The Cultural Disparity of the Northern and Southern Cheung Chau

Topic: The Identity of Cheung Chau Kai-fong: The Cultural Disparity of The Northern and Southern Cheung Chau

Kong Yee, Corria

Table of Contents

Page Table of Contents 2

I. Background 3

II. Introduction 7

III. Methodology 9

IV. Theoretical Argument 11

V. Analysis 1. EIXSTING HIREACHY OF THE POPULATION 15 2. COGNITIVE MAP: CHEUNG CHAU SOUTH AND NORTH 20

VI. Conclusion 30

VII. Reflection 31

References 34

Appendix I 36

I. Background:

These years, Hong Kong government has strongly boosted her tourism by implementing numerous urban renewal and preservation program. However, not only urban areas look appealing to local tourists, but also rural areas can do. Outlying islands are a hot-pick recently, especially, the island of Cheung Chau. According to Hong Kong

Geographic Data1 (See figure 1 in Appendix I), Cheung Chau is recorded with an area of is 2.44 km and a population of 22,740 by Population Census in 20112 (See figure 2 in Appendix I). Among all the outlying islands in Hong Kong, Cheung Chau is acknowledged as the top of the population density and there are over 10,000 to 20,0003 tourists having their day-trips to Cheung Chau.

In these 10 years, Cheung Chau is thought as a tourist paradise bluntly showing its suburban mood through its declared monuments and histories. To Hong Kong residents, it is welcomed by its famous sports Windsurfing and the Olympic gold medal winner Lee Lai-Shan. However, both the foreign tourists and Hong Kong residents are not familiar with the localness and the complicated culture and its cultural identities in

Cheung Chau. Cheung Chau shall not be simply regarded as a rural area or a tourist paradise without its own politics.

1 "Hong Kong Geographic Data 2016 - Lands Department." Survey & Mapping Office, Lands Department, n.d. Web. 25 Nov.

2016.

2 "2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council District." 2011 Population Census. 2011 Population Census

Office, Census and Statistics Department, n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2016.

3 "遊客多過居民長洲逼爆 - 香港文匯報." 遊客多過居民長洲逼爆 - 香港文匯報. Hong Kong Wenwei Po, n.d. Web. 25

Nov. 2016. 、

In Cheung Chau, the overall population can be generally classified into five ethnicities, where Chinese is dominating with 96.4% in 2011 4 (See figure 3 in

Appendix 2). While Indonesian and Japanese are revealed as 1.82% and 0.45% respectively, Filipino and White share 0.33% and 0.32% respectively and Others are shown as 0.71%. The diversity of Cheung Chau Kai-fong has constructed a complicated and diversified cultural identity in such a small island. Social and ethnic hierarchies are growing bluntly.

4 "2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council South." 2011 Population Census. 2011 Population Census

Office, Census and Statistics Department, n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2016.

"2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council North." 2011 Population Census. 2011 Population Census

Office, Census and Statistics Department, n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2016.

Politically, Cheung Chau is divided into two parts: Cheung Chau South and Cheung

Chau North. In the view of Island District Council, there are two separate constituencies.

In the perspective of the Population Census, the collection of demographic data is also split up into two areas where Cheung Chau South is with a population of 11,8085 and

Cheung Chau North is 10,9326. The ethnicity, occupation and type of housing and social status can all be manifested by the location of household. However, culturally, Cheung

Chau shall be classified into three parts: Cheung Chau South, Cheung North and Centre of Cheung Chau as the center of Cheung Chau is highly developed, where shops and

5 "2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council South." 2011 Population Census. 2011 Population Census

Office, Census and Statistics Department, n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2016.

6 "2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council North." 2011 Population Census. 2011 Population Census

Office, Census and Statistics Department, n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2016.

stores are mainly located in the center and the north of Cheung Chau. Thus, the daily routine would be likely established in the most flourishing and prosperous area.

Therefore, it is noticeable that Cheung Chau shall not be seen as a simple and a complete island as a whole, while it is politically, culturally and ethnically inconsistent.

Under such politics, a social hierarchy and authority have been developed and entrenched and a ‘culture’ and boundaries are thus constructed socially. It is noteworthy for us to scrutinize and analyze the internal conflicts and its ideology in Cheung Chau.

II. Introduction:

The island of Cheung Chau has been regarded as a less modernized rural area than the urban areas in Hong Kong. Tourists and local Hong Kong residents spend their vacation in Cheung Chau for its simplicity and frugality in order to escape from the power struggle and hierarchical statuses in their daily lives but they enter into another political system. In fact, Cheung Chau is not that simple and austere, it is full of political and ethnical conflicts. Frankly, no matter where a place is, it is full of struggles, hierarchy and its logistic. Cheung Chau is a miniature of the city’s daily facets. Cheung

Chau shall be considered and recognized as an ordinary place, where is full of its struggles and logistics and deserves a thorough and detailed look at its internal politics.

The dichotomy of identifying a place as urban or rural shall be minimized as it restricts the range of observation and research of rural areas. The public is always constructing certain prejudice to understand these rural areas and outlying islands while such manifestation showing the media representation of outlying islands becomes a misinterpretation of what is understood as Cheung Chau and what is seen in the public eye. The public imagination of Cheung Chau is biased and distorted with a lens of purifying the politics of the island of Cheung Chau.

The identity of Cheung Chau Kai-fong is complicated as it is wrestled against the identity of Hongkongers. 96.4% of the Cheung Chau Kia-fong is Chinese and most of them are sharing the identity of Hongkongers. However, their identity of being as a

Cheung Chau Kai-fong is woven by layers of hierarchies and political struggles.

Internal hierarchies of Cheung Chau are prevailing: the location of household along

peak road, the center of Cheung Chau and the Cheung Chau North. These different regions form three boundaries with corresponding social statuses. Different locations may give distinct indications to the occupation and industry of the household as well as their ethnicity and their ancestry as the Cheung Chau Kai-fong are the mixtures of indigenous inhabitants, migrants from the Second Sino-Japanese War, Chinese Civil

War and Cultural Revolution from 1927 to 1977, the post-war baby boom, foreign migrants and urban migrants. More, the contest among islands is one of the combative struggles for prestige, modernization and civilization. Therefore, boundaries are created for identifying the differences between varies ethnic group, distinct occupation and the location of household of Kai-fong by differentiating themselves with others. Eventually, labeling is the tactics once referring to the differences, also it acts as a disparagement on the others and lastly, it reinforces the disparity among classes and groups in and out of the island.

Thus, the island of Cheung Chau is more complicated and complex than the majority think of and it is worth unveiling the mask and illusion of the purifying representation of austerity as the one and only mainstream representation of Cheung

Chau in order to provide a realistic rationale of the system of the habitat. Specifically, the main objectives of this paper are the followings:

(1) Unveil the understanding of the identity of Hong Kong people from the perspective of Cheung Chau Kai-fong (2) Find out the internal hierarchy of Cheung Chau Kai-fong (3) Discuss the cultural identity of Cheung Chau Kai-fong by a small-scale ethnography and with personal experiences

III. Methodology:

The research was designed as a three-level study. In order to have a in-depth and thorough research of the internal political and ethnical hierarchy differentiating the

Cheung Chau Kai-fong into groups, the study had to be conducted in the following three interactive layers: ethnography- cognitive map, textual analysis of their conversation and self-ethnography.

Ethnography- Cognitive map

Textual Analysis of Self- their ethnography conversation

Ethnography-Cognitive Map

8 Cheung Chau Kai-fong will be invited to conduct the cognitive map. They are going to be asked firstly if they are the local residents. Secondly, their ethnicity, ages, gender, occupation, location of their household and years of residency will be recorded.

Thirdly, they are invited to portray and describe Cheung Chau on a blank A-4 paper with their understanding of the image of Cheung Chau.

Textual Analysis of Media Representation

In the process of conducting cognitive maps, their use of language and depiction will be jotted down for further analysis. After conducting the cognitive map, they are invited to share their daily routine or if it is possible, they are strongly encouraged to display their routine in front of me such as having a tea in a restaurant they usually go to or go shopping for the daily necessities in wet-market, etc. Thus, their routines are marked down with words and my memories.

Self-ethnography

Self-ethnography is going to be adopted in the research, as it is a reflexive research method reflecting my own personal experience and thoughts in my childhood and at this moment. There are rare first hand resources of academic research in studying the local politics of Cheung Chau. It is necessary for me to unveil my experiences and articulate to the realistic logistics so as to relinquish my imaginary and constructed thoughts towards Cheung Chau and raise my personal understanding via the process of self-ethnography.

IV. Theoretical Argument:

The objective of this research is to uncover the present phenomenon and the hidden logistics of the internal hierarchies in Cheung Chau. The hierarchies are shown in their daily livings, routines and culture. The struggles can be observed and represented through their conversation: thoughts and language. Hall (1997) mentioned that representation articulates meaning and language to culture and it is a basic and prominent part in operating a culture7:

‘Representation is an essential part of the process by which meaning is

produced and exchanged between members of a culture. It does

involve the use of language, of signs and images which stand for or

represent things.’

The language used in the meaning production of an individual is deliberately chosen and it encompasses the decision of choice and a manifestation of his or her thoughts. Therefore, Hall (1997) continually stated that representation is in fact the production of the meaning of concepts in our minds through language, which enables us to refer to the ‘real’ world and to imaginary worlds of people, objects and events8:

‘Human shared conceptual map must be translated into a common

language, so that they can correlate their concepts and ideas with

certain written words, spoken sounds and visual images. The general

7 Hall, Stuart. "The Work of Representation." Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. London: Sage in Association with the Open U, 1997. N. page. Print.

8 Hall, Stuart. "The Work of Representation." Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. London: Sage in Association with the Open U, 1997. N. page. Print.

term they use for words, sounds and images, which carry meaning, is

signs. ’

In a community, similarity and differences seem to be naturally occurred however, they are all constructed deliberately by us in order to differentiating person into normality and abnormality. In the case of Cheung Chau, its internal political and ethnical hierarchy is derived from the construction of differences among the inhabitants.

Low (2000) stated that differentiation enables labeling9:

‘Difference, in fact, give shape and form to the world by providing the

differentiation and features that permit labeling and classification…

such as the workplace of the shoeshine men in Parque Central or the

sitting areas of the teenagers in the Plaze de la Cultura, are perceived

to be bounded or distinct because the activities and people within the

territory are distinct from the people and activities outside of it.’

From the above, it can be adopted in the study of hierarchies created in Cheung

Chau as they are all derived from differentiation and the creation of boundaries.

Therefore, boundaries are also created after differentiating people into groups and they tend not to go beyond the boundaries and so people live and work in the particular boundaries and exclusion is performed with power10:

9 Setha M. Low (2000) “Constructing Difference: The social and spatial boundaries of everyday life”. On the Plaza: The

Politics of Public Space and Culture Chapter 7. Page 154. Print.

10 Setha M. Low (2000) “Constructing Difference: The social and spatial boundaries of everyday life”. On the Plaza: The

Politics of Public Space and Culture Chapter 7. Page 155. Print.

‘Boundaries and boundary-maintaining systems constitute the most

basic forms of social organization and social structure. Boundaries,

however, are also political devices for social control and discipline…

In situations of social or political inequality, boundaries may provide

the logic for inclusion or exclusion, with tragic consequence for those

without power.’

Labeling is the tactic and means to facilitate the process of exercising power in the constructed configuration of the society, simultaneously, labeling leads to the production of identity. During (2005) mentioned that identity offers definition to a person with his trait, which are placed into the same group:11

‘It means that identity is won at the price of reducing individuality. The

traits chosen to ascribe identity to an individual are always contingent,

since whatever trait is chosen to fix identity, another one could have

been chosen, even if it seems ‘natural’ to identify people by, for

instance, their gender (and it seems as if all known societies do in fact

identify people by gender).’

Superficially, a person seems to have little power to choose his identity, as identities are socially determined. However, it is not. He is also an accomplice in reinforcing the politics of identification and the differentiation with the means of labeling.

11 During, Simon. "Debating Identity." Cultural Studies: A Critical Introduction. London: Routledge, 2005. 145-52. Print.

To conduct a thorough investigation of differentiation, the making of boundaries, and labeling process in Cheung Chau by analyzing the use of language in their daily conversation, critical ethnography is one of the most appropriate ways to step into the field of local lives of Cheung Chau Kai-fong. Madison (2005) draws my focal point of the underlying power struggle of Cheung Chau with my specific obligation as I lived in Cheung Chau for over 15 years and I shall voice for it12:

‘Critical ethnography begins with an ethnical responsibility to address

processes of unfairness or injustice within a particular lived

domain…the researcher feels a moral obligation to make a contribution

toward changing those conditions toward greater freedom and

equity…by bringing up light underlying and obscure operations of

power and control. Therefore, the critical ethnographer resists

domestication and moves from “what is” to “what could be”’

Personally, I am touched by reading the importance of conducting critical ethnography in a society as normally, our lens are given and restricted in the direction of the urban are, the modernized and the bright side of the city. However, we pay less or even not interested to pay attention to the rural areas and the dark side of the city.

Our understanding of rural areas is narrow and even deceptive but we choose to live in such illusion. A closer look at the rural area such as Cheung Chua is definitely needed

12D. Soyini Madison (2005) “Introduction to Critical Ethnography” in D. Soyini Madison Critical Ethnography: Method, Ethics and performance. Page 1-16.

for us in order to destruct the deceptive illusion we are living in. V. Analysis 1. EIXSTING HIREACHY OF THE POPULATION

To Hongkongers, those people living in Cheung Chau are all called Cheung Chau

Kai-fong, however, the fabrication of identity is more complicated and diversified than their understanding. In the island of Cheung Chau, Kai-fong is generally classified into five types of their ancestry, which has been briefly mentioned in the introduction.

The ancestry of Cheung Chau Kai-fong are the mixtures of indigenous inhabitants, migrants from the Second Sino-Japanese War, Chinese Civil War and Cultural

Revolution from 1927 to 1977, the post-war baby boom, foreign migrants and urban migrants. Under such population distribution, the indigenous inhabitants are mainly fishermen and farmers, whose ancestry can be traced back to the Soong Dynasty and there is a piece of official record 〈光緒廿九年北帝廟重修記〉13 of the movement of Chaozhou fishermen migrated to Cheung Chau since Qing Dynasty:

「一，志明，乾隆四十二年，我惠府眾弟子在長洲貿易，共往玄

武山，請玄天上帝香火到長洲奉祀，藉保平安。因神靈顯赫，求

之有應。故于乾隆四十八年，惠潮二郡公舉林郁為正總理，倡建

廟宇。」

The indigenous inhabitants are in fact the offspring of the migrants since Soong

Dynasty to Qing Dynasty and they are empowered to discuss the social affairs in the neighborhood, as they are the existing landlords of the island.

Fish Drying in Cheung Chau since 1920s

In the photograph14, the indigenous inhabitants were trying to evenly distribute the fish caught in the sea fishing journey on the towel in order to dry them into salted fish.

The making of salted fish has been a major source of income in the lives of indigenous inhabitants and the fishermen in Cheung Chau.

To the migrants migrated from the Second Sino-Japanese War, Chinese Civil War and Cultural Revolution from 1927 to 1977, they are usually divided into northern mainlanders, who are the mainlanders (外省人) coming from the big cities such as

Beijing, Shanghai, Ningbo, Zhejiang apart from Guangdong and the southern districts and the Guangdong mainlanders (廣東人) coming from the southern parts of China like

Fujian, Guangxi and Guizhou and they classify each other in the same dichotomy: the

14 "Cheung Chau Island Industry." The Industrial History of Hong Kong Group. N.p., 10 Jan. 2015. Web. 13 Dec. 2016.

northern mainlanders are conceived as the richer groups, who are more civilized, international and educational. While the southern mainlanders are thought to be less civilized, meager and ignorant. The migrants mostly start their businesses such as store, small restaurant, flower shop and tailor, etc. There are also some southern migrants work as fishermen but due to the rigid dominance of fishing industry in Cheung Chau and it is complicated to enter into the existing system of power.

Subsequently, the growth of post-war baby boom rises dramatically and it dominates the population in the 1950s to 1970s. They adopt the same dichotomy of classifying their parents into either northern or southern mainlanders however, this dichotomy only represents their family history and ancestry. They consider themselves as Hong Kong residents, who were not only born in Hong Kong but also live in Hong

Kong since their childhood. Interestingly, as they have commonly received primary and secondary education, the academic background becomes a newly standard of classification. The colonial government implemented a new educational policy and it was shown on the 1965 White Paper15:

‘The final aim of any educational policy must be to provide every child

with the best education which he or she is capable of absorbing, at a

cost which the parents and the community can afford". With the

achievement of the primary education target in sight, it was possible

15 "Overall Review of The Hong Kong Education System June 1981." Education Bureau. GOVERNMENT SECRETARIAT

HONG KONG GOVERNMENT, n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2016.

to improve on the recommendation that between 15 and 20 per cent of

those completing the primary course should receive subsidized

secondary education. In 1970 it was decided that a further major

expansion of secondary education was necessary, and steps were taken

to increase the provision of subsidized secondary education.’

Occupation also offers them another standard for differentiating the post-war baby boom into numerous groups of Cheung Chau Kai-fong in a hierarchy. In the 1960s to

1970s, Hong Kong was undergone a significant industrialization and it had long been export-oriented, so most of the post-war generations work in factories such as textile and PVC factories. Part of them are remained as fishermen with their families and there is only some of them working as professionals.

Woo Kee- a Leather Factory in Cheung Chau Hoe Hin Pak Yeow Manufactory Limited

From the photographs16, they are some of the factories set up in Cheung Chau, where many Cheung Chau Kai-fong work in there. For Woo Kee, it was established since 1914 till the end of 20th century.

For the urban migrants, they originally lived in some other urban areas but they moved their homes to Cheung Chau due to the relatively lower rent and letting than that of urban areas. More importantly, most of them work in the central business district such as Central and Admiralty so they can directly ferry across to Central. Occupation becomes the one and only benchmark for them to classify these urban migrants into groups and it is unlikely to ender into the regime of the existing power system in

Cheung Chau.

Lastly, the foreign migrants can hardly enter into the community of the indigenous inhabitants and the existing power system in Cheung Chau. Although the foreign migrants cannot enter into the local community easily, the white still shares the most superior status among other ethnic groups such as Indonesian, Japanese, Filipino, etc.

Interestingly, whether the white overrides the existing power of indigenous inhabitants will be worth our study in the future but currently, the white is regarded as the most superior than other ethnic groups only.

16 "Cheung Chau Island Industry." The Industrial History of Hong Kong Group. N.p., 10 Jan. 2015. Web. 13 Dec. 2016.

2. COGNITIVE MAP: CHEUNG CHAU SOUTH AND NORTH

The aim of this study is to disclose the current situation and the internal hierarchies in Cheung Chau, where the hierarchies are present in their daily lives and their thinking.

In the ethnographical part, 8 Cheung Chau Kai-fong are asked to draw their image of

Cheung Chau and indicate the corresponding landmarks or places they are familiar with.

Before conducting the cognitive map, they are confirmed firstly if they are the local residents. Then, their profile including ages, gender, occupation, location of household, years of residency and ethnicity are recorded. Finally, they are given a blank A-4 paper and a pen or a marker and so the cognitive map is started.

First of all, a retired fisherman aged 76 is invited to conduct this cognitive map. In his portrait of Cheung Chau (on the left), there is not any depiction of the shape of

Cheung Chau or the boundary of Cheung Chau. He lives in Cheung Chau for 76 years and he offers relatively more depiction of how the small boats and vessels anchored in

the harbor after having a fruitful fishing journey. More, they kept an adequate amount of harvest and sold them in two ways: either sold the harvest right after going on the shore from the boat or made the harvest into salted fish. They mainly made their salted fish on the street when they were living in the boats. However, they started their production of salted fish on their rooftop after moving to the onshore house. Lastly, they stopped making salted fish when they moved to the public housing estate in

Cheung Chau. In his portrayal, there are not much details of the southern part of Cheung

Chau, he only writes down farmland, a well and ‘Bak Cho Wan’. However, his depiction remains in his old days, as there is not any farmland and well in the southern part of the island. Also, the factories depicted in the northern part were demolished for at least thirty years. However, one thing is important that he is relatively familiar with the northern part of Cheung Chau Island.

On the right, the cognitive map is conducted by his younger daughter aged 29 and she lives in Cheung Chau for 29 years. In her portrait, she gives lots of information about the community: seven blocks of the public housing estate, the pavilion, park, sewage treatment plant, temples, primary and secondary schools, bakery, restaurant are all detailedly enclosed. All her descriptions are in fact the traces of her lives as she was born, her family moved to the public housing estate and when she was aged 25, she moved out. Both her new and old homes are also located in the northern part of Cheung

Chau. In her depiction, numerous bays and Shunde Association are named, as she was taken to the fish journey and meeting in the association when she was small. However, for the central and the southern part of Cheung Chau, there are little descriptions.

Besides, a pair of local couple is invited to conduct the cognitive map. On the left, it is drawn by the male participant aged 58, who originally was the inhabitant of

Kowloon City and he moved to and has lived in Cheung Chau after marriage for 23 years. In his depiction, he only names four landmarks such as the Cheung Po Tsai Cave, temple and the pier. At the same time, he names three different bays as he mentions, he needs to work on weekdays so the route from pier to home is the most familiar and frequent way he daily walks along and he goes fishing on weekends. However, in his drawing, it is lack of detailed description for the northern, central and the southern part of Cheung Chau.

On the right, it is conducted by the female participant aged 60, whose parents were the post-war migrants and she was born in Cheung Chau. She has lived in the island for

60 years and she has to take ferry daily in order to work in Tsim Sha Tsui. In her portrait, descriptions are all about her childhood, teenage, adulthood and her next generation.

She emphasizes on the 「西園農場」,which is the secret garden in Cheung Chau, where

not much people notice. More, there is not much details about the northern side of

Cheung Chau and she writes on it:

「這北面，很少過來玩，因住這邊的居民較為喜歡打牌，而我不

大喜歡這裡的環境、氣氛。」

Furthermore, a British teacher aged 36 (on the left) is also asked to conduct this cognitive map. She lives in Cheung Chau for 10 years and her home is located in the southern part of Cheung Chau. In her daily routine, she needs to take 6:20am ferry to central in order to give her lecture at 8am in Causeway bay. In her drawing, bank, primary and secondary schools, post office, wet market, library and a restaurant are enclosed. They are all the locations where she usually passes through and explores.

However, there is only a church, a hotel and a temple is mentioned.

On the right, the cognitive map is conducted by an Indonesian maid aged 53 and she lives in Cheung Chau for 2 years only. In her drawing, the contour of the Cheung

Chau is drawn as an oval-shaped island. There are only ten locations named: her boarding house, the pier, Wellcome, bank, Park n shop, Wet market, bakery, laundry, mom’s home and school. As she mentions, she has to buy and prepare the ingredients for breakfast and dinner from wet market, supermarkets and bakery every day.

Interestingly, there is not any description of the direction and the named locations are centralized in the central of the island. Details about the island are absent from her drawing.

On the left, the cognitive map is conducted by a banker aged 27 and he has only lived in Cheung Chau for 3 months only. In his depiction, the wet market, Cheung Po

Tsai Cave, Cheung Chau Sports Ground, camp, Alliance Bible Seminary are included but these are all located in the southern part of the island. He originally lives in Fanling, but the land price rise drastically so he cannot afford it anymore, at the same time, he works in Wan Chai, so it is more convenient for him to live in Cheung Chau. He chooses to live in the southern part of the island especially along Peak Road, as it is more

undisturbed and elegant than the northern part of Cheung Chau. Therefore, the estate agent and his own experience convince him.

Lastly, on the right it is my cognitive map. I lived in Cheung Chau for 15 years since I was 3 years old. In these 15 years, my home moved for five times but none of them was located in the north but two of them were in the central part and two three of them were in the southern part especially along the Peak Road. In the northern part of

Cheung Chau, many landmarks are depicted but most of them are governmental department such as hospital, fire station, police office, slaughterhouse, ice plant, sports center, etc. In the southern part, supermarkets, wet market, primary and secondary school, temples, public housing estate, grave and wind station of Hong Kong

Observatory are jot down. Especially, my home, my auntie’s boutique and granny’s home are also drawn on the map.

Among these 8 Cheung Chau Kai-fong, it is clearly showing that there are two distinct parts of Cheung Chau: the northern and the southern. Cheung Chau though is politically divided into two parts but it is further culturally classified by the inhabitants.

Their struggles can be observed and manifested through their conversation. Hall (1997) stated that representation connects meaning and language with culture and it is an essential part in the operation of a culture. The language used in the meaning production of an individual is deliberately chosen and it encompasses the decision of choice and a manifestation of a person’s thoughts17:

17 Hall, Stuart. "The Work of Representation." Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. London: Sage in Association with the Open U, 1997. N. page. Print.

‘Human shared conceptual map must be translated into a common

language, so that they can correlate their concepts and ideas with

certain written words, spoken sounds and visual images. The general

term they use for words, sounds and images, which carry meaning, is

signs. ’

After conducting the cognitive map, I have asked for their permission to walk together along their way home and their stories and experiences of Cheung Chau are thus collected. A female inhabitant aged 60 expresses her thought of Cheung Chau:

「唔係我一個咁講架，長洲北社街嗰邊係水上人住多，現在多咗啲南亞

裔住，租金低好多，但好『雜』又無文化，以前佢地去餐廳食飯都係豎

起隻腳，鬼死咁大聲講野；反而，山頂道嗰邊都係外國人、日本人、以

前外省人後代、專業人士居多，我地去餐廳食飯都唔會咁啦，雖然長洲

我住咗咁多年，但你問我北社街，我真係唔熟。」

From her saying, Cheung Chou North represents as a more rural, backward and under civilized region, where most of the residents are fishermen and ethnic minorities, who are not well educated. However, a retired fisherman aged 76 rejected her description:

「聽佢地講啦，佢地持著自己外省人，錢多咁係咁講。北社街『雜』咩

啊？我地啲漁民，以前住係船上，都係停係附近，到廿幾年前，有公屋，

咪搬去公屋囉，一直都係依邊生活，完全無問題。『雜』鬼！你問我最

清楚！唓！佢地山頂咪又係有公屋，佢地話『雜』都係啲南亞裔搞出來。」

From his saying, although he dismisses her idea about the ‘under-civilized’

northern part of Cheung Chau, it is apparently showing the disparity and conflict between the north and the south. A dichotomy is thus appeared: Cheung Chow North:

Fishermen and ethnic minorities; Cheung Chau South: migrants and professionals.

For a community, the presence of differences can be seen as natural and acceptable but they are all constructed purposely so as to differentiate individual into classes. In

Cheung Chau, its internal hierarchy is come from the construction of differences among the residents. Low (2000) stated that differentiation enables labeling18:

‘Difference, in fact, give shape and form to the world by providing the

differentiation and features that permit labeling and classification…

such as the workplace of the shoeshine men in Parque Central or the

sitting areas of the teenagers in the Plaze de la Cultura, are perceived

to be bounded or distinct because the activities and people within the

territory are distinct from the people and activities outside of it.’

Cheung Chau North and South are not classified into two distinct parts due to the type of population distribution and residency. Its division was due to the ease of gathering government statistics. However, since the fishermen started to anchor their boats in the harbor near the southern part of the island, the concentration of the fishermen has been located mainly in the north. More importantly, the haven is also located in the northern part of Cheung Chau, for the fishing industry, it is necessary to

18 Setha M. Low (2000) “Constructing Difference: The social and spatial boundaries of everyday life”. On the Plaza: The

Politics of Public Space and Culture Chapter 7. Page 154. Print.

depend on the haven. For the Cheung Chau South, migrants and professionals are mainly centralized in it, as the southern part of the island is a mountainous area so it was rarely developed before the migration of the post-war migrants and baby boom.

Gradually, the contrast of the northern and southern part of the island becomes obvious.

Hence, boundaries are also depicted after differentiating people into groups and the inhabitants incline not to go beyond the boundaries and exclusion is actualized with power19:

‘Boundaries and boundary-maintaining systems constitute the most

basic forms of social organization and social structure. Boundaries,

however, are also political devices for social control and discipline…

In situations of social or political inequality, boundaries may provide

the logic for inclusion or exclusion, with tragic consequence for those

without power.’

From the inhabitant’s words, 「長洲北社街嗰邊係水上人住多…雖然長洲我住

咗咁多年，但你問我北社街，我真係唔熟」, it is very evident in showing the exclusion and inclusion performed in the boundaries artificially made by them. The inclusion and exclusion do not simply function in their mind, but also in their action. She acknowledges her unfamiliarity of the northern part not only because of her center of living is located in the south but also she is not willing to make her attempt in the northern part for leisure and exploration.

19 Setha M. Low (2000) “Constructing Difference: The social and spatial boundaries of everyday life”. On the Plaza: The

Politics of Public Space and Culture Chapter 7. Page 155. Print.

The gathering of the fishermen in the north as well as the gathering of migrants and professionals at the beginning is in fact occasionally presented due to the possibilities of the residential development. However, the solidarity and the exclusion of others are held through the creation of boundaries and by the tactic of labeling, which is the means to facilitate the experience of exercising power in the society, at the same time, it fabricates the construction of one’s identity.

VI. Conclusion

Cheung Chau is always eulogized as its peacefulness and becomes the paradise of vacation. However, every place has its logistics and politics. The study of internal hierarchies constructed in Cheung Chau, which are all derived from differentiation and the creation of boundaries. Simultaneously, territories are also produced after differentiating people into classes and groups and they tend not to go beyond the territories, where others are living and working in. From the result of the cognitive map, it is obviously displaying the two distinct parts of Cheung Chau island: the northern and the southern parts. Although Cheung Chau is politically classified into two parts, the island is further culturally differentiated by Cheung Chau Kai-fong. The internal struggles can be shown in their conversation, which the biased representation of

Cheung Chau North and South is manifested. From the inhabitant’s attitude, it is apparently exhibiting the inclusion and exclusion executed in the territories. The inclusion and exclusion are not only held in their mind, but also shown in their action.

The hierarchy of territories is emerged from the type of Kai-fong gathered in a region and the occupation of Kai-fong also contributes to the differentiation. However, such differentiation would lead to a further solidarity of a group and dissension among different groups by the tactic of labeling, which fabricates the production of an individual’s identity.

VII. Reflection

In this study, the most complicated is the degree of being objective enough in order not to flood the research with too much personal emotions. At the beginning, the direction of the study was drifted because of my own experience. My grand parents were business tycoon, who also had great influence in Guomingdang. However, they left Shanghai and fled for safety during the Second Sino-Japanese War and all the bullion hidden in their clothes were thrown into the sea under the military check-up.

They finally settled in Hong Kong but there were too many intelligence agents carrying out their missions in Hong Kong and so they had to avoid being discovered. However, their valuable things were all gone and they could not travel too far away so they went to Cheung Chau. Day by day, they set up vendor’s stall to sell some local snacks to Kai- fong. Gradually, they opened a store and built a house though they had never have thought to settle in this small island but when they were expecting their babies to come, they could not easily flee to other countries anymore. Hence, Cheung Chau becomes their homeland, where all my uncles and aunties, including my mother were born. My mother studied in Cheung Chau and her first job was working as a sale in Central so she took ferry to central for work day by day. Later on, she moved to To Kwa Wan with my auntie, as she was a flight attendant working in the old airport. Years later, my mother met my father, who grew up in Kwun Tong and they finally settled their home in Kwun Tong as well. When I was three, my father had to sell his apartment for paying up his business debt, so we bought a cheap house in Cheung Chau after the debt.

Cheung Chau becomes the origin of my memories and stories, all my experiences

started in there. I studied in Cheung Chau for the whole primary stage and then I applied for studying at a girls’ school at Mount Davis. I finally moved to Yuen Long alone after suffering from depression when I was aged 18. My stories of Cheung Chau ended.

However, my grandmother and auntie are still living in Cheung Chau so I always drop by at their house once I have time. In my teenage, I tended not to tell others where I lived, as it sounded weird to let others know where I came from, especially from

Cheung Chau. If others asked if I was an indigenous Kai-fong, I instantly clarified.

Interestingly, my experiences inspire me to start this research study and I invited

8 Cheung Chau Kai-fong to conduct the cognitive map. Some elder Kai-fong are friends of my grandparents, and some local migrants felt surprised as they have never seen me in Cheung Chau. This is a characteristic of Cheung Chau, though the population of

Cheung Chau is over twenty thousands, but Kai-fong recognizes each other according where they live in. The cognitive process of Cheung Chau Kai-fong is quite different from others, Kai-fong associates the region of household with the type of occupation and even family history. This cognitive process is commonly adopted by Kai-fong, including me. However, it was started naturally after the gathering of fishermen and post-war migrants in different parts of Cheung Chau. Gradually, there are culturally differentiation and Cheung Chau North and South are separated and they are correspondingly represented distinctly: Cheung Chau North represented less civilized and lower-income; Cheung Chau South represented more educated and professional. In fact, there are also numerous blocks of public housing estates located in Cheung Chau

South but Kai-fong is still associating Cheung Chau North with public housing together.

To them, those numerous blocks of public housing estates located in Cheung Chau

South are an exceptional case, which will not influence on the existing differentiation and their tactics of labeling.

I am greatly inspired by the importance of conducting critical ethnography in a society because we used to put our lens in the urban are, the modernized and the bright side of the city. Madison (2005) invokes me to take a closer look at my homeland in order to understand the existing inclusion and exclusion made by Cheung Chau Kai- fong and even more importantly, I was also using this kind of biased benchmark to differentiate boundaries. I think I have a specific obligation as I lived in Cheung Chau for over 15 years and I shall voice for it20:

‘Critical ethnography begins with an ethnical responsibility to address

processes of unfairness or injustice within a particular lived

domain…the researcher feels a moral obligation to make a contribution

toward changing those conditions toward greater freedom and

equity…by bringing up light underlying and obscure operations of

power and control. Therefore, the critical ethnographer resists

domestication and moves from “what is” to “what could be”’

I hope I can display my homeland -Cheung Chau not only “what is”, but also I can lighten up the possibility of eliminating the distorted benchmark and representation in

20D. Soyini Madison (2005) “Introduction to Critical Ethnography” in D. Soyini Madison Critical Ethnography: Method, Ethics and performance. Page 1-16.

order to construct a diversified and a respectful identity for Cheung Chau Kai-fong.

References

Seminal Reading

D. Soyini Madison (2005) “Introduction to Critical Ethnography” in D. Soyini Madison Critical Ethnography: Method, Ethics and performance. Page 1-16.

During, Simon. "Debating Identity." Cultural Studies: A Critical Introduction. London: Routledge, 2005. 145-52. Print.

Hall, Stuart. "The Work of Representation." Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. London: Sage in Association with the Open U, 1997. N. page. Print.

Setha M. Low (2000) “Constructing Difference: The social and spatial boundaries of everyday life”. On the Plaza: The Politics of Public Space and Culture Chapter 7. Page 154. Print.

Fact Sheet "Hong Kong Geographic Data 2016 - Lands Department." Survey & Mapping Office, Lands Department, n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2016.

"2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council District." 2011 Population Census. 2011 Population Census Office, Census and Statistics Department, n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2016.

"2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council South." 2011 Population Census. 2011 Population Census Office, Census and Statistics Department, n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2016.

"2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council North." 2011 Population Census. 2011 Population Census Office, Census and Statistics Department, n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2016.

2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council District

1. Demographic Characteristics

Population Population Constituency Area Male Female Both Sexes Age Group Male Female Both Sexes (T01) Lantau 8 580 9 190 17 770 0 - 4 3 155 2 966 6 121 5 - 9 3 421 3 142 6 563 (T02) Yat Tung Estate North 10 124 10 822 20 946 10 - 14 4 345 4 011 8 356 15 - 19 4 643 4 470 9 113 (T03) Yat Tung Estate South 8 964 9 402 18 366 20 - 24 4 437 4 444 8 881 25 - 29 4 067 5 532 9 599 (T04) Tung Chung North 8 542 10 586 19 128 30 - 34 4 574 6 659 11 233 35 - 39 5 373 7 585 12 958 (T05) Tung Chung South 7 957 8 997 16 954 40 - 44 5 722 7 793 13 515 45 - 49 6 147 7 411 13 558 (T06) Discovery Bay 5 355 7 007 12 362 50 - 54 5 679 5 907 11 586 55 - 59 4 680 4 449 9 129 (T07) Peng Chau & Hei Ling Chau 3 607 3 441 7 048 60 - 64 3 569 3 390 6 959 65 - 69 1 789 1 477 3 266 (T08) Lamma & Po Toi 2 689 3 324 6 013 70 - 74 1 700 1 699 3 399 75 - 79 1 424 1 530 2 954 (T09) Cheung Chau South 5 433 6 375 11 808 80 - 84 870 1 160 2 030 85 + 719 1 388 2 107 (T10) Cheung Chau North 5 063 5 869 10 932 Total 66 314 75 013 141 327

Total 66 314 75 013 141 327 Proportion of Population (%) Age Group Male Female Both Sexes 0 - 14 16.5 13.5 14.9 15 - 24 13.7 11.9 12.7 25 - 44 29.8 36.8 33.5 45 - 64 30.3 28.2 29.2 65 + 9.8 9.7 9.7 All age groups 100.0 100.0 100.0 Median age 39.2 39.1 39.1

Population Marital Status Male Female Both Sexes Never married 17 855 19 365 37 220 Now married 34 909 36 600 71 509 Widowed 898 4 859 5 757 Divorced 1 432 3 708 5 140 Separated 299 362 661 Persons aged under 15 10 921 10 119 21 040 Total 66 314 75 013 141 327 Population Ethnicity Male Female Both Sexes Proportion of population aged 15 and over 32.2 29.8 30.9 Chinese 58 018 61 391 119 409 being never married (%) White 4 004 2 686 6 690 Filipino 1 038 4 437 5 475 Population Indonesian 76 2 298 2 374 Usual Language Male Female Both Sexes Indian 1 120 1 086 2 206 Cantonese 52 827 56 577 109 404 Pakistani 314 503 817 Putonghua 913 1 472 2 385 Others 1 744 2 612 4 356 Other Chinese dialects 1 607 2 014 3 621 Total 66 314 75 013 141 327 English 5 517 8 611 14 128 Others 2 200 3 196 5 396 Proportion of population of 87.5 81.8 84.5 Persons aged under 5 or mute 3 250 3 143 6 393 Chinese ethnicity (%) Total 66 314 75 013 141 327

2. Educational Characteristics

Population Place of Study Persons Attending Full-time Courses in Educational Institutions in Hong Kong # Educational Attainment Aged Aged 15 In same district 16 857 (Highest Level Attended) Under 15 and Over Total In another district Primary and below Hong Kong Island 3 673 No schooling/Pre-primary 8 088 8 306 16 394 Kowloon 2 261 Primary 8 618 16 064 24 682 New towns 2 983 Secondary/Sixth Form Other areas in the New Territories 756 Lower Secondary 4 276 21 969 26 245 Total 26 530 Upper Secondary/Sixth Form 58 38 884 38 942 Proportion of persons attending full-time courses in educational institutions 63.5 Post-secondary in Hong Kong with place of study in same district (%) Diploma/Certificate - 6 905 6 905 Sub-degree course - 4 717 4 717 Note: # It refers to persons whose place of study and place of residence are both in the same new town or both in areas other than new town Degree course - 23 442 23 442 areas of this District Council District. Total 21 040 120 287 141 327

Proportion of non-student population aged 20 and 29.0 over having attained post-secondary education (%)

3. Economic Characteristics

Population Working Population Economic Activity Status Male Female Both Sexes Place of Work Male Female Both Sexes # Working population In same district 5 010 6 919 11 929 Employees 29 769 32 564 62 333 In another district Employers 2 635 715 3 350 Hong Kong Island 9 490 8 510 18 000 Self-employed 3 027 1 305 4 332 Kowloon 5 827 4 812 10 639 Unpaid family workers 124 509 633 New towns 4 064 2 694 6 758 Persons not in working population Other areas in the New Territories 4 443 4 626 9 069 Home-makers 675 10 298 10 973 No fixed places/Marine 4 082 1 319 5 401 Students 13 846 13 048 26 894 Work at home 844 5 421 6 265 Retired persons 7 504 8 724 16 228 Places outside Hong Kong 1 795 792 2 587 Others 8 734 7 850 16 584 Total 35 555 35 093 70 648 Total 66 314 75 013 141 327 Proportion of working population 14.1 19.7 16.9 with place of work in same district (%) Labour force 37 445 36 539 73 984 Labour force participation rate (%) 67.6 56.3 61.5 Note: # It refers to persons whose place of work and place of residence are both in the same new town or both in areas other than new town areas of this District Council District. Persons who work at home are excluded.

T00e / 6.7.2012 P. 1 / 3 2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council District

3. Economic Characteristics (Cont'd.)

Monthly Income from Working Population # Working Population Main Employment (HK$) Male Female Both Sexes Occupation Male Female Both Sexes < 2,000 540 573 1 113 Managers and administrators 4 712 2 576 7 288 ( 540) ( 537) ( 1 077) Professionals 3 179 1 789 4 968 2,000 - 3,999 938 5 493 6 431 Associate professionals 7 073 5 705 12 778 ( 893) ( 1 688) ( 2 581) Clerical support workers 3 031 6 444 9 475 4,000 - 5,999 1 147 3 305 4 452 Service and sales workers 5 441 8 085 13 526 ( 1 107) ( 2 155) ( 3 262) Craft and related workers 5 239 202 5 441 6,000 - 7,999 2 977 4 561 7 538 Plant and machine operators and assemblers 2 441 171 2 612 ( 2 962) ( 4 526) ( 7 488) Elementary occupations 4 282 10 113 14 395 8,000 - 9,999 4 129 4 470 8 599 Skilled agricultural and fishery workers; and 157 8 165 ( 4 129) ( 4 455) ( 8 584) occupations not classifiable 10,000 - 14,999 9 075 5 680 14 755 Total 35 555 35 093 70 648 ( 9 075) ( 5 680) ( 14 755) 15,000 - 19,999 4 961 2 822 7 783 Working Population ( 4 961) ( 2 822) ( 7 783) Industry Male Female Both Sexes 20,000 - 24,999 2 685 2 063 4 748 Manufacturing 1 178 658 1 836 ( 2 685) ( 2 063) ( 4 748) Construction 5 125 577 5 702 25,000 - 29,999 1 064 1 346 2 410 Import/export, wholesale and retail trades 6 302 7 179 13 481 ( 1 064) ( 1 346) ( 2 410) Transportation, storage, postal and 6 248 3 333 9 581 30,000 - 39,999 2 703 1 929 4 632 courier services ( 2 703) ( 1 929) ( 4 632) Accommodation and food services 3 366 3 856 7 222 40,000 - 59,999 2 294 1 399 3 693 Information and communications 1 731 623 2 354 ( 2 294) ( 1 399) ( 3 693) Financing and insurance 2 064 2 086 4 150 ≧ 60,000 2 918 943 3 861 Real estate, professional and 4 589 4 834 9 423 ( 2 918) ( 943) ( 3 861) business services Unpaid family workers 124 509 633 Public administration, education, human 3 138 5 083 8 221 ( 124) ( 509) ( 633) health and social work activities Total 35 555 35 093 70 648 Miscellaneous social and personal services 1 307 6 775 8 082 ( 35 455) ( 30 052) ( 65 507) Others 507 89 596 Total 35 555 35 093 70 648 Median monthly income from main 13,200 9,000 11,000 employment of working population (13,500) (10,000) (12,000) excluding unpaid family workers (HK$)

Note: # Figures in brackets exclude foreign domestic helpers.

4. Household Characteristics

Household Size Domestic Households Household Composition Domestic Households 1 10 009 Nuclear family households 2 11 552 Composed of couple 7 445 3 9 803 Composed of couple and unmarried children 18 721 4 10 042 Composed of lone parent and unmarried children 4 646 5 4 529 Relative households 6 + 1 676 Composed of couple and at least one of their parents 364 Total 47 611 Composed of couple, at least one of their parents and 1 206 their unmarried children Average domestic household size 2.9 Composed of other relationship combinations 3 882 Other households One-person households 10 009 Non-relative households 1 338 Total 47 611

Domestic Households # Monthly Domestic Public Subsidized Home Private Permanent Non-domestic Temporary Household Income (HK$) Rental Housing Ownership Housing Housing Housing Housing Total < 2,000 94 61 1 329 - 192 1 676 ( 46) ( 9) ( 244) (-) ( 44) ( 343) 2,000 - 3,999 781 49 1 184 6 120 2 140 ( 168) ( 3) ( 216) (-) ( 1) ( 388) 4,000 - 5,999 680 45 994 - 97 1 816 ( 274) ( 4) ( 257) (-) ( 1) ( 536) 6,000 - 7,999 1 063 82 875 - 30 2 050 ( 763) ( 28) ( 484) (-) ( 30) ( 1 305) 8,000 - 9,999 1 516 70 938 18 85 2 627 ( 1 289) ( 45) ( 740) ( 18) ( 85) ( 2 177) 10,000 - 14,999 2 946 204 2 737 89 97 6 073 ( 2 745) ( 177) ( 2 207) ( 85) ( 56) ( 5 270) 15,000 - 19,999 2 711 371 2 873 9 24 5 988 ( 2 666) ( 371) ( 2 641) (-) ( 24) ( 5 702) 20,000 - 24,999 2 173 243 2 480 20 - 4 916 ( 2 139) ( 243) ( 2 159) ( 13) (-) ( 4 554) 25,000 - 29,999 1 142 233 1 899 - - 3 274 ( 1 142) ( 216) ( 1 729) (-) (-) ( 3 087) 30,000 - 39,999 975 381 3 364 - - 4 720 ( 966) ( 381) ( 3 242) (-) (-) ( 4 589) 40,000 - 59,999 434 431 4 963 - 30 5 858 ( 415) ( 431) ( 4 567) (-) ( 30) ( 5 443) 60,000 - 79,999 81 49 2 362 4 - 2 496 ( 81) ( 49) ( 2 144) ( 4) (-) ( 2 278) 80,000 - 99,999 81 43 1 380 - - 1 504 ( 81) ( 43) ( 1 314) (-) (-) ( 1 438) ≧ 100,000 10 9 2 451 3 - 2 473 ( 10) ( 9) ( 2 406) ( 3) (-) ( 2 428) Total 14 687 2 271 29 829 149 675 47 611 ( 12 785) ( 2 009) ( 24 350) ( 123) ( 271) ( 39 538)

Median monthly domestic household income (HK$) 15,000 25,000 28,000 13,040 4,870 21,000 (16,900) (28,070) (33,800) (13,040) (9,000) (24,000)

Note: # Figures in brackets refer to economically active households. Economically active household refers to a household with at least one member (excluding foreign domestic helpers) being economically active.

T00e / 6.7.2012 P. 2 / 3 2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council District

5. Housing Characteristics

Average Domestic Households with Mortgage or Loan Number of Monthly Domestic Household Mortgage Subsidized Home Private Permanent All Housing Quarters Domestic Payment and Loan Repayment (HK$) Ownership Housing Housing Types + Occupied Households 1 - 1,999 21 183 204 by Domestic Domestic per 1000 Units 2,000 - 3,999 268 491 759 Type of Housing Households Households of Quarters 4,000 - 5,999 304 899 1 203 Public rental housing 14 687 14 687 1 000 6,000 - 7,999 153 1 186 1 339 Subsidized home ownership housing 2 271 2 271 1 000 8,000 - 9,999 40 995 1 035 Private permanent housing 29 783 29 829 1 002 10,000 - 14,999 - 1 587 1 587 Non-domestic housing 149 149 1 000 15,000 - 19,999 - 711 711 Temporary housing 675 675 1 000 20,000 - 24,999 - 296 296 Total 47 565 47 611 1 001 25,000 - 29,999 - 217 217 30,000 - 39,999 - 207 207 Tenure of Accommodation Domestic Households ≧ 40,000 - 224 224 Owner-occupier By non-household members only 172 929 1 101 With mortgage or loan 8 883 Total 958 7 925 8 883 Without mortgage and loan 12 537 Sole tenant 24 090 Median monthly domestic household mortgage 4,440 9,300 8,500 Co-tenant/Main tenant/Sub-tenant 27 payment and loan repayment (HK$) Others Median mortgage payment and loan 16.7 21.1 20.2 Rent free 1 552 repayment to income ratio (%) Provided by employer 522 Total 47 611 Domestic Households Renting the Accommodation They Occupy Proportion of domestic households 45.0 Public Private Permanent All Housing owning the quarters they occupy (%) Monthly Domestic Household Rent (HK$) Rental Housing Housing Types + 1 - 499 143 83 226 Population 500 - 999 2 931 33 2 973 Type of Housing Male Female Both Sexes 1,000 - 1,499 4 215 191 4 412 Population in domestic households 1,500 - 1,999 3 571 181 3 995 Public rental housing 24 323 26 002 50 325 2,000 - 3,999 3 799 2 243 6 063 Subsidized home ownership housing 3 124 3 457 6 581 4,000 - 5,999 20 1 289 1 337 Private permanent housing 34 794 42 823 77 617 6,000 - 7,999 8 842 864 Non-domestic housing 127 44 171 8,000 - 9,999 - 1 036 1 036 Temporary housing 550 740 1 290 10,000 - 14,999 - 1 892 1 901 Population in non-domestic households 3 396 1 947 5 343 15,000 - 19,999 - 722 729 Total 66 314 75 013 141 327 20,000 - 24,999 - 201 201 25,000 - 29,999 - 152 152 30,000 - 39,999 - 255 255 ≧ 40,000 - 237 237 None - 159 258 Total 14 687 9 516 24 639

Median monthly domestic household rent (HK$) 1 500 7 500 2 080 Median rent to income ratio (%) 9.7 21.4 13.4

Note: + All housing types include public rental housing, subsidized home ownership housing, private permanent housing, non-domestic housing and temporary housing.

6. Internal Migration Characteristics

Area of Residence 5 Years Ago Population Aged 5 and Over Internally migrated # Hong Kong Island 7 249 Kowloon 5 522 New towns 8 430 Other areas in the New Territories/Marine 2 247 Not internally migrated Moved home within same area of residence 12 526 Remained in same address 88 292 Place of residence outside Hong Kong 5 years ago 10 940 Total 135 206

Proportion of population aged 5 and over 17.3 having internally migrated (%)

Note: # It refers to persons whose area of current residence is different from the area of residence five years ago. In defining internal migration, a change in the area of residence refers to a move (a) from a District Council District to another District Council District; or (b) within a District Council District in the New Territories, from a new town to another new town, or from a new town to other areas in the district or vice versa.

Enquiries about this fact sheet can be directed to: 2011 Population Census Office, Census and Statistics Department Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Tel: (852) 2716 8025 Fax: (852) 2716 0231 Email: [email protected]

T00e / 6.7.2012 P. 3 / 3 2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council Cheung Chau North (T10)

1. Demographic Characteristics

Population Population Ethnicity Male Female Both Sexes Age Group Male Female Both Sexes Chinese 4 979 5 604 10 583 0 - 4 207 188 395 Indonesian - 196 196 5 - 9 203 178 381 Others 84 69 153 10 - 14 257 242 499 Total 5 063 5 869 10 932 15 - 19 300 284 584 Proportion of population of Chinese ethnicity (%) 98.3 95.5 96.8 20 - 24 346 391 737 25 - 29 439 452 891 30 - 34 327 465 792 35 - 39 430 475 905 40 - 44 390 529 919 45 - 49 396 454 850 Population 50 - 54 384 426 810 Usual Language Male Female Both Sexes 55 - 59 317 368 685 Cantonese 4 701 5 392 10 093 60 - 64 248 310 558 Putonghua 1 35 36 65 - 69 216 101 317 Other Chinese dialects 73 60 133 70 - 74 118 185 303 English 41 109 150 75 - 79 201 281 482 Others - 4 4 80 - 84 127 213 340 Persons aged under 5 or mute 247 269 516 85 + 157 327 484 Total 5 063 5 869 10 932 Total 5 063 5 869 10 932

Population Proportion of Population (%) Marital Status Male Female Both Sexes Age Group Male Female Both Sexes Never married 1 535 1 417 2 952 0 - 14 13.2 10.4 11.7 Now married 2 623 2 926 5 549 15 - 24 12.8 11.5 12.1 Widowed 102 738 840 25 - 44 31.3 32.7 32.1 Divorced 86 180 266 45 - 64 26.6 26.5 26.6 Separated 50 - 50 65 + 16.2 18.9 17.6 Persons aged under 15 667 608 1 275 All age groups 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total 5 063 5 869 10 932 Median age 40.4 43.1 42.1 Proportion of population aged 15 and over 34.9 26.9 30.6 being never married (%)

2. Educational Characteristics

Population Place of Study Persons Attending Full-time Courses in Educational Institutions in Hong Kong Educational Attainment Age Age 15 In same district # 1 011 (Highest Level Attended) Under 15 and Over Total In another district Primary and below Hong Kong Island 460 No schooling/Pre-primary 458 1 410 1 868 Kowloon 87 Primary 562 2 023 2 585 New towns 103 Secondary/Sixth Form Other areas in the New Territories 8 Lower Secondary 255 1 420 1 675 Total 1 669 Upper Secondary/Sixth Form - 3 083 3 083 Proportion of persons attending full-time courses in educational institutions 60.6 Post-secondary in Hong Kong with place of study in same district (%) Diploma/Certificate - 662 662 Sub-degree course - 351 351 Note: # It refers to persons whose place of study and place of residence are both in the same new town or both in areas other than Degree course - 708 708 new town areas of the District Council District to which this Constituency Area belongs. Total 1 275 9 657 10 932 Proportion of non-student population aged 20 and 16.1 over having attained post-secondary education (%)

3. Economic Characteristics

Population Working Population Economic Activity Status Male Female Both Sexes Place of Work Male Female Both Sexes Working Population In same district # 678 807 1 485 Employees 2 371 2 282 4 653 In another district Employers 262 117 379 Hong Kong Island 972 1 023 1 995 Self-employed 275 149 424 Kowloon 356 314 670 Unpaid family workers 19 94 113 New towns 287 65 352 Persons not in working population Other areas in the New Territories 12 - 12 Home-makers 7 741 748 No fixed places/Marine 529 121 650 Students 867 779 1 646 Work at home 20 234 254 Retired persons 789 936 1 725 Places outside Hong Kong 73 78 151 Others 473 771 1 244 Total 2 927 2 642 5 569 Total 5 063 5 869 10 932 Proportion of working population 23.2 30.5 26.7 Labour force 3 098 2 753 5 851 with place of work in same district (%) Labour force participation rate (%) 70.5 52.3 60.6 Note: # It refers to persons whose place of work and place of residence are both in the same new town or both in areas other than Monthly Income from Working Population # new town areas of the District Council District to which this Constituency Area belongs. Persons who work at home are Main Employment (HK$) Male Female Both Sexes excluded. < 2,000 39 34 73 ( 39) ( 34) ( 73) 2,000 - 3,999 48 326 374 Working Population ( 48) ( 103) ( 151) Occupation Male Female Both Sexes 4,000 - 5,999 190 328 518 Managers and administrators 96 110 206 ( 190) ( 316) ( 506) Professionals 108 110 218 6,000 - 7,999 348 364 712 Associate professionals 579 277 856 ( 348) ( 364) ( 712) Clerical support workers 220 815 1 035 8,000 - 9,999 385 502 887 Service and sales workers 546 679 1 225 ( 385) ( 502) ( 887) Craft and related workers 678 22 700 10,000 - 14,999 1 210 465 1 675 Plant and machine operators and assemblers 199 27 226 ( 1 210) ( 465) ( 1 675) Elementary occupations 447 594 1 041 15,000 - 19,999 445 264 709 Skilled agricultural and fishery workers; and 54 8 62 ( 445) ( 264) ( 709) occupations not classifiable 20,000 - 24,999 97 78 175 Total 2 927 2 642 5 569 ( 97) ( 78) ( 175) 25,000 - 29,999 88 84 172 Working Population ( 88) ( 84) ( 172) Industry Male Female Both Sexes 30,000 - 39,999 19 63 82 Manufacturing 144 21 165 ( 19) ( 63) ( 82) Construction 642 27 669 40,000 - 59,999 - 10 10 Import/export, wholesale and retail trades 470 754 1 224 (-) ( 10) ( 10) Transportation, storage, postal and courier services 357 75 432 ≧ 60,000 39 30 69 Accommodation and food services 326 364 690 ( 39) ( 30) ( 69) Information and communications 85 22 107 Unpaid family workers 19 94 113 Financing and insurance 125 192 317 ( 19) ( 94) ( 113) Real estate, professional and business services 363 415 778 Total 2 927 2 642 5 569 Public administration, education, human 223 402 625 ( 2 927) ( 2 407) ( 5 334) health and social work activities Median monthly income from main 11,000 8,000 10,000 Miscellaneous social and personal services 106 348 454 employment of working population (11,000) (9,000) (10,000) Others 86 22 108 excluding unpaid family workers (HK$) Total 2 927 2 642 5 569

Note: # Figures in brackets exclude foreign domestic helpers.

T10e / 11.9.2012 P. 1 / 2 2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council Cheung Chau North (T10)

4. Household Characteristics

Household Composition Domestic Households Nuclear family households Composed of couple 495 Composed of couple and unmarried children 1 418 Monthly Domestic Economically All Domestic Composed of lone parent and unmarried children 283 Household Income (HK$) Active Households # Households Relative households < 2,000 19 226 Composed of couple and at least one of their parents 52 2,000 - 3,999 24 229 Composed of couple, at least one of their parents and 81 4,000 - 5,999 34 226 their unmarried children 6,000 - 7,999 96 142 Composed of other relationship combinations 489 8,000 - 9,999 271 312 Other households 10,000 - 14,999 523 583 One-person households 773 15,000 - 19,999 543 546 Non-relative households 53 20,000 - 24,999 265 286 Total 3 644 25,000 - 29,999 242 290 30,000 - 39,999 353 361 Household Size Domestic Households 40,000 - 59,999 332 332 1 773 60,000 - 79,999 57 57 2 918 80,000 - 99,999 30 30 3 703 ≧ 100,000 24 24 4 736 Total 2 813 3 644 5 362 Median monthly domestic 18,560 15,900 6 + 152 household income (HK$) Total 3 644 Average domestic household size 2.9 Note: # Economically active household refers to a domestic household with at least one member (excluding foreign domestic helpers) being economically active. 5. Housing Characteristics

Average Monthly Domestic Household Number of Mortgage Payment and Domestic Households Quarters Domestic Loan Repayment (HK$) with Mortgage or Loan Occupied Households 1 - 1,999 15 by Domestic Domestic per 1000 Units 2,000 - 3,999 71 Type of Housing Households Households of Quarters 4,000 - 5,999 181 Public rental housing 456 456 1 000 6,000 - 7,999 59 Subsidized home ownership housing - - - 8,000 - 9,999 10 Private permanent housing 3 110 3 110 1 000 10,000 - 14,999 - Non-domestic housing 31 31 1 000 15,000 - 19,999 - Temporary housing 47 47 1 000 20,000 - 24,999 - Total 3 644 3 644 1 000 25,000 - 29,999 12 30,000 - 39,999 - Tenure of Accommodation Domestic Households ≧ 40,000 - Owner-occupier By non-household members only 38 With mortgage or loan 386 Total 386 Without mortgage and loan 1 808 Median monthly domestic household mortgage payment and loan repayment (HK$) 4,800 Sole tenant 1 222 Median mortgage payment and loan repayment to income ratio (%) 18.9 Co-tenant/Main tenant/Sub-tenant - Others Domestic Households Rent free 207 Monthly Domestic Renting the Accommodation Provided by employer 21 Household Rent (HK$) They Occupy Total 3 644 1 - 499 17 Proportion of domestic households 60.2 500 - 999 398 owning the quarters they occupy (%) 1,000 - 1,499 58 1,500 - 1,999 54 Population 2,000 - 3,999 477 Type of Housing Male Female Both Sexes 4,000 - 5,999 173 Population in domestic households 6,000 - 7,999 6 Public rental housing 689 798 1 487 8,000 - 9,999 17 Subsidized home ownership housing - - - 10,000 - 14,999 - Private permanent housing 4 185 4 665 8 850 15,000 - 19,999 - Non-domestic housing 31 - 31 20,000 - 24,999 25 Temporary housing 47 46 93 25,000 - 29,999 - Population in non-domestic households 111 360 471 30,000 - 39,999 - Total 5 063 5 869 10 932 ≧ 40,000 - None 18 Total 1 243 Median monthly domestic household rent (HK$) 2,400 Median rent to income ratio (%) 12.6

6. Internal Migration Characteristics

Area of Residence 5 Years Ago Population Aged 5 and Over Internally migrated # Hong Kong Island 145 Kowloon 161 New towns 99 Other areas in the New Territories/Marine 16 Not internally migrated Moved home within same area of residence 1 204 Remained in same address 8 710 Place of residence outside Hong Kong 5 years ago 202 Total 10 537 Proportion of population aged 5 and over 4.0 having internally migrated (%)

T10e / 11.9.2012 P. 2 / 2 2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council Cheung Chau South (T09)

1. Demographic Characteristics

Population Population Ethnicity Male Female Both Sexes Age Group Male Female Both Sexes Chinese 5 391 5 939 11 330 0 - 4 231 256 487 Indonesian - 219 219 5 - 9 251 218 469 Japanese 24 78 102 10 - 14 299 270 569 Filipino - 76 76 15 - 19 340 382 722 White 18 54 72 20 - 24 366 395 761 Others - 9 9 25 - 29 417 521 938 Total 5 433 6 375 11 808 30 - 34 379 543 922 Proportion of population of Chinese ethnicity (%) 99.2 93.2 96.0 35 - 39 472 565 1 037 40 - 44 403 572 975 45 - 49 480 611 1 091 Population 50 - 54 478 512 990 Usual Language Male Female Both Sexes 55 - 59 355 407 762 Cantonese 5 120 5 807 10 927 60 - 64 283 308 591 Putonghua - - - 65 - 69 125 137 262 Other Chinese dialects 39 116 155 70 - 74 173 171 344 English 18 165 183 75 - 79 192 193 385 Others 24 28 52 80 - 84 112 167 279 Persons aged under 5 or mute 232 259 491 85 + 77 147 224 Total 5 433 6 375 11 808 Total 5 433 6 375 11 808

Population Proportion of Population (%) Marital Status Male Female Both Sexes Age Group Male Female Both Sexes Never married 1 522 1 918 3 440 0 - 14 14.4 11.7 12.9 Now married 2 920 2 947 5 867 15 - 24 13.0 12.2 12.6 Widowed 109 528 637 25 - 44 30.8 34.5 32.8 Divorced 101 237 338 45 - 64 29.4 28.8 29.1 Separated - 1 1 65 + 12.5 12.8 12.7 Persons aged under 15 781 744 1 525 All age groups 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total 5 433 6 375 11 808 Median age 39.6 40.4 40.0 Proportion of population aged 15 and over 32.7 34.1 33.5 being never married (%)

2. Educational Characteristics

Population Place of Study Persons Attending Full-time Courses in Educational Institutions in Hong Kong Educational Attainment Age Age 15 In same district # 1 370 (Highest Level Attended) Under 15 and Over Total In another district Primary and below Hong Kong Island 368 No schooling/Pre-primary 641 1 354 1 995 Kowloon 71 Primary 618 1 616 2 234 New towns 114 Secondary/Sixth Form Other areas in the New Territories - Lower Secondary 253 2 247 2 500 Total 1 923 Upper Secondary/Sixth Form 13 3 315 3 328 Proportion of persons attending full-time courses in educational institutions 71.2 Post-secondary in Hong Kong with place of study in same district (%) Diploma/Certificate - 352 352 Sub-degree course - 326 326 Note: # It refers to persons whose place of study and place of residence are both in the same new town or both in areas other than Degree course - 1 073 1 073 new town areas of the District Council District to which this Constituency Area belongs. Total 1 525 10 283 11 808 Proportion of non-student population aged 20 and 16.2 over having attained post-secondary education (%)

3. Economic Characteristics

Population Working Population Economic Activity Status Male Female Both Sexes Place of Work Male Female Both Sexes Working Population In same district # 776 1 061 1 837 Employees 2 717 2 864 5 581 In another district Employers 221 35 256 Hong Kong Island 1 223 1 216 2 439 Self-employed 274 127 401 Kowloon 450 287 737 Unpaid family workers 16 132 148 New towns 172 150 322 Persons not in working population Other areas in the New Territories 11 37 48 Home-makers 7 1 014 1 021 No fixed places/Marine 559 112 671 Students 1 001 816 1 817 Work at home 6 295 301 Retired persons 758 851 1 609 Places outside Hong Kong 31 - 31 Others 439 536 975 Total 3 228 3 158 6 386 Total 5 433 6 375 11 808 Proportion of working population 24.0 33.6 28.8 Labour force 3 350 3 242 6 592 with place of work in same district (%) Labour force participation rate (%) 72.0 57.6 64.1 Note: # It refers to persons whose place of work and place of residence are both in the same new town or both in areas other than Monthly Income from Working Population # new town areas of the District Council District to which this Constituency Area belongs. Persons who work at home are Main Employment (HK$) Male Female Both Sexes excluded. < 2,000 82 76 158 ( 82) ( 76) ( 158) 2,000 - 3,999 113 428 541 Working Population ( 113) ( 199) ( 312) Occupation Male Female Both Sexes 4,000 - 5,999 47 383 430 Managers and administrators 209 241 450 ( 47) ( 317) ( 364) Professionals 135 84 219 6,000 - 7,999 365 478 843 Associate professionals 525 260 785 ( 365) ( 478) ( 843) Clerical support workers 145 688 833 8,000 - 9,999 542 535 1 077 Service and sales workers 589 1 167 1 756 ( 542) ( 535) ( 1 077) Craft and related workers 789 - 789 10,000 - 14,999 1 079 513 1 592 Plant and machine operators and assemblers 230 19 249 ( 1 079) ( 513) ( 1 592) Elementary occupations 569 699 1 268 15,000 - 19,999 459 147 606 Skilled agricultural and fishery workers; and 37 - 37 ( 459) ( 147) ( 606) occupations not classifiable 20,000 - 24,999 185 197 382 Total 3 228 3 158 6 386 ( 185) ( 197) ( 382) 25,000 - 29,999 49 87 136 Working Population ( 49) ( 87) ( 136) Industry Male Female Both Sexes 30,000 - 39,999 136 99 235 Manufacturing 18 20 38 ( 136) ( 99) ( 235) Construction 798 28 826 40,000 - 59,999 144 38 182 Import/export, wholesale and retail trades 469 806 1 275 ( 144) ( 38) ( 182) Transportation, storage, postal and courier services 346 81 427 ≧ 60,000 11 45 56 Accommodation and food services 389 438 827 ( 11) ( 45) ( 56) Information and communications 223 28 251 Unpaid family workers 16 132 148 Financing and insurance 121 213 334 ( 16) ( 132) ( 148) Real estate, professional and business services 364 647 1 011 Total 3 228 3 158 6 386 Public administration, education, human 301 443 744 ( 3 228) ( 2 863) ( 6 091) health and social work activities Median monthly income from main 11,000 8,000 10,000 Miscellaneous social and personal services 125 454 579 employment of working population (11,000) (8,500) (10,000) Others 74 - 74 excluding unpaid family workers (HK$) Total 3 228 3 158 6 386

Note: # Figures in brackets exclude foreign domestic helpers.

T09e / 11.9.2012 P. 1 / 2 2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council Cheung Chau South (T09)

4. Household Characteristics

Household Composition Domestic Households Nuclear family households Composed of couple 613 Composed of couple and unmarried children 1 526 Monthly Domestic Economically All Domestic Composed of lone parent and unmarried children 469 Household Income (HK$) Active Households # Households Relative households < 2,000 90 238 Composed of couple and at least one of their parents 53 2,000 - 3,999 32 259 Composed of couple, at least one of their parents and 64 4,000 - 5,999 62 169 their unmarried children 6,000 - 7,999 118 257 Composed of other relationship combinations 435 8,000 - 9,999 204 269 Other households 10,000 - 14,999 605 641 One-person households 946 15,000 - 19,999 722 732 Non-relative households 77 20,000 - 24,999 326 355 Total 4 183 25,000 - 29,999 316 316 30,000 - 39,999 298 298 Household Size Domestic Households 40,000 - 59,999 452 463 1 946 60,000 - 79,999 138 138 2 986 80,000 - 99,999 34 34 3 869 ≧ 100,000 14 14 4 883 Total 3 411 4 183 5 364 Median monthly domestic 19,500 16,250 6 + 135 household income (HK$) Total 4 183 Average domestic household size 2.8 Note: # Economically active household refers to a domestic household with at least one member (excluding foreign domestic helpers) being economically active. 5. Housing Characteristics

Average Monthly Domestic Household Number of Mortgage Payment and Domestic Households Quarters Domestic Loan Repayment (HK$) with Mortgage or Loan Occupied Households 1 - 1,999 - by Domestic Domestic per 1000 Units 2,000 - 3,999 147 Type of Housing Households Households of Quarters 4,000 - 5,999 93 Public rental housing 419 419 1 000 6,000 - 7,999 70 Subsidized home ownership housing - - - 8,000 - 9,999 37 Private permanent housing 3 717 3 722 1 001 10,000 - 14,999 - Non-domestic housing - - - 15,000 - 19,999 - Temporary housing 42 42 1 000 20,000 - 24,999 - Total 4 178 4 183 1 001 25,000 - 29,999 - 30,000 - 39,999 - Tenure of Accommodation Domestic Households ≧ 40,000 - Owner-occupier By non-household members only 98 With mortgage or loan 445 Total 445 Without mortgage and loan 2 371 Median monthly domestic household mortgage payment and loan repayment (HK$) 4,770 Sole tenant 1 010 Median mortgage payment and loan repayment to income ratio (%) 16.6 Co-tenant/Main tenant/Sub-tenant 2 Others Domestic Households Rent free 333 Monthly Domestic Renting the Accommodation Provided by employer 22 Household Rent (HK$) They Occupy Total 4 183 1 - 499 - Proportion of domestic households 67.3 500 - 999 130 owning the quarters they occupy (%) 1,000 - 1,499 306 1,500 - 1,999 49 Population 2,000 - 3,999 441 Type of Housing Male Female Both Sexes 4,000 - 5,999 71 Population in domestic households 6,000 - 7,999 15 Public rental housing 780 700 1 480 8,000 - 9,999 - Subsidized home ownership housing - - - 10,000 - 14,999 - Private permanent housing 4 580 5 587 10 167 15,000 - 19,999 - Non-domestic housing - - - 20,000 - 24,999 - Temporary housing 49 36 85 25,000 - 29,999 - Population in non-domestic households 24 52 76 30,000 - 39,999 - Total 5 433 6 375 11 808 ≧ 40,000 - None 22 Total 1 034 Median monthly domestic household rent (HK$) 2,000 Median rent to income ratio (%) 10.8

6. Internal Migration Characteristics

Area of Residence 5 Years Ago Population Aged 5 and Over Internally migrated # Hong Kong Island 249 Kowloon 55 New towns 269 Other areas in the New Territories/Marine - Not internally migrated Moved home within same area of residence 1 116 Remained in same address 9 275 Place of residence outside Hong Kong 5 years ago 357 Total 11 321 Proportion of population aged 5 and over 5.1 having internally migrated (%)

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