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FINAL Thesis Foundational hybridity and its reproduction hybridity and its reproduction Foundational copenhagen business school handelshøjskolen solbjerg plads 3 dk-2000 frederiksberg danmark www.cbs.dk Foundational hybridity and its reproduction Security sector reform in Sierra Leone Peter Alexander Albrecht PhD Series 33.2012 ISSN 0906-6934 Print ISBN: 978-87-92842-92-3 Doctoral School of Organisation Online ISBN: 978-87-92842-93-0 and Management Studies PhD Series 33.2012 FOUNDATIONAL HYBRIDITY AND ITS REPRODUCTION Security sector reform in Sierra Leone Peter Alexander Albrecht PhD Dissertation, June 2012 Copenhagen Business School, Department of Business and Politics Primary supervisor: Professor Anna Leander (CBS) Secondary supervisor: Senior Researcher Lars Buur (DIIS) Peter Alexander Albrecht Foundational hybridity and its reproduction Security sector reform in Sierra Leone 1st edition 2012 PhD Series 33.2012 © The Author ISSN 0906-6934 Print ISBN: 978-87-92842-92-3 Online ISBN: 978-87-92842-93-0 The Doctoral School of Organisation and Management Studies (OMS) is an interdisciplinary research environment at Copenhagen Business School for PhD students working on theoretical and empirical themes related to the organisation and management of private, public and voluntary organizations. All rights reserved. No parts of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Table of Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 8 1.1.1 The puzzle ................................................................................................................................... 9 1.1.2 The argument ............................................................................................................................. 10 1.2 Security Sector Reform as state-building ..................................................................................... 12 1.3 ‘The problem of the state’, the cold war and the war on terror ................................................. 14 1.3.1 The neo-liberal concern with the wrong kind of government ................................................... 14 1.3.2 The globalization of western universalisms? ............................................................................ 16 1.4 The technical failure of the state .................................................................................................... 17 1.5 European state formation and the colonial legacy ....................................................................... 19 1.5.1 The classic tale of the western state .......................................................................................... 20 1.5.2 The logic of incompatibility and the hybridity of authority ...................................................... 21 1.6 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 23 1.7 Outline of the thesis ........................................................................................................................ 24 2 Conceptualizing hybrid orders – beyond a state-centric approach .................................... 28 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 28 2.2 Languages of stateness + languages of public authority = hybrid order ................................... 30 2.2.1 Disaggregating the state ............................................................................................................ 30 2.2.2 Between the cracks .................................................................................................................... 33 2.2.3 Languages of authority .............................................................................................................. 35 2.2.4 The hybrid condition ................................................................................................................. 39 2.3 The productive tension between Latour’s assemblage and Bourdieu’s field ............................ 41 2.4 The justice and security field ......................................................................................................... 46 2.4.1 The structure that shapes the assemblage .................................................................................. 46 2.4.2 Capital: sources of authority ...................................................................................................... 48 2.5 Ritual enactments and projections of the assemblage ................................................................. 49 2.6 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 51 3 To study security sector reform in Sierra Leone – reflections on methodology and methods ........................................................................................................................................ 54 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 54 3.2 Studying security and justice assemblages ................................................................................... 55 3.3 Location-work, situational analysis and multi-sited ethnography ............................................. 56 3.3.1 Location-work ........................................................................................................................... 56 3.3.2 Situational analysis .................................................................................................................... 58 3.3.3 Multi-sited ethnography ............................................................................................................ 59 3.4 Extended case studies ..................................................................................................................... 70 3.5 Accessing the field ........................................................................................................................... 72 3.5.1 Peyima ....................................................................................................................................... 72 3.5.2 Freetown and beyond ................................................................................................................ 74 3.6 Engaging and leaving the field ....................................................................................................... 75 3.7 Research assistance and languages in the field ............................................................................ 77 3.8 Collecting and producing the data ................................................................................................ 78 3.8.1 Text ............................................................................................................................................ 78 3.8.2 Participant Observation ............................................................................................................. 79 3.8.3 Qualitative in-depth interviews ................................................................................................. 80 2 3.9 The positioned researcher .............................................................................................................. 81 3.10 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 83 4 The assembling of security sector reform in the security and justice field ......................... 85 4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 85 4.2 ‘War-shattered states’ SSR ‘market democracies’ ........................................................... 87 4.3 Merging security and development in the justice and security field .......................................... 89 4.3.1 Effective + legitimate states = human security .......................................................................... 90 4.3.2 ‘Securitization of development’ ‘developmentalization of security’? ................................. 91 4.3.3 The US, SSR and the effects of 9/11 ......................................................................................... 92 4.4 Amalgamating security and development in the UK and the emergence of SSR ..................... 94 4.4.1 The ever-changing assemblage of SSR and Sierra Leone’s role in its articulation ................... 95 4.5 International debates on military expenditure ............................................................................. 99 4.6 The shaping power of institutional turf wars ............................................................................. 100 4.7 Branching out and colonizing the justice and security field ..................................................... 101 4.7.1 Blueprints as props: OECD developments .............................................................................. 101 4.7.2 The global spread of a concept, labeling practices and a ‘stake at
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