The Aftermath of Psychological Trauma in Grey's Anatomy
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A Hard Day’s Night: The aftermath of psychological trauma in Grey’s Anatomy Master’s thesis Merja Hassinen University of Jyväskylä Department of Languages English September 2014 JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO Tiedekunta – Faculty Laitos – Department Humanistinen tiedekunta Kielten laitos Tekijä – Author Merja Hassinen Työn nimi – Title A HARD DAY’S NIGHT: The aftermath of psychological trauma in Grey’s Anatomy Oppiaine – Subject Työn laji – Level Englannin kieli Pro gradu -tutkielma Aika – Month and year Sivumäärä – Number of pages syyskuu 2014 118 Tiivistelmä – Abstract Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli tunnistaa ja kuvata tapoja, joilla fiktiiviset henkilöhahmot amerikkalaisessa sairaalasarjassa Greyn Anatomia reagoivat psykologisesti traumaattisiin kokemuksiin, sekä sitä, millainen rooli hahmojen keskinäisellä ystävyyssuhteella on parantumisprosessissa. Analyysin kohteena oli sarjan kaksi keskeistä henkilöhahmoa, Meredith Grey sekä Cristina Yang. Aineisto koostui kahdesta erillisestä tarinakaaresta: molemmat alkoivat traumaattisesta tapahtumasta ja loppuivat molempien hahmojen ns. löydettyä ratkaisun trauman aiheuttamiin ongelmiinsa. Yhteensä analysoituja jaksoja oli kuusitoista (16). Laadullisen analyysin perustana käytettiin kriittistä televisiotutkimusta, hahmontutkimusta sekä psykologisen trauman, sen vaiheiden ja traumaperäisen stressihäiriön käsitteitä. Varsinainen analyysi koostui lähinnä hahmojen välisen dialogin tarkastelusta ja tulkinnasta: havaintoja tehtiin traumaperäisen stressihäiriön oireenmukaisesta käyttäytymisestä ja muista traumankäsittelystrategioista sekä hahmojen tavasta käsitellä traumaa vuorovaikutuksessa toistensa kanssa. Myös monologeja ja hahmojen vuorovaikutusta sekä heidän kumppaneidensa että muiden kollegojen kanssa tutkittiin. Aineistosta tunnistettiin oireenmukaista käytöstä etenkin Cristinan hahmon osalta, ja lisäksi molemmilla hahmoilla havaittiin toistuva tapa käsitellä trauman aiheuttamia tunteita ja menetyksiä. Hahmojen keskinäinen ystävyyssuhde oli suuressa roolissa trauman käsittelyssä, ja trauman myös huomattiin vaikuttavan tähän suhteeseen molemmissa tarinakaarissa. Sarjan tapa kuvata traumaperäistä stressihäiriötä vastasi melko hyvin kyseisen häiriön todellisia diagnosointikriteerejä. Trauman lopullinen integrointi ja hyväksyntä sen sijaan esitettiin jokseenkin yksinkertaistettuna ja katarsisena tapahtumana. Kaiken kaikkiaan tutkimuksen voidaan katsoa tuovan arvokasta lisätietoa Amerikkalaisen yhteiskunnan traumakäsityksestä sekä televisiosarjojen tavasta heijastella ajankohtaisia puheenaiheita fiktion kautta. Asiasanat – Keywords television series, characterization, trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder Säilytyspaikka – Depository https://jyx.jyu.fi TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................5 2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND.....................................................................7 2.1. TELEVISION STUDIES ..........................................................................................7 2.1.1. Characterization and character identity.......................................................10 2.2. PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA................................................................................13 2.2.1. Post-traumatic stress disorder .....................................................................16 2.2.2. Trauma fiction.............................................................................................19 2.3. GREY’S ANATOMY AND THE MEDICAL DRAMA .................................................22 3. RESEARCH DESIGN.........................................................................................27 3.1. AIMS AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS .....................................................................27 3.2. DATA SELECTION ..............................................................................................29 3.2.1. Introducing Grey’s Anatomy.......................................................................30 3.2.2. Story arcs.....................................................................................................34 3.3. ANALYTICAL APPROACH...................................................................................35 4. ANALYSIS............................................................................................................38 4.1. STORY ARC 1 - DEATH AND ALL HIS FRIENDS...................................................38 4.2. THE AFTERMATH OF THE SHOOTING..................................................................43 4.2.1. Avoidance....................................................................................................43 4.2.2. Disconnection..............................................................................................55 4.2.3. Confrontation ..............................................................................................61 4.2.4. Resolution ...................................................................................................67 4.2.5. Summary .....................................................................................................74 4.3. STORY ARC 2 - FLIGHT......................................................................................76 4.4. THE AFTERMATH OF THE PLANE CRASH ............................................................81 4.4.1. Change.........................................................................................................81 4.4.2. Shock...........................................................................................................84 4.4.3. Comradeship ...............................................................................................89 4.4.4. Resolution ...................................................................................................93 4.4.5. Summary .....................................................................................................96 5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION..............................................................98 5.1. CRISTINA..........................................................................................................98 5.2. MEREDITH......................................................................................................101 5.3. THE TWISTED SISTERS ....................................................................................103 5.4. IMPLICATIONS AND APPLICATIONS ..................................................................104 5.5. LIMITATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH ...............................109 5.6. CONCLUSION.................................................................................................. 110 BIBLIOGRAPHY.......................................................................................................112 PRIMARY SOURCES ..................................................................................................... 112 SECONDARY SOURCES ................................................................................................ 112 5 1. INTRODUCTION This study describes and discusses the ways in which psychological trauma and its aftermath affect two central characters and their relationships in the U.S. primetime medical drama series Grey’s Anatomy (ABC, 2005- ). More specifically, the thesis focuses on the analysis and description of post-traumatic responses and symptomatic behavior of two of the show's main characters, Meredith Grey (the title character, played by Ellen Pompeo) and Cristina Yang (played by Sandra Oh), and the role of their friendship on their recovery from trauma. The analysis has been conducted by closely observing and describing the characters’ communication with each other as well as with their spouses in the aftermath of two separate traumatic events. In addition, a few examples of their interaction with colleagues and patients have been included whenever relevant to the topic. The study draws on the broad theoretical framework of television studies; research on characterization and character identity has also been consulted for the purpose of explaining the importance of characters and their development in dramatic television. For the purposes of defining and analyzing traumatic experiences, literature on psychological trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder, in particular, has been consulted. The analysis is qualitative in nature and employs a hermeneutic strategy: therefore, instead of strict adherence to a single analytical method, the analysis has been conducted by doing a close reading on the episodes of two selected story arcs, making observations on the ways textual as well as televisual elements refer to the psychological trauma and its effects on the characters, and describing and discussing the observations in detail. Although both fictional television and the portrayal of psychological trauma have been studied extensively, there are some major gaps in both fields justifying this study. For example, psychological trauma has mainly been 6 studied in written texts instead of television; furthermore, the research has focused on fictional depictions of real-life traumas while less attention has been paid to representations of fictional trauma. With regard to fictional characters, while character identity construction and/or characterization has been the focus of some contemporary studies on fictional television (see, for example, Calvin 2008), most studies seem to have focused on analyzing (more or less) static identities,