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TITLE National Science Foundation - Annual Report 1985. Thirty-Fifth Annual Report for Fiscal Year 1985. INSTITUTION National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. REPORT NO NSF-86-1 PUB DATE 85 NOTE 75p. AVAILABLE FROM Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. PUB TYPE Reports General (140)
EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTOkS Annual Reports; Awards; College Science; Computers; Engineering Education; *Federal Programs; *Foundation Programs; Higher Education; Policy; *Program Descriptions; Research and Development Centers; Research Projects; Science Education; *Scientific Research IDENTIFIERS *National Science Board; *National Science Foundation
ABSTRACT The 35th Annual Report of the National Science Foundation (NSF) describes recent achievements of NSF sponsored research in viral structure, semiconductors, genetic engineering, Mayan culture, astronomy, physiology, paleontology, robotics, physics, material science and pollution. Major 1985 initiatives included: (1) establishing six university Engineering Research Centers; (2) four Supercomputer Centers; (3) College Science Instrumentation Program; (4) Precollege Science Education Programs; (5) National Science Week; (6) Presidential Young Investigator Awards; (7) Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee; (8) Office of Biotechnology Coordination; (9) increased mathematics support by 15 percent; and (1) procedures for reporting on science in other countries. Reviewed are several examples of cutting-edge research and educational activities, including special interdisciplinary research and educational communities. The report includes awards, notes senior staff appointments, presents organizational changes, provides policy notes and lists senior foundation and board officials. Future directions for support of research are explored. Appendixes include: (1) National Science Board Members and NSF staff; (2) financial report for fiscal year 1985; (3) patents and inventions resulting from NSF supported activities; and (4) Advisory Committee for fiscal year 1985. (JM)
*********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * *********************************************************************** National Science Foundation
Annual Report 1985
Thirty-Fifth Annual Report for Fiscal Year 1985
For sale br the Superintendent of Documents, LI S Governmeni Printing (Vice, Washington, I) C 20402 About the National Science Foundation
The National Science Foundation is universit:es and industry and U S an independent federal agency participatton in international scientific created by the National Science efforts. Foundation Act of 1950 (PL 81-507) NSF is structured much like a Its aim is to promote and advance university, with grant-making divisions scientific progress in the United States for the various disciplines and fields of The idea of such a foundation was an science and engineering The outgrowth of the important Foundation's staff is helped by contributions made by science and advisors, primarily from the scientific technology during World War II From community, who serve on formal those first days, NSF has had a unique committees or as ad hoc reviewers of place in the federal government. It is research proposals. This advisory responsible for the overall health of system, which focuses on both science across all disciplines In program direction and specific contrast, other agencies support proposals, involves more than 50,000 research focused on specific missions scientists and engineers a year. NSF NSF funds research in all fields of staff members who are experts in a science and engineering. It does this certain field or area make final award through grants and contracts to more decisions, applicants get verbatim than 2,000 colleges, universities, and unsigned copies of peer reviews and other research institutions in all parts can appeal those decisions. of the United States The Foundation Awardees are wholly responsible for accounts for about 28 percent of doing their research and preparing the federal support to academic results for publicatim Thus the institutions for basic research Foundation does not assume NSF receives more than 27,000 responsibility for such findings or proposals each year for research and their interpretation graduate fellowships and makes more NSF welcomes proposals on behalf than 12,000 awards These go to of all qualified scientists and engineers universities, colleges, academic and strongly encourages women, consortia, nonprofit institutions, and minorities, and the handicapped to small businesses The agency operates compete fully in its programs. no laboratories itself but does support National Research Centers, certain oceanographic vessels, and Antarctic research stations The Foundation also aids cooperative research between
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il NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION Letter of Transmittal
Washington, D.0
DEAR MR. PRESIDENT:
I have the honor to transmit herewith the Annual Report for Fiscal Year 1985 of the National Science Foundation, for submission, to the Congress as required by the National Science Foundation Act of 1950.
Respectfull).;
Erich Bloch [bream',Vanonal Suence toundanon
/he Honorable The Press( lent of the t puled State
NATIONAI F FOUNDATION Cover Fractal patterns generated by simple mathematical expressions (photo by Robert L Devaney, Boston Unit,ersity)
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IV NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION An Ongoing Commitment to Excellence
Contents
Director's Statement Chapter 3 1 A 35-Year Report 38 Operations Report 38NSF Awards: People Who Met the Challenges Special Section Vannevar Bush Award 2 Recent Achievements Supported by NSF Alan T. Waterman Award 39Senior Staff Appointments in FY 1985 Chapter 1 39Organizational Changes 12 Meeting the Challenges 40Policy Notes Major 1985 Initiatives 41 Senior Foundation and Board Officials 16Special Focus on Supercomputer Centers 20Special Focus on Engineering Research Centers Chapter 4 42 Moving Ahead Chapter 2 24 Basic Research and Education Appendixes The Historic Responsibility 45 Appendix A. National Science Board Members 24Materials Research Groups and NSF Staff (FY 1985) Middle-Sized Science for Big Problems 47 Appendix B. Financial Report for FY 1985 27Chemistry of Life Processes 50 Appendix C. Patents and Inventions Resulting Chemical Methods for Biological Problems from Activities Supported by the National 28Ocean Drilling and the Continental Lithosphere Science Foundation Program 51 Appendix D. Advisory Committee for FY 1985 30The Very Long Baseline Array A 5,000-Mile Radio Telescope 32Molecular and Cellular Biosciences How Cells Know What to Do 33Behavioral and Neural Sciences How a Rabies Virus Works 34Science and Engineering Education 36Special Research Communities Cutting Across Disciplinary Boundaries
NATIONAL SCIENCE. FOUNDATION V Directors Statement
Fiscal \ear 1985 marked the erosion of their home markets, and National Science Foundations they have difficultcompeting in 35th year of operationsyears that saw foreign markets Our traditional the Foundation grow from an agency trading partners are more competitive with a few research programs to one in an economic and research sense, supporting an increasingh broad and challenges are arising from the range of activities in science and newly industrialized countries engineering research and education Suddenly ow industries must he Our mission has alwas been concerned with global competitiveness challenging we are the only federal if they want to survive agency charged with promoting general scientific progress, rather than Key Themes and Initiatives a specific area such as space, health, or In th., new world the National agriculture But the way we carry out Science Foundation has a greatly that broad charge is very different enh iced role to play Three themes today from what it was in the 1950s now dominate our programs. In fact, the contrast between then Continuing support for the best and nov is dramatic Today for faire attitudes of the post-World War II research in every field While em- example, we must be more vigilant years, to a frenzy of activity in the phasis and attention may shift from than ever before about supporting the decade after the Sputnik launch in one area to another, we need always to basic research required to keep out 1957, and then to a period when we remember that basic research, is economy healthy and competitive assumed that science should he unpredictable, and that core support and our defense and social needs oriented to some extent toward social must he maintained in all areas satisfied as well problems Today we have a more Concern for freeing research Thirty-five years ago we were secure settled view of the place of science from arbitrary limits imposed by in the knowledge that, in most cases, and engineering research and a disciplinary bounds The connections each discipline defined a well clearer understanding of what the between the disciplines have often hounded subject area The linkages federal government should do, what been the least explored, and thus are between the fields were not matters of Industry should do, and what the often the most productive And as we great concern Today we find that states, local governments, and look for the most challenging these neat boundaries are breaking unnersities should do for themselves problems on which to focus our down eNerywhere, and frequently the research, we find that many of the most exciting science is going on at most important ones are inherently the interface of established disciplines "Today we have a clearer multidisciplinary Thirty-five years ago the Foundation understanding of what the federal dealt almost entirely with the Cooperation in everything we university research community government should do, what do. Universities and industry must Industrial research was separate, and industry should do, and what the cooperate because industry has the few were concerned with possible states, local governments, and problemsand often the resources to connections between the two. Today universities should do for solve themwhile universities have we seek linkages between academic themselves." the research talent and ideas and industrial research in several NSF Industries must cooperate among programs, because we understand how themselves because many research much each has to offer the other problems are beyond the reach of any The most salient aspects of single company but will yield to joint Over these 35 years we have seen economic life today are its global science policy swing from the lar.:cz approache, The federal govern- nature and its ubiquitous challenge ment mus ..00perate with ind.stry Thirty-five years ago the United States academia, and state and local gov- was economically supreme, secure in its technological lead and the com- petitiveness of its industries. Today our industries are threatened with A 35-Year Report ernments because we must use all Research Centers are an indicator of museums, community groups, and our resources in the most efficient waythe way we will move professional associatif,nsparticipated possible And researchers themselves Advanced Supercomputing Centers in science and math competitions, must cooperate, necause the (and access to them by university lectures, exhibits, science fairs, open multidisciplinary problems that we areresearchers) is another new program houses, teacher workshops, and much increasingly concerned with will rarel that demonstrates the themes of more yield to the efforts of a single cooperation across the disciplines and National Science Week is an investigator working within the between different sectors of society important way to reach young people bounds of a traditional discipline Supercomputing centers will make and stimulate them to consider During 1985 the Foundation made available the resources needed to science or engineering as a career. It the first awards in an important new solve advanced problems, through is also a good example of cooperation program Engineering Research them the computer can also be used between government, industry and Centers. From 140 proposals, we to simulate and model complex private groups. For 1986, National selected 6 for awards. All are in areas systems and interactions Resources of Science Week will be held May 11-17 that offer new research opportunities, this sort are beyond the ability of most Cooperation and multidisciplinary all focus on problems that are universities to provide for themselves approaches will continue to be the important to industry and all deal withAmong the kinds of cooperation dominant themes of the Foundation's the concepts and technologies that needed here are university new activities in the coming year. We American industry will need to remain cooperation with industry to develop competitive in the years ahead But the machines that will do the fob tomorrow "Cooperation and multidisci- In Science and Engineering Education, as in other programs, we plinary approaches will continue "As we look for the most to be the dominant themes of the challenging problems on which toare pursuing the themes of cooperation and a multidisciplinary Foundation's new activities in the focus our research, we find that approach During Fiscal Year 1985 the coming year." many of the most important ones education programs of the Foundation are inherently multidisciplinary." were redefined. The revised prog- rams stress cooperation between expect to expand the concept of researchers in universities and Engineering Research Centers to other they are also areas in which the education professionals at the areas, and we will encourage the challenges involve the most basic precollege level between education development of cooperative efforts research and thus require the specialists and disciplinary specialists, in our other programs The goal, imagination and innovative thinking and between local industry and local however, will remain the same: to that are characteristic of the best in education officials. The goal of these ensure that the nation's basic research the universities. Finally all of the areas programs is to improve education in capacity in science and engineering the Engineering Research Centers science and engineering at all levels, and the people employed in those w ill work in are thoroughly so that the nation, will have the people enterprisesare the best that we can multidisciplinary we need for success in a technological make them These centers can be depended world There was never a time when this upon to produce important research, The Foundation took a big step in mission was more important, and but they will have another effect as 1985 toward improving public there was never a time when the well. the move toward multi- awareness of science, mathematics, opportunities for developing and disciplinary collaboration will begin toand technologyespecially awareness exploiting new knowledge were more change the way Ametican universities among young people With financial promising The Foundation can he operate. The established disciplines support from private industry NSF proud of its accomplishments so far, serve many useful purposes in struc- launched the first National Science but the future has a potential far turing research, defining important Week during May 1985. As part of the beyond anything we have yet seen We questions, and maintaining quality But Week's activities, organtzations all face that future with hope, with as the nature of research changes the over the countryelementary and sec- confidence, and with excitement social structure for performing it must ondary schools, universities, libram2s, change also, and the Engineering ERICH BLOCH DIRECTOR
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 1 Recent Achievements Supported by NSF
U
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A supercomputer success Purdue's Michael Rossmann (above) and the cold virus model, at right, that he and his coworkers developed
2 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION The Fastest Semiconductor Device: Electronic devices for sending and receiving signals, like those used in communications systems and com- puters, are am'ogous to devices for sending and receiving Morse code Mapping a to send a lot of information, send it Common Cold Virus: fast, to send it fast, have a fast- operating on-off signal switch. A team Researchers have finally seen their from both AT&T Bell Laboratories and first three-dimensional picture of an the Submicron Structures Facility at animal virus Michael Rossmann at Cornell University has made a Purdue University, Roland Reuckert semiconductor device as pact of a at the University of Wisconsin at circuit that can switch on or off in 5.8 Madison, and their colleagues used the trillionths of a second. Cornell High Energy Synchrotron The semiconductor circuit, called a Source and a supercomputer to look ring oscillator, is engineered so that an in detail at the structure of a common electric signal will cross it Quickly and cold virus he easy to control. The circuit is really A cold virus (there are nearly 100 a series of devices, tiny switches each different ones) is a twisted strand of under a thousandth of a millimeter, or RNA, surrounded and protected by a submicron-sized Each switch is built coat made of a number of different up of alternating layers of compound proteins The structure of that coat semiconducting materials, each only what the proteins are and how they atoms thick To get layers that thin, are put together--determines what researchers had to make each surface cells the virus can attack In other exquisitely smooth, and (using a very words, knowing the structure of the high vacuum apparatus) lay down the coat might tell us how the virus causes next layer with exquisite uniformity infections and how medicine could These semiconducting layers behave intervene. So far this particular cold electronically with properties virus, named HRV14, has a coat that intermediate to conductors and thwarts any straightforward medical insulators Electric signals going across intervention, so there is still no cure a semiconductor film are easy to for the common cold. Nevertheless, control by turning the device switch Rossmann's and Reuckert's techniques on or off And each switch's submicron will make mapping other viruses size and thin layers ensure that an easier. And that in turn should help electric signal will cross it quickly with a general understanding of how In effect, the ring oscillator acts like viruses infect, and how we can make a bucket brigade, each bucket caming vaccines to stop them. an electric signal The signal passes from one bucket to the next in 5 8 trillionths of a second. The Bell Labs- Cornell ring oscillator is the fastest one yet
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 3 1i Antarctic Bacteria Make Genetic Engineering Easier. Biologists from the University of Southern California (USC) found a group of bacteria that live in freezing seas under two meters of ice, conditions that would kill roost of their kind Furthermore, the biologists learned that these bacteria manu- facture an enzme that will make genetic engineering much easier. In the sea ice of McMurdo Sound In Antarctica,Cornelius scullnan, Hiroaki SI Avila, andihromt Kohonfound colonies c: mcteria that serve as food for krill and other tiny crustaceans While studying the way these bacteria operate in such extreme cold, the researchers discoveied that they produce a kind of enzme called alkaline phosphatase, or APase This Antarctic field campenzyme is wideh used by genetic engineers to cut out certain sections of strands of DNA or RNA, in oz der to substitute one section for another Most APase used for this purpose is manufactured by the ubiquitous bacteriaEschertcbta coltBut the APase from E colt vmrks slowly and requires an elaborate procedure to get it out of the experimental solution once it is no longer wanted 1 he USC team found that APase trom the antarctic bacteria works 50 times faster than as counterpart Moreover, because the bacteria's native em ironment is so cold, as APase can be cleared out of a solution lust IA heating it up to 104 degrees Fahrenheit
Recent Achiezonents Supported 13), NSF
4 NATIONAL SCIENCF FOL NDA ['ION Graves Offer a New View of Mayan Culture From around 250 AD until 900 AD, the Mayas of Central America built spectacular and intricate pyramids After that period, they seemed to build only on lesser scales, archeologists assumed that Mayan civilization was accordingly in decline Recenth, D:ane and Arlen Chase, archeologists at the University of Central Florida in Orlando, found a tomb that challenged that assumption The tomb, from the mid-1500s, held a skeleton decorated with a type of jade and turquoise ear jewelry that the Mayas did not make The Chases surmise that these decorations had been traded for, probably from the Aztecs Mayan artifacts. Dr. Arlen Chase This finding, combined with other explores tomb of a Mayan ruler artifacts, implies that perhaps the Among the artifacts found by the Mayas shifted their attention away V Chase team were two figurines from building pyramids and toward depicting blood-letting rituals. making political and commercial and a limestone bowl alliances with their wealthy and powerful neighboi s. The Chases postulate that the Mayan civilization flourished right up until the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores, only to perish at their hands The con- quistadores brought with them the infectious diseases that, within 150 years, killed three-quarters of the Mayas
SAFIONAI, s( ItN( 1- 1-0t NDATION S 13 Astronomers Make Safer X-Ray Exams Possible: Why Seals Don't Get the Bends: Astronomers trying to capture on Weddell seal in McMurdo Sound, photographic plates the faint light lntarctica from galaxies near the edge of the Zealand, Canada, and the United States universe and biomedical researchers studied Weddell seals from the looking for ways to reduce exposure McMurdo Sound in Antarctica Unlike in X-ray exams can now use the same human divers, seals can function for techniques In 19', University of long periods using the oxygen stored Florida -astronomer Alex Smith and his in tissue. The team fitted the seals with colleagues developed a technique that devices to monitor the nitrogen levels made photographic plates more in their bloodstreams They found that sensitive to t!-faint light from distant such levels did increase slowly down to galaxies. Their method, gently baking around 200 feet, then declined slowly the plates in a mixture of nitrogen and The researchers speculate that at hydrogen, is now standard practice in The bends are an occupational around 100 feet, the lungs of seals obsexatones around the world More hazard of human divers who breathe collapse because of water pressure, recentl:,; however, Smith proposed that air at high pressure for more than preventing further exchange of gases the approach which worked so well short periods of time. Seals, by between the lungs and blood for astronomical photography might contrast, do not seem to get the Nitrogen in the blood is in part also work for medical X-rays bends. Some in antarctic waters dive redistributed into blubber and Together withCatherine Phillips,a to nearly 2,000 feet and pop back up muscles where it will not cause bends. biomedical researcher at DuPont and with no ill effects at all Members of Just as interesting as these results, Eduard Hahnof Eastman Kodak. an international team working in the which confirmed an earlier theory, was Smith experimented with baking X-ray antarctic now believe they know morethe way the were found The films in the same gas mixture They about this phenomenon international team glued -a cigar -box- discovered that treated films were Normally a human diver inhales sized compoter to the back of each twice as sensitive as untreated ones, nitrogen along with other gases in the seal Attached to the computer were reducing the possible exposure to air If divers go down long enough devices to monitor the animal's heart patients having X-ray examinations and deeply, i e, athigh pressures, a rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, And, in an interesting reversal, Smith large volume of nitrogen in the lungs and body temperature, plus a syringe took the treated X-ray film hack to his becomes dissolved in the blood Then for taking blood samples Researchers telescope and found it to be even when they swim hack up to lower on the surface directed the computer more sensitive to light than was an pressures, the nitrogenlike carbon on the diving seal to activate each of emulsion widely used bs astronomers dioxide in a just-opened bottle of these devices, when the seal returned soda -bubbles back out of the blood. to the surface, the researchers read The bubbles collect and expand in theout the data the computer had spinal column, damaging or destroyingcollected The technique, like that the major nerves. The result is the of an underwater Viking Lander, bends, which can kill essentially -allowed biologists to dive To find out how seals avoid the with the seals into pressures too bends, the team of scientists from West tremendous for humans to stand Germans; Denmark, Australia, New
Recent Achievements Supported by NSF
6 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 11 How the Moon Was Ban. Scientists have always speculated such an object would not split Into about the origin of the moon Perhaps two others but into a single object it was a passing asteroid captured by surrounded by a thick ring If the earl) the Earth's gravitational field. Perhaps Earth was spinning and not solid but long ago another planet-sized object molten, part of the ring that spun off it hit the young Earth, anu the debris could have condensed Into the moon from both coalesced Into the moon The rest of the ring then would have Or perhaps the moon and Earth both been fragmented and lost, in the grew out of the same primordial cloudprocess, It would have carried away of gas and dust. All these speculations much of the spin angular momentum present problems. The moon is of the original system Furthermore. in spinning more slowly, has less spin any molten, spinning object, the angular momentum, than the Earth, heavier elements sink to the center how then could the moon have once and the lighter float to the outside As been part of a rapi21), spinning young a consequence, more iron would have Earth% The moon has much less iron collected in the center that became than the Earth, how could the moon the Earth than in the outer ring that and Earth have been formed from the became the moon same cloud% At this writing, Durisen is applying Richard Damen,an astronomer at the same model to the solar system to Indiana Universit); has added a new see if he can explain why its outer speculation about the moon's origin planetsJupiter, Saturn, Uranus, which solves some of the problems of Neptune, and Pluto--are so much less the older ones Durisen used a dense than Inner ones supercomputer to simulate how a spinning fluid object might become unstable and fall apart He found that
NATIONAL SCIENCE EOINDATION 7 15 figlaelliageli illteninte, AKIMMIII*0
Pollution in Clean Rooms: The manufacture of computer chips Clean room. A technician and other tiny precision devices examines a solid-state device in an requires a room absolutely free of dustenvironmentally "clean" area at the and dirt Researchers had known that Eastman Kodak Company most pollution comes from humans, in still breathed out 35 times more the form of what they shed, such as hits of skin or hairs Now engineer particles than did a nonsmoker. The particles, (hough invisibly small, are Stuart- Hoenig at the University of large enough to foul precision Arizona has found that smokers, even machinery Hoenig is also looking into when not smoking, are also a source whether eating or drinking mitigates of contamination the number of particles in a smoker's Hoenig discovered that 10 minutes breath 13s identifying s et another after finishing a cigarette, a smoker form of human pollution, Hoenigs discovers' should help researchers keep a clean room cleaner
Recent Achievements Sipported hy NSF
8 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 16 New Finds in Dinosaur Research: Paleontologist jack Homer and his team from the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman. Montana, continued their much-publicized work with dinosaur fossils, exploring new dig sites during 1985 Among their discoveries were the skeleton of a small dinosaur that may be the earliest of the triceratops, a rare three-horned creature from the Cretaceous Period, and an iguanadont (ancestor of the duck- hills) Overall, the 1985 field season was the most productive yet for the research group The Most Distant Homer began the year in France, where he and associate Jill Peterson Galaxy Ever Seen: joined with renowned paleohistologist Armand de Ricqles at the University Heron Spntrad at the Universit of of Paris for a two-month study on California at Berkeley and Stanley dinosaur growth rates The team Djorgotslel at the Harvard-Smithsonian hopes to produce a physiological Center for Astrophysics have found the model that will lend credence to the most distant galaxy yet observed at this argument that the ancient reptiles writing In our universe, which is werearm- blooded, contrary to about 20 billion vears old, they found previous assumptions a galaxy around 14 5 billion light sears Horner has been featured on the away That means it was giving off light NSF-funded public television show 14 5 billion years ago, not that long "3-2-1 Contact," discussed in chapter 1 after the universe began of this report. He also appeared in a Cosmologists know that galaxies are CBS television special in the fall of ancient but do not know how they 1985 and was a popular guest lecturer were horn. One way to find out is to in Washington, DC during the first examine the light of the most distant, National Science Week, another NSF and therefore, earliest, of these activity described elsewhere in this celestial systems. Spinrad's and report. Djorgovski's galaxy though it may not settle the question of how galaxies were born, is two to three times more distant than any others Finding more of these distant Systems and analyzing their light with better techniques could fill in this missing piece of the universe's history
Dinosaur model at Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia.
NATIONAL SCIEN( L FOUNDATION 9 A Trap for an Electron: Evidence for the theory of the electromagnetic force at its most fundamental lies in measuring the characteristics of an electron: how much charge it carries, what mass it has, how it spins But not only do electrons move constantly, they exist in the environments of atoms, and any measurements must subtract out the effects of that environment For really accurate measurements, physicists need to get an electron free of its outside trappings and hold it still Six-Legged Robot Hans Dehmelt, at the University of Washington in Seattle, has found a way Takes Its First Steps: to trap a single electron in an electromagnetic field and bring it In the fall of 1985, in a llboratory at essentially to rest Ohio State University, a three-ton, six- Dehmelt injects a single electron legged robot took ;ts first steps The into a magnetic field which in turn is dinosaur-sized robot has infrared laser in a high vacuum He places an eyes, sonar ears, a gyroscope to help it electric field perpendicular to the balance, and a brain-16 computPrs-- magnetic field so that the electron, in its interior Its builders, Robert slowly following the magnetic field McGhee and Kenneth Waldron, say that lines, has its motion limited by the six legs help it balance, walk, and run electric field. The confining fields are better than four would, in order to see so gentle that they have little effect on what gaits are most effective for six- the electron, but they nonetheless trap legged creatures, they watched insects. and hold it to a tiny area. Fle then Originally built to test theories of slows the electron down by cooling robotics (and funded in its first year the whole system to a fraction of an by NSF), the robot is also the result of absolute degree With his trap, discoveries in the fields of computer Dehmelt is able to measure the control, biology, and anatomy The characteristics of an electron and machine already has suggested new thereby verify predictions of the basic applications in making artificial limbs theory of quantum electrodynamics, to for humans For the future, its strong an unprecedented accuracy of 12 but delicate legs should be able to significant figures carry humans over fragile arctic environments, its greater agility should be helpful in places such as the interiors of nuclear reactors
Recent Achievements Supported by NSF
10NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION Quasicrystal patterns.
Quasicrysta4 a New Form of Solid Scientists have always believed that assembling blocks called Penrose tiles solids come in two forms. Disordered (after mathematician Roger Penrose), solids, such as glass, look like a they could construct solids whose snapshot of a liquid Their atoms are neighbors are always in these arranged haphazardly; no set distances forbidden (for a crystal) directions, apart, and their nearest neighbors are but whose building blocksalthough likely to be found in any direction they fill spaceare not regularly whatsoever. In perfectly ordered repeated These solids, which they solids, or crystals, atoms sit in strict called quasicrystals, are a third form, rows regular distances apart The somewhere between crystals and atoms in a crystal are arranged in a glasses regularly repeating geometrical Meanwhile,Dan Schechtman, Ilan structure, of the sort one obtains by Blecb, Dens Gratias, and John Cahn stacking a child's building blocks, at the National Bureau of Standards leaving no empty spaces The nearest had been experimenting with cooling neighbors of any atom in a crystal are different metal alloys rapidly to see always in fixed directions, along the how their properties would change edges of the repeating blocks One alloy of aluminum and man- 4 Obviously, only certain building ganese, when examined at the atomic blocks, including cubes, will repeat level, turned out to have the same regularly and fill all available space; forbidden patterns as Steinhardt and others, such as a 20-sided icosahedron, Levine's quasicrystal Since then, will leave holes between repeats. researchers have made other alloys Paul Steinhardtand Dot,Levine,at and found more quasicrystals Nature the University of Pennsylvania, were apparently connives in breaking her studying configurations of atoms in own rules which the directions to the nearest neighbors are obtained from an icosahedron They found that by
NATIONAL S( ILN( F 1(M 11 1 9 Meeting the Challenges
The responsibility of the National as fast as ours, Japan's rate was nine Figure IAerage Annual Products it} (aim, 1973-83 5 0 Science Foundation, unlike that oftimes ours, and Korea's fifteen Al- a8 any other go% ernment agency is to though the L S rate has improved promote the overall progress of considerably in the last two years or a0 science and to advance education in so, this country continues to lose 30 science and technology The strength ground relaue to its competitors of science and engineering is fun- Another challenge is internal 10 damental to this country's quality of and technological In the fields of life, its national defense, and its engineering, computer sciences, and 10 economic vitality In the past, the the physical sciences, where dis- U KOREA RANC GERMANY JAPAN United States has been unarguably coveries often depend on more and Sou., S OtARTMENT Of11104,11.714,1u 0, ,,1.0,1S, ,S MA preeminent in both basic research andmore powerful instruments, only an Figure 2 Scientists and Eng neers Engaged in technological development Of the 286eighth of the university equipment is Research and Development Nobel Prizes awarded scientists be- state-of-the-art Fully a quarter of it is 100 (Per 10,000 labor force) tween 1961 and 1983, for Instance, obsolete More than 90 percent of the United States alone won exactly department heads in those fields have USSR HIGH ESTIMATE half. In 1985, five L'.S. citizens won or reported that researchers were unable /- USSR shared in these prizes. Two of them to do critical experiments because of 75 LOW ESTIMATE Herbert Hauptman, who shared the lack of equipment Nobel Prize in Chemistry and Franco A third challenge is internal and UNIT ED STATES
Modigliani, who won the Prize for human Over the last 20 years, in 50 JAPAN
Economicshave been supported by Japan, West Germans; Britain. France, WEST the National Science Foundation and Russia, the proportion of scientists - - GERMAN',/,' But these honors reflect past re- and engineers engaged in research 17; : - rr- search, recently this nation's preemi- and development has been growing 25 FRANCE nence in science and engineering has In the United States, that proportion is \ UNITED KINGDOM been challenged on several fronts about the same as it was 20 .ears ago
One challenge is external and (see figure 2) Nor is the situation 0 I i r, t I t t I .)) I economic Competition from industry improving Between 1974 and 1983, 1965 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 in other countries is increasing, the number of entering freshmen Source Science InOcators The 196e, Report Nabonal Soence Board 1986 especially in the fields of materials intending to major in science and Figure 3 S/E Bachelor's Degrees and 22-Near-Old research, computer science, and engineering did not growin fact it Population PROJECTED biotechnology True, productivity in dropped from 33 co 32 percent In the 300000 22 YEAR OLDS the United States remain., higher in last decade, the general population of 4 000 000 absolute terms than anywhere else 22-year-olds rose, while the number of
But in relative terms it has been those receiving bachelor's degrees in SCIENCES 22 YEAR OLDS declining rapidly according to a 1985 science fell (see figure 3) Even in 200 000 3 000 000 report of the President's Commission engineering, where enrollments have on Economic Competitiveness From been rising in recent years, only about 1973 to 1983, U.S. productivity rose at 7 of every 1,000 students receive a 2 000 000 an annual rate of only 0.3 percent (seedegree in engineering, in Japan the 100 000 figure 1) The annual gain for Britain figure is 40 By not training enough 1 000 000 young people, this nation is per- ENGINEERING was almost five times that French and 50 000 German productivity rose seven times petuating its deficiencies
The response to these challenges 1 0 1 1 1 1... 1 must come from all sectorsthe 1960 1965 197019751900 1985 1990 1995 federal, state, and local governments, Nat nr,a1 £1,1, 10, Educafinn SIoIsIcsand Census Bureau 0.114 1985
12NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDA1 ION Major 1985 Initiatives
1
CHILDREN'S TV WORKSHOP Shedding some light. Judy Leak is co- host of "3-2-1 Contact," the children's public television series on science. (See page 14.) Here she visits San Francisco's Exploratorium to learn about the properties of light.
MELTING tiff. ( HALLENL,LS 13 21 equipment and in a uniquely cross- techniques through workshops with disciplinary atmosphere For more local universities, scientific societies, about the research done at laboratories, and museums St.1., Engineering Research Centers, see the Another program supports "Special Focus" section following cooperative efforts by publishers, universities, and educators to develop Four Supercomputer Centeis instructional materials that fill gaps located at the University of California in existing curricula, offer better at San Diego, the University of Illinois presentation of traditional subjects, or at Champaign/Urbana, Cornell improve the breadth and quality of University; and near Princeton science and mathematics education in Universityare the nucleus of a elementary and high schools. Scene from "The Voyage of the growing national network of advanced Still another program supports Mimi," a science series for TV and computers. Supercomputers are to learning outside the school, from such computers what computers are to classroom use, funded in part by informal sources as television and calculators. Because they allow NSF museums Widely acclaimed television consideration of complex problems series like "3-2-1 Contact," "The Brain," unive.sities, and the private sector, previously thought impossible, "Reading Rainbow," and a new daily including industry The National supercomputers are increasingly mathematics program are com- Science Foundation, for its part, crucial to reseachers in all disciplines plemented by museum activities continues to sponsor excellent basic The Centers will bring together and traveling exhibits visited by research in science and engineering. scientists and computer specialists, will millions of adults and children. And in addition to its historic train students, and will stimulate the responsibility, NSF is now funding computer industry to develop even NSF sponsored the first National initiatives specifically to meet the better supercomputers in the future Science Week during May 12-18, 1985 new challenges of international Support for this program comes partly Communities of every size in all 50 competition, technological de- from funds leveraged both from states held programs to boost public velopment, and decreasing numbers ofindustry and from state and local awareness of science and technology scientists Furthermore, these government For a salmi !ing of recent and to encourage young people to initiatives either encourage or require projects done with supercomputers, study science. Research facilities held cooperation between government, the see the "Special Focus" section open houses, schools had science fairs universities, and industry following and competitions, and museums and The major initiatives. This was the first year of the libraries sponsored lectures and In 1985, the first awards were College Science Instrumentation special exhibits National Science Week made for six univesity Engineering Program, which helps to provide is a partnership between NSF, Research Centers Each Center is critically needed scientific equipment professional societies, community dedicated to an area of research that isto four-year colleges. Obsolescence, groups, educators, and industry. In critical to the country's economic changes in laboratory techniques, and competitiveness but at the same time the advent of new tools such as Poster for National Science Week 1985. requires a multidisciplinary approach computers make their instrumentation The areas of research are robotics, shortage at least as critical as that of telecommunications, composite the research universities. NSF made materials manufacturing, systems 234 awards under this program, for a research, intelligent manufacturing total of $5.5 million. An additional $5 systems, and biotechnology process million came from local sources. engineering. Industry will participate The revlinped Precollege Science actively in the Centers, partly by Education Programs are designed to providing funding, equipment, and emphasize the quality of education facilities; partly by lending them for elementary and high school researchers; partly by offering advice studentsreaching young people at a And the Centers, because they are time when critical skills and concepts located at universities, will give are established, together with life-long undergraduate and graduate students aattitudes and career decisions. One chance to learn on up-to-date program focuses on the competence of working science teachers, updating their knowledge of scientific developments and instructional
14 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
"24, 1985, It was underwritten by grants Museum talk Children learn about from the DuPont Company Eastman dinosaurs via computer at Kodak Company General Elect, and Philadelphia's Academy of Natural IBM Sciences The Presidential Young 1900 and 1980, federal support of Investigator Awards program, in its mathematics declined by a third second year in 1985, addresses the growing faculty shortages in highly Mathematics is the fundamental competitive fields of engineering and language of most of the other science The awards represent a sciences It plays an increasingly vital partnership between outstanding role in technology and the computer researchers starting their careers, theirsciences and has had, in that 20-year institutions, private industry and the period, what the Report called "a federal government. NSF gives each dazzling record of achievement" In awardee an annual base grant of one two-year span, four U S scientists $25,000 for up to five years The won Nobel Prizes in astrophysics, Foundation will also provide up to medicine, economics, and physics, $37,500 in additional funds each year, for work that was essentially matching dollar-for-dollar any funds mathematical The National Science made available to the awardee from Board urged all federal agencies, especially NSF, to bring the funding of the industrial sector. Altogether, this chaired by NSF's Assistant Director for five-year package provides a significant mathematics to a more appropmce Biological, Behavioral, and Social start to an academic teaching and level. Sciences research career, in 1985 awards went Last spring, NSF created an Office In 1985, NSF established several to 200 investigators, about half of themof Biotechnology Coordination. procedures for reporting on science engineers. Biotechnology includes any technique in other countries. One procedure In 1985, NSF headed a committee that uses living organisms to make allows for identification of the of 11 federal agencies seeking to products or to improve plants or research areas that are progressing comply with the Arctic Research and animals NSF supports the basic most rapidly in other countries. A Policy Act. The Interagency Arctic research needed to develop that technique called bibliometric analysis Research Policy Committee was technology (about $80 million of the shows which research in which created to set research priorities and Foundation's budget in 1985) country is cited by other researchers eliminate duplication of effort in arcticBiotechnology-related research cuts most often. Once NSF identifies areas research. It will also explore ways to across numerous NSF divisions of exceptional international scient.fic match the more advanced tech- Chemistry, Chemical, Biochemical, andactivity it can make plans for nologies of other countries with Thermal Engineering; Biotic Systems cooperation between the countries arctic borders, most notably the Soviet and Resources, Behavioral and Neural Another procedure allows for Union. The Commie :,e recommends !-7-lences; Cellular Biosciences; Increased reporting on trends in research priorities, develops policy; Molecular Biosciences, Emerging and Japanese scientific policy and on the and coordinates industry, government, Critical Engineering Systems, and state of Japanese science. These and local cooperation in arctic Engineering Cross-Disciplinary reports are disseminated widely research matters. Research The Office of Biotechnology throughout U.S. government agencies NSF increased support for Coordination provides a central A third procedure makes possible the mathematics by 15 percent In 1981, clearinghouse for planning, budgeting,publication of international science the National Research Council in the and reporting on biotechnology- indicatorswhat resources go into National Academy of Sciences related research It also advises on science from public and private appointed an ad hoc committee on environmental concerns about the sectors internationally how many Resources for the Mathematical potential effects of such research international patents are granted, what Sciences. Chaired by electrical In addition to its own biotechnologyundergraduate and graduate engineer Edward David, the office, NSF is one of five federal enrollments in other countries are. committee was asked to review the agencies' on the Biotechnology health of mathematical research in the Sciences Coordinating r-ommittee 'Other members of the group The National Institutes ot Health, the Ern ironmental United States The David Report, That group's iob is to develop regulatory mechanisms that ensure Protection Agency, the Food and Drug published in 1984, found that between Administration, and the IS Department of adequate protection of the public from Agriculture substances engineered by scientific research At this writing the ,roup is
MEE. rING THE CHALLEN6Es I S 23 Meeting the Challenges
Special Focus on Supercomputer Centers
Making UT nu!recently; researchers with the Ronald Levi' at Rutgers University kind of complex problem that has used supercomputer simulations Impossible could only be solved with a super- to understand how protein molecules computer faced difficulties They work A protein molecule is a chain of Research had to buy and schedule time on a amino acids, their exact configuration machine in industry; or clear security on the chain is called the protein's Possible measures in a government laboratory structure The structure determines dedicated to military research, or what the whole protein molecule travel to a foreign university In 1985 doeswhether it binds to food and NSF made supercomputers much helps digest it, whether it binds to a more accessible to university bacterium and hills it, or whether it researchers. by funding four Super- binds to oxygen and carries it through computer Centers, the beginning the bloodstream Change the amino of a national network acid, or move it (even by the slightest A problem that would take fraction), and the structure of the hundreds or thousands of hours on a whole protein changes As a result, the computer will take hours or even binding will happen differently or not minutes on a supercomputer. Most at all. importantly, supercomputers can Normally scientists find the structure handle problems that a computer of a protein with X-rays The X-ray could not do at all, making possible picture shows the protein at a fixed research that was previously instant with a certain structure impossible. Supercomputer graphics Unfortunately; in real life the protein allow researchers to see the spins, vibrates, collides with other unseeableevents that happened too molecules; as it does so, its structure far away; or too long ago, or that are changes subtly too large, too hot, too brief, too small. Levy tries to model the structure of Biologists can model the way. atoms the protein as it changes He puts all combine into molecules, molecules possible positions of the molecule on into proteins, proteins into viruses a supercomputer, watching how the and they can find vaccines effective binding tightens or loosens, or fails to against the viruses. Physicists can connect Once he finds a structure that calculate how best to hold and heat an increases the binding for, say; a protein already hot, charged, turbulent gas that binds to and kills bacteria, then until it reaches the temperature perhaps protein engineers can necessary for fusion Atmospheric recreate that particular structure (in scientists can simulate the flow of air other words, create an antibiotic). o' er whole hemispheres, using the Lev) s particular work has application simulation as a base for accurate, long-to proteins that control blood pressure range weather forecasts. Astronomers or store energy in muscles can model how stars are born, how Supercomputers are useful for material falls into a black hole, and modeling not only the very small but how galaxies formed also the very large. Drexel University physicist Joan Centrella, working with colleagues James Wilson at California's Lawrence Livermore Laboratory;
16 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 41111 4 Cray supercomputer at University of Illinois (see page 14).
MEETING THE CHALLENGESI" 25 Richard Matzner at the t'niverslt\ of Centrella (also a Presidential Thung Texas (Austin), and 'lbw Rothman in investigator) and her colleagues made Capetm n, South Africa, has used a the opposite assumption, that gravity supercomputer to study the vas the would make some parts of the early universe may have developed unnerse denser than others They The eery earls universe apparenth wanted to find out if these areas of was a glowing ocean of elementary greater density; these lumps, would particles, which later combined into change the amount of helium and simple hydrogen nuclei The universe deuterium They combined the was still so hot and so dense that the equations of general relativity with hydrogen nuclei collided with enough those describing the process of heliumPresidential Young Investigator and energy to fuse together and form the and deuterium creation, and those supercomputer researcher Joan heavier nuclei of helium and deu- describing the motion of matter in a Centrella. terium. Exactly how much helium supercomputer In doing so, they One field especially suited to and deuterium were made depends ontested not only the earlier estimates ofsupercomputers is materials research how dense the universe was Earlier helium and deuterium but also the Arthur Freeman, a physicist at estimates of the amounts of helium original assumption of a uniform Northwestern University has used a and deuterium were based on the universe (The density of the universe supercomputer to model the precise more or less unverifiable assumption is of overriding interest to cos- structure of a metal's surface. Much that the universe's density was mologists with enough density the future technology may depend on absolutely uniform, the same universe will expand forever, with too what goes on at the surface of metals. everywhere much, it will stop expanding, contract, as transistors and computer chips and eventually close up into one big become thinner and thinner, black hole.) understanding those surfaces is increasingly important How a metal reacts, whether it conducts, and whether it is magnetic depend in part on the exact structure of its surface Freeman has modeled the surface of a metal atom by atom. He builds a grid of atomic nuclei, then adds a sea of electrons. The electrons will dispose themselves around the nuclei in the configuration that requires the least energy To determine what the configuration is, Freeman follows the path of each electron, which means solving the equations of motion and energy for each of them Using the supercomputer to do this, Freeman can calculate which configuration of electrons is least energetic and 0therefore most likely to resemble the surface of a metal. Modeling the 0surface opens the way for creating z , new materials with custom-designed properties Another problem that requires supercomputers is heat flow. A baseboard heater is really a heat Cornell's IBM supercomputing equipment (see page 14). transfer device in which water is
18NATIONAL SCIFNCF, FOUNDATION heated, warming its container, which out how efficient the process is, Cyber 205 supercomputer in turn heats the air outside Chemical standard procedure is to run a series and power plants have tons of heat of expensive experiments. Instead, transfer e^nipment; on a much smallerMikic runs a supercomputer scale, tiny e,.--)nic chips with simulation, feeding the complicated millions of electro.o 'aside them also equations that describe heat transfer need to lose heat. Into the supercomputer If the fluid Bora Mikic at the Massachusetts stays in the groove longer, It can Institute of Technology has used a collect more heat, then it is expelled supercomputer to find how heat is forcefully Mikic has found this forced most efficiently transferred. One transfer to be a more efficient design transfer method is standard: increase Improved designs like this could he the area of the surface that radiates theused to improve systems ranging from heat by carving grooves in it. In a baseboard heaters to power plants normal process, then, fluid flows over a grooved surface and carries away the heat. Depending on the groove's design, the fluid flows into it, then back out, carrying heat with It To find
MEErim, THECHALLENGES 19 27 Meeting the Challenges
Special Focus on Engineering Research Centers
The Engineering Research Centers Research Center is also an area crucial Industry/ focus on areas requiring to our country's Industrial Univer, ty cooperation between engineering and competitiveness. science. Sometimes scientific The Center for Robotic Systems in Collaboration understanding of a phenomenon Microelectronics at the University of and Cross- precedes an application for It; Charles California at Santa Barbara designs and Townes and Arthur Shaw low, for builds robots that can manufacture Disciplinary example, proposed that light waves semiconductor devices, such as could be synchronized before anyone computer chips. Humans making these Activities knew of uses for a laser. Other times, devices unfortunately bring with them engineers invent something that a major disadvantage: they sluff off scientists don't yet understand; skin, hair, dandruff, makeup, and the Alexander Volta invented the battery like, particles of skin alone come off at 40^ars before Michael Faraday the rate of 100,000 an hour. A hair 10 exp.ained how it worked. But science, microns wide can interfere with an the more theoretical investigation of etching on a computer chip 1 micron phenomena, and engineering, the wide, causing defects that lead to more pragmatic investigation of electric failures on the chip. The solutions to problems, are in fact Center for Robotic Systems builds Interdependent. The Engineering robots that not only make a "clean Research Centers require that room" (the dirt-free production scientists and engineers continue to area) much cleaner but can also build on one another's work manufacture, assemble, and package Not only do science and semiconductor devices engineeringas well as universities The Engineering Research Center and industryneed to cooperate, the for Telecommunications at Columbia particular focus of each Engineering University explores what It calls a Research Center is also an area th "fully integrated telecommunication requires various subdisciplines within system"a sort of combination science and engineering to cooperate.telephone-personal computer with a Depending on the area, researchers screen on which both parties can need to come from fields as various aswrite, use graphics, see each other, electrical and computer engineering, and talk Such a device would require mathematics, computer science, that all data be compressed into a mechanical engineering, solid-state single stream and sent quickly, so physics, chemical engineering, the Center is developing a single polymer chemistry, biochemistry, computer chip that can handle both biology, and the social sciences. The optical and electronic information. particular focus of each Engineering To cut down on the amount of information on each chip, researchers will have to edit out parts of the audio or video signal not normally per-
? 20 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION Engineering Research Center work. Computer graphics done at Purdue University's Center for Intelligent Manufacturing Systems (see also page 22).
MEETING THE CHALLENGES 21 29 ceived. This device could revolutionizerespond to various stressesand The Center on Biotechnology communications whether they can he manufactured Process Engineering at the The Center for Composites cheaply Massachusetts Institute of Tech- Manufacturing Science and The Center for Systems Research is nology concentrates on actually Engineering at the University of a collaboration between the University accomplishing, in a marketable way Delaware is affiliated with a program of Maryland and Harvard University those techniques that the revolution in on ceramics at Rutgers University The systems investigated here can be biotechnology is making possible. Composites are generally com- anything from a videotape recorder to Working together, geneticists, binations of polymers with fibers a robot arm to the process that makes molecular biologists, chemists, and of fabric, glass, or metal Automobile an airplane flap move or breaks down biochemists can now alter the genetic tires that combine fabric with rubber crude oil Researchers want to be able code on a DNA strand, change a are one example, the tail of an F-16 to design these systems with the aid of sequence of amino acids on a protein, airplane that blends carbon fibers witha computerfor example, feed a and create wholly new proteins. These a polymer is another. Composites havecomputer information on the changes in turn modify the activities both great strength and light weight; components of the system and what and properties of living organisms. depending on their materials, they willthey should do, add what the system Biotechnology's opportunities not disintegrate. The car of the 1990s looks like on the outside, and the are enormous and diverse may have a replaceable engine in a computer will indicate how it can be pharmaceuticals to prevent, detect, or composite body that never wears out. best designed to have high reliability treat diseases or genetic defects; The Rutgers program extends and low cost The Center for Systems herbicides or fungicides that are possible composite materials to Research develops computers target-specific and thus en- combinations of ceramic fibers with with very-large-scale integration vironmentally safer, improvements polymers and metals The Center tests architectures and writes programs for in plant varieties; and chemicals to different materials in terms of the way them based on research into artificial detect and degrade environmental they behavefor example, how they intelligence. hazards. Until now, much of this
22 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 30) 17
science has been the painstaking work Robot at Purdue Engineering of individuals. The Biotechnology Research Center. Center looks for ways to manufacture these substances in bulk. To do that, millions of the same V-8 engine over engineers first need to understand the and over. Other products require basic biology of the substances. Then smaller numbers and custom they need to design systems (called buildingfor example, a gadget that bioreactors) that take an isolated controls overloading on an electric substance, culture It on large scales, motor needs to vary with differing keep viable those cells that do the motors. The Center for Intelligent actual manufacturing, keep the Manufacturing Systems develops cultures pure, and extract the product. sensors or computers, capable of The Center for Intelligent semiautonomous reasoning, to reduce Manufacturing Systems at Purdue the cost, time, and mistakes involved University focuses on ways to in such batch manufacturing automate the manufacture of Items in small batches. Batch manufacturing is the opposite of, say, the automobile industry, which can mass produce
MEI TIN(, THE CHALLENGES 23 31 Basic Research and Education
The National Science Foundation's oceanographers exploring the ocean in the biological ; nd behavioral historic responsibility has been to floors learned how mineral ores form, sciences, in the mathematical and support basic research and science a finding that will surely have physical sciences, in engineering, in education Investigators doing basic technological implications science and engineering education; research are working directly on Discoveries come at an increasingly and in a broad, general area called neither technological development norfaster pace, and the gap between a scientific, technological, and interna- immediate application Nevertheless, discovery and its application has tional affairs The Foundation is also basic research in this country is narrowed abruptly A modern the lead U S agency in Antarctica, amazingly productive. For example, technological society without basic managing a multidisciplinary research scientists studied the genetics of research is unthinkable, NSF funds effort there according to terms of the bacteria in the 1950s without knowing about 27 percent of such research Antarctic Treaty At this writing 32 the results would be the fields of performed at universities nations have signed that treaty. genetic engineering and bio- The Foundation supports nonmili- Some examples of cutting-edge technology. Engineers invented tary and nonchnical research and research and educational activities transistors with no idea of modern related activities in the astronomical, follow computers in mind And recently atmospheric, earth, and ocean sciences,
Laboratories with grants averaging the size of a hair which, like copper Materials around $4 million each, looking at wires, can be used to transmit Research broader questions. As it turned out, information. Information is carried, NSF rarely funded middle-sized however, not by electrons moving Groups science, collaborations of 5 or 10 down a wire, but by light waves researchers moving along the glass tube. The Middle-Sized Science Collaborations are especially advantage is that fiber optics carry important because materials research much more information than electric for Big Problems is peculiarly interdisciplinary wires do, and even under extreme In studying metal, glass, ceramics, answering questions about any given conditions they last much longer-20 polymers, and the like, materials material could involve physics, to 100 years The disadvantage, of researchers want to know which chemistry, metallurgy, mathematics, course, is that glass breaks easily In materials conduct electricity, hold up ceramics, and any of several fields in hopes of developing a more stable best under pressure and temperature engineering In 1985, NSF began a glass, the Rensselaer group studies the extremes, resist aging, corrode least, program to fund middle-sized way glass reacts under high pressures are most flexible. These and a host of collaborations, called Materials and high temperatures, and how other questions need to be answered Research Groups each with grants of cracks propagate under stress. before using a material to, say, build a around $1 co $2 million At this Another group, at the Polytechnic bridge. Until this year, NSF funded writing, groups at five universities Institute of New York, studies the way materials research in (Ale of two ways have formed such groups; each blends of different polymers age. either the science was smallan devotes its attention to a certain Polymers are long strings of individual investigator working on a problem. molecules; examples are polyethylene, single question, on a grant averaging A group at Rensselaer Polytechnic polyurethane, or polyvinyl chloride 8100,000or the science was bigfor Institute studies the stability of glass. Some polymers, such as the plastics, example, 14 Materials Research Technologists are particularly have been created to have certain interested in the use of glass to make fiber opticslong, flexible glass tubes
24 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION f) The Historic Responsibility 2
Aurora austral's, the South Pole LAURA KAY equivalent to the northern hemisphere's Aurora borealis.
BASIC RESEARCH AND EDUCATION 25 . . 33 qualities transparency flexibility their resistance to heat The high strength Unfortunately they can lose temperatures at which they mwt he these qualities when they age. fired require a lot of energy and cellophane tape, for example, ceramics are notoriously fragile. The becomes yellow and brittle. Recently technique for making them is one of researchers have begun blending the oldest in the world. The group at several polymers together; the blends Penn State modernizes that technique have characteristics different from by bonding the ceramic powders those of any of their constituents. together, not with high temperatures The Polechnic researchers but with chemical binders. This synthesize different blends, then method not only makes ceramics expose them to light, high tem- cheaper to produce but may also peratures, or any other condition overcome their inherent brittleness. under which aging occurs By studying Perhaps ceramics can even be what types of conditions cause what engineered to have electronic types of aging, the group hopes to find properties. blends that resist degradation At the University of Texas at Austin, A third Materials Research Group at materials researchers work on Pennsylvania State University is understanding the fundamentals of studying new methods for making photoelectrochemistry, the study of ceramics Ceramics are technologicallyLiquid crystals, a subject for study in how light f..nergy is converted important, most notably because of materials research. efficiently into chemical energy They focus especially on discovering and designing new materials to raise the efficiency of photoelectrochemical devices The Austin group studies, among other things, which semi- conductor can absorb different wavelengths of light most efficiently how to stabilize a semiconductor against corrosion, and what catalyst will enhance the rates of specific photoelectrochemical processes The fifth Materials Research Group, at the California Institute of Tech- nology, studies at the atomic level the interfaces between different solids and between solids and liquids. They want to know, for instance, what happens when they cool liquids quickly. Rapid cooling, called quenching, takes a material from its liquid to its solid state in hundredths of a second. Cooling a material this rapidly pi oduces new kinds of materialsglasses whose normally disorderly atoms now line up in crystals, metals whose normally aligned atoms become randomwith interesting magnetic properties. Materials research in polymers. Wet- Exactly how that happens is the spinning fibers of an electrically subject of the Caltech Group's conducting polymer. investigations
26 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 3 4 Chemistry of The Caltech group studies electron transfer in detail Why do the electrons Life Processes leave the iron and copper atoms in the first place? How do they jump to the oxygen over what, for them, are Chemical Methods for long distances? And how are they Biological Problems attached so accurately at the exact place on the oxygen molecule that will Biologists have traditionally studied accept them? By creating a protein living systems such as plants and with an iron atom in one place and animals, chemists analyze the an atom of a second metal a fixed substances of which plants and distance away the group at Caltech can animals are made. When the living determine exactly how far the electron systems under examination are cells jumps or molecules, biology and chemistry begin to converge. 711,- convergence is A second collaborative effort making possible a revolution in examines photosynthesis, the process biotechnology researchers can, by by which green plants feed off combining biologists' arid chemists' sunlight. Photosynthesis takes place methods, design new molecules by when certain molecules in membranes taking natural molecules apart and at the surface of the plant absorb light putting them back together differentlyTherese Cotton, a chemist at the This year, four NSF divisions University of Nebraska at Lincoln, and Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Michael Seibert, a biophysicist at the Cellular Biosciences, and Behavioral University of Denver, work with simple and Neural Biosciencesare part of agreen plants, such as algae, to find joint effort called Chemistry of Life which molecules are at or near the Processes. This activity has supported surface of the cell membranes Then small groups whose work in bio- they determine where on the surface technology requires the methods those molecules are. and models of more than one field Cotton and Seibert put the plant One example is a collaboration at membranes in a solution into which the California Institute of Technology they have placed metal electrodes by Harg Gray, an inorganic chemist, Those molecules on the surface of the Judith Campbell, a biochemist, membrane adhere to the surface of and John ' :chards, an X-ray metal electrodes. Then, using a special crystallographer. They have been technique called Surface-Sensitive studying the fine details of respiration,RAMAN Spectroscopy Cotton and exactly how our bodies mike energy Seibert can examine the electrode's from the oxygen we breathe surface and identify even tiny con- Hemoglobin in the blood carries centrations of molecules on it Not oxygen to all cells. There electrons only should their work help in normally attached to iron and copper understanding photosynthesis, but atoms in the hemoglobin are their techniques are flexible enough removed The electrons join the to use in identifying such things as oxygen, turning it into water This traces of poisons in the environment. transfer releases energy, which is stored in the form of a high-energy molecule called adenosine tri- phosphate, or ATP Because the body uses ATP to run all its systems, the transfer of electrons from iron and copper to oxygen is a link essential to life.
BASIC Id SliARCH AND EDUCATION 27 35 Ocean Drilling and have we had the tools to look beneath below the earth's surface and to the surface. There we see the base- understand the processes that shape the Continental ment structures and discover the our physical world, create its mineral deep-seated dynamic processes that resources, and occasionally unleash Lithosphere Program assembled the earth and continue to dramatic violence upon us In an age of discoveries about other affect our lives through earthquakes From 1966 to 1984 the drillship planets and distant galaxies. we know and volcanic eruptions today Glonzar Challenger was used to obtain surprisingly little about the earth Two NSF activities, the Ocean geologic samples from the deep beneath us. We have navigated the Drilling Program and the Continental seafloor to document the history of seas and explored the surface of the Lithosphere Program, are pioneer the ocean basins. The scientific land for centuries, but only recently efforts to explore the "inner space" program sampled all the major seas
The drillship JOIDES Resolution (registered name: SEDCOMP 471).
3 6 28 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION except the Arctic Ocean Support was provided by the NSF and up to five additional countries, reflecting the global thrust of this research Earlexpeditions provided convincing confirmation of the then new and revolutionary concepts of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics. They founci evidence for a history of drastically changing climates with more ice ages than were previously known Major new insights developed concerning the circulation of the oceans, the age and composition of the ocean crust, and the volcanic processes that form the deep ocean crust and other structures. In 1985 NSFtogether with Canada,Seismic tomograph. A picture of the The new NSF program supports Germany France, Japan, and the Earth at a depth of about 90 miles, some of the first concerted efforts by United Kingdomagreed to a new 10- made by computer from earthquake earth scientists to apply modern tools year scientific drilling program A shear waves. Light areas represent to study the deeper parts of the modern drillship called the JOIDES relatively hotter material where the continental lithosphere. These tools Resolution was leased and equipped waves travel more slowly. Darker include direct drilling to depths with state-of-the-art scientific lab- areas are relatively cooler material as great as six miles as well as oratories The new ship completed seismographic arrays that can create six drilling "legs" by the end of 1985. These programs deal with the flows tomographic images of the earth's Specific goals ranged from deter- and balances of water, energy plants, interior (these images resemble mining the history and origins of the animals, minerals, and the influences medical CAT scans of the human tropical carbonate banks forming the all these things have on one another body) Bahamas Island region to solving the and on the world's climate Using these tools, scientists hope to tectonic and glacial history of Baffin The ocean floor has proved to he answer such questions as How are Bay off northern Canada. As one geologically very young (less than 200 continents put together? How do example, Leg 104 took the ship to the million years old) and relatively earthquake faults and other structures coast of Norway There the cores simple to understand in terms of the seen at the surface change with showed that the currents along concepts of plate tectonics The depth? Are there mineral resources at Norway had once been warm, they continents, by contrast, are extremely depths greater than those we know also detailed the history of an ice age old (at least 3.8 billion years) and about now What controls their and documented a number of climatic structurally very complex; they record distribution? Why do earthquakes coolings. Unfortunately Leg 104 could a history of repeated rifting, collisions, occur in the interior of plates as well neither confirm nor deny a theory thatsubsidence, and uplift One of the as at plate boundaries? Already the coast of Norway had once been a Foundation's newest efforts is the participants in the program believe part of North America, ripped away by Continental Lithosphere Program they have found the ancient (and now ocean-floor spreading. The deeper begun in 1985 The lithosphere is the deeply buried) suture zone in Florida cores, however, did show some outer, rocky portion of the earth that and Georgia that marks the former fragments of continental crust which forms the tectonic plates and rests boundary where Africa and North may resemble the rocks of the upon the hotter and more yielding America collided some 300 million Appalachian Mountains. interior. it includes the layer know n as Nears ago The Ocean Drilling Program is only the "crust" (rocky layer ranging in one of a series of global ocean studies thickness from about 3 miles under that attempt to understand the oceans the oceans to about 25 miles beneath as integrated physical, chemical, the continents), as well as the lavers biological, and geological systems immediately below the crust that support and move with it
BAsi( Iths'ARC ti AND EDU( ATION 29 37 equipped to rece:ve them are surround stars and galaxies and deter The Very Long correspondingh large other wavelengths The Very Large Baseline Array The largest such telescope to date, Arrlh; for example, was used to the Very Large ArraN; is actually 27 observe newly horn stars inside their telescopes operating as one, cocoons of gas and dust, to watch A 5,000-Mile Radio coordinated by computer, and debris drift away from the explosion Telescope covering an area 20 by 20 miles. of a supernova, and to penetrate to the During 1985, the NSF-supported energy source (probably a black hole) Normal optical telescopes miss a lot National Radio Astronomy Observatory at the center of our galaxy Moreover, They are equipped to receive only began to build a new instrument. The those wavelengths of light, around Very Long Baseline Arra; 10 telescopesThe Very Large Array An assemblage 0000001 meters long, that our eyes operating as one, will stretch 5,000 of 17 steerable antennas that can also see. But light from stars and miles, from Hawaii to the Virgin move on railroad tracks. The Array galaxies and clusters of galaxies comes Islands is the predecessor to the Very Long in wavelengths that range between With radio telescopes, astronomers Baseline Array (VLBA), whose 10 00000000000000001 and 1,000,000 can see things not otherwise antennas are fully steerable but meters long. The longest are radio detectable: radio waves can slip otherwise fixed. Projected VLBA sites waves, and the radio telescopes through clouds of gas or dust that are shown on page 31.
=IV
41,
30 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 38 with the Very Large Array astronomers early on. Understanding them will has developed, and how it will end can see these things as precisely; in as help piece together the life history of The most exact measurement of much detail, as with a large optical the universe. distance, a method called parallax, telescope. Quasars seem to he found at the uses geometry known since the The resolution of a telescope, centers of galaxies The are so bright,Greeks. The problem is, the distances however, depends on its size The however, that they outshine their involved are so great that astronomers much larger Very Long Baseline Array galaxies. a quasar at the center of ourscan find the parallaxes of only a few will have unprecedented resolution, would make the night sky brilliant stars They estimate the distance to the more than any optical telescope Astronomers do not understand why nearest galaxy; Andromeda, only by present or planned With a telescope quasars are so bright. They speculate inference, and they reckon their of this resolution, one could stand in that these objects are not stars at all inferences to the farthest galaxies may New York, pick out a dime in Los but black holes into which stars fall, he wrong by 50 percent Angeles, and read its motto, "In God colliding and swirling into a disk With the new array; which will take We Trust." around the black hole before they several years to build, astronomers Astronomers will use this array to disappear What the energy source at will he able to improve measurements study; among other things, the ancient, the center of quasars actually is and of distance by close to a thousand violent quasars, starlike sources of how if galaxies began as quasars, they times That should put their theories radio waves so far away they must settled down into sable middle age, on the evolution of the universe and have formed soon after the universe are questions astronomers hope to everything in it on firmer ground began Quasars may he young galaxies,answer with the Very Long Baseline or a type of galaxy that only formed Array Less dramatic but equally important is the fact that the Very Long Baseline Array will allow astronomers to fix exact distances to stars and galaxies Measurements of distance are crucial to theories of how stars evolve, how galaxies are horn, how the unw erse
BASIL RLSF.AR( II AND EDUCATION 31 39 Molecular and Cellular Biosciences IP How Cells Know What to Do Every cell in a human's body, or a frog's body; or a corn plant carries C deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. The DNA makes the proteins that carry oxygen in blood, digest food, fight off infections, make pigment, or photosynthesize. Each cell in a given ... individual has the same DNA: a cell in your bloodstream has the same DNA as a cell in your finger. That means that every cell has the capability to make all the proteins the animal or plant needs to stay alive. The problem is immediately obvious If DNA makes proteins, and all cells in an individual have the same DNA, then why don't the cells in a finger make hemoglobin? No one knows the answer to that, although It is now one of the most Model of a highly supercoiled DNA ....M.O.- important Issues in genetics. Vicky molecule, above; double helix at right. Chandler; at the University of Oregon "._ .I in Eugene and a Presidential Young the puiple is pale or intense, which Investigator, is trying to answer the tissue is to be colored, and when in question by focusing on the DNA of a the life of the plant the coloring takes corn plant. This plant's DNA makes place. And oddly enough, variant A certain proteins found in corn kernels;forms of the B !opus will turn not the those proteins make a pigment called kernels but the leaves purple. anthocyanin, which turns the kernels Chandler suspects that perhaps the of Indian ccrn purple. The production B locus is somehow responsible for a of anthocyanin is actually the last in a cell's specificity To find out more series of steps, each making a differentabout this locus, Chandler first clones protein that makes the next step it, then takes it apart. Ultimately, she possible. The whole pathway is master-would like to insert a clone of the B minded by a gene called the B locus. locus into corn that lacks anthocyanin If the B locus happens to mutate, the and see what happens. Her work with pathway is interrupted and the corn the B locus should illuminate how a will be colorless. cell knows to do its job and no othLrs The B locus not only controls the That in turn should teadi scientists pathway that ends with the kernel more about the most fundamental being purple; it also controls whether processes of living systems, and should point out the most effective response when those processesas in cancergo wrong.
32 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 4() protein that acetylcholine normally Behavioral and does, thus using up all the available Neural Sciences binding sites and preventing acetyl- choline from carrying a stimulus from a nerve cell to a muscle cell. Lentz How a Rabies Virus Works found that the rabies virus works the A virus, a protein coat covering a same way molecule of RNA or DNA, is one of the The coat of the rabies virus is simplest possible parasites It cannot studded with spikes The heads of the reproduce on its own. Instead, spikes are modified to match exactly through parts of the protein coat it the acetylcholine receptor on a muscie attaches itself to a cell, breaches the cell, when the head and receptor cell membrane, and establishes itself touch, they stick avidly. With inside. The virus takes over the cell's acetylcholine receptors covered with reproductive apparatus: the virus' RNA rabies viruses, the muscles can receive or DNA directs the cell's own no stimulus from nerves and the metabolic systems to reproduce copiespatient is to some extent paralyzed of the virus. Unable to manufacture Rabies is lethal because once the virus what it needs to stay alive, the cell takes over the muscle cells and dies, releasing the virus' offspring to releasus its offspring into the invade another cell and continue the bloodstream, the offspring head cycle straight for the nervous system New Some viruses are more or less muscle cells will replace the ones benign, not noticed by their hosts, killed by viruses, but nerve cells do others are virulent. All attack only the not reproduce: after age two, humans cells of certain systems flu and cold have all the nerve cells they ever will viru es target primarily the respiratoryRabies eventually invades so many system; rabies virus, the muscles and nerve cells that the body loses nerve cells. Researchers have not voluntary control Ultimately, the ltiown exactly how the rabies virus rabies virus moves to the brain accomplishes this targeting, if they did, Lentz has synthesized peptides that they could interfere with the process imitate the spikes on the rabies virus, Now Thomas Lentz at thc 1,11e Medicalhe has found that his synthetics also School has shown how a rabies virus bind avidly to acetylcholine receptors seeks out muscle cells The hope is that these synthetics could In a way, the muscle cell seeks out protect muscle cells from the rabies the rabies virus On the walls of these virus by tying up all their ace- "- are certain proteins that recog- tylcholine receptors The rabies nize and receive only acetylcholine, a virus also has a generic resemblance chemical substance that communicatesto viruses that cause autoimmune between nerves and muscles. Each diseases and to other slow viruses that molecule of protein has only a certain account for many other illnesses This number of receptors with which it cankind of basic research may eventually bind to acetylcholine In fact, snake lead to protection from these venom and poisons such as curare maladies paralyze by the simple expedient of binding to the same receptors on the
BASIC RESEARCH AND EDUCATION 43 4' Science and lack the experience and motivation schools through improved in- they need unless the quality of earl structional materials and workshops Engineering general education is greatly improved that help to prepare teachers and Education Because these earl years are maintain their skills These particularly critical 'SF's efforts include support focus on the status and prestige of
NSF has always supported the for a. . .1-winning television series science teaching as a profession "pipeline" of training for careers in (aimed at bringing children to school The Foundation also plays a key role science and engineeringlargely with a healthy interest and backgroundin a nationwide awards program through fellowships for graduate and in science and mathematics), and for launched by President Reagan in 1984 postdoctoral students and awards programs that provide hands-on Administered through the National to develop high-quality teaching experience through museums, clubs, Science Teachers Association, the materials at the high school level. The and other nonschool activities Presidential Awards to,- Excellence in scientists of the future, however, are Following this are programs that Science and Mathematics Teaching now in grade school, and many will add to the quality of education in the honor 2 outstanding science and math instructors from each state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico each year. The prestigious award, and a $5,000 grant for materials and training, are based on outstanding performance in the classroom, student progress, and professional endeavor.
ME t>EY usr +,
11
34 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION Students entering the scientific and engineering disciplines in college are aided by the College Science In- strumentation Program (mentioned above) Ukimatel% the most talented go on to graduate and postdoctoral fellowshipsand to research apprenticeship as part of NSF's many disciplinary research programs These and other education-related programs are a key part of NSF's ongoing mission to promote the progress of science in this nation.
Presidential Teaching Awardees. NSF Director Erich Bloch honors science teacher Almodovar Fonseca-Rivera from Puerto Rico. In second photo (left to right), Nebraska science teacher Roger Rea, Ohio math teacher Ruth E. Hubbar.1, and Kentucky science teacher Sister Mary Ethel Parrott join 1985 Nobel Prize winning chemist Jerome Karle and his wife, chemist Isabella Karle.
BASIC RESEARCH AND EDUCATION 35
43 Special Research Increasing the number and researchhelping female scientists and capability of minority scientists and engineers become engaged in Communities engineers and strengthening in- research as Independent investigators stitutions with significant minority and providing opportunities for female enrollments are the goals of another Ph.D.s to begin or resume research Cutting Across Disciplinary set of NSF programs that cut across after a career interruption. Through Boundaries disciplinary lines. Several researchers these efforts, women who are Several program clusters at NSF funded under these programs have established researchers in their fields cut across disciplinary research made important contributions in act as mentors and counselors to boundaries. Focusing on special mathematics, electronics, and polymer science and engineering students. As a research communities, some of these science. Providing equipment and result, female scientists who had not program clusters are designed to instrumentation to minority in- previously considered submitting improve the involvement of small stitutions enables them to establish research proposals to NSF are now high-technology firms, women, and facilities for special research programs.doing so in increasing numbers and minorities in NSF research activities. The laboratory for monoclonal with growing success. Addressing special problems antibody technology at Nashville's Several states are making major associated with the nation's scientific Tuskegee Institute is an example. attempts to provide additional and eng ,eering infrastructure is Another is a multidisciplinary research resources to their academic another focus for these programsforinstrumentation laboratory at the institutions as a result of the example, the Experimental Program to University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez. Experimental Program to Stimulate Stimulate Competitive Research It is unique in the Caribbean region. Competitive Research (EPSCoR). involves states that are relatively less Other key NSF goals include Catalyzing state and industry attention, successful in competing for federal research funds. Supporting the U.S. scientific and engineering community in international cooperative science activities is yet another program cluster; it increases access to unique research environments and facilities abroad and provides other benefits for U.S. researchers. As part of a government-wide initiative to convert scientific research results into technology NSF's Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program provides seed money to small high-technology firms for high- risk research projects. The goal is to attract private-venture capital to commercialize research findings, and results have been encouraging. Several fi:ms have been successful in leveraging NSF research investments of 1200-1300,000 into multimillion- , dollar venture capital commitments; these will further develop research results into commercial products or BI)logist Don C Absbapanek systems in areas such as genetic instructs a student at Haskell technology, electronics, and materials American Indian Jr. College. science.
36 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 411 NSF grants have leveraged funding andyounger U S scientists and engineers heightened awareness of the need to to gain research experience and t. strengthen capabilities in academic professional contacts in the countries science and engineering research. In of Western Europe and Japan. Special Montana, South Carolina, Arkansas, science and technology initiatives Maine, and West Virginia, research with India and China offer other talent has been developed in such opportunities for U.S. researchers to areas as geology, marine sciences, investigate monsoons, minerals, and physics, and chemistry. Broadening the other phenomena that are unique to base of research funding in these those regions. Joint research activities states has allowed university with foreign scientists are available to leadership to redirect scientific U.S. scientists and engineers in more activities and participate more fully in than 30 countries that have co- the national research and developmentoperative science agreements. These enterprise. programs are important as a means for Started in FY 1985, NSF's cost and resource sharing as well as 2 Industrialized Countries Exchange access to foreign scientific and VPW awardee. Biologist Gillian Program is providing opportunities fortechnological development. Cooper-Driver is one of the 1985 grantees under NSF's Visiting Professorships for Women (VPW) program. Through this program, female Ph.D.s can begin or resume research :n their fields and also act as mentors to science and engineer- ing students.
14* Aa
Small Business Innovation Research. This line electron beam apparatus was supported by NSF's Small Business Innovation Research program
Anatomy professor Eldridge Johnson examines a specimen. Guayule processing in Mexico, an example of an international program supported by ME
BASIC RESEARCH AND EDUCATION 37 45 Operations Report
on supernovas, the end stages of NSF Awards: People Vannevar Bush Award massive stars; recently he has been an Who Met The National Science Board, NSF's outspoken proponent of the nuclear governing body, grants the prestigious test ban treaty Bethe has won, among The Challenges Vannevar Bush Award, named for the other important awards, the U.S engineer and World War H science National Medal of Merit, in 1946, and administrator who prepared the the Nobel Prize in Physics, in 1967. presidential report recommending establishment of the National Science Alan T Waterman Foundation The honorary award recognizes individuals who have made Award outstanding contributions to the nation This award, named for NSF's first through public service activities in director, is presented each year to a science and technology re3earcher under 35 years of age and In 1985, the award was presented to not more than 5 years beyond receipt Hans Albrecht Bethe, professor emeritusof the doctoral degree, whose research at Cornell University, a theoretical shows excellence and innovation. This physicist whose contr:butions have year the award went for the first time ranged over a lifetime to a woman, Jacqueline K Barton, an Bethe's research has focused on the inorganic and biophysical chemist at behavior of the nuclei of atoms His Columbia University 1985 Vannevar Bush Award most famous work, in 1938-39, solved Barton, whose early training at a winner Dr. Hans Bethe. an old problem Earlier theories had girl's school had to be supplemented held that hydrogen and helium, 98 by science courses at a nearby boy's percent of the universe, were made school, is also a Sloan Foundation during the so-called htg bang phase of Fellow and a Presidential Young creation But no one could account Investigator. Her work has focused on for the origin of all the rest of the the relationship between the structure elements, that important 2 percent of a molecule of DNA and its function. from which we are made. Bethe's The DNA molecule, the familiar explanation was that the whole double helix that controls what periodic table of the elements was proteins the body makes, can spiral made either in the fiery cores of stars either to the left or to the right Which g or in the split seconds of their direction it takes determines what z explosive deaths. Subsequent work biological processes it controls. Barton 8 V provided precisely detailed support designed certain metal-containing O w for his theory, which now is the basis molecules that attach to the DNA ziz for scientists to understand the molecule in such a way that r. behavior of our sun and the evolution distinguishes a left-handed DNA of stars. molecule from a right. Knowing this 1985 Waterman Award winner In 1942, Bethe was one of the small will allow scientists to design new Dr. Jacqueline Barton. team that studied the feasibility of the pharmaceutical agents which could atomic bomb, and later he held a affect the way DNA controls life central position on the Manhattan processes The experimental tools Project Bethe's current work focuses Barton developed are necessary to bridge the fields of molecular biology and inorganic chemistry
38 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 4t. 3 Senior Staff Appointments in Organizational Changes the Office of Cross-Disciplinary FY 1985 The major organizational change in Research John Moore, previously Associate FY 1985 was in the Engineering The Engineering Directorate has Director and Senior Fellow of the Directorate. Four engineering also instituted a new program Hoover Institution in Stanford, divisions and one office were designed to fund more high-risk/high- California, became NSF's Deputy abolished, and five new divisions and return projects These projects are Director. Dr. Moore has also been one new office were established either those whose outcome is serving as Chief International Affairs The Engineering Directorate was uncertain but whose success'ould be Officer, assessing NSF's programs in reorganized partly to adjust to a a significant contribution, or those international science diverse and fast-moving discipline. thewhose subjects do not fall into any William J Merrell Jr was nominated modern field of engineering has standard categories The new program to be the new Assistant Director for anywhere from 30 to 40 different does not bypass the peer review Astronomical, Atmospheric, Earth, and subfields, it is in general an area that system, however, proposals that got Ocean Sciences. (He was sworn into has changed with extraordinary mixed reviews and therefore were declined funding might, under this office at the start of fiscal year 1986.) rapidity The directorate was _ .-,o Dr Merrell came from Texas A&M reorganized to accommodate the program, get a second chance. University, where he was an Associate increasing interdependence of science The Science and Engineering Dean and Director of the Division of and engineering. Much of engineering,Education Directorate also changed its Atmospheric and Marine Sciences especially that involving complex rganization, creating three divisions Richard Nicholson, former Staff systems such as the turbulent flow of and two offices. Director of NSF, is now the Assistant fluids, has traditionally been driven by The Division of Materials Director for Mathematical and Physical experience and innovation, where a Development and Informal Science Sciences. Dr. Nicholson also served design was based less on theory and Education deals primarily with the previously as head of NSF's chemistry more on what seemed to work. This improvement of instructional materials division latter approach is increasingly and techniques, the application of Nam pm Sub, formerly a Professor ineffective; as a method of solving advanced teaching technology; and of Mechanical Engineering at the problems, it is relatively inflexible science education programs in Massachusetts Institute of Technology, The most flexible approach is foundedmuseums, the media, and other was sworn in as the new Assistant on basic scientific principles nonacademic settings Director for Engineering. The new divisions and office are The Division of Research Career Engineering Science Division in Development handles graduate, Chemical, Biochemical, and Thermal minority graduate, and certain Engineering; international fellowships, along with Engineering Science Division in the Presidential Young Investigators Mechanics, Structures, and Materials program. Engineering; The Division of Teacher Engineering Science Division in Preparation and Enhancement Electrical, Communications, and administers such activities as the Systems Engineering, Presidential Awards for Excellence in Division for Science Base Science and Mathematics Teaching, the Development in Design, Honors Workshops for Precollege Manufacturing, and Computer Teachers, and similar teacher Engineering; development efforts Division for Fundamental Research in Emerging and Critical Engineering Systems,
OPERA' IONS49 47 The Office of College Science Policy Notes 10 scientists, engineers, a..0 educators; Instrumentation manages the College NSF funds proposals for research the group is headed by Norman Science Instrumentation Program, and equipment according to the Hackerman, Chairman of the Scientific described earlier, and the Office of proposals' excellence The judgment ofAdvisory Board of the Robert A Welch Studies and Program Assessment excellence is made through and Foundation in Houston At this writing maintains a database and reports on guaranteed by the system of peer the Hackerman Committee (which will the status of precollege science and review, through which thousands of disband in May 1986) is evaluating the math education. scientists and engineers outside the present merit review system, assessing Finally, there were realignments in Foundation evaluate proposals on an any inequities that might result from it, the staff offices that report to the NSF ad hoc basis and adv. NSF staff as to and preparing a final report on Director. The Office of Audit and which should be supported. Recently, findings and recommendations. Overs'ght merged with the Office of however, a number of universities In 1985 NSF also considered the the Controller to become the Office ofhave obtained millions of dollars for question of funding facilities rather Budget, Audit, and Control. The academic projects directly from than equipment or specific projects, an Foundation's computer services Congress, thus bypassing the merit- r le raised in prior years. The policy division moved from the Directorate based review system. adopted is that the primary re- for Administration to become the An ad hoc committee set up by the sponsibility for providing facilities to Office of Information Systems, under National Science Board, called such house researchers lies with colleges the Foundation's Director, two offices appeals to Congress a dangerous and universities. Although NSF will that boost small business involvement precedent The committee's report' consider funding facilities in certain in science and technology moved fromsate: that the merit review process is compelling cases, in general it will the Office of the Director to the the most reliable guarantor of fund projects first, equipment second, Directorate for Scientific, excellence Direct appeals, the report and facilities third. Technological, and International noted, make science dependent on Affairs. special interest politics, seriously undermining its objectivity, integrity, and automony "The question facing American universities today is this," the report stated: "Will they retain responsibility for the excellence of U.S. science and engineering, or will they cede it to purely political processes? The choice is in the hands of the science and engineering community. The trend is in the wrong direction." The report concluded that universities resort to direct appeals because so many of their facilities are deteriorating. The study recommendeu that the National Science Board, the National Academies of Science and Engineering, and the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy jointly call a conference of all interested parties (which took place in the summer of 1985), and that NSF set up a formal group to examine the merit review process. Within a month of the report, NSF established an advisory committee of
'Report of the National Science Board Committee on Excellence in Science and Engineering, Feb 22, 1985
40 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 4S Senior Foundation and Board Officials
Erich Bloch John Moore Roland W. Schmitt Charles E. Hess Director Deputy Director Chairman Vice Chairman National Science Board National Science Board Before becoming Direc- Dr. Moore became NSF's tor of the Foundation in Deputy Director in June Dr. Schmitt is Senior Dr. Hess has been Dean August 1984, Mr. Bloch 1985. He is on leave of Vice-President for Cor- of the College of was Vice-President for absence from the Hoover porate Research and Agricultural and Environ- Technical Personnel Institution at Stanford Development at the mental Sciences at the Development at the IBM University, where he was General Electric Company, University of California, Corporation, which he Associate Director and where he has been Davis, since 1975. He is joined in 1952 as an elec- Senior Fellow. Previous employed since 1951. He isalso Associate Director of trical engineer. In 1985, positions include a member of GE's Cor- the California Agricultural Mr. Bloch was awarded the economics professor and porate Executive CounLil, Experiment Station and has National Medal of associate director of the President of the Industrial served on numerous state, Technology by President Law and Economics CenterResearch Institute, and also national, and international Reagan, an award made for at Emory University, and serves on the National advisory boards and com- his part in pioneering research professor and Academy of Engineering missions in horticulture developments related to associate director at the Council and forestry. the IBM/360 computer that University of Miami's Law "revolutionized the com- and Economics Center puter industry "
OPERATIONS 41 4 9 Moving Ahead
The present state of science and New computer architectures will engineering will surely determine increase the already enormous speed the future But at present our L,untry of computing, making possible science is not adequately supporting basic that was previously impossible New researchers, is not investing materials and composites of materials sufficiently in up-to-date equipment, will he designed so that their and is not training enough young properties match their uses; thus they researchers will he lighter, stronger, cheaper, and For the future, if our country is to less likely to corrode remain economically competitive, it Basic research also has, and always must redress these inadequacies In has had, intrinsic cultural value, and it particular it must fund those areas often has surprising practical where international competition is applications as well In physics. the most fierce, and in general it must study of the most fundamental continue to fund the best basic constitutents of nature combined with research that of the infinite, or nearly infinite, Both competition and potential universe should produce new progress are great in fields created by understandings of why matter behaves a new cooperation between science as it does and how space and time are and engineering Biotechnologv; for linked In mathematics, the most example, will drastically improve abstruse and unworldly theories are agriculture's ability to fted the world increasingly invaluable in describing and medicine's ability to prevent or complex systems, such as the weather, treat disease Fiber optics and that do not obey simple laws of cause semiconductor devices are altering and effect. Earth scientists will put what is possible in comniunications satellites in the skies to chart the land and computer science The com- and its movements Behavioral bination of computer science, scientists are learning more about the cognitive science, and artificial chemical foundations of emotions, intelligence should prov:de the drives, and learning technologies for improving education By supporting both research of high intrinsic value and research that will contribute to our competitiveness, the National Science Foundation continues to invcst in our nations future through its ongoing commitment to excellence
42 NATIONAL SCIENCF FOUNDATION 4
MOVING AHEAD 4i 51 Appendix A
National Science Board Members and NSF Staff (Fiscal Year 1985)
NATIONAL SCIENCE BOARD Assistant Director for Astronomical, Atmospheric, Earth, and Ocean Sciences (Acting), Albert L Bridgewater Terms Expire May 10,1986 Terms Expire May 10, 1990 Deputy Assistant Director for Astronomical, JA Vern Beck, Professor Emeritus of Perry L Adkisson, Depute Chancellor, Texas Atmospheric, Earth, and Ocean Microbiology, Brigham Young Universin, A&M Lniversin Sstem, College Station, TX Sciences, Albert L Bridgewater Provo, UT Annelise G Anderson, Senior Research Fellow Director Division of Astronomical Sciences, Peter T Flawn, President, University of Texas, The Hoover Institution, Stanford Unnersin, Laura P Bautz Austin, TX Stanford, CA Director; Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Man L Good, President and Director of Craig C Black, Director, Los Angeles County Eugene W Bterly Research, Signal Research Center, Des Museum of Natural History Los Angeles, CA Director; Division of Earth Sciences, James F Plaines, IL Rita R Colwell, Vice President for Academic Hays Peter D Lax, Professor of Mathematics, Courant Affairs and Professor of Microbiology Director; Division of Ocean Sciences, M Mathematics and Computing Laboratory University of Maryland, Adelphi, MD Grant Gross New York University New York, NY Thomas B Day President, San Diego State Director; Division of Polor Programs, Peter Homer A Neal, Provost, State University of New University, San Diego, CA E Wilkniss York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY James) Duderstadt, Dean, College of Assistant Director for Biological, behavioral, and Mary J Osborn, Professor and Head, Department Engineering, The University of Michigan, Social Sciences, David T Kingsbury of Microbiology; University of Connecticut Ann Arbor, MI Head, Office of Biotechnology Health Center, Farmington, CT K J Lindstedt -Siva, Manager, Environmental Coordination, Robert Rabin Donald B Rice, President, The Rand Sciences, Atlantic Richfield Company Los Director Ditision of Behavioral and Neural Corporation, Santa Monica, CA Angeles, CA Sciences, Richard T Loutut Stuart A Rice, Dean of the Division of Physical Simon Ramo, Director, TRw Incorporated, Daector, Division of Biotic Systems and Sciences, The James Franck Institute, Redondo Beach, CA Resources, John L Brooks University of Chicago, Chicago, IL Director Division of Information Science Members Ex Officio and Technology, Charles N Brownstein Terms Expire May10,1988 Director; Division of Cellular Biosciences Erich Bloch, Director, National Science (Acting), Bruce L Umminger Warren J Baker, President, California Polytechnic Foundation, Washington, DC Director; Division V Molecular Biosciences, State University San Luis Obispo. CA Thomas Ubois, Executive Officer, National James H Brown Robert F Gilkeson, Chairman of the Executive Science Board, National Science Director, Division of Social and Economic Committee, Philadelphia Electric Company Foundation, Washington, DC S. tence, Roberta B Miller Philadelphia, PA Assistant D rector for Engineering, Nam P Suh Charles E Hess, Dean, College of Agricultural Deputy Acsistan' Director for Engineering. and Environmental Sciences, University of NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION Carl W Hall Cahforr ia, Davis, CA STAFF Head, Office of Cross Disciplinary Research, Charles L Hosier, Vice President for Research, Lewis G Mayfield Pennsylvania State University University (As of September 30, 1985) Director Division of Lngineering Science in Park, PA Chemical, Biochemical and Thermal William F Miller, President and Chief Executne Director, Erich Bloch Engineering, Marshall M Lill Officer, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA Deputy Director, John H Moore Director, Division of Engineering Science in William A Nierenberg, Director, Scripps Senior Science Advisor, Mary E Clutter Electrical, Communications, and Institution of Oceanography, University of Director Office of Equal Opportunity, Brenda M Systems Engineering (Acting), Frank L California at Sari Diego, La Jolla, CA Brush Huband Norman C Rasmussen, McAfee Professor of General Counsel, Charles Her/ Director Division of Engineering Science in Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Director , Office of Legislative and Public Affairs, Mechanic.; Structures, ar 1 Materials Technology, Cambridge, MA Raymond E Bye Engineering, John A Weese Roland W Schmitt, senior Vice President, Controller; Office of Budget, Audit, and Control, Director Duiston for Fundamental Research Corporate Research and Development, Sandra D Toye in Emerging and Critical Engineering General Electric Company, Schene-tach, NY Director Office of Advanced Scientific Computing, John W Connolly Systems (Acting), Arthur A Ezra Director; Office of Information Systems, Director; Division for Science Base ConstanceK McLindon Development in Design, Manufacturing, and Computer Frig:neer:rig (Acting), Bernard Chern
53 APPENDIXES 4S Assistant Director fur Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Richard S Nicholson Director,- Division of Chemistry, Edward F Haves Director; Duision of Materials Research, Lewis H Nosanow Director; Division of Computer Research, Kent K Curtis Director; Division of Mathematical Sciences, John C Polking Director; Division of Phjsics, Marcel Bardon Assistant Director for Science and Engineering Education, Bassam Z Shalchashiri Deputy Assistant Director for Science and Engineering Education, Walter L Gillespie Head, Office of College Science Instrumentation, Robert F Watson Head, Office of Studies and Program Assessment, Vacant Director; Division of Teacher Enhancement and Informal Science Education, Jerry A Bell Director; Division of Materials Development and Research (Acting), Raymond J Hannapel Director; Dunsion of Research Career Development, Terence L Porter Assistant Director for Scientific, Technological, and International Affairs, Richard J Green Deputy Assistant Director for Scientific, Technological, and International Affairs (Achng), Richard R Ries Director; Office of Small Business Research and Development, Donald Senich Director Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization, Donald Senich Director; Dii ision of Industrial Science and Technological Innovation, Donald Senich Director; Division of Research Initiation and Improvement, Alexander J Morin Director; Division of International Programs, Bodo Bartocha Director; Division of Policy Research and Analysis, Peter W House Director; Division of Science Resources Studies (Acting), William L Stewart Assistant antic,/ Admmistrat:on, Geoffrey M Fenstermacht, Deputy Assistant Director for Administration, Kurt G Sandved Director; Dituion of Financial Management, Kenneth B Foster Director; Division of Grants and Contracts, WilliamB Cole, Jr Director; Division of Personnel and Management, Margaret L Windus Director Division of Administrative Services. Troy T Robinson
0r 4 46 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION Appendix B
Financial :epos # for Fiscal Year 1985 (In thousands of dollars)
Research and Related Activities Appropriation
Fund Availability Fiscal year 1985 appropriation $1,306,012 Unobligated balance available, start of year . . 2,053 Adinsunents to prior year accounts 3,638 Fiscal year 1985 availability $1,311,703
0)-,iigations Astronomical, Atmospheric, Earth, and Ocean S-iences. Mathematical and Physical Sciences Astronomical Sciences $82,764 Mathematical Sciences $47,73J Atmospheric Sciences 95,064 Computer Research 39,124 Earth ScienLes 45,962 Physics 115,795 Ocean Sc...nces 121,276 Chemistry 87,563 Arctic Research Program 7,961 Materials Research 106,976 Subtotal, Astronomical, Subtotal, Mathematical and Atmospheric, Earth, and Physical Sciences $397,188 Ocean Sciences $353,027 Scientific, Technological, and International Affairs Biological, Behavioral, and Social Sciences Industrial Science and Molecular Biosciences $60,927 Technological Innovation $13,436 Cellular Biosciences 52,385 International Cooperative
Biotic Systems and Resources 58,121 Scientific Activities. 12,422 Behavioral and Neural Sciences 44,378 Policy Research and Analysis 5,146 Social and Economic Sciences 28,751 Science Resources Studies -,,140 Information Science and Research Initiation and
Technology . . ... 8,948 Improvement 8,600 Subtotal, Biological, Behavioral, Subtotal, Scientific, and Social Sciences $253,510 Technological, and International Affairs $43,744 Engineering: Advanced Scientific Computing $41396 Chemical, Biochemical, and Program Development and Thermal Engineering $29,178 Management $71,951 Mechanics, Structures, and Materials Engineering 23,310 Subtotal, obligations $1,311,444 Electrical, Communications and Unobligated balance available, end Systems Engineering 25,805 of year $197 Design, Manufacturing and Computer Engineering .. 17,'64 Ur, 'ated balance lapsing $62 Emerging and Critical ..41, fiscal year 1985
Engineering Systems . 34,961 availability for Research and
Cross-Disciplinary Research . 19,910 Related .^.;:z.v ,:ies p1,311,703 Subtotal, Engineering $150,628
APPENDIXES 47 55 U.S. Antarctic Program Activities Appropriation Special Foreign Currency Appropriation Fund Availability Fund Availability Fiscal year 1985 appropriation $110,830 Fiscal year 1935 appropriation $2,800 Unobligated balance available, start Unobligated balance available, start of year 68 of year 3" Adjustments to prior year accounts 2 Adjustments to prior year accounts 22 Fiscal year 1985 Mailability $110,900 Fiscal year 1985 availability $2,859
OFIgations Obligations U S Antarctic Re_ arch Program $11,150 Special Foreign Currency $2,830 Operations Support 99,685 Unohligated balance available, end of year 2 Subtotal, obligations $110,841 Unobligated balance lapsing 2- Unobligated balance available, end Total, fiscal year 1985 of year $59 availability for Special Foreign Currency Program $2,859 Total, fiscal year 1985 availability for U S Antarctic Program ArtiT.ies $110,900
Science and Engineering Education Activities Appropriation Trust Funds/Donations
Fund Availability Fund Availability I al year 1985 appropriation $82,000 Unobligated balance available, start Unobligated balance available, start of year 12,791 ci year 31,/,50 Receipts from nonfederal sources 6, ' 38 Adjustments to prior year accounts 37 Fiscal year 1985 availability $8,929 Deferred in FY 1985 (31,450) Fiscal year 1985 availability 182,03' Obligations Ocean Drilling Programs r.601 Obligations Miscellaneous Program Activities 119 Research Career Development 127,298 U S -Spain Scientific and Materials Development, Research, Technological Program 83 and Informal Science Education 22,726 Subtotal, obligations 1-,803 Teacher Preparation and Enhancement 25,188 Unobligated balance available, end Studies al... Program Assessment 1,748 of year 11,126 College Science Instrumentation 4,996 Total, fiscal year 1985 Stibt ,tal, obligations 131,956 availability for Trust Funds/ Donations $8,929 Unobilgated balance available, end of year 144 SOURCES Fiscal Year 198' Supplementary Budget Schedules and Fiscal Unobligated balance lapsing $3-7 lea 198' Budget to Congress Total, fiscal year 1985 availability for Science and Engineering Education Activities 4;82,03-
48 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION Table IAstronomical, Atmospheric, Earth, and Ocean Table 4 Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Sciences, Fiscal Year 1985 Fiscal Year 1985 ( Dollars in Miilion,) ( Dollars in :Millions)
Numberof Number of Awards Amount Awards Amount Astronomical Scis ,Nat'l Research Mathematical S-iences 1,16' 14''3 Centers 265 $82'b Computer Research 352 3() 12 Atmospheric Sciences, Nat'l Research Physics 528 115 80 Centers 549 95 06 Chemistry 1,045 8" 56 Earth Sciences 652 45 96 Materials Research 834 106 98 Ocean Sciences "17 121 28 Total 3,926 $39" 19 Arctic Research 68 96 Total 2,251 $353 02 Table 5. Science and Engineering Education, SOURCE Fiscal Year198-Budget to Congress-Justification of Estimates of Appropriations (Quantitative Program Data Tables) Fiscal Year 1985 (Dollars in Millicns)
Table 2 Biological, Behavioral, and Social Sciences, Number of Fiscal Year 1985 Awards Amount (Dollars in Millions) Research Career Development 142 $27 30 Number of Materials Development, Research, and Awards Amount Informal Science Education 98 22 72 Teacher Preparation and Molecular Biosciences 891 $60 93 Enhancement 260 25 19 Cellular Biosciences "84 52 38 Studies and Program Assessment 13 1'5 Biotic Systems and Resources "61 58 12 College Science Instrumentation 234 5 00 Behavioral and Neural Sciences 798 -i-i 38 Total "4" 181 96 Social and Economic So 542 28 75 Info Sci & Tech 121 8 95 Total 3,89" $253 51 Table 6 Scientific, Technological, and International Affairs, Fiscal Year 1985 Table 3 Engineering Fiscal Year 1985 (Dollars in Millions) (Dollars in Millions) Number of Awards Amount Number of Industrial S & T Innovation 194 $13 43 Awards Amount Internat'l Coop So 625 12 42 Chemical, Biochemical, and Thermal Policy Research and Analysis 6' 5 15 Engineering 534 $29 18 Sciences Resource.; Studies 38 4 14 Mechanics, Structures, and Materials Research Initiation and Improvement 71 860 Engineering 365 23 31 Totai 995 $43'4 Electrical, Communications and Systems Engineering 393 25 81 Design, Manufacturing and Computer Table 7. U.S. Antarctic Program, Fiscal Year 1985 Engineering 188 1,46 Emerging and Critical Engineering (Dollars in Millions) Systems 455 34 96 Number of Cross-Disciplinary Research 50 19 91 Awards Amount Total 1,985 8150 63 U S Antarctic Research Program 135 111 15 Operations Support 11 99 69 Total 146 $11084
Table 8 Advanced Scientific Computing, Fiscal Year 1985 (Dollars in Millions)
Number of Awards Amount Avanced Scientific Computing 45 $41 39
APPENDIXES 49 5 7 Appendix C
Patents and Inventions Resulting from Activities Supported by the National Science Foundation
During fiscal year 1985, the Foundation 1985 These resulted in dedication to the cases Licenses were received by the recelvtd 117 invention disclosures public through publication in 11 cases, Foundation in 61 patent applications filed Allocations of rights to 58 of those retention of principal patent rights by the by grantees and contractors who retained inventions were made by September 30, grantee or inventor in 43 Instances, and principal rights in their inventions transfer to other government agencies in 4
PATENTS ISSUED IN FY 1985:
NUMBER TITLE INSTITUTION 4,243,433 Forming Controlled Inset Stanford Unlyersit% 4,487,637 Purification of Niobium Cornell Research Regions by Ion Implantation founda and Laser Bombardment 4.487,829 Production and Use of Massachusetts 4,282,057 Vapor Growth of Mercury Purdue Universth Monoclonal Antibodies Against Institute of Iodide for Use as High Energy Adenoviruses Technology Detectors 4,487,840 Use of Silicon in Liquid Cornell Research 4,385,830 Direct Measurement of Cornell Research Sintered Silicon Nitrides and Foundation Voracity by Optical Probe Foundation Sialons 4,464,359 (2'-5')-011go Research 4,489,001 Acidic Phallotoxin Derivatives Cornell Research (3"-Deoxyadenylate) and Corporation and Methods of Preparation Foundation Derivatives Thereof 4,496,419 Fine Line Patterning Method Cornell Research 4,468,297 Degradation and Detoxification University of for Submicron Devices Foundation of Halogenated Olefinic California 4,499,00' Stabilization of Conductive Massachusetts Hydrocarbons Polymers in Aqueous Institute of 4,478,694 Methods for the Electro- SKA Associates Environments Technologi. synthesis of Polyols 4,503,555 Semiautomatic Optical Ulayersin of 4,481,531 Microchannel Spatial Light Massachusetts Scanning Apparatus Utilizing California Modulator Institute of Line I ntegrat ion Technology 4512,964 71ethod for Forming Nitric Massachusetts 4,483,785 Electrically Conductive and University of Utah Oxide from Ammonia Institute of Corrosion Resistant Current Research Technologi. Collector and/or Container dation 4,521,308 Rotary Support for Vacuum University of 4,485,265 Photovoltaic Cell Ham..University Filtration Apparatus California 4,485,473 Mode Locking of Travelling Cornell Research 4537,990 Method for Growing Single Cornell Research Wave Ring Laser by Amplitude Foundation Crystals of L'rea Foundation Modulation
50 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION Appendi-. D
Advisory Committees for Fiscal Year 1985 (Addresses effective as of September 30, 1985)
Office of the Director Harry Woolf Cann L !Nay% Director Raised Dot Computing Inc NSF Advisory Council The Institute for Advanced Studs Madison, WI Princeton, NJ Victoria Bergin Ernest G tribe Deputy Commissioner for School Support Daniel Yankeloyich Department of Botany Texas Education Societl, Yankelovich, Skelly and White Washington State Unnersit% Austin, TX New York, NY Sally Wood Dennis Chamot Committee on Equal Opportunities in Department of Electrical Engineering Associate Director, Department for Professional Science and Technology University of Santa Clara, CA Employees AFL-CIO, Washington, DC Lenore Blum Ex Officio Department of Math and Computer Science Mauna Homer Simon Ramo Mills College President Director 0-ckland, CA Radcliffe College rmx:Inc Redondo Beach, CA WilliamH Kruskal Kimiko 0 Bowman Department of Statistics Oak Ridge National Laboratorc Program Advisory Committee for Oak Ridge, TN University of Chicago Advanced Scientific Computing John F Nib lack Bernard J Bulkin Vice President, Research and Graduate Affairs Joan M Centrella Vice President Polytechnic Institute of New York Department of Physics Pfizer, Inc Drexel University Groton, CT Thomas W Cole, Jr Philadelphia, PA Roger Noll President Vest Virginia State Coi:ege ames F Gilbert Professor of Economics University of Ct lifornia at San Diego Stanford University Mario J Gonzalez, Jr LI Jolla, CA Robert Novice Director, Division of Engineering University of Texas, San Antonio Anthorn C Hearn Vice Chairman of the Board Information Sciences Department Intel Corporation Priscilla Grew Rand Corporation Santa Clara, CA Commissioner Santa Monica, CA Gail Pesyna California Public Utilities Comm San Francisco, CA Neal Line Biomedical Department Chancellor E I DuPont de Nemours Phillip C Johnson ni 'ersitof Colorado at Colorado Springs Wilmington, DE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Cecil E Leith, Jr Gerard Piel Administration Seattle WA Lawrence Livermore National LaboratorN Chairman of the Board Livermore CA Scientific American Hairs G Lang New Ibrk, NY National Technical Institute for the Deaf CA it's Le % inthal Department of Bioloical Sciences Lois Rice Rochester, NY Columbia Unnersit Senior Vice President William K LeBold Control Data Corporation Director, Education, Research, and Information Steven A Orszag Washington, DC Systems Department of Mechanical Aerospace Engineering John G Truxal Purdue University Princeton Unnersit% Department of Technology and Society Shirley M Malcom SONY at Storm Brook American Assn for the Advancement of Science Christopher A Sims Department of Economics Linda S Wilson Washington, DC Unnersitv of Minne ,ota, Nlinneapolis Associate Vice Chancellor for Research Nelda Martinez-Rivera Univetsity of Illinois, Champaign TJ Watson Research Lab Frank H Stillinger Yorktown Hgts , NY AT&T Bell Laboratories Muria% Hill, NI Shirley M McBay Dean for Student Affairs Massachusetts Institute of TechnologN APPENDIXI,s51 5;j Kenneth G \X ilson Peter W Likens Allan Spitz Newman Laboratory of Nuclear Studies President Vice President for Academic Affairs and Cornell L niversit Lehigh L nivercit' Professor of Political Science Bethlehem, PA niversity of Alabama, Huntsville Advisory Committee on Merit Review Gardner Lindzev Ex Officio Charles J Arntzen Center for Advanced Studs in the Behasiorai Director, Plant Science & Microbic) logs Sciences George A Kevworth, II E I DuPont de Nemours, Inc Stanford, CA Science Adviser to the Presidert and Wilmington, DE Director, Office of Science & Technology Policy Harriet B Rigas William D Cares Chairman, Department of Electrical & Computer Frank Press American Assn for the Advancement of Science Engineering President Washington, DC Naval Postgraduate School National Academy of Sciences Monterey CA Norman Hackerman Directorate for Astronomical, Chairman of the Scientific Advisory Board Roy F Schwitters Robert A Welch Foundation Professor of Physics Atmospheric, Earth, and Ocean Houston, TX Harvard University Sciences Anna J Harrison Robert M So low Emeritus Professor Professor of Economics Advisory Committee for Astronomical Mt Holyoke College Massachusetts Institute of Technology Sciences Edward A Knapp W Clark Still, Jr Roger D Blandford Los Alamos National Laboraton Professor of Chemistn Theoretical Astrophsics Los Alamos, NM Columbia University California Institute of Technology Gardner Lindzey Torsten N Wiesel Robert C Bless Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Laboratory of Neurobiology Washburn Observaton sciences Rockefeller University Universits. of Wisconsin, Madison Stanford, CA Bruce W Carnes: William F Raub Ex Officio Dept of Physics & Astronomy National Institutes of Health Erich Bloch L nwersity of North Carolina Bethesda, MD Director, National Science Foundation Chapel Hill, NC Charles P Slichter Frank Press John A Graham Professor of Physics and in the Center for President, National Academy of Sciences Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory Advanced Studs La Serena, Chile Roland W Schmitt University of Illinois, Urbana Chairman, National Science Board Donald N B Hall Nam P Suh Institute for Astronomy Robert M White Assistant Director for Engineering lnwersity of Hawaii President, National Academy of Engineering National Science Foundation Honolulu, HI Michael Winston President's Committee on the National John W Harvey Vice President for Academic Affairs Medal of Science Kitt Peak National Obsenaton Tucson, AZ Howardniversits. Kathenne S Bao Washington, DC Los Angeles, CA Martha P Hanes Department of Astronomy Leo Young Robert H Cannon, Jr Cornell Universits Department of Defense Professor e. Chairman Washington, DC Dept of Aeronautics & Astronautics Roberta M Humphreys Alan T Waterman Award Committee Stanford University School of Physics and Astronomy L ruyersity of Minnesota, Minneapolis David Baltimore Thomas B Day Director President Frank J Loss Lunar and Planetan Lah Whitehead Institute San Diego State University L niversits of Arizona, 'Limon Cambridge, MA Roger D Hartman Harold A McAlister Richard B Bernstein Oral Roberts University Department of Physics ano Astronomy University or California, Los Angeles OK Georgia State Universits, Atlanta Juan Giaever Laddie Hughes GE R & D Center Palo Alto, CA Richard A McCra' NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Schenectady NY Willie J Nunien' Greenbelt MD Erwin L Hahn Adi Assoc Professor of Civil Eng neenng Department of Physics University of Wisconsin, Madison Donald E Osterbrock Lick Observaton Unnersits of California, Berke les Gopal S Pai Vnisersits of California, Santa Cruz Leonard Kleinrock Annandale, VA Peter Pesch Professor of Computer Sciences Ryal R Poppa Case Western Resent. I nne. sits University of California, Los Angeles BMC Industries, Inc Department of Astronomy StPaul, MN Cleveland. OH Rene F Rodriguez Jackson Heights, NY
52 NATIONAL SCIENCE. FOUNDATION b Irwin IShapiro William Hanson Robert Garrison Center for AistropInsics Center for Space Sciences Earth Sciences Board Cambridge, MA I niersin of Texas Unnersit3 of California, Santa City Paul A Vanden Bout Andrew Nags David James Astronorm Department Department of Atmospheric and Ocean Sciences Department of Terrestrial Magnetism University of Texas, Austin Universit% of Michigan Carnegie Institution of Washington Hugh M Van Horn Robert W Schunk Miriam Ka.stner Department of Physics & Aistrononn Department of Physics Scripps Institution of Oceanography Unnersits of Rochester l'tah State Universin University of California, San Diego Rochester, NY Advisory Committee for Earth Sciences William Leeman Robert W Wilson Rice University' Radio Physics Research Development Samuel Adams Boulder, CO Winthrop Means Department SONY at Albans.' Bell Laboratories Don L Anderson Holmdel. NJ Dnision of Geological and Planetan Science Richard J 0 Connell Harvard University' Advisory Committee for Atmospheric California Institute of Technology Robert B Smith Sciences John R Booker Geophysics Program Department of Geophysics Lance F Bosart University of Washington University of Utah Department of Atmospheric Sciences Arthur Snoke SONY at Albany W Gary Ernst Department of Earth and Space Sciences University of Wyoming* Stanley Changnon University of California, Los Angeles George R Tilton Illinois State Water Survey University of California, Santa Barbara' Champaign, IL 1rthur R Green Exxon Production Research Company Rob Van der Voo Robert A Duce Houston, TX University of Michigan* Graduate School of Oceanography University of Rhode Island Stanley R Hart David Walker Department of Earth and Planetary Science Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Robert A Houze Massachusetts Institute of Technology Columbia University' Department of Atmospheric Sciences University of Washington Miriam }Winer 'geology or geological sciences department Scripps Institution of Oceanography Michael Kelle3 University of California, San Diego School of Electrical Engineering Advisory Committee for Ocean Sciences Cornell University Susan W Keiffer U S Geological Survey Robert W Corell James F Kimpel Sea Grant Program Department of Meteorology James J Papike University of New Hampshire University of Oklahoma Department of Geology and Geological Engineering Richard Eppley Margaret Kivelson South Dakota School of Mines and Technology Scripps Institution of Oceanograph Institute of Geophysics & Planezan Physics University of California, San Diego University of California, Los Angeles Karen L Prestegaard Department of Geology William W Has. Mukul Kundu Franklin & Marshall College Museum Director and Curator of Nannofossils Department of Astronom University of Colorado L niversity of Mars land David M Raup Department of Geophysical Sciences David M Karl Jennifer Logan University of Chicago Department of Oceanography Center for Earth and Planetan Pln sics University of Hawaii Harvard University Peter A Scholle Chnron Oil Field Research Compam L Jar Langfelder Mildred H Rees La Habra, CA Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Geophysical I.stitute Sciences University of Alaska Earth Sciences Proposal Review Panel North Carolina State Universin Barry Saltzman Fred Barker Brian T Lewis Department of Geology & Geophysics U S Geological Sarver Department of Oceanographn Yale University Phillip M Bethke University of Washington Jesse J Stephens l'S Geological Survey Allan R Robinson Department of Meteorology Harvard I'mversit3 Florida State t niversits Arthur L Bloom Cornell l'niversitr* Constance Sancetta Max Suarei Arthur Boucot LamontDohert3 Gc 'logical Observatory Laboratory for Atmospheric Sciences Columbia I 'niversin NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Oregon State University' Greenbelt, MD Anthony Dahlen David R Schink Princeton 1 niversits. Department of Oceanography Texas A & M Unnerin Subcommittee for Upper Atmospheric David Eggler Facilities PennsvIvania State t niversm* William E Gordoa 'geology or geological sciences department School of Natural Sciences Rice i'r ,.ersitr
APPFNDIXESS3 ' 41 6/ Friedrich Schott Marcus G Langseth Directorate for Biological, Behavioral, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Acmospherie: Lanyont-Doherty Geological Observatory and Social Sciences Science., Columbia Unnersity Unwersit of Miami Derek W Spencer Advisory Committee for Biological, Derek W Spencer Assistant Director foe Research Behavioral, and Social Sciences Associate Director of Research Woods Hole Oceanogranhic Institution, MA Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MA Lawrence Bogorad Carolyn A Thorouhgood Department of Biology Advisory Panel for Ocean Sciences Dean, College of Marine Studies Harvard Uniyersit% Research I'niversit of Delaware Lewes, DE David Cohen Farroq Azam Department of Neurobiolog% & Behmior Institute of Marine Resources Edward P Todd State Universit of New York, Storn Brook University of California, San Diego Falls Church, VA Thomas Kuhn Michael P Bacon Charles S Yentsch Department of Linguistics & Philosophy Chemistry Department Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technolog\ Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MA West Boothbav Harbor, ME Frederick Mosteller John Delaney Advisory Committee for Polar Programs Department of Health Policy & Management Department of Oceanography Harvard University Ian W D Dalziel University of Washington Lamont-Doherty' Geological Observatory' Kenneth Previa Susan Henrichs Columbia University President, Social Science Research Council Institute of Marine Sciences New '.Ork, N. James R Heirtzler University of Alaska Peter Raven Fairbanks, AK Department of Geology and Geophysics Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MA Director Andrew McIntyre Missouri Botanical Garden :ham W Kellogg Lamont-Doherty Geological Otservaton' St Louis, MO National Center for Atmospheric Research Columbia University Boulder, CO Lucille Shapiro David Nelson Albert Einstein College of Medicine Louis J Lanzerotti School of Oceanography New York, NY AT&T Bell Laboratories Oregon State University Murray Hill, NJ Lofts A Zadeh Corvallis, OR Department of Electrical Engineering & Ursula Bailey Marvin Peter Ortner Computer Sciences Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory National Oceanic and Atmospheric University of California, Berke le\ Cambridge, MA Administratici Miami, FL James J McCarthy bEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL SCIENCES- Museum of Comparative Zoo I,,gy Charles Peterson Harvard University Advisory Panel for Archaeology and Institute of Marine Sciences Physical Anthropology University of North Carolina Gifford H Miller Morehead City; NC INSTAAR (All inuniversity anthropology departments University of Colorado unless otherwiselisted) Thomas Royer Margaret Conker Institute of Marine Sciences Chnstopner N K Mooers SUNY at Binghamton University of Alaska Chairman, Department of Ocemography Fairbanks, AK Naval Postgraduate School William Fitzhugh Monterey, CA Smithsonian Institution David Schink Department of Oceanography Ellen S Mosley-Thompson Johnathan S Fnedlaender Texas A & M University Institute of Polar Studies Temple University Ohio State University Thomas Shipley Donald Grayson Institute of Geophysics Elmer Robinson Universic of Washington University of Texas, Austin National Oceanic and Atmospheric Clifford J Jolly Administration Bernd Simoneit New York Unneryt Hilo, HI School of Oceanography William A Longacre,it Oregon State University Clayton M White University of Arirona Corvallis, OR Department of Zoology Brigham Young University Alan Mann James Swift University of Pennsylvania School of Oceanography University of Washington Seattle Douglas W Ows le\ Department of Geography and Anthropology. Ad Hoc Panel on Oceanographic Facilities Lc aana State I nnersity E R Dieter Gregor, Posseh! Institute of Marine Science The University Museum Un:versity of Alaska University' of Pennsylvania Seward, AK WilliamT Sanders George H Keller Pennsylvania State I inversity Dean of Research Erik Trinkaus Oregon State University University of Mexico Corvallis, OR David :. Webster Pennsylvania State Unmet it 54 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
62 Advisory Panel for Anthropological Charles J Wilson Anne M Etgen Systematic Collections Department of Anatonn Department of Biological Sciences Barbara H Butler Universin of Tennessee Rutgers Universin Museum Studies Advisory Panel for Linguistics Gordon G ,ff Unnersity of Delanare National institutes of Health (N11-1) George D Allen Bethesda, MD Nelson Gra\ burn Department of Audiology & Speech Science University of California, Berkele Purdue University Abel Lajtha Phillip Lewis Center for Ne irochemistn Sheila E Blumstein Field Museum of Natural Histon Rockland Research Institute Department of Linguistics Ward's Island, NY Raymond Thompson Brown University Arizona State Museum Janet V Passonneau Lyle Campbell University of Arizona Laboratory of Neurochemistry Department of Anthropology NIH Henry T Wright SUNY at Alban Ronald A Pieringer Universin of Michigan Sandra Chung Department of Biochemistry Advisory Panel for Developmental Department of Linguistics Temple University University of California, San Diego Neuroscience Guillermo R Pilar Lise Menn Er, c Frank The Biological Sciences Group Department of Psychology Department of Neurobiology University of Connecticut University of California, Los Angeles Northwestern University Charles L Schauf Gregg C Oden Jack blien Department of Physiology Department of Psychology Department of Zoology Rush-Presbyterian, St Luke's Medical School University of Wis .onsin University of Wisconsin Chicago, IL Susan U Philips Rebekah Loy Peter Sterling Department of Anthropology Department of Anatomy Department of Anatomy University of Arizona University of Rochester, School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Raymond D Lund Advisory Panel for Memory and Cognitive Albert Y Sun Department of Anatomy Medical Processes Sinclair Comp Medical Research Farm University of Missouri University of South Carolina m untverstly psychology departments unless Ronald McKay othcrwtselisted) John F Tallmann Department of Psychiatry Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Irving Biederman Yale University Joseph H Neale SUNY at Buffalo Timothy J Teyler Department of Biology Charles E Clifton, Jr Department of Neurobiology Georgetown University University of Massachusetts Northeastern Ohio University John Palka Judy S DeLoach Department of Zoology Human Development & Family Ecology Advisory Panel for Psychobiology University of Washington University of Illinois Seattle, WA (All In untversay psvchologv departments unless John Jonides otberuze listed) C Dominique Toran-Allerand Human Performance Center Jeanne Altmann Inst for the Srady of Human Reproduction Ann Arbor, MI Columbia University Allee Laboratory of Animal Behavior Frank Keil University of Chicago Richard C Van Sluyters Cornell University School of Optometry Jelle Atema University of California, Berkeley Richard M Shiffrin Boston University Marine Program Indiana University A Charles Catania Advisory Panel for Integrative Neural Linda B Smith University of Man-land Systems Indiana University Donald A Dewsbury John H Byrne James Voss University of Florida Department of Physiology & Cell Biology Learning Research and Development Center University of Texas Medical School Bert Holldobler University of Pittsburgh Museum of Comparative Zoology Anthony Caggiula Harvard University' Department of Psychology Advisory Panel for Molecular and Cellular University of Pittsburgh Neurobiology Barn R Komisaruk Institute of Animal Behavior Raymond J Dingledine Morris H Aprison Rutgers University Department of Pharmacology Institute of Psychiatric Research University of North Carolina Indiana University School of Medicine Joan h Lorden University of Alabama Eva Fifkova Marjorie A Ariano David S Olton Department of Psychology Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology University of Colorado University of Vermont Johns Hopkins Universin Josh Wallman Michel Baudry Norman E Spear Department of Biology Department of Psychobiology SUNY at Binghamton City College of New York University of California, Irvine Allan R Wagner Yale Universin
APPENDIXES 55 63 Meredith J West Advisory Panel for Social and Limes F Kitchell nit eisitt of North Carolina Developmental Psychology Department of Zoologt nnersitt of Wisconsin Stephen C Voods Jack Brehm Uniyersitt of Washington Department of Pm cliologt Jerre M nnersitt of Kansas Voids Hole Oceanographic Institution, MA Advisory Panel for Sensory Physiology and Perception Marilyn B Breuer It'd% L Meter Institute for Social Science Research Department of Zoologt Richard A Altschuler UnnersitY of California, LA Unnersitt of Georgia National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD Nancy E Cantor WdhamJ Parton Institute of Social Research Natural Resource Ecologt Lab Gary K Beauchamp Unwersitt of Michigan Colorado State Unnersitt Monell Chemical Sense, Center Philadelphia, PA William Graziano Eldor A Paul Department of Puchologt Department of Plant & Soil Biologt Carol Cicerone Lniversity of Georgia Uniyersitt of California, Berkeley Department of Pschologt University of California, San Diego Carol Nag% Jacklin Herman H Shugart University of Southern Calitornia, Los Angeles Environmental Science Division Robert Fox Oak Ridge National Laboratory TN Department of Psychology Dean G Pruitt Vanderbilt L'niversit Department of Psychology Walter G Whitford SUNY at Buffalo Department of Biologt Charles D Gilbert New Mexico State University Central Visual Studies Richard Schulz Rockefeller University University of Pittsburgh Advisory Panel for Population Biology and New York NY Physiological Ecology BIOTIC SYSTEMS AND RESOURCES Peter H Marline Warren Abrahamson Ete Research Institute of the Retina Foundation Advisory Panel for Ecology Bucknell Universitt Boston, MA George 0 Batzli Janis Antonovics Foteos Macrides Department of Ecology Ethology and Etolution Department of Botarn Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology University of Illinois Duke University ShrewsLun; MA David C Coleman Steven Arnold Robert F Miller Natural Resource Ecologt Laboratort Lim ersitv of Chicago' Department of Oph:halmologt Colorado State University Washington University Fakhri Bazzaz D A Crosslet Department of Organismic & Etolutionart Murray B Sachs Department of Entomologt Biology Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Georgia Han ard Unnersin Johns Hopkins University Stanley I Dodson Albert F Bennett Carol Welt Waisman Department of Zoolop University of California, In me' Center on Human Retardation and Human University of Wisconsin James P Collins Development Hiram WLi University of Wisconsin Department of Zoologt Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Arizona State Universitt Oregon State Unnersitt William A Yost James Ehleringer Department of Psychology & OtolanngologY Richard N Mack Universitt of Utah" Loyola University Department of Botany Chicago, IL Washington State Uniyersitt Douglas Futuvma Section of Ecologt & Ststematics Advisory Panel for Social and Cultural Patrice A \lorroe Cornell Unlyersitt Department of Ecologt & Behavioral Biologt Anthropology University of Minnesota Lawrence E Gilbert Rov D'Andrade Department of Zoology Deborah Rabinowitz University of California, San Diego University of Texas Section of Ecology & St stematics Patrick Fleuret Cornell University David Inouye Agency for International Development Department of Zoologt Jack A Stanford Unnersitt of Martland Conrad Kottak Flathead Lake Biological Station University of Michigan University of Montana Cathy C Laune-Ahlberg Department of Genetics Shirley Lindenbaum Donald R Whitehead North Carolina State I nnersitt New School for Social Research Department of Botany & Plant Pathology New York, NY University of Maine Susan Riechert Department of Zoologt Stuart M Plattner Advisory Panel for Ecosystem Studies Univennt of Tennessee University of Missouri Caroline S Bledsoe Barbara A Schaal Renato I Rosaldo College of Forest Resources NX'ashington Universitt Stanford Universitt University of Washington Jerry F Franklin Forest Sciences Laboratory Oregon State l'niversity
56 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 64 Paul sIC Sherman Edna Saiomi Kaneshiro Thomas VC Honeiman Section of Neurobiologi & Behavior nmersity of Cincinnati" Department of Phisiologs Cornell Lnnersth Richard D Klausner L niversit of Massachusetts Medical School Peter Wiser Laboratori of Biochemists Kathrn B Horwitz Purdue Unnersai National Institutes of Health L niversiti of Colorado Health Sciences Center Ala Kumar Denier, CO biologi or biological sciences department Department of Biochemistry Joan K Lunnel Advisory Panel for Systematic Biology George Washington Unnersiti Medical Center USDA Agricultural Research Center Beltsulle, MD Gregory J Anderson George M Langford University of Connecticut` Department of Physiology Terence M Phillips L nwersav of North Carolina-Chapel Hill George Washington L niversiti Medical Center Daniel C Fisher Museum of Paleontology Elias Lazandes Paul F Pilch University of Michigan California Institute of Technology* Department of Biochemistry Boston University Jack B Fisher Andrea M Mastro Fairchild Tropical Garden Department of Biochemistr, Microbiology James L Roberts Miami, FL Molecular & Cell Biology Department of Biochemistry Pennsylvania State University Columbia Universit John R Gold Genetics Section ;in E Mather Linda A Sherman Texas A & M Unwersiti repartment of Animal Science Department of Immunology Scripps Clinic & my of MD-College Park Re:,..arch Foundation Gordon Gordh Department of Entomology Peter W Melera Walker Margaret A. Shupnik University of California, Riverside Laboratory Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Mass General Hospital Boston, MA Carole S Hickman Thomas G O'Brien Department of Paleontology Department of Anatomy & Biology Stuart R Taylor University of California, Berkeley The Vistar Institute Department of Pharmacology Philadelphia, PA Mayo Foundation Richard J Jensen St Mary's College` Lee H Pratt Gregory W Warr Department of Botany Department of Biochemistry Medical James W Kimbrough University of Georg.a-Athens University of South Carolina Department of Botany University of Florida Joel Rosenbaum Maurice Zauderer Yale University* Department of Microbiology John Kirsch University of Rochester Depar:ment of Zoology Keith Ray Shelton University of Wisconsin Department of Biochemistry Virginia Commonwealth Universiti *biology or biological sciences department Norton G Miller Biological Survey Eugene L Vigil Advisory Panel for Developmental Biology New York State Museum USDA Agricultural Research Center John F Ash Beltsville, MD Beth C Mullin University of Utah" Christopher CWidnell Department of Botany Kate F Barald Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology University of Tennessee Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology University of Pittsburgh Martha J Powell University of Michigan Medical School Department of Botany 'biology or biological sciences department Peter J Bryant Miami University Developmental Biology Center Advisory Panel for Cellular Physiology University of California, Irvine *biology or biological sciences department John Cambier ohn J Eppig Division of Basic Immunology Jackson Laborator CELLULAR BIOSCIENCES. National Jewish Hospital & Research Center/ Bar Harbor, ME National A.sthma Center Advisory Panel for Cell Biology John D Gearhart George V Bennett Carol J Deutsch Department of Pediatrics & Genetics Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy Department of Physiology Johns Hopkins University Johns Hopkins School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania School of Sled Marian R Goldsmith Lilly Yuen Wen Bourguignon Norman Lee Eberhardt Department of Zoology Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology Metabolic Research Unit University of Rhode Island University of Miami Medical School University of California, San Francisco Thomas J Guilfovle David S Forman James C Gairison Department of Botany Department of Anatomy Department of Pharmacology University of Minnesota at St Paul University of Virginia School of Medicine Uniformed Services Um of the Health Sciences Lawrence H Kedes Bethesda, MD Edward S Golub Veterans Administration Medical Center William T Garrard Purdue University' Palo Alto, CA Department of Biochemistry Jeffrey M Harmon University of Texas Health Science Center Department of Defense Jonathan W Jarvik Uniformed Services University of the Health Carnegie-Mellon University* Sciences Bethesda, MD
APPENDIXES5' 65 Claudette Klein George A Scangos MOLECULAR BIOSCIENCES Department of Biochemistry Johns Hopkins I nnersin" St Louis Univei sit), School of Medicine Advisory Panel for Biochemistry Melvin I Simon Elizabeth M Lord California Institute of TechnologN" (All in unamity biochemistry departments Department of Botarn & Plant Sciences unless otherwise lute& Christopher R Somerville University of California, Riverside Department of Botam & Plant Pathology Keith Brea Richard B Marchase Michigan State Universit Unnersit of Miami Duke University Medical Center** Richard A Burgess Jack W Szostak McArdle Laborator) Stephen P Meier Department of Molecular BiologN Unnersit) ot Wisconsin Center for Developmental Biology Harvard Medical School University of Texas Boston, MA John Cronan Department of Microbiology Laurens J Mets Keith R Yamamoto University of Chicago' Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics University of Illinois Ron 0 Morris University of California, San Francisco Richard Cross S,:NYUpstate Medical Center Department of Agricultural Chemistrs Michael W Young New York, NY O.egon State University Rockefeller University William t..) Park New York, NY Robert J Crouch Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics Laboratory of Molecular Genetics Texas A & M University 'biology or biological sciences department National Institutes of Health Joan V Ruderman Michael A Cusanovich Harvard Medical School" Advisory Panel for Regulatory Biology Univeit of Arizona David L Stocum Gloria V Callard Ray Gesteland Department of Genetics & Development Boston 'mversity Department of Genetics Universit) of Illinois, Urbana Cynthia Carey University of Utah Lincoln Ta,z Department of Environmental, Population, & Gordon A Hamilton Universit) of California, Santa Cruz* Organismic Biology Department of Chemistry LnwersitY ot Colorado Penn State University WilliamH Telfer John C S Fray University of Pennsylvania' Lee F Johnson University of Mossachuserts Medical School Ohio State University Gail L Waring Michael J Greenberg Marquette University* Robert Schlief Whitney Laboratory for Experimental Marine Brandeis Unnersin Fred HWilt Biology & Medicine Department of Zoology University of Florida Robert Webster University of California Berkeley Duke University Gilbert S Greenwald Mar) A Yund University of Kansas Medical School Advisory Panel for Biological Department of Genetics Instrumentation University of California, Berkeley Jeffrey Hazel Department of Zoology Robert C Cooks Department of Chemistry 'biology or biological sciences department Arizona State Universit), Tempe Purdue Lniversit "anatomy department Cecil A Herman New Mexico Stateniversin James Cronshas% Advisory Panel for Eukaryotic Genetics Department of Biological Sciences Donald C Jackson Universit) of California, Santa Barbara James J Bonner Division of Biology a. Medicine Indiana University, Bloomington' Brown University Margaret K Essenberg Department of Biochemistry Adelaide C Carpenter Paul Licht Oklahoma State Unnersin University of California, San Diego* Department of Zoology Robin E [knell Universit of California, Berkeley Alfred F Esser Department of Comparative & Experimental Kansas State University Manhattan* Harry J Lipner Pathology Florida State University* Hugo K Dooner University of Florida, Gainesville Advanced Genetic Sciences, Inc Peter K Pang Robert P Futrelle Berkeley CA Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics Department of Genetics & Development Texas Tech University Christine Guthrie University of Illinois, Urbana Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics Lynn M Riddiford David G Gorenstein University of California, San Francisco Department of Zoology Department of Chemists Alan N Howell University of Washington Unn.ersitv of Illinois, Chicago University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston Milton H Stetson Fred L Heffron Joseph Nadeau School of Life & Health Science Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation The Jackson Laboratory University of Delaware IA Jolla, CA Bar Harbor, ME John C Wingfield Jan Hermann Oliver E Nelson, Jr Rockefeller Umversity Universit of North Carolina Department of Genetics New York, NY University of Wisconsin, Madison Rodney J Rothstein "biology or biological sciences department Department of Human Genetics & Development Columbia Universit' SA NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 66 Laarence Kahan Advisory Pane! for Metabolic Biology Philip NI Silyerman Department of Physiological Chemistry Barbara K Burgess Albert Einstein College of Medicine University of u isconsin Charles F Kettering Research Laboratory New fork, NY John Langmore Yellow Springs, OH Loren R Snyder Biophysics Research James W Campbell Michigan State University University of Michigan Rice l'itiyers,ty Judith Zvskind Richard A Laursen Eric E Conn San Diego State University Department of Chemistry Department of Biochemistn Boston University University of California, Davis SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SCIENCE: Kenneth J Rothschild Mary Lou Ernst- Fonherg Advisory Panel for Decision and Department of Biophysics Department of Biochemistn Management Science Boston University Quillen-Dishner College Alfred Blumstein John Michael Schurr Johnson City; TN Stoo: of Urban & Public Affairs Department of Chemistry Leonard B Kirschner Carnegie-Mellon Unicersity. University of Washington Department of Zoology Casetti Todd M Shuster Washington State University' Department of Geography Department of Biological Science Edward R Leadbetter Ohio State University University of Connecticut, Storrs Biological Sciences Group Kenneth R Hammond John E Smart University of Connecticut Center for Research on Judgment and Policy Biogen Research Corporation Peter Maloney University of Colorado Cambridge, MA Department of Physiology Yu-Chi Ho Advisory Panel for Biophysics Johns Hopkins University Department of Engineering & Applied Kirk C Aune Thomas Moore Mathematics Department of Biochemistry Department of Botany Harvard University Baylor College of Medicine Louisiana State University Gary L fallen Stephen G Boxer Jerome A. Schiff College of Business Administration Department of Chemistry Institute for Photobiologv Penn State University Stanford University Brandeis University Andrew P Sage Ludwig Brand Simon Silver Associate Vice President for Academic Affairs Department ci Biology Department of Biology George Mason University Washington University Johns Hopkins University Advisory Panel for Economics Edward Dennis Sidney Solomon Department of Physiology (All in university economics departments unless University of California at San Diego otherwise listed) La Jolla, CA University of New Mexico Medical School Guy A Thompson Jonathan Eaton Gerald Feigenson Lmversity of Virginia Cornell University Department of Botany University of Texas, Austin Richard E KthIstrom Anthony Fink David Zakim Department of Finance Chemistry Board Studies University of Pennsylvania University of California, Santa Cruz Cornell University Medical College Thomas E Macurdy Stephen Harvey Advisory Panel for Prokaryotic Genetics Stanford University 1;niversity of Alabama, Birmingham Arnold J Berk Wallace E Oates Richard Malkin Department of Microbiology University of Maryland Department of Plant & Soil Biology University of California, Los Angeles University of California, Berkeley Maurice Obstfeld Irving P Crawford Columbia University Peter Moore Department of Microbiology' Department of Molecular Biophysics & University of Iowa Thomas Sargent Biochemistry University of Minnesota Maxwell E Gottesman Yale University National Cancer Institute Robert J Shtller Jacqueline A Reynolds Frederick, MD Yale University Duke University Medical Center Richard S Hanson Nancy L Stokes Raymond Salemme University of Minnesota Medical School Kellogg Graduate School of Management Genex Corporation Northwestern University Steven H Howell Gaithersburg, MD Center for Developmental Biology Jeffrey G Williamson Thomas Schleich University of California, San Diego Harvard University Department of Chemistry Stephen H Huges Charles A Wilson University of California, Santa Cruz National Cancer Institute New fork University James P Thornber Frederick, MD Kenneth Wolpin Department of Biology Robert A. Owens Ohio State Unnersity University of California, lc,' Angeles USDA Agricultural kesearch Center Stephen White Beltsville, MD Department of Physiology & Biophysics John Reeve University of California, Irvine Ohio State University
APPENDIXES 59 67 Advisory Panel for Geography and Albert J Reiss, Jr Richard J Gilbert Regional Science Department of Sociology Department of F.LunomiLs Yale University University of California, Berkeley (All in university geography departments or schools unless otherwise listed) Daniel L Rubinfeld Paul L Joskow Law School University of California, Berkeley Department of Economics William BBeyers Massachusetts Institute of Technology University of Washington Joseph Sanders Law Center Roger G Noll Marilyn Brown University of Houston Stanford University Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN Steven Shavell Mancur L Olson Patricia A. Gober Harvard Law School Department of Economics Arizona State University University of Maryland Michael L McNulty Advisory Panel for Measurement Methods and Data Improvement Sharon M Oster University of Iowa School of Organization and Management Nelson It Nunnally Robert F Boruch Yale University Department of Psychology University of North Carolina Wdhani H Rikei Northwestern University David It Reynclds Department of Political Science University of Iowa Clifford C Clogg University of Rochester Institute for Policy Research & Evaluation Billie L Turner, II Penn Stare University Susan Rose-Ackerman Clark University School of Law Martin H David Columbia University Advisory Panel for History and Philosophy Department of Economics of Science University of Wisconsin Advisory Panel for Sociology (All in university history & philosophy of science A. Kimball Romney (All in university sociology departments unless departments unless otherwise listed) School of Social Sciences otherwise listed) University of California, Irvine Nancy Cartwright Paul Burstein Stanford University T Paul Schultz Vandccbilt University Economic Growth Center Mark Granovetter Edward Constant Yale University Carnegie-Mellon University SUNY at Stony Brook Judith 'Panur Joseph F Hanna Robert Hauser Department of Sociology University of Wisconsin Department of Philosophy SUNY at Stony Brook Michigan State University Frances E Kobrin-Goldscheider Kenneth W Wachter Brown University Robert H Kargon Department of Statistics Johns Hopkins University University of California, Berkeley Peter V Marsden University of North Carolina Nancy Maul! Harold W Watts Harvard University Visiting Fellow Linda D Molm Mary Jo Nye U S Bureau of the Census Emory University Department of History of Science Lynne G Zucker University of Oklahoma Advisory Panel for Political Science University of California, Los Angeles Lawrence Sklar (All in university political science/government departments unless otherwise listed) Directorate for Engineering University of Michigan .1111 Robert H Bates Michael M Sokal Advisory Committee for Engineering Department of History Division of Social Sciences Worcester Polytech Institute, MA California Institute of Technology George R Abrahamson David W Brady SRI International Advisory Panel for Law and Social Rice University Menlo Park, CA Sciences John It Chamberlin D J Forbes Jonathan D Casper Institute of Public Policy Studies Exxon Research & Engineering Company Department of Political Science University of Michigan Florham Park, NJ University of Illinois, Urbana Robert Jervis Elsa Garmire Phoebe Ellsworth Institute of War and Peace Studies University of Southern California, Los Angeles Departmcr.. of Psychology Columbia University Frederick W Garry Stanford University W Phillips Shively General Electric Company Joel B Grossmar. University of Minnesota Fairfield, CN Department of Political Science Lester A Gerhardt University of Wisconsin, Madison Barbara D Sinclair University of California, Riverside Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Robert A. Kagan John F Holzrichter Department of Political Science Herbert F Weisberg Ohio State University Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley Livermore, CA Lynn M Mather Advisory Panel for Regulation and Policy C Judson King Department of Government Analysis Dean, College of Chemistry Dartmouth College Ronald It Braeutigan University of California, Berkeley Department of Economics Northwestern University
60 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION Robert W Lucky James F Mathis Ralph Calvin AT&T Bell Laboratories Exxon Corporation SRC Corporation Holmdel, NJ New York, NY Research Triangle Park, NC John W Lyons Gary W Poehlin Lynn Conway Director, National Engineering Laboratories Georgia Institute of Technology University of Michigan National Bureau of Standards John A Quinn Harvey C Cragon Gordon H Millar University of Pennsylvania University of Texas Moline, IL Joseph L Smith, Jr John A Goldak Irene C Peden Department of Mechanical Engineering Carleton UniverFity University of Washington, Seattle Massachusetts Institute of Technology Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Herbert H Richardson Advisory Committee for the Critical Carver A Mead Texas A & M University Engineering Systems Section California Institute of Technology Daniel P Siewiorek Mihran Agbabian Theodosios ?avilidis Carnegie-Mellon University University of Southern California AT&T Bell Telephone Laboratories Sheila Widnali Murray Hill, NJ John E Breen Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics Phil M Fergerson Structural Engineering Harriet B Rigas Massachusetts Institute of Technology Laboratory U S Naval Postgraduate School John H Wiggins University of Texas, Austin Monterey, CA Wiggins DivIsion/Nauonal Technical Systems Rolf Ehassen Daniel P Siewiorek Redondo Beach, CA Metcalf & Eddy Inc Carnegie-Mellon University Peter Will Palo Alto, CA Harold S Stone Schlumberger-Doll John W Fisher IBM Ridgefield, CT Lehigh ,,,uversity Yorktown Heights, NY Advisory Committee for Chemical, Rafik Y Rani Vijay Tipnis Biochemical, and Thermal Engineering Washington State University Tipnis, Inc Cincinnati, OH Arthur E Berg les Barclay G Jones Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of City and Regional Planning Peter Will Iowa State University Cornell University Schlumberger-Doll Ridgefield, CT Patsy Ch-tppelear Joseph E Minor Hudson Engineering Corporation Texas Tech University Advisory Committee for Electrical, Houston, D', James L Noland Communications, and Systems Engineering Robert C Dean, Jr Atkinson & Noland Associates Ruzena Bajcsy Verax Corporation Boulder, CO University of Pennsylvania Hanover, NH Donald J O'Connor Earl R Barnes Thomas J Fitzberald Manhattan College IBM Watson Research Center TRW Corporation Yorktown Heights, NY Redondo Beach, CA Dwight A Sangrey Carnegie-Mellon University Arthur G Foyt Tomlinson Fort, Jr United Technologies Research Cente, California Stare University John H Wiggins National Technical Systems East Hartford, CT Irwin Glassman Redondo Beach, CA Lester A Gerhardt Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Engineenng Lily Y young Princeton University Depar ment of Environmental Medicine & William C Holton V rrobiology Semiconductor Research Corporation Simon L Goren New York University Medical Center Research Triangle Park, NC University of California, Berkeley Robert W Lucky Sandra Harris Advisory Committee for Design, Manulacturing, and Computer Engineering AT&T Bell Laboratories Clarkson College Holmdel, NJ Benjamin Agusta Dan L Hartley Nino A Masnari IBM Sandia National Laboratory North Carolina State U- iversity Livermore, CA Ilesearch Triangle Park, NC G L Miller Les Belady Louis L Hegedus AT&T Bell Laboratories Microelectronics Computer Technology Corp Columbia, MD Murray Hill, NJ Austin, TX C Judson King Irene C Peden Adam Bell College of Chemistry University of Washington, Seattle University of California, Berkeley Technical University of Nova Scotia Mischa Schwartz C Gordon Bell Henry C Lim Columbia University Purdue University Encore Computer Corporation Wellesley Hills, MA Leonard M Silverman Benjamin Y N Liu Dean of Engineering John Bollinger Mechanical Engineering Department University of Southern California, LA University of Minnesota University of Wisconsin
APPENDIXES 61 69 Harold Sorenson Ernest Kuh Directorate for Mathematical and Department of Applied Mechanics & University of Califon,ia Physical Sciences Engineering Science Terry Loucks University of California, San Diego Norton Company Advisory Committee for Chemistry Michael Spencer Worcester, MA Howard University (All in university chemistry departmentsunless Gene M Nordby otherwise listed) Glenn R Thoren Univer,4 of Colorado Raytheon Company Jacqueline K Barton Harry Paxton Bedford, ME Columbia University United States Steel Company Richard B Bernstein Joseph T Verdeyen Pittsburgh, PA University of Illinois University of California, Los Angeles Percy Pierre Donald J Dal enshourg Andrew Viterbi Prairie View A&M University TX La Jolla, CA Texas A&M University K Venkat J Heinz Company William A Goddard, III Advisory Committee for the Emerging California Institute of Technology Engineering Systems Section Pittsburgh, PA David M Hercules Eric Walker Milton Birnbaum University of Pittsburgh Aerospace Corporation President Emeritus Los Angeles, CA Pennsylvania State University Ralph F Hirschman, Dohme Research laboratories Thomas H 1,raser Advisory Committee for Mechanics, Rahway NJ Rephgen Corporation Structures, and Materials Engineering Jin Jonas Cambridge, MA Dan K Al University of Illinois Elsa M Garmire Aluminum Company of America Emil T Kaiser University of Southern California Alcoa Center, PA Rockefeller University John G Linvill Samuel Aron' New York, NY Stanford Univeimty School of Architecture and Urban Planning Jerry R. Mohng University of California Cohn A. McLaarin Carleton College University of Virginia Medical School Gordon Brown Northfield, MN Eastman Kodak Company Stewart D Personick Joseph W Nibler Rochester, NY Bell Communications Research, Inc Oregon State University Holmdel, NJ Dorald Harleman William D Phillips Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alfred R Potvin Mallinckrodt, Inc Eli Lilly Company Maurice Holmes St Louis, MO Indianapolis, IN Xerox Corporation Kenneth N Raymond Webster, NY Charles D Scott University of California, Berkeley Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN Martin C Jischke Patricia L Watson University of Oklahoma Hun H Sun E I DuPont De Nemours and Co Drexel University William J LeMessuner Wilmington, DE LeMessuner Associates J Michael White Advisory Panel for Engineering Research Cambridge, MA Centers University of Texas, Austin Karl N Reid Mark S Wrighton Willis A. Adcock Oklahoma State University Texas Instruments, Inc Massachusetts Institute of Technology Dallas, IX James Rice Harvard University Advisory Committee for Computer Melvin Baron Research Weidlinger Associates A. William huff, Jr New York, NY National Bureau of Standards (All in university computer science departments Washington, DC unless otherwise listed) Gordon Brown Eastman Kodak Company Ronald F Scott Clarence Ellis Rochester, NY California Irstitute of Technology Xerox Research Center Palo Alto, CA Paul F Chenea Sook P Sung General Motors Department of Chemistry Gene H Golub Prescott, AZ University of Connecticut Stanford University Richard Davis Branimir R Von Thrkovich Arie N Habermann Martin Marietta University of Vermont CarnegieMelion Univers'IN New Orleans, IA James H Williams, Jr Kenneth W Kennedy John C Hancock Massachusetts Institute of Technology Rice Uniyersin United Telecommunications, Inc Ward 0 Winer Lawrence H Landweher Kansas City, MO Georgia Institute of Technology Universm of Wisconsin C Lester Hogan Wendy G Lehnert Fairchild Camera and Instrument Company University of Massachusetts Mountain View, CA Nancy A Lynch Massachusetts Institute of Technology
62 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION Ray E Miller Advisory Committee for Mathematical Robert L Gluckstern Georgia Institute of Technology Sciences Physics Program University of ,.: ..'and, College Park Richard F Riesenfeld (All in university mathematics departments University of Utah unless otherwise listed) Joseph A. Johnson, III Burton J Smith Morris H deGroot City College of the City University of New York Vice President, DENELCOR, Inc Department of Statistics Aurora, CO Carnegi, Mellon University Walter Kohn University of California, Santa Barbara Lawrence Snyder Robert D Ecfr.ards University of Washington University IA California, Los Angeles Steven E Koonin Division of Physics and Astronomy David L Waltz Ramanathan Gnanadesikan California Institute of Technology Coordinated Science Laboratory Bell Communications Research University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign Morristown, NJ Leanne C Pitchford GTE Laboratories, Inc Les A. Karlovitz Advisory Committee for Materials Waltham, MA Research Dean, College of Sciences & Liberal Studies Georgia Institute of Technology Frank Sciulli All S Argon Columbia University Department of Mechanical Engineering Anatoly Katok Massachusetts Institute of Technology California Institute of Technology DOE/NSF Nuclear Science Advisory Robert H Bragg Nancy J Kopell Committee Department of Materials Science & Mineral Northeastern University Gordon A. Pgym Engineering Donald J Lewis Loomis Laboratory of Physics University of California, Berkeley University of Michigan University of Illinois Jerome B Cohen Andrew .1 Maida D Allan Bromley Department of Materials Science & Engineering Princeton University Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory Northwestern University Yale University Louis Nirenberg Stuart L Cooper Courant Institute Frank Calaprice Department of Chemical Engineering New York University Department of Physics University of Wisconsin Princeton University Linda P Rothschild Larry R Dalton University of California, San Diego Herbert H Chen Department of Chemistry Department of Physics Alan D Weinstein University of Southern California University of California, Irvin, University of California, Berkeley Douglas F Finnemore Douglas Cline Department of Physics Guido L Weiss Nuclear Structure Laboratory Iowa State University Washington University University of Rochester Cohn P Flynn Advisory Committee for Physics Karl A Erh Department of Physics & Matey ials Research (All in university physics departments unless Oak Ridge National laboratory TN Laboratory otherwiselisted) University of Illinois, Urbana Hermann :. Grunder John Armstrong Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Stig B Hagstrom Johns Hopkins University Berkeley CA Xerox Research Center Ole Hansen Palo Alto, CA John A. Armstrong IBM East Fishkill Facility Associated Universities, Inc Pierre C Hohenberg Hopewell Junction, NY Brookhaven National Laboratory AT&T Bell Laboratories Upton, NY Murray Hill, NJ Sam M Austin Department of Physics & Astronomy Cyrus M Hoffman Alan Jacobsen Michigan State Univers.ty Los Alamos National Laboratory Exxon Research & Engineering Company Los Alamos, NM Annand9le, NJ Gordon A. Baym University of Illinois, Urbana Arthur K Kerman Samuel Krimm Department of Physics Department of Physics George B Benedek Massachusetts Institute of Technology University of Michigan Massachusetts Institute of Technology Malcom H Macfarlane James S Langer Peter G Bergmann Department of Physics Institute of Theoretical Physics New York University Indiana University University of California, Santa Barbara Richard Blankenbecler Philip B Roos Alexei A Maradudin Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, CA Physics Program Department of Physics Eugene D Commis University of Maryland University of California, Irvine University of California, Berkeley John P Schiffer Donald M Smyth Stanley Deser Physics Division Materials Research Center Brandeis University Argonne National laboratory; 11. Lehigh University William A. Fowler Ingo Sick Richard E Tressler California Institute of Technology Department of Physics Department of Materials Science & Engineering University of Basel, Switzerland Pernsylvania State University Gerald T Garvey Division of Mathematics and Physics Los Alamos National Laboratory
APPENDIXES 63 71 Robert Vandenbosch Gail E Thomas Barry Lichter Department of Chemistry National Research Council Vanderbilt Umversin University of Washington, Seattle Washington, DC Douglas E MacLean Erich W Vogt J Ernest Wilkins, Jr Center for Philosophy and Public Policy TRIUMF Chicago, IL University of Maryland University of British Columbia Directorate for Scientific, Nicholas Steneck Directorate for Science and Department of History Technological, and International University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Engineering Education Affairs Donald Warwick Advisory Committee for Science and Harvard Institote for International Development Advisory Committee for Industrial Science Cambridge, MA Engineering Education and itchnological Innovation Advisory Committee for International J Myron '.thin John F Ambrose Stanford University GTE Laboratories, Inc Programs George Bumet Waltham, MA Nancy F June Iowa State University Tora Kay Bikson Texas Children's Hospital Houston, TX Eugene H Cota-Robles Rand Corporation University of California, Santa Cruz Santa Monica, CA Johii K. Hulm Westinghouse Eectric Corporation Norman C Craig Alfred Brown Pittsbuigh, PA Oberlin College Washington, DC Hylan B Lyon, Jr F Joe Crosswhite Wayne Brown Texas Instruments, Inc Ohio State University Salt Lake Cir,r, UT Arlington, VA Kay Davis Fembank John T Garrity Walter E Massey Science ',:enter Atlanta, GA Kendall Associates, Inc New Canaan, CN University of Chicago James D Ebert Hugh L Popenoe Carnegie Institution of Washington Vladimir Haensel Department of Chemical Engineering Univers,ty of Florida Patrick A. Graham University of Massachusetts J Thomas Ratchford Harvard University Haivey D Ledbetter American Association for the Advancement of David A. Hamburg Midland, MI Science Carnegie Corporation of New York Washington, DC New York, NY Lon Morgan Scientific Measurements Systems, Inc Anthony San Pietro Irwin J Hoffman Austin, DC Indiana Un.versity George Washington High School Larry L Tieszen Englewood, CO Jaime Oaxaca Northrop Corporation Augustana College Gerald J Holton Anaheim, CA Sioux Falls, SD Harvard University Walter H Plosila Conrad J Weiser Philip W Jackson Pennsylvania Department of Commerce Oregon State University University of Chicago Harrisburg, PA David S Wiley Edward C Keller, Jr William R Prindle Michigan State University West Virginia University Coming Glass Works Jean Wilkowski Margaret MacVicar Coming, NY Volunteers in Technical Assistance Massachusetts Institute of Technology Robert L Underwood Arlington, VA Walter E Massey Heizer Corporation F Karl Willenbrock University of Chicago Chicago, IL Southern Methodist University Floretta D McKenzie Albert B Van Rennes Advisory Committee for Policy Research District of Columbia Public Schools U S Agency for International Development and Analysis and Science Resources Washington, DC Roger L Nichols Studies Boston Museum of Science Advisory Committee for Ethics and Values H Jack Allison George C. Pimentel in Science and Technology School of Electrical Engineering University of California, Berkeley Rosemary Chalk Oklahoma State University Henry 0 Pollak American Association for the Advancement of Margaret C Broad Bell Communication Research Center Science Syracuse University Morristown, NJ Washington, DC Jules J Duga Mary 3. Rowe Clifford Grobstein Battelle Columbus Laboratory University of Florida Progran. on Science, Tecnnology, and Public Columbus, OH Affairs Susan Sprague University of California, San Diego Walter A Hahn, Jr Mesa Public Schools Mesa, AZ George Washington Unnersity Joseph B Kadane Jerry Theise Lyle V Jones Department of Statistics Houghton Minn Company University of North Carolina, Chapel 'Jill Carnegie-Mellon University Pleasanton, CA
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