriculture officer 0924-290012 Agriculture 2 Sher Nawaz XEN 091-5202515 Irrigation

3 M. Farooq DFO 0924-290300 Forest

Table 7.3: List of Community Consultation Participants at Saro Shah

S/No. Name CNIC No. Cell No. 1. Sufid khan 21407-4454037-7 0306-9576335 2. Nawab syed 21407-2811733-7 - 3. Bakshi mula 21401-5308019-5 - 4. Abdul ullah 21401-7013006-5 - 5. Sabir khan 21401-5137450-7 0305-5409357 6. Noor Hazrat 21407-9558598-3 0300-9062791 7. Amir Muhammad khan 21407-5524120-1 0307-7143638 8. Gul Muhammad 21407-1968432-3 -

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9. Sher Muhammad 21407-0990605-1 0307-8437607 10. Yar Muhammad - 0306-9777332

Table 7.4: List of Community Consultation Participants at Serai Bazar Shah

S/No. Name CNIC No. Cell No. 1. Lal Poor Khan 21407-9542574-7 0301-504344 2. Ameen Ullah 21407-7632989-5 0302-9072642 3. Hijab Gul 21407-0414980-5 0303-5346883 4. Ramat Jalal 21407-5084618-5 0306-5878937 5. Katu 21407-2777880-5 - 6. Gohar Ali 21407-6257166-7 0304-5562441 7. Israil Khan 21407-6679518-9 0300-5874983 8. Habib Zada 21407-4834899-1 - 9. Guli Khan 21407-3385526-3 - 10. Khan Muhammad 21403-7448424-5 0302-5652888 11. Mazullah 21407-8016417-5 0305-9531040

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Figure 7.2: Community Meetings at Saro Shah and Serai Bazar Shah

Public Consultation at Saro Shah Public Consultation at Saro Shah

Public Consultation at Serai Bazar Shah Baseline survey at Serai Bazar Shah

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GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

General A Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM), consisted with the requirements of ADB safeguard policies will be established to prevent and redress community concerns, reduce risks, and assist the project to maximize social and environmental benefits, in addition to serving as a platform to resolve grievances, for this purpose a public complaint Centre with public complaint committee will be established in all concerned Agencies where the project activities are in progress. Generally, all project staff, management staff involved in the project, and government administrators will take on grievance handling as a responsibility. The GRM members should be qualified, experienced, and competent personnel who can win the respect and confidence of the affected communities. Criteria for selecting members of GRM could include the following knowledge of the project, its objectives, and outcomes; technical knowledge and expertise, e.g., irrigation, engineering, environmental, geological; understanding of the social, economic, and cultural environments and the dynamics of the communities; capacity to absorb the issues dealt with and to contribute actively to decision-making processes; social recognition and standing; and an equitable representation of the community. Composition of following committee members are being proposed for public complaint Centers at concerned Agencies where project activities are prevailing, 1. Chairperson, Project Director-FWRDP. 2. Member, community elder/Malak, Religious leader. 3. Member, Social Development Officer/ Resettlement officer - FWRDP. 4. Member, Environment Officer - FWRDP 5. Member from village organization (one for Executive body and one for general body) 6. Member, PIU (Project Manager, Monitoring officer and Social organizer) 7. Member from Contractor/Environment Specialist/Manager 8. Member PA Representative 9. Member from Line Department

Objectives of Grievance Redress Mechanism The main objective of establishing GRM is to resolve problems in an efficient, timely and cost-effective manner in a cordial environment with the participation of all stakeholders including affected parties. Under the GRM, it shall describe the options available to the project for grievance redress. Any environmental or

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social impacts that would be adversely affecting the general public in the project area should be resolved at the GRC. The PIU shall indicate how these would be disseminated and accessible to affected parties in a way that should be clear and comprehensible to the Implementing Agency (IA) also. The grievance redress mechanism should also have an in-built monitoring mechanism to check on responsiveness to complaints or grievances lodged. The different forms of receiving the complaints should be clearly described together with the different stages of going through the process. In addition, the redress mechanism shall indicate alternatives, in case the proposed mechanism, for any reason, does not respond to all grievances and complaints. GRM should be able to provide benefits to both the project and affected parties by setting up following objectives,

• Provide a forum for redressing grievance and disputes at the lowest level. • To build up productive relationship among the all stakeholders including affected parties. • Provide access to affected parties to negotiate and influence the decisions and policies of the project which might be adversely affected to them. • Mitigates or prevents adverse impacts of the project on communities and produces appropriate corrective or preventive action. • To harmonize both project and affected parties activities. • open channels for affective communication, including the identification of new social and environmental issues of concern arising from the project: • The GRM will be accessible to diverse members of community, including more vulnerable groups such as women and youth • Opportunities for confidentialities and privacy for complainants are to be

honored where this is seen as important

Awareness of GRM GRM should be widely publicized among stakeholder groups such as the affected Communities, government agencies, and Community organizations. Lack of knowledge about GRM results in people not approaching and using them, and they eventually lose the importance and the validity of the purpose for which they were created. People should also be informed about their options, depending on the types of complaints, but should not be encouraged to submit false claims. Criteria for eligibility need to be communicated. An effective

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awareness campaign should be launched to give publicity to the roles and functions of the GRM and should include the following components: • How complaints can be reported to those GRMs and to whom, e.g., phone, postal address and email addresses, of the GRMs as well as information that should be included in a complaint; procedures and time frames for initiating and concluding the grievance redress process; boundaries and limits of GRMs in handling grievances; and Roles of different agencies such as project implementers and funding agencies.

A variety of methods can be adopted for communicating information to the relevant stakeholders: • Display of posters in public places such as in government offices, project offices, Community centers, etc.; distribution of brochures; • P.O BOX number should be established to receive the grievance of the affected community through mail in all concern agencies

• Community-based organizations; and print and electronic media, including radio. Implementation of GRM Stage 1:

When a grievance arises, (Social & Environment/Any) the affected person may contact directly with the contractor/operator and the project manager to resolve the issue of concern, if the issue is successfully resolved, no further follow up is required. Stage 2:

If no ad hoc solution to be found the affected person/s will submit an oral or written complaint to the public complaint Centre (PCC) by themselves, for an oral complaint the PCC must make a written record, for each complaint PCC must investigate the complaint, assess its eligibility and identify an appropriate solution, it will provide a clear response in five working days to the complainant, the PCC will instruct the contractor to take corrective action. The PCC will review the contractor response and undertake additional monitoring, during the complaint investigation, the PCC will work in close consultation with the contractors and the supervising engineer (during construction). The contractor during construction and the IA during operation should convey the outcome to the PCC within seven working days.

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Stage 3:

If no solution can be identified by the PCC or if the complainant is not satisfied with the suggested solutions under stage 2, the PCC will organize within two weeks a multi stakeholders meeting under the auspices of the irrigation department, where all relevant stakeholder (i.e. the complainant, IA, contractor/operator, relevant local government offices) will be invited. The meeting should result in solution acceptable to all, and identify responsibility and action plan. The contractor during construction and IA during operation should implement the agreed upon redress solution and convey the outcome to the PCC within seven working days. Stage 4;

If the multi stakeholder hearing process is not successful, the PCC will inform project steering committee (PSC), A project steering committee headed by additional chief secretary, Merged Area Secretariat, will provide policy guidelines for smooth running of the project activities, the Members of PSC include the secretary, P&D. Secretary finance Merged Area Secretariat, Director General projects, Merged Area Secretariat, Representative of SAFRON Division, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Representative of Planning & Development Division Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Political Agents of Khyber Agency, Bajaur, Mohmand and representatives of all concerned line departments. The Project Director will participate as PSC member cum Secretary. The PSC will meet at least twice a year or more frequently, whenever issues requiring resolution are submitted for its consideration. The PSC will organize special meetings to address the problem and identify its solution. Stage 5:

If the affected people are still not satisfied with the reply in stage 4, he or she can go through local judicial proceedings. i.e. Jirga

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Figure 8.1: Proposed GRM

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CONCLUSION, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Findings and Recommendations The assessment of potential impacts of the proposed Saro Shah and Serai Bazar Shah subprojects reveals that the subprojects will generate only minor to moderate adverse environmental impacts. These adverse impacts will be mostly confined to the construction works and will be temporary in nature. The predicted adverse impacts will be minimized and reduced by implementing the prescribed mitigation measures and will be continually monitored by implementing and updating the EMP. The overall finding is that the beneficial gains provided by irrigation subprojects will by far exceed the negative impacts – most of them being short-termed and without major interference to both the bio-physical and human environment. All mitigation measures proposed in the Environmental Management Plan are deemed to be appropriate. The Environmental Monitoring Plan represents the basic verification tool for ensuring the effectiveness of the proposed measures. It is emphasized that the success of the EMP depends on the respective line agencies and institutions identified as key players in the implementation of the EMP. The timely and complete inclusion of the EMP’s compliance clauses in the Contractor documents is mandatory to ensure the success of all environmental safeguard measures. Conclusion As the subprojects are exclusively an irrigation system, all identified adverse environmental impacts during the rehabilitation and improvement works of the subprojects will be of minor nature, easily to be mitigated by adequate implementation of the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans. Entire command of the subprojects components does not include any environmentally sensitive areas. The measures taken to adequately mitigate negative impact in the construction phase will be the most important task. Implementation of proposed mitigation measures are deemed to be sufficient for negating the potentially identified impacts. The supervision of the mitigation measures provided in the contractor’s documents is the key for completing this project in an environmentally sound manner. The final conclusion is that, the subprojects are environmentally safe and socially acceptable project. A few, essentially minor, negative residual impacts identified in the Impact Assessment during the feasibility study design are all unavoidable and there are no technically or economically feasible alternatives which would remove them altogether.

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ANNEXURES

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ANNEX-I Environmental Testing

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Standard Operating Procedures and Protocols

NOX ANALYZER

Serinus 40 Oxides of Nitrogen Analyzer

• The Serinus® 40 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx ) analyzer delivers precise and reliable performance at excellent value. • It uses proven chemiluminescence technology to measure NO, NO2 and NOx in ambient air (LDL < 0.4 ppb, range 0 to 20 ppm).

FEATURES

• Measures NO2 directly - highly selective and no cycle time (switching between NOx and NO) • Accurate, repeatable and rapid readings every five seconds • Less maintenance than chemiluminescence analyzers • Low power consumption • No converter or ozone generator.

APPLICATIONS FOR PRECISE, DIRECT & RAPID MEASUREMENTS

• Traffic emissions monitoring: roadside, tunnels • Ambient air quality monitoring • Indoor air quality monitoring • Mobile and fixed monitoring stations • Industrial fence-line monitoring • Stack emissions monitoring • Plume monitoring • Measurement and monitoring studies • Medical gas monitoring • Process control.

OPERATING PROCEDURES

• Place the analyzer in open air on smooth surface • Connect the outlet connector with a suction pump so that pump can discharge the inlet air rapidly. • Start the analyzer and the suction pump • Check the air path, it must be being discharged from outlet of pump with sensible pressure. • Analyzer takes 5 min as warm up time and then starts

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reading the values of NO and NO2. • We can note the readings of NO and NO2 on equal intervals from digital display of analyzer

SO2 ANALYZER

Serinus 50 SO2 Analyzer

• The Serinus® 50 Sulphur Dioxide analyzer delivers precise and reliable performance at excellent value.

• It uses proven chemiluminescence technology to measure SOx in ambient air (LDL < 0.5 ppb, range 50 to 1000 ppb).

FEATURES

• Measures SO2 directly - highly selective

• Accurate, repeatable and rapid readings every five seconds

• Less maintenance than chemiluminescence analyzers

• Low power consumption

• No converter or ozone generator.

APPLICATIONS FOR PRECISE, DIRECT & RAPID MEASUREMENTS

• Traffic emissions monitoring: roadside, tunnels

• Ambient air quality monitoring

• Indoor air quality monitoring

• Mobile and fixed monitoring stations

• Industrial fence-line monitoring

• Stack emissions monitoring

• Plume monitoring

• Measurement and monitoring studies

• Medical gas monitoring

• Process control.

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OPERATING PROCEDURES

• Place the analyzer in open air on smooth surface • Connect the outlet connector with a suction pump (vacuum pump) so that pump can discharge the inlet air rapidly. • Start the analyzer and the suction pump • Check the air path, it must be being discharged from outlet of pump with sensible pressure (0.6 tor). • Analyzer takes 5 min as warm up time and then starts reading the values of SO2. • We can note the readings of SO2 on equal intervals from digital display of analyzer

O3 ANALYZER

Serinus 10 O3 Analyzer

• The Serinus® 10 Ozone analyzer delivers precise and reliable performance at excellent value.

• It uses proven chemiluminescence technology to measure O3 in ambient air (LDL < 1.0 ppb, range 50 to 1000 ppb).

FEATURES

• Measures O3 directly - highly selective

• Accurate, repeatable and rapid readings every five seconds

• Less maintenance than chemiluminescence analyzers

• Low power consumption

• No converter or ozone generator.

APPLICATIONS FOR PRECISE, DIRECT & RAPID MEASUREMENTS

• Traffic emissions monitoring: roadside, tunnels

• Ambient air quality monitoring

• Indoor air quality monitoring

• Mobile and fixed monitoring stations

• Industrial fence-line monitoring

• Stack emissions monitoring

• Plume monitoring

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• Measurement and monitoring studies

• Medical gas monitoring

• Process control.

OPERATING PROCEDURES

• Place the analyzer in open air on smooth surface • Connect the outlet connector with a suction pump (vacuum pump) so that pump can discharge the inlet air rapidly. • Start the analyzer and the suction pump • Check the air path, it must be being discharged from outlet of pump with sensible pressure (0.6 tor). • Analyzer takes 5 min as warm up time and then starts reading the values of O3. • We can note the readings of O3 on equal intervals from digital display of analyzer

CO/CO2 ANALYZER

Testo 315-3 CO/CO2 Analyzer

• The Testo 315-3 CO/CO2 analyzer delivers precise and reliable performance at excellent value according to DIN EN 50543 standard. • It uses proven Non- dispersive Infra-Red Technology to measure CO/CO2 in ambient air (Resolution = 0.5 ppm, range 0 to 100 ppm, Accuracy = ±3ppm).

FEATURES

• Measures CO/CO2 directly - highly selective • Accurate, repeatable and rapid readings every five seconds • Non- dispersive Infra-Red analyzers • Uses rechargeable batteries

APPLICATIONS FOR PRECISE, DIRECT & RAPID MEASUREMENTS

• Traffic emissions monitoring: roadside, tunnels • Ambient air quality monitoring • Indoor air quality monitoring

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• Mobile and fixed monitoring stations • Industrial fence-line monitoring • Stack emissions monitoring • Plume monitoring • Measurement and monitoring studies • Medical gas monitoring • Process control. • Temperature measurement • Humidity measurement

OPERATING PROCEDURE

• Press Power Key and meter will Switch ON.

• Meter will show digital readings of CO and CO2 separately on main screen

• Let the meter show stable reading

• After having stable reading, note the reading

• Switch OFF the meter

SMOKE METER

Testo 308 Smoke Analyzer

• The Testo 308 Smoke analyzer delivers precise and reliable performance due to the heating of the measurement support thus preventing measurement errors caused by condensation

• It uses proven Non- dispersive Infra-Red Technology to measure Smoke in ambient air, vehicular and stack emissions (Resolution = 0.1RZ, range 0 to 6 RZ, Accuracy = ±0.2 RZ).

FEATURES

• Measures Smoke directly - highly selective

• Accurate, repeatable and rapid readings every five seconds

• Non- dispersive Infra-Red analyzers

• Uses rechargeable batteries

APPLICATIONS FOR PRECISE, DIRECT & RAPID MEASUREMENTS

• Traffic emissions monitoring: roadside, tunnels

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• Ambient air quality monitoring

• Indoor air quality monitoring

• Mobile and fixed monitoring stations

• Industrial fence-line monitoring

• Stack emissions monitoring

• Plume monitoring

• Measurement and monitoring studies

OPERATING PROCEDURE

• Press Power Key and meter will Switch ON.

• For vehicular or stack emissions insert the probe of meter into the exhaust pipe

• Meter will show digital readings of Smoke on main screen

• Let the meter show stable reading

• After having stable reading, note the reading

• Switch OFF the meter

AMBIENT DUST ANALYZER

Temptop LKC 1000S+ Dust Analyzer

• The Temptop Dust analyzer delivers precise and reliable performance

• It is laser particle multi-functional detector, works at 1atm pressure

• Resolution = 0.1 ug/m3, range 0 to 999ug/m3 , Temperature 0-50 0C, Humidity = 0-90%).

FEATURES

• Measures PM2.5/PM10 directly - highly selective

• Laser Particle Multi-functional Detector

• Accurate, repeatable and rapid readings every five seconds

• Uses rechargeable batteries

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APPLICATIONS FOR PRECISE, DIRECT & RAPID MEASUREMENTS

• Traffic emissions monitoring: roadside, tunnels

• Ambient air quality monitoring

• Indoor air quality monitoring

• Mobile and fixed monitoring stations

• Industrial fence-line monitoring

• Stack emissions monitoring

• Plume monitoring

• Measurement and monitoring studies

• Medical gas monitoring

OPERATING PROCEDURE

• Press Power Key and meter will Switch ON. • Meter will show digital readings of PM2.5 and PM 10 separately on main screen • Let the meter show stable reading • After having stable reading, note the reading • Switch OFF the meter

pH METER

OPREATION INSTRUCTIONS OF pH METER

• Clean the electrode with distilled water.

• SWITCH on the instrument.

• Calibrate the meter with pH buffer 4.0, 7.0 and 10.0 in ascending order.

• Wash the electrode with distilled water & insert into the sample solution.

• Allow time for stabilization and record pH.

• Clean the electrode with distilled water & preserve in storage solution

• After reading SWITCH of the meter.

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Saro Shah & Serai Bazar Shah subproject CONDUCTIVITY METER

OPREATION INSTRUCTIONS OF CONDUCTIVITY METER

• Clean the electrode with distilled water.

• SWITCH on the instrument.

• Calibrate the meter with standard solution 1413 uS/cm at 25oC

• Wash the conductivity cell with distilled water & insert into the sample solution.

• Stir the sample with stirrer.

• Let the meter to show the stable reading.

• Clean the electrode with distilled water & store in storage solution

• Note the reading and SWITCH off the meter.

Analytical Balance OPREATION INSTRUCTIONS OF WEIGHING BALANCE

• Verify environmental conditions like temperature & humidity

• Use level button to ensure a level scale.

• Press the front latch to release the draft shield. Slide the draft shield.

• Press the ON/OFF zero button to the right of the display.

• Press CAL key down until CAL appears in the display. Release key.

• The required adjustment weight value flashes in the display.

• Place adjustment weight in centre of pan. The balance adjusts itself automatically.

• When 0.00 g flashes, remove adjustment weight.

• The adjustment is finish when the massage cal done appears briefly in the display, followed by 0.00 g which indicates that calibration is complete.

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• Verify calibration with the calibrated weights (1.0000 gm, 5.0000 gm, 10.0000 gm) daily

• Place and empty watch glass or weighing pan in the centre of the balance pan.

• Note the weight of the watch glass or pan.

• Tare by pressing Tare Key

• Transfer the sample on the watch glass / weighing pan and note down the weight.

• Bring the balance to the rest position by moving the latch to the centre position.

OPREATION INSTRUCTION FOR OVEN / FURNACES

PRE-OPREATION ACTIVITIES

• Clean Oven / Furnace from inside and outside • Check supply line and other switches • Clean thermostat points • Monitor the temperature with the help of calibrated thermocouple

OPREATION GUDELINES

• Switch on the instrument. • Set the required temperature as per test requirements • Place the sample in the furnace / oven in such a manner that there should be no possibility of contamination • Check the temperature at regular intervals in order to note the initial time at which the oven / furnace attains the required temperature. • After the completion of test, take out the sample from the oven / furnace and place in the desiccator

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Saro Shah & Serai Bazar Shah subproject Spectrophotometer

OPREATION INSTRUCTIONS OF SPECTROPHOTOMETER

PRE-OPREATION ACTIVITIES

• Make sure sample chamber is empty.

• The photometer lid is closed.

OPREATION GUAIDLINES

• SWITCH on the instrument by pressing ON/OFF

• Self test run.

• Select the method using scroll UP/DOWN or enter the method number directly

• Confirm by pressing enter key

• Enter the wavelength

• Full the vial with blank solution & place into the chamber & close the lid.

• Press ZERO to perform the zero calibration.

• Now fill the vial with sample & place into the chamber & closed the lid.

• Press ENTER to perform measurement of sample.

• The result is shown in absorption unit in first line

• After completion take out the vial carefully.

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ANNEX II – Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist

The projects are screened through Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist to determine environmental categorization. The environmental and social rapid screening depicts that: (i) the subproject will not require any land acquisition; (ii) the subproject will not involve any involuntary resettlement; and (iii) the subproject does not fall in any protected area.

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks A PROJECT SITING

IS THE PROJECT AREA ADJACENT TO OR WITHIN ANY OF THE FOLLOWING ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS? . PROTECTED AREA  . WETLAND  . MANGROVE  . ESTUARINE  . BUFFER ZONE OF PROTECTED AREA  . SPECIAL AREA FOR PROTECTING  BIODIVERSITY B POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

WILL THE PROJECT CAUSE… . loss of precious ecological values (e.g. result of encroachment into forests/swamplands or historical/cultural buildings/areas,  disruption of hydrology of natural waterways, regional flooding, and drainage hazards)? . conflicts in water supply rights and  related social conflicts? . impediments to movements of people  and animals? . potential ecological problems due to increased soil erosion and siltation,  leading to decreased stream capacity? . Insufficient drainage leading to salinity  intrusion . Over pumping of groundwater, leading Limited use of water for sub- to salinization and ground subsidence?  project activities which will not be significant . Impairment of downstream water quality and therefore, impairment of  downstream beneficial uses of water? . Dislocation or involuntary resettlement No dislocation or involuntary  of people? resettlement of people will occur . Disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and children, Indigenous  Peoples or other vulnerable groups?

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Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . Potential social conflicts arising from No land acquisition will be  land tenure and land use issues? required . Soil erosion before compaction and N.A

lining of canals? . Noise from construction equipment? It will be managed through  mitigation measures and will be documented in EMP . dust during construction? It has moderate Impact for labors during construction, but It will be managed by water sprinkling and wet earth. Dust  generated will be managed through sound planning and good management practices with implementation of EMP . Waterlogging and soil salinization due to inadequate drainage and farm  management? . Leaching of soil nutrients and changes in soil characteristics due to excessive  application of irrigation water? . Reduction of downstream water supply  during peak seasons? . Soil pollution, polluted farm runoff and groundwater, and public health risks  due to excessive application of fertilizers and pesticides? . Soil erosion (furrow, surface)?  . Scouring of canals?  . Clogging of canals by sediments?  . Clogging of canals by weeds?  . Seawater intrusion into downstream  freshwater systems? . Introduction of increase in incidence of  waterborne or water related diseases? . Dangers to a safe and healthy working The subproject does not have environment due to physical, chemical usage of any hazardous and biological hazards during project chemicals during construction. construction and operation? However, health and safety  measures for laborers will be taken to implement HSE Plan that will be developed and documented in EMP . Large population influx during project Local people will be employed construction and operation that causes as much as possible from close increased burden on social  by villages/ towns and the same infrastructure and services (such as will be documented in EMP water supply and sanitation systems)? . Social conflicts if workers from other Priority will be given to local for regions or countries are hired?  employment and the same will be documented in EMP

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Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . Risks to community health and safety Earth work will not lead to any due to the transport, storage, and use risk for community during and/or disposal of materials such as construction time, however, explosives, fuel and other chemicals Health and safety Plan and  during construction and operation? Emergency response procedures will be prepared and implemented. The same will be documented in EMP. . Community safety risks due to both Safety measures for community accidental and natural hazards, will be taken to avoid any risk especially where the structural and consequence. It will be elements or components of the project documented in EMP. However, it (e.g., irrigation dams) are accessible to has major positive impact,  members of the affected community or because the construction of the where their failure could result in injury new weir will save to the community throughout project community/infrastructure from construction, operation and flood threat if any. decommissioning? Climate Change and Disaster Risk Remarks Questions The following questions are not for Y environmental categorization. They are No es included in this checklist to help identify potential climate and disaster risks. • Is the Project area subject to hazards such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, tropical cyclone winds,  storm surges, tsunami or volcanic eruptions and climate changes? . Could changes in temperature, precipitation, or extreme events patterns over the Project lifespan affect technical or financial sustainability (e.g., increased glacial melt affect  delivery volumes of irrigated water; sea level rise increases salinity gradient such that source water cannot be used for some or all of the year)? . Are there any demographic or socioeconomic aspects of the Project area that are already vulnerable (e.g., high incidence of marginalized populations,  rural-urban migrants, illegal settlements, ethnic minorities, women or children)? . Could the Project potentially increase the climate or disaster vulnerability of the surrounding area (e.g., by diverting  water in rivers that further increases salinity upstream, or encouraging settlement in earthquake zones)? Note: Hazards are potentially damaging physical events.

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ANNEX-III WHO Standards

Ambient Air Quality Standards

CO NOx SO2 PM10 PM2.5 Average(24 hrs) µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3

NEQS 10 80 120 250 35

IFC - - 125 150 75

Noise Levels

Day Time Avg Night Time Avg

NEQS Limits 55 45

IFC/WHO Limit 55 45

Drinking Water Standards

Sr. WHO Parameter Unit NSDWQ Method No delines

1. Total Coliform No./100ml 0/100 ml 0 Culture

2. E. Coli No./100ml 0/100 ml 0 Culture

3. Fecal E. Coli No./100ml 0/100 ml 0 Culture

4. pH - 6.5 – 8.5 6.5 – 8.5 Field Test- ExStik EC500 5. Temperature 0C - - Field Test-

6. Color TCU <15 <15 US EPA 110.1

7. Taste …. Not Not Taste Panel O O 8. Odour ouE/m³ Not Not Dilution O O

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Sr. WHO Parameter Unit NSDWQ Method No delines

9. Turbidity NTU <5 <5 US EPA 160.1

10. Electrical Conductivity µS NA NA Field Test-

11. Total Hardness mg/l <500 NA US EPA 130.2

12. TDS mg/l <1000 <1000 US EPA 160.1

13. TSS mg/l NA NA Filtration

14. Ammonia mg/l NA NA US EPA 200.8

15. Arsenic mg/l 0.01 <0.05 US EPA 200.8

16. Iron mg/l NA NA US EPA 200.8

17. Aluminum mg/l - <0.2 US EPA 200.8

18. Sodium mg/l NA NA US EPA 200.8

19. Chloride mg/l NA NA SMEW

20. Sulphate mg/l 0.01 <0.05 SW-846 Test Method 9035

21. Fluoride mg/l <1.5 <1.5 US EPA 340.1

22. Nitrate mg/l <50 <50 US EPA 352.1

23. Nitrite mg/l 3 3 US EPA 354.1

24. Cadmium mg/l 0.003 0.01 US EPA 200.8

25. Chromium mg/l 0.05 <0.05 US EPA 200.8

26. Copper mg/l 2.0 2.0 US EPA 200.8

27. Manganese mg/l 0.5 <0.5 US EPA 200.8

28. Nickel mg/l 0.02 <0.02 US EPA 200.8

29. Lead mg/l 0.01 <0.05 US EPA 200.8

30. Zinc mg/l 3.0 5.0 US EPA 200.8

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ANNEX IV - National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS)

Table 1: Effluent Discharge Standards (NEQS 2000) Applicable to the Works

Sr. No. Determinant NEQS 1 Temperature 40 OC =≤3 deg. 2 pH 6 – 9 3 BOD5 80 mg/l 4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 150 mg/l 5 Total Suspended Solid (TSS) 200 mg/l 6 Total Dissolved Solids 3500 mg/l 7 Grease and Oil 10 mg/l 8 Phenolic compounds (as phenol) 0.1 mg/l 9 Ammonia 40 mg/l 10 Chlorine 1.0 mg/l 11 Chloride 1000.0 mg/l 12 Sulphate 600 mg/l 13 Manganese 1.5 mg/l 14 Fluoride 10 mg/l 15 Cyanide (as CN’) total 1.0 mg/l 16 An-ionic detergents (as MB As) 20 mg/l 17 Sulphide (S-2) 1.0 mg/l 18 Pesticides 0.15 mg/l 19 Cadmium 0.1 mg/l 20 Chromium trivalent and hexavalent 1.0 mg/l 21 Copper 1.0 mg/l 22 Lead 0.5 mg/l 23 Mercury 0.01 mg/l 24 Selenium 0.5 mg/l 25 Nickel 1.0 mg/l 26 Silver 1.0 mg/l 27 Total Toxic metals 2.0 mg/l 28 Zinc 5.0 mg/l 29 Arsenic 1.0 mg/l 30 Barium 1.5 mg/l 31 Iron 8.0 mg/l 32 Boron 6.0 mg/l

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Table 2: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) for Gaseous Emission (mg/Nm3, Unless Otherwise Defined)

Sr. Existing Revised Parameter Source of Emission No. Standards Standards 1 2 3 4 5 40% or 2 40% or 2 Ringlemann 1. Smoke Smoke Opacity not to exceed Ringlemann Scale Scale or equivalent smoke number (a) Boilers and Furnaces (i) Oil fired (ii) Coal fired (iii) Cement Kilns 300 300 Particulate 500 500 2. Matter (b) Grinding, crushing, clinker 200 200 (I) coolers and Related processes, Metallurgical Processes, 500 500 converter, blast furnaces and cupolas. Hydrogen 3. Any 400 400 Chloride 4. Chlorine Any 150 150 Hydrogen 5. Any 150 150 Fluoride Hydrogen 6. Any 10 10 Sulphide Sulfuric acid/ Sulphonic acid

plants Sulphur Oxide 7. (2) (3) Other plants except power plants 400 1700 operating on oil and coal Carbon 8. Any 800 800 Monoxide 9. Lead Any 50 50 10. Mercury Any 10 10 11. Cadmium Any 20 20 12. Arsenic Any 20 20 13. Copper Any 50 50 14. Antimony Any 20 20 15. Zinc Any 200 200 Nitric acid manufacturing unit. Other plants except power plants Oxides of operating on oil or coal: 16. Nitrogen Gas fired 400 400 (3) Oil fired - 600 Coal fired - 1200

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Explanations: - 1. Based on the assumption that the size of the particulate is 10 micron or more. 2. Based on 1 percent sulphur content in fuel. Higher content of Sulphur will case standards to be pro-rated. 3. In respect of emissions of sulphur dioxide Nitrogen oxides, the power plants operating on oil and coal as fuel shall in addition to National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) specified above, comply with the following standards.

Table 3: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2009) for Vehicular Emission

Sr. Standard (Maximum Parameter Measuring Method Applicability No. permissible Limit) 40% or 2 on the To be compared with Immediate 1 Smoke Ringlemann Scale during Ringlemann Chart at a distance effect engine acceleration mode. of 6 meters or more Carbon Under idling condition: Non- 2 Monoxide 6% dispersive infrared detection (CO) through gas analyzer. Sound Meter at 7.5 meters from 3 Noise 85 dB(A) the source

Table 4: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2010) for Noise

Effective from 1st July, Effective from 1st July, 2010 Sr. Category of Area / 2013 No. Zone Limit in dB (A) Leq* Daytime Night-time Daytime Night-time 1 Residential Area (A) 65 50 55 45

2 Commercial Area (B) 70 60 65 55

3 Industrial Area (C) 80 75 75 65 4 Silence Zone (D) 55 45 50 45 Note: 1. Daytime hours: 6:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. 2. Night-time hours: 10:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. 3. Silence Zone: Zones which are declared as such by the competent authority. An area comprising not less than 100 meters round hospitals, educational institutions and courts. 4. Mixed categories of areas may be decided as one of the four above mentioned categories by the competent authority. *dB (A) Leq: Time weighted average of the level of sound in scale “A” which is relatable to human hearing.

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Table 5: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2010) for Drinking Water

Sr. Standard Values Properties/Parameters WHO Standards Remarks No. for Pakistan BACTERIAL All water is intended for Must not be Must not be Most Asian Countries drinking (E.Coli or 1 detectable in any detectable in any also follow WHO Thermotolerant Coliform 100ml sample 100ml sample Standards bacteria) Treated water entering the Must not be Must not be Most Asian Countries distribution system (E.Coli 2 detectable in any detectable in any also follow WHO or Thermotolerant Coliform 100ml sample 100ml sample Standards and total Coliform bacteria) Must not be Must not be detectable in any detectable in any 100ml sample. In 100ml sample. In case of large case of large Treated water entering the supplies, where supplies, where Most Asian Countries distribution system (E.Coli sufficient samples sufficient samples 3 also follow WHO or Thermotolerant Coliform are examined, must are examined, must Standards and total Coliform bacteria) not be present in not be present in 95% of the samples 95% of the samples taken throughout taken throughout any 12-month any 12-month period. period. PHYSICAL 4 Colour ≤15 TCU ≤15 TCU Non Non 5 Taste Objectionable/ Objectionable/ Acceptable Acceptable Non Non 6 Odour Objectionable/ Objectionable/ Acceptable Acceptable 7 Turbidity <5 NTU <5 NTU

8 Total hardness as CaCO3 <500mg/l --- 9 TDS <1000 <1000 10 pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 RADIOACTIVE 11 Alpha Emitters bq/L or pCi 0.1 0.1 12 Beta Emitters 01 01 CHEMICAL Essential Inorganics mg/litre mg/litre 13 Aluminum (Al) mg/l ≤0.2 0.02 14 Antimony (Sb) ≤0.005 0.02 Standard for Pakistan 15 Arsenic (As) ≤0.05 0.01 similar to most Asian developing Countries

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Sr. Standard Values Properties/Parameters WHO Standards Remarks No. for Pakistan 16 Barium (Ba) 0.7 0.7 17 Boron (B) 0.3 0.3 Standard for Pakistan 18 Cadmium (Cd) 0.01 0.003 similar to most Asian developing Countries 19 Chloride (Cl) <250 250 20 Chromium (Cr) ≤0.05 0.05 21 Copper (Cu) 2 2 Toxic Inorganics mg/litre mg/litre Standard for Pakistan 22 Cyanide (CN) ≤0.05 0.07 similar to most Asian developing Countries 23 Fluoride (F) ≤1.5 1.5 Standard for Pakistan 24 Lead (Pb) ≤0.05 0.01 similar to most Asian developing Countries 25 Manganese (Mn) ≤0.5 0.5 26 Mercury (Hg) ≤0.001 0.001 27 Nickel (Ni) ≤0.02 0.02

28 Nitrate (NO3) ≤50 50

29 Nitrite (NO2) ≤3 3 30 Selenium (Se) 0.01 0.01 0.2-0.5 at consumer 31 Residual Chlorine end 0.5-1.5 at --- source Standard for Pakistan 32 Zinc (Zn) 5.0 3 similar to most Asian developing Countries Organics PSQCA No. 4629- 2004, Page No.4, Pesticides 33 --- Table No. 3, Serial Annex-II mg/L No. 20-58 may be consulted Phenolic Compounds (as 34 --- ≤0.002 Phenols) mg/L Poly nuclear aromatic 0.01 (By GC/MS 35 hydrocarbons (as PAH) g/L method) ***PSQCA: Pakistan Standards Quality Control Authority

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Table 6: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2010) for Ambient Air

Concentration in Ambient Air Time-weighted Method of Pollutants Effective from Effective from 1st average Measurement 1st July 2010 January 2013 Sulphur Annual Average* 80µg/m3 80µg/m3 Ultraviolet Dioxide (SO2) 24 hours** 120µg/m3 120µg/m3 Fluorescence Method Oxides of Annual Average* 40µg/m3 40µg/m3 Gas Phase Nitrogen as 24 hours** 40µg/m3 40µg/m3 Chemiluminescence (NO) Oxides of Annual Average* 40µg/m3 40µg/m3 Gas Phase Nitrogen as 24 hours** 80µg/m3 80µg/m3 Chemiluminescence (NO2)

3 3 Non disperse UV Ozone (O3) 1 hour 180µg/m 130µg/m absorption method High Volume Suspended Sampling, (Average Particulate Annual Average* 400µg/m3 360µg/m3 flow rate not less than Matter (SPM) 1.1m3/minute)

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ANNEX – V Governor’s Notification on Protected Areas and Wild Fauna

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ANNEX-VI Table of Content Environmental Compliance Monitoring

Monthly Progress Report

CONTENTS OF MONTHLY ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING REPORT

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CONTENTS

Description of the Subprojects …………………………………………….…………….…………….

Environmental Monitoring………….……………………………………………………..…………….

Environmental Trainings………………………………………………………………………………..

Solid Waste Management ……………………………………………………………………………

Table

Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………..

Annexure

Weekly Monitoring Checklist

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ANNEX – VII Photo Log

Weir Axis

Command Area

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Garlic Field

Command Area Serai Bazar Shah

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Serai Bazar Shah

Rainfed command Serai Bazar Shah

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Tomato cultivated under tub well Serai Bazar Shah

Weir site examination

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Water Sampling from Open Well

Air and Noise Testing

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