NAB-AM-Synchronization-Paper-TK
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Field Trial Results of AM Transmitter Carrier Synchronization Thomas F. King and Stephen F. Smith Kintronic Labs, Inc. Bristol, TN ENG. Wifredo G. Blanco-Pi and ENG. Jorge G. Blanco-Galdo WAPA Radio Network San Juan, P.R. Abstract - AM transmitter carrier synchronization using off-the-shelf GPS timing-reference hardware has the potential to increase the effective coverage of co-channel AM stations with overlapping contours by eliminating beat frequencies and the associated noise artifacts that serve to make the reception in the fringe areas unlistenable, both in daytime and nighttime scenarios. This paper, a follow-on to an earlier NAB publication, will address the basic carrier synchronization system design and will present results, including ongoing field measurements, that will serve to demonstrate the improvements in reception quality in the region of overlapping fringe-area co-channel contours that can be realized with low-cost transmitter carrier synchronization. In addition, this paper will discuss the successful implementation of two synchronous AM station networks utilizing multiple co-channel boosters that are currently operated by the WAPA Radio Network, covering large portions of the island of Puerto Rico. LONG-TERM LISTENABLE ADEQUATE FIGURE 1 AUDIBILITY OF CO-CHANNEL FRINGE BEATS Background diagram, "M" indicates music; "V" is varied voice; "FV" is The idea of synchronizing AM stations to improve coverage fast-tempo voice; and "SV" is slow voice. On the abscissa actually dates back to the mid-1920s [1]. Current quartz- are the two relative interference levels; the ordinate conveys controlled AM exciters on a given channel do not all the ITU audio quality designations. The reception scenario function exactly on frequency, i.e., the actual operating for overlapping co-channel ground-wave signals is depicted frequency of AM transmitters will typically vary within a in Figure 2 below; the equations (1) and (2) for the received range of ± 3-6 Hz from nominal. The consequence of these signals are thus: minor differences in operating frequency is that the broadcasts in the overlapping areas of ground-wave (as well f = f (1) beat(total) n beat(n) as sky-wave) coverage will produce beat frequencies that will sound like a "swishing noise", rendering both stations much less listenable. The plot in Figure 1 below [2] reveals fbeat(n) = (Rncos n) (f0/c) (2) the relative audibility of these fringe-area beats in both synchronized and unsynchronized settings; the overall result where fbeat(n) is the nth beat frequency in Hz, Rn is the is that synchronization reduces the beat perception by some receiver velocity in m/s relative to station n, n is the angle 6-10 dB, depending on the program material of both sources. of the trajectory from the radial from station n, f0 is the Obviously, in this scenario the effective co-channel original carrier frequency in Hz, n is the number of received interference-limited coverage area is increased, both day and co-channel stations, and c is the speed of light in m/s. Thus night, for all stations involved. Aside from the carrier the combined Doppler-beat signal is merely the sum of the difference-frequency beats (assumed now to be zero), there Doppler frequency components due to the relative radial are also Doppler beats induced by the relative velocity of the velocities with respect to each station, times the inverse of vehicle receiver with respect to the various stations. In the the nominal RF wavelength [2]. Field Contours of Overlapping Synchronous only about 1-2 dB compared with the curves in Figure 1. It is important to understand that virtually all of the major AM Transmitters with Typical Mobile-Receiver benefits of synchronous co-channel station operation are Trajectories still retained even for the mobile listener. V4 How Does AM Synchronization Work? V2 V3 It is useful to examine how the phases/delays of the audio and RF components of the AM radio signals can affect V1 reception quality in the field, particularly in signal-overlap regions. For instance, the RF signal delay is very roughly 1 millisecond for 186 miles (corresponding to the speed of light in air). At a point equidistant from two omnidirectional, (1) f (total) = f (n) (2) f (n) = (R cos ) (f /c) co-phased (synchronous) transmitters with equal power and beat n beat beat n n 0 propagating via groundwave mode over land paths of Maximum Doppler shifts (on path 1) of about 0.1 Hz/MHz identical RF conductivity, the two RF signals will arrive at receiver velocity of 30 m/s (67 mph). with equal amplitudes and delays (phases). Now if we FIGURE 2 AN ILLUSTRATION OF THE AM CO-CHANNEL assume that the RF carriers and the sideband audio signals GROUND WAVE CONTOUR OVERLAP AREA WHERE THE are precisely in phase (matched in time) as they leave the CARRIER BEATS OCCUR. two antennas, at the exact midpoint between the two transmitters the RF signals and the detected audio will also In static conditions, where cancellations due to carrier out- be in phase; the signals can be added algebraically to phasing are deeper, the regions of higher distortion are calculate the resultant. Now for points not equidistant from shown in light pink (purple if audio-synchronized). As will the two transmitters, the RF signals will add vectorially as be shortly explained, however, these effects are generally no illustrated in Figure 3 below. worse than in FM multipath and are well tolerated by most listeners. For moving receivers, the consequence of the Modulation Doppler effect is the very low-frequency beat-modulation of the audio envelope in mobile receivers, though several factors ameliorate the situation in real vehicular listening max environments. First, the apparent modulation from near 0 to 0.3 Hz (typically less than 0.2 Hz) is largely suppressed by the action of the radio’s internal feedback AGC circuitry, In-phase Anti-phase Quadrature-phase With modulation (0) (-180) (-90) ( ) which rapidly and effectively levels these slow amplitude max variations to maintain a fairly constant detected carrier magnitude. Second, the presence of relatively high levels of Effective interference-induced modulation & distortion levels ambient “road noise” in the vehicle at higher speeds, can be calculated for stationary signals but the audibility effects particularly in the low-frequency region of the audible are best studied via listening tests. spectrum, serves to mask these cyclic but low-level FIGURE 3 ILLUSTRATION OF VECTORIAL ADDITION OF variations. Third, local RF field irregularities, including OVERLAPPING RF SIGNALS receiver antenna pattern non-uniformities, also cause overall level variations which “dither” (randomly modulate) these In general, there will be augmentations and cyclic field variations; these variations also tend to mask the cancellations of the two waves occurring at spatial intervals beats. When the vehicle slows and thus produces less road of one-half wavelength, essentially the same as is the case noise to mask the beats, their frequencies drop to negligible for standing waves on a mismatched transmission line. values and generally fall below audibility. Finally, the Modulation distortion will be minimal near the 0-additive dynamic nature of most types of music and voice broadcast points and rise somewhat at quadrature-phase contours, and programming also inherently tends to aurally mask these peak as the summed signal approaches null at the 180 very low-frequency components. Obviously, the magnitudes points. Obviously, near the equal-signal points, the standing of the beats will be dependent on the relative amplitudes of wave patterns will exhibit maximum variations; in fact, the two co-channel signals being received; for most areas, §73.182(t) of the FCC's Rules defines the region of where the signals are at least 10 dB different in level, the “satisfactory service” for synchronous stations as areas resultant beats are very weak. Thus, the bottom line is that where the ratio of field strengths is ≥ 6 dB (≥ 2:1). However, these Doppler effects are overall very minor. the Rules as quoted did not assume the accurate time- Compared with the standard static-receiver synchronous synchronization of both audio components; as cited by AM reception case, the presence of these sub-Hertz Doppler Reply Comments of Blanco-Pi and duTreil, Lundin & beats in mobile listening environments typically causes a Rackley in the recent FCC AM Revitalization action [3], the degradation (i.e., increase) in the overall beat audibility of audio time-matching significantly mitigates the apparent distortion and reduces the area of discernible distortion. The current FCC §73.182(q) Co-Channel interference limits are the reference input of a Hewlett-Packard 3325A synthesized shown in Figure 4 below. Function Generator, the output of which serves as a carrier reference for each transmitter, as shown in the block Class Channel Contour Contour Interfer. Interfer. (Day) V/m (Night) V/m (Day) V/m (Night) V/m diagram in Figure 5 below. At WKPT the 4.5-V peak-to- peak output of the HP synthesizer/function generator was Clear 100 500 5 25 A (50%SW) fed into the External Carrier input of the BE AM-1A after Clear moving the jumper on the exciter board from the internal B 500 2000 (GW) 25 25 Regional crystal position to the external input position. The synthesizer/function generator was set to 1400 kHz. At C Local 500 25 WGAP the 6-V P-P output of the synthesizer/function Clear generator was coupled into the Nautel AMPFET transmitter D 500 25 Regional exciter via its External RF input. Class A stations are protected to 0.1 mV/m (0.5 at night); interferers are 26 dB down. TX Class B, C, D stations are protected to 0.5 mV/m (2.0 for B night); interferers 26 dB down.