*FM 34-2-1 FIELD MANUAL HEADQUARTERS NO 34-2-1 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Washington, DC, 19 June 1991

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iii FM 34-2-1 Preface This field manual provides collection managers; and other tactics, techniques, and personnel involved in planning procedures (TTP) for and conducting R&S and reconnaissance and surveillance developing intelligence to (R&S) planning, mission support CR operations. It is management, and reporting. intended for use by both active It provides TTP for the and Reserve Components (RC) and development of intelligence to US Army Training and Doctrine support counterreconnaissance Command (TRADOC) schools. (CR) operations. It describes employment considerations for The doctrine in this R&S assets; and defines the publication conforms with and roles of the collection manager supports the principles and maneuver brigade and contained in FM 34-1. battalion S2's in planning R&S operations. It describes Unless this publication their roles in identifying states otherwise, masculine intelligence requirements to nouns and pronouns do not refer support CR operations. exclusively to men. This manual addresses The proponent of this TTP for planning and publication is the United conducting R&S and developing States Army Intelligence intelligence to support CR Center, Fort Huachuca, AZ. operations at maneuver brigade Send comments and and below. It can also apply recommendations on DA Form 2028 to armored cavalry regiment (Recommended Changes to (ACR) and separate brigades. Publications and Blank Forms) directly to Commander, US Army This manual is intended Intelligence Center and School, for maneuver commanders and ATTN : ATSI-TDL-D, Fort their staffs (especially S2s); Huachuca, AZ 85613-7000. intelligence staffs and

iv FM 34-2-1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Throughout history, study, "Applying the National military leaders have Training Center Experience: recognized the importance of Tactical Reconnaissance.” R&S. Gaining and maintaining contact with the enemy is The message is clear: essential to win the battle. Success on the battlefield Our own military history begins with R&S and R&S begins contains many examples where with the intelligence officer. our knowledge of the enemy, As the S2, you play a big role or lack of knowledge, directly in the success or failure of led to victory or defeat. your unit. But if being able to find the enemy is critical The role of R&S has not to the attack, what role does changed on the modern the S2 play in the defense? battlefield; if anything, it has become even more Figure 1-2 shows the attack important. Battles at the outcome according to reconnais- combat training centers prove sance status (Opposing Force that a good R&S effort is [OPFOR]). This is another critical to successful chart from the same Rand study. attacks. On the other hand, It clearly shows: If you blind a poor R&S effort almost the enemy, they will most guarantees defeat for the likely fail in the attack. commander. Figure 1-1 shows Therefore, a successful defense attack outcome according to depends on finding, targeting, reconnaissance status (Blue destroying, or suppressing Force [BLUFOR]). This chart enemy reconnaissance assets was developed by the Rand before they can report your Corporation in its October 1987 unit’s defensive positions.

1-1 FM 34-2-1 This implies an aggressive giving you and your commander CR effort that seeks out enemy the best chance for victory in reconnaissance units rather battle. than passively screening. It also implies the coordination The intent is for you to and active participation among use this manual in the field as the S2, S3, fire support a guide. This manual is also officer (FSO), and the designed to show commanders and intelligence and electronic S3s the R&S planning process. warfare support element This manual is arranged (IEWSE). sequentially to reflect the order of the R&S and collection This manual describes the management processes. It will TTP you can use to develop and help you understand R&S a step execute successful R&S plans. at a time. Field Manual 34-2 and FM 34-80 contain additional information The better prepared you on collection management and are as an S2, the better your R&S. R&S plan will be. Therefore, you should have a solid This is a "how to" manual. appreciation for intelligence It describes how to-- preparation of the battlefield (IPB) and its contribution to o Plan R&S operations. developing an R&S plan. (See FM 34-130, Intelligence o Task R&S assets. Preparation of the Battlefield, for a complete discussion of o Graphically depict R&S IPB.) You need to know what operations. assets are available to you, as well as the capabilities o Execute R&S operations. and limitations of those assets. This supports o Save time in the planning planning and executing R&S process. operations. o Plan for intelligence Once you formulate your support to CR missions. plan, you must know how to task appropriate assets. One o Plan for division level way to disseminate the R&S assets, such as signals plan or taskings is to develop intelligence (SIGINT) an R&S overlay. FM 34-80, collectors. Appendix E, describes the preparation of the R&S This manual will show you overlay. As you execute the how to succeed in your plan, you should know how to reconnaissance and CR effort, monitor the R&S effort and

1-2 FM 34-2-1 modify the plan accordingly. requirements (PIR) or To reinforce the steps in the information requirements (IR). R&S process, this manual includes examples at brigade PIR and IR are either and battalion levels of how to stated by the commander or plan, prepare, execute, and recommended by you and approved monitor the R&S effort. by the commander. They are the very reason R&S plans (and all COLLECTION MANAGEMENT PROCESS collection plans) exist. You may also have requirements from To successfully plan and higher or subordinate units; execute the R&S effort, you these you will prioritize and should understand the five consolidate with the phases of the collection commander's PIR. Once you have management process, and the identified all requirements, relationship of R&S to you will eventually convert collection management. them into specific items to Regardless of the echelon, you look for. will go through the following five steps or phases to develop DETERMINE RESOURCE a collection plan and, AVAILABILITY AND CAPABILITY ultimately, an R&S plan: In simplest terms, o Receive and analyze determining resource requirements. availability and capability means assessing what means you o Determine resource have to look for the specific availability and capability. items you have developed in the first step. o Task resources. TASK RESOURCES o Evaluate reporting. When tasking resources, you o Update collection must tell a specific resource planning. what it should look for, and how it is to report RECEIVE AND ANALYZE information. REQUIREMENTS At division and higher, Receiving and analyzing several elements accomplish requirements means identifying these five steps. For example, what the commander must know the all-source production about the enemy, weather, and section (ASPS) aids the terrain to accomplish the collection management and mission. Normally, the dissemination (CM&D) section in commander’s concerns are analyzing requirements. The expressed as questions, termed CM&D may simply task the priority intelligence military intelligence (MI)

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battalion to collect on question; or is it time to specific requirements; the MI shift focus and begin answering battalion S3 is the one who another question? actually tasks a specific asset. In fact, very seldom SOLUTIONS TO COMMON does a division G2 directly ERRORS IN RECONNAISSANCE task a specific asset. AND SURVEILLANCE PLANNING At maneuver brigade and This manual focuses on battalion levels, however, your R&S at brigade and battalion S2 section will usually do all levels. It discusses ways five steps of the collection to improve your R&S plans and management process. You will to win the battle. Many develop a collection plan which common mistakes made by S2s addresses how your unit will in the planning stage result collect information to satisfy in unproductive R&S operations. all intelligence requirements. These mistakes were noted Unlike division, you will during numerous observations normally task specific assets at the training centers and to collect specific occur regularly. To avoid information. errors in R&S plans, use the guidelines discussed This essentially is the below. difference between a collection plan and an R&S plan: a USE IPB PRODUCTS collection plan identifies which units or agencies will Use enemy situation collect information. An R&S templates and event templates plan identifies which specific to identify areas on the assets will be tasked to battlefield where and when collect information, and how you expect significant events they will do it. Therefore, as or targets to appear. These a general rule, R&S planning IPB products will save many occurs mostly at brigade and hours of analysis by below. pinpointing specific areas on which to focus your R&S EVALUATE REPORTING effort. Is the asset accurately KNOW YOUR ASSETS reporting what it sees based on its capabilities? And does the Know the capabilities and report answer the original limitations of the R&S assets question? available to you. This should ensure that assets are not sent UPDATE COLLECTION PLANNING on missions they are not capable of conducting nor Do you need more trained to conduct. information to answer the

1-4 FM 34-2-1 PROVIDE DETAILS support is integrated into all phases of R&S operations. When you develop your R&S plan, provide details. Generic STRESS THE IMPORTANCE R&S plans do not produce the OF R&S MISSIONS amount of information required in the time allocated. Subordinate elements tend to ignore collection taskings UNDERSTAND SCHEME assigned by higher echelons; OF MANEUVER they sometimes consider these nonessential taskings. Make It is imperative you sure these subordinate element understand your unit’s scheme commanders understand the of maneuver before you begin to importance of their R&S formulate the R&S plan. A well missions. You must get the S3 thought out R&S plan that does or the commander involved to not support the scheme of remedy this situation. maneuver is a useless effort. PARTICIPATE IN THE PROVIDE GUIDANCE DEVELOPMENT OF MISSION ESSENTIAL Provide detailed guidance TASK LISTS to the company and teams as they plan their patrol The battalion S2 should missions; patrols also need to take an active role in the coordinate with the battalion development of the scout before, during, and after all platoon battle tasks. Figure missions. This should preclude 1-3 is an example of scout useless missions and wasted platoon battle tasks. The only lives. You should also make way to establish a proper sure patrols have enough time working relationship to train to plan and execute their with the scout platoon leader missions. in garrison as well as in the field. The result will be a KNOW LOCATIONS OF ASSETS scout platoon that understands what the S2 needs and an S2 You need to continuously understanding the capabilities monitor and disseminate the and limitations of the scout current locations of friendly platoon. R&S assets. This should minimize the incidents of POINT OUT NAI fratricide. During CR operations, INTEGRATE FIRE SUPPORT point out areas throughout the battlefield where you Involve the FSO in R&S expect enemy reconnaissance. planning so that indirect fire Do not limit these NAI to

1-5 FM 34-2-1 just along the forward edge o Lack of time makes the of the battle area (FEBA) or scout platoon leader reluctant the line of departure (LD)/ to exercise the initiative and line of contact (LC). Company flexibility necessary to ensure and team commanders and staff complete coverage. For must understand that CR example, scouts remain in operations extend throughout their vehicles instead of the depth of the battlefield. dismounting. Enemy reconnaissance assets are trained to look deep and o The scout platoon fails to conduct operations well to follow standing operating into the rear area. procedures (SOPS). INCORPORATE FLEXIBILITY DO NOT OVERLY RELY ON THE SCOUT PLATOON Be sure to incorporate flexibility into your R&S Commanders tend to rely too plan. Be ready to make much on their scout platoons. modifications at any time, An untrained scout platoon may especially in a nuclear, display weaknesses in land biological, and chemical navigation, selecting proper (NBC) environment. The R&S positions, reporting Combined Arms in a Nuclear/ information, and calling for Chemical Environment (CANE) indirect fire. When you do use IIB Test explains the scout platoons, try to confirm difficulty in collecting their reports with information intelligence data in an NBC gathered from other assets. environment. Also, do not fall into the trap of using the scout platoon as DO NOT KEEP THE SCOUT the only R&S collection asset. PLATOON LEADER WAITING When using the scout platoon, be sure the mission you give Do not keep the scout them is one they are capable of platoon leader at the successfully completing. tactical operations center (TOC) waiting for a complete These solutions apply to operations order (OPORD). common problems occurring Some results are-- throughout the Army. Take note of these solutions and try to o The scout platoon deploys develop R&S plans reflecting too late to sufficiently the solutions, not the reconnoiter its assigned NAI. problems.

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1-9 FM 34-2-1 CHAPTER 2 RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE AND INTELLIGENCE PREPARATION OF THE BATTLEFIELD Think of developing an R&S COUNTERRECONNAISSANCE plan as being similar to building a house. A good house Essentially, CR means needs a solid foundation. The blinding the enemy's eyes so pillars for the foundation of they cannot detect our attack, R&S are the actual terms used. or cannot locate our defensive Before going on, let us discuss positions. CR missions require some important terms. you to-- TERMS o Know something about how the enemy reconnoiters. Refer to the glossary for the definitions of o Be able to locate, reconnaissance, surveillance, target, destroy, or suppress and CR. Below is a discussion enemy reconnaissance assets. of these terms. Providing support to the RECONNAISSANCE CR mission means that you must become an expert on Reconnaissance is concerned threat reconnaissance doctrine, with three components: enemy, tactics, unit organizations, weather, and terrain. You and equipment. You must know should understand that how the enemy plans to collect reconnaissance is active; it information; when they do it; seeks out enemy positions, and with what equipment, obstacles, and routes. Since vehicles, and organizations movement draws attention, good they collect. reconnaissance uses stealth to avoid detection. Then plan how to find the enemy's reconnaissance SURVEILLANCE assets before they are able to find friendly forces. You Surveillance is passive. also need to understand US Surveillance implies observing maneuver organizations, a specified area or areas doctrine, tactics, and systematically from a fixed, capabilities, since you may concealed position. A good R&S be called on to provide a plan contains the best mix of recommendation for organizing R&S based on requirements, CR forces. assets available, and the threat.

2-1 FM 34-2-1 Coordinate closely with the These two things tell you-- S3 and the FSO, since much of their planning relies on your o What to collect. ability to predict, locate, and confirm enemy reconnaissance o Where to collect. assets. Your knowledge of threat reconnaissance o When to collect. capabilities, limitations, and vulnerabilities aids the staff o Who should collect it for in developing high payoff you . targets (HPTs). It aids in determining how best to destroy o Why you must collect it. or suppress those targets, either by lethal or nonlethal Your collection plan means. enables you to direct and control the collection of At brigade level, you must information. That information, get the IEWSE officer involved once recorded, evaluated, and in CR battle planning, because interpreted, becomes using EW may be crucial to the intelligence. Collecting success of the mission. information gives commanders targeting data so they can Defining R&S and CR in destroy enemy weapon systems isolation may suggest they and units. Your analysis can occur in a vacuum. Nothing provide insight into the enemy could be further from the situation to the extent that truth. R&S is a crucial phase you can make an educated of the intelligence cycle. As estimate of possible future you will see, your R&S effort enemy courses of action requires direction if it is to ( COAs ) . At this point, inform provide the necessary your commander and the rest of intelligence the commander the staff; then begin to needs to fight and win the develop friendly COAs for battle. future operations. You might have the The cycle continues impression R&S has definitive endlessly. However, within the start and end points. cycle you may discover, based Actually, R&S is part of a on the picture you have larger, continuing collection developed, that you must modify process. That process gets its the collection plan. Or, based direction from two things: on what you have collected, you first, the mission; and second, must update the IPB terrain by extension, the IPB process. data base.

2-2 FM 34-2-1 There is an interrelation- general) is commander-oriented ship between all aspects of the and commander-directed. intelligence cycle. Your Therefore, you cannot develop collection plan has a direct a successful R&S plan until you effect on how you-- know exactly what the commander needs to know. o Process information and disseminate intelligence during The commander’s questions the present battle. which positively must be answered in order to accomplish o Direct your intelligence the mission are PIR. They are efforts for future battles. the start point for the R&S plan. The clearer and more The R&S plan marries the precise the commander’s PIR, IPB with assets available for the better you will be able to information collection. It develop the R&S plan to answer organizes and prioritizes them. information requirements. This results in R&S taskings to How do PIR come about? As units through the S3. part of the mission analysis process, you and your commander RECONNAISSANCE AND study the mission given to you SURVEILLANCE PRINCIPLES by higher headquarters. You develop specified, implied, and Now that we have defined essential tasks. AS you do the terms, let us discuss the this, you should also be able two principles of R&S. They to identify gaps in your are-- understanding of the battlefield situation. o Tell commanders what they need to know in time for them The following are examples to act. of possible gaps: o Do as much as possible o Which avenue of approach ahead of time. (AA) will the enemy use, and when? TELL COMMANDERS WHAT THEY NEED TO KNOW o Which fixed- and IN TIME FOR THEM TO ACT rotary-wing air AAs will the enemy use? This principle is of paramount importance. You must o How will the enemy deploy develop the R&S plan so that it in their attack? directly addresses what the commander wants to know. In o Where will the enemy essence, the R&S effort (as commit their second echelon with the intelligence effort in forces?

2-3 FM 34-2-1 o What are the enemy o Where and when will the reconnaissance forces, tactics, enemy counterattack, and how and capabilities? will they counterattack? o Where is the enemy main o Where are the enemy AT supply route (MSR)? weapons? o Under what circumstances o Where is the enemy will the enemy use NBC artillery? weapons? How will they be employed? Essentially, you and your commander try to zero in on o What are the enemy exactly what will determine the subsequent and fallback outcome of the battle. Many positions, and routes from times, the commander will tell their main defensive positions you what is of the most to the fallback positions? concern. It is the responsibility of the commander o In what strength will the to state PIR. However, the S2 enemy counterattack, and where and the S3 can assist in this are the armor counterattack process by presenting their own forces? analyses of the mission. o Where are the enemy Remember, PIR drive your observation posts (OPs) and R&S efforts; so it is critical listening posts (LPs)? that you understand just exactly what your commander o Where are the enemy needs to know in order to antitank (AT) helicopters? fight. o Where are the enemy TOCs Try to keep the commander's and tactical command posts, PIR as specific as possible. relays, and communications The more general the question, sites? the harder it is to answer. Instead of asking, “With what o Where are the enemy force will the 34th Motorized logistic and support areas? Rifle Regiment attack?", try to discern exactly what it is your o What effects of weather commander is looking for. If provide a key advantage or the commander wants to know how disadvantage to you or the the 34th will initially deploy, enemy? it is better to ask, "Will the 34th attack in column, with two o Where are the enemy battalions leading, or with obstacles and fire sacks? three battalions on line?" o Where are the enemy main Similarly, is the commander defensive positions? concerned with finding the

2-4 FM 34-2-1 enemy’s main defensive area; Once developed, PIR should or is he really worried about be disseminated to subordinate, locating company and platoon adjacent, and higher units. In positions within the main this way, you inform everyone defensive area? How you of the questions you need phrase the PIR has a direct answered. Remember, although bearing on how you answer you may not be able to answer those PIR. a specific PIR at your level, your higher headquarters may To better focus R&S be able to. Disseminating efforts, keep PIR down to a your PIR also tells everyone manageable number. Normally, what you are most interested you will only be able to in. concentrate on three or four at any one time. Of course, Use the intelligence annex the mission and the and intelligence summaries to commander’s needs may sometimes disseminate PIR. Your PIR and dictate more. Having a large IR also determine your request number of priorities defeats for intelligence information the purpose of having PIR in (RII) . The RII is the best way the first place. to let your higher headquarters know your information needs. Other questions the Your higher headquarters does commander may have regarding not always know what specific the enemy, weather, and terrain information you may need. of a lesser priority than PIR are called IR. Examples of IR Your commanders PIR give are-- you a direction in which to start your R&S planning. o Where or what is the Subsequently, most of your enemy’s immediate objective? time will be spent doing detailed planning and analysis, o Will the enemy employ all focused on answering smoke? those PIR. Essentially, you will study the effects of o Where are the usable enemy, weather, and terrain river fording points? on the battlefield and the mission. Answers to these questions may not be critical to the The best way to study the immediate success of the enemy, weather, and terrain is mission, but they will through the IPB process. IPB-- certainly help provide answers to those critical questions. o Enables you to focus Keep in mind that IR may at analytical efforts on a some point become PIR, and vice specific part of the versa, depending on the battlefield. situation.

2-5 FM 34-2-1 o Gives you a way to Also, collect information systematically examine the on historic weather patterns terrain and weather effects on and conditions for your area. enemy and friendly actions. Develop a data base that includes how the weather o Helps you determine the influences the terrain and effects on R&S activities. the people of that region. o Gives you an in-depth Finally, learn as much as view of how the enemy fight, you can about the potential how they reconnoiter, and where threat in that region. they may be most vulnerable. Depending on how much time you had and how much information Most importantly, IPB gives were available, you would-- you a way to synchronize your R&S plan with the general o Find out individual unit battle plan. Figure 2-1 identifications, unit illustrates the commander’s organization, and garrison decision-making process locations. (supported by IPB). If it is done right, IPB is people- o Determine the status of intensive and time-consuming. unit training and overall This brings us to a second - combat readiness. principle of R&S. o Study threat tactics, DO AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE both doctrinally and AHEAD OF TIME historically. The first four functions of o Build a data base the IPB process are homework containing all this functions. That means you information. build a data base on terrain and weather conditions, and o Update your data base as enemy order of battle (OB) more recent information becomes before hostilities. For available. (Don’t forget to example, your unit has received ask higher headquarters for a new contingency mission for data base information already some part of the world. Given obtained.) this mission, begin collecting information on terrain features INTELLIGENCE PREPARATION OF and conditions for the area THE BATTLEFIELD PROCESS your unit is responsible for. You might get this information The majority of the IPB from existing maps, area process needs to be done ahead studies, or special engineer of time. You simply will not products. Then build a data have time during combat to base on the people, customs, establish any data base or to culture, and other demographics perform an in-depth analysis of of the region. the enemy, weather, or

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2-7 FM 34-2-1 terrain. To successfully plan The commander bases the and execute the R&S operation, unit’s AI on many things. It you must have this detailed is normally an expansion of analysis. The IPB process has your unit's area of operations five components: (AO) . It should be large enough to provide answers to o Battlefield area the commander’s PIR; yet small evaluation (BAE). enough to prevent your analytical efforts from o Terrain analysis. becoming unfocused. Determining the AI depends on o Weather analysis. the unit mission and threat capabilities. For example, if o Threat evaluation. your unit is to attack, your AI should extend across your LD/LC o Threat integration. up to and surrounding your intermediate and subsequent Refer to FM 34-130, objectives. Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield, for detailed If the mission is to information on IPB. defend, the AI should extend far enough to include any BATTLEFIELD AREA EVALUATION possible units that might reinforce against you. You can BAE is the first step of base your AI considerations in the IPB process. Begin your terms of time and on how fast analysis by figuring out what you or the enemy moves. part of the battlefield should Figure 2-2 lists general be of interest to you and your distance guidelines in hours commander. The end result of and kilometers; use this to this step is the identification determine your unit's AI. of the area of interest (AI): That part of the battlefield Considerations for your AI which contains significant should be expressed in terms of terrain features or enemy units distance, based on-- and weapon systems that may affect your unit’s near or o How your unit attacks. future battle. o How the enemy attacks. BAE is a crucial step in the IPB process because it o What your commander needs focuses your analytical efforts to know. on a finite piece of the battlefield. By extension, it For example, a battalion will also provide geographic commander fighting an attacking limits to your R&S and enemy using Soviet tactics is collection efforts. normally interested in 1st- and

2-8 FM 34-2-1 2nd-echelon battalions of weather analyses. Essentially, 1st-echelon regiments. these are detailed studies of how the terrain and weather Doctrinally, these units will affect both friendly and would normally be from 1 to 15 enemy operations. kilometers from our FLOT. Specifically, terrain and Therefore, the AI should extend weather will dictate how forward at least 15 kilometers. effective R&S assets will be, and where they should go to You must determine your AI be most effective. Your during mission analysis. Your knowledge of terrain and commander and S3 play a big weather will allow you to part in formulating the AI. anticipate effects on friendly They tell you what their and enemy R&S systems and intelligence concerns are. operations. Like PIR, your unit’s AI must be the commanders and must be Terrain analysis and sent to higher headquarters. weather analysis should Figures 2-3 and 2-4 show start as soon as you have examples of AIs for defensive determined your AI. Do not and offensive missions. wait until you deploy to Figure 2-5 shows both defensive start your analysis! The and offensive. It will help in more prepared you are, the determining your unit’s AI. better the R&S plan will be. Figures 2-6 and 2-7 show TERRAIN ANALYSIS AND specific uses and effects WEATHER ANALYSIS for terrain and weather analyses. The next two steps in the IPB process are terrain and

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THREAT EVALUATION o Personalities. Once you have analyzed o Other miscellaneous terrain and weather, begin a factors. thorough study of enemy-- This study results in o Composition. threat evaluation, the fourth step in the IPB process. o Disposition. During this step-- o Tactics. o Develop a doctrinal template file. o Training. o Build up your threat data o Combat readiness. base. o Logistic support. o Evaluate threat capabilities. o Electronic technical data.

2-13 FM 34-2-1 Doctrinal templates are table of enemy rates of advance important because they show how for specific situations and the enemy doctrinally attacks terrain. or defends in various situations. Knowing how the Finally, knowing how the enemy defends will tell you threat uses weapon systems and what you ought to look for in units gives you an appreciation order to confirm that they are, of which are most important to in fact, defending. the enemy commander in a particular situation. These Knowing how the enemy important weapon systems and employs reconnaissance in the units are called high value attack will help you target targets (HVTs). They are the them, allowing you to destroy starting point for the target or neutralize those assets. It value analysis process. Target also helps you determine which acquisition is an important of those assets are most aspect of R&S and CR. Target important to the enemy’s value analysis will play a big reconnaissance effort. role in your R&S planning. Figures 2-8 and 2-9 are THREAT INTEGRATION examples of doctrinal templates you might use specifically for Remember, the four IPB R&S planning. Whenever you use steps should be started before doctrinal templates, you must deployment. They ought to be temper them with some reality. part of your day-by-day For example: a Soviet intelligence operations. You regimental attack template has are now at the point where you set doctrinal sector widths. can pull together what you have It serves no purpose to place developed about the enemy, this over a map where a weather, and terrain and apply battalion falls outside an AA. it to a specific battlefield There is enough leeway even in situation. Soviet doctrine to conform to terrain limitations; when using This step is threat the template you must make integration. You will discover those same allowances. you can also perform some threat integration functions A careful study of threat ahead of time. The first such doctrine tells how fast they function is to develop a series will attack in various of situation templates situations. This information depicting how you think the will become very important enemy will deploy assets. later on. For right now, remember during threat Situation Template evaluation that you determine enemy doctrinal rates of The situation template advance. Figure 2-10 is a takes what is on the doctrinal

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2-17 FM 34-2-1 template and integrates what template. NAI do several you know about weather and things for you. They-- terrain. The situation templates will show how an o Focus the collection enemy unit might modify its effort on specific points or doctrine and tactics because of areas of the battlefield. the effects of weather and terrain. o Tell you what to look for and when you should expect to Figure 2-11 is an example see it, at those points or of one situation template. It areas on the battlefield (based is important to understand that on the situation templates). you should develop as many situation templates as there o Enable you to decide are enemy COAs. This allows which of your R&S assets are you to thoroughly examine what best suited to cover a options the enemy has for each particular NAI. For example, COA. a point NAI for a road intersection where you expect For example, you may to see a motorized rifle discover enemy forces have to company (MRC) might require use specific bridges, road seismic-acoustic sensors. On intersections, or mobility the other hand, an area NAI corridors (MCs) for a specific designated for a dug-in BMP COA. Or you may discover that platoon might require a the terrain offers the enemy dismounted patrol. several choices to attack. Or you may determine the terrain Remember, one of the things offers a limited number of you did during threat suitable enemy defensive evaluation was to determine positions. And you may learn enemy rates of advance. You that the terrain only provides now put this knowledge to work a limited number of concealed by developing time phase lines routes for enemy reconnaissance (TPLs) . Think of TPLs as to enter your sector. snapshots of an enemy or a friendly frontline trace. A The bridges, road series of TPLs would portray intersections, and possible friendly or enemy movement over defensive positions you have a period of time. identified become NAI. Focus your attention on these NAI Event Template because it is there you expect something to happen. What you If you combine NAI with see or fail to see at your NAI TPLs, you will be able to show will confirm whether or not the approximately when and where enemy is doing what you you would expect to see enemy expected them to do, as critical events occur. This projected on the situation is basically what the event

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template does. Figure 2-12 is Event Analysis Matrix a sample event template. The event analysis matrix The event template allows is a tool used along with the you to-- event template to analyze specific events. Figure 2-13 o Confirm or deny your shows examples of event situation templates. analysis matrixes. o Gauge enemy and friendly Basically, you calculate rates of movement. the not earlier than (NET) and the not later than (NLT) times o Compare rates of movement lead elements of a unit will between MCs and AAs. arrive at an NAI. Determine the distance between NAI and o Cue other collection multiply the distance by the assets based on friendly and expected rate of advance. enemy movement. For example, suppose the Of all IPB products, the distance between NAI 1 and NAI event template is the most 2 is 2.5 kilometers. Suppose important product for the R&S also, for the sake of this effort. As you will see, the example, that the enemy event template is also the expected rate of advance is 6 basis for the decision support kilometers per hour, or 1 template (DST). kilometer every 10 minutes. Use this formula to calculate In many situations you time: might find it helpful to calculate how long an enemy distance = time unit would take to move from rate one NAI to another. Normally, your calculations will be based 2.5 km ÷ .1 km (1 km every on opposition and doctrinal 10 minutes) = 25 minutes. rates of advance. Situational Therefore, it takes the unit 25 aspects such as weather, minutes to travel from NAI 1 to terrain, and your previous NAI 2. hindering actions are also factored in. Decision Support Template Comparing actual movement rates with your calculations The final IPB product is will tell you whether the enemy the DST. The purpose of the is moving slower or faster than DST is to synchronize all expected. It will also help battlefield operating systems you predict how long it will (BOS) to the commander’s best actually take the enemy to advantage. The DST consists of reach a certain point (your target areas of interest (TAI), FEBA, for example). decision points or lines, TPLs,

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2-22 FM 34-2-1 and a synchronization matrix. Once the staff has decided Figure 2-14 shows a DST. on HPTs, it begins to identify where on the battlefield it can There are many important best interdict them. These things you should know about interdicting sites are labelled the DST. First, the DST is TAI . The next step is for the a total staff product, not staff to decide how best to something the S2 makes in interdict the enemy at a isolation. Although you may particular TAI. The method of begin the process of developing interdiction will determine the the DST, the S3 and the location of decision points or commander drive the lines. development. Decision points or lines Second, the DST is a are a time and a place on the product of war gaming. battlefield which represent the Together with the rest of the last chance your commander has staff, you develop friendly to decide to use a specific COAs which consider what you system for a particular TAI. envision the enemy doing. As Once the enemy or friendly a result of this action, forces pass the decision point, reaction, and counteraction the ability to use that system war game, you identify actions is lost. Logically, you should and decisions that may occur monitor decision points to during the battle. detect if and when enemy units enter and to confirm enemy Third, the R&S plan must rates of movement. support the DST. This logical relationship Fourth, you can use the shows that NAI (such as your DST, as well as the general event template) must support battle plan, to synchronize your decision points. There is the R&S effort. a relationship between NAI and TAI as well. If battle damage As a result of the assessment of a particular TAI war-gaming process, the is important, your event staff identifies HPTs--those template (and your R&S plan) enemy weapon systems and must support that TAI. units that must be acquired and successfully attacked RECONNAISSANCE & SURVEILLANCE for the success of the PLAN DEVELOPMENT friendly commander’s mission. The staff identifies HPTs from There are many things you the list of HVTs you developed must consider when you develop during threat evaluation. the R&S plan. You will (See FM 6-20-10, TTP for probably have to think about the Targeting Process.) fire support, maneuver,

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2-24 FM 34-2-1 engineer augmentation, and assets an initial mission and command and control (C2). update the mission when you You will also want to make sure have had the time to do more the R&S plan fits into your detailed planning. commander’s overall scheme of maneuver. The technique that allows you, your subordinate units, You will want to make sure and your higher headquarters the R&S plan is closely tied to to conduct R&S planning fire support and maneuver for simultaneously is the use the CR mission as well. You of limits of responsibility. can synchronize these elements A limit of responsibility is by completing the synchroniza- a boundary defining where a tion matrix as a staff. Once particular unit should again, completing the matrix concentrate its R&S efforts. can only be done by war gaming. In essence, a limit of We have discussed IPB and responsibility is a “no further the importance of doing as much than" line; it tells the unit, as you can ahead of time. The “your R&S responsibility stops primary reason for this is here." Figure 2-15 is an because you will not have a lot example of limits of of time for in-depth analysis responsibility for battalions, in the field. brigades, and divisions. They may be tied to a unit’s AI or On one hand, your higher may depend entirely on mission, headquarters normally gives you enemy, terrain, time, and a deadline to develop and troops available (METT-T). forward a copy of your R&S plans to them. You want to get The key is that limits of your assets out looking as soon responsibility allow each as possible. On the other echelon to formulate its R&S hand, you may feel you have to plan independently. It is wait until your subordinates important to note that an R&S give you their R&S plans. plan is never a finished product. Because the situation Do not wait! “Time is and the operational plan will blood!” The faster your R&S most likely change, the R&S assets are out looking, the plan must change to fit them. more time they will have to find what you want. This chapter discussed R&S and CR definitions, PIR, the Do not delay your planning contributions of IPB to R&S, because you do not have a and limits of responsibility. complete situation template, or If you understand these because you do not have all concepts, you have a solid your subordinate units’ plans. foundation on which to build If necessary, give your R&S your R&S plan. The next

2-25 FM 34-2-1 chapter talks about assets you you to actually build your may have available to you. plan. These will be the bricks for

2-26 FM 34-2-1 CHAPTER 3 ASSETS AND EQUIPMENT Before you can develop an are limited, the S2 faces a R&S plan you must know the challenge when planning R&S characteristics of available operations. Some of the assets and equipment. This available assets are scouts, chapter discusses the organic patrols, OPs/LPs, soldiers, and supporting R&S assets and and equipment. equipment available to you, the maneuver battalion, and SCOUT PLATOON the brigade S2. This chapter also discusses the basic The scout platoon's primary capabilities and limitations missions in support of the of these assets. battalion are reconnaissance and screening. FM 17-98 Due to security contains a detailed discussion classifications, detailed of scout platoons. Presently information on some assets all scout platoons are being is not included. Refer to the reequipped with 10 high appropriate field manuals for mobility multipurpose wheeled further details. Some assets vehicles (HMMWVs). are staff officers; this chapter gives you the types of Capabilities information they can provide and equipment they might use. The scout platoon can perform missions-- ASSETS AND EQUIPMENT ORGANIC TO THE MANEUVER BATTALION o Mounted or dismounted. At the battalion level the o In various terrain commander is fighting close-in conditions. operations. To support the commander, focus the collection o Under all weather effort at the lst- and conditions. 2d-echelon battalions of lst-echelon regiments (out to o Day and night. 15 kilometers). The assets available to conduct R&S The primary mission of the missions at the battalion scout platoon is reconnais- are limited. Since the assets sance. The scout platoon, with available to conduct R&S fire support protection, can missions at the battalion conduct reconnaissance missions

3-1 FM 34-2-1 10 to 15 kilometers beyond the o Reconnoiters only a FEBA. These distances vary single route during route with the type of scout platoon reconnaissance; METT-T is and METT-T. the determining factor. The scout platoon is the o Reconnoiters a zone 3 only asset found at the to 5 kilometers wide; METT-T maneuver battalion specifically may increase or decrease the trained to conduct reconnais- zone. sance. Other missions the scout platoon conducts are-- o During screening missions, is extremely limited o Quartering party duties. in its ability to destroy or repel enemy reconnaissance o NBC reconnaissance, units. including chemical detection and radiological surveying and NOTE : Airborne and light monitoring. infantry scouts are not mounted; they reconnoiter o Limited pioneer and areas out 500 to 1,000 meters demolition. during most missions. o Security missions. o During CR operations, can only acquire and maintain o Reconnoiter and establish visual contact with the enemy; OPs and LPs. can kill or repel enemy reconnaissance elements only Limitations if augmented or task organized with infantry, armor, or AT The scout platoon conducts assets. reconnaissance operations as part of a larger combined o Operates six OPs for arms force. The scout platoon limited periods (under 12 depends on its parent unit hours); or three OPs for for combat support and combat extended periods (over 12 service support to augment hours ) . The light scout and sustain its operations. platoon usually operates Remember, the scout platoon's three OPs. design and training is to reconnoiter platoon size o Is restricted in the areas only. distance it can operate from the main body, due to In addition, a full communications range and strength platoon-- range of supporting elements.

3-2 FM 34-2-1 o Cannot operate Combat patrols provide continuously on all battalion security and harass, destroy, nets (such as battalion or capture enemy personnel, command, operations and equipment, and installations. intelligence, rear operations, The three types of combat and mortar) while operating on patrols are raid, ambush, and the platoon net. The platoon security. leader can monitor only two nets at the same time. Capabilities o Uses the HMMWV with only Patrols can conduct a 30-inch fording capability; missions mounted or dismounted its reconnaissance, in various terrain and weather surveillance, target conditions. Patrols can also acquisition, and night conduct missions 10 to 15 observation equipment includes kilometers beyond the FEBA. the AN/UAS-11, Night Vision Patrols sometimes pass through Sight; AN/PVS-4, Night Vision the scout platoon to conduct Sight, Individual Weapon; missions. Indirect fire should AN/PVS-5, Night Vision Goggles; support patrols at all times. and binoculars. The distance for patrol missions varies with the type PATROLS (MANEUVER ELEMENTS) of patrol and METT-T. The company must always coordinate There are two basic with the battalion before the categories of patrols: patrons departure to eliminate reconnaissance and combat. A redundancy and gaps. patrol is a detachment sent to conduct reconnaissance, combat, Limitations or both. It consists of at least two people who may be Patrols have many of the accompanied by specially same limitations as the scout trained personnel or augmented platoon. Patrols normally do with equipment essential to the not provide surveillance for mission. All maneuver elements extended periods. Patrols can conduct patrols during combat reconnoiter an area, establish operations to provide OPs/LPs for a limited period, reconnaissance, CR, security, and then leave. and small-scale combat operations. OBSERVATION POSTS/ LISTENING POSTS Reconnaissance patrols (MANEUVER ELEMENTS) collect information and confirm or disprove the accuracy of Units establish OPs/LPs to previously gained information. provide security, surveillance The three types of of NAI, and early warning of reconnaissance patrols are enemy activities. They are in route, area, and zone. use extensively during limited

3-3 FM 34-2-1 visibility. Proper emplacement provide a large quantity of includes concealment and unit real-time information. You support by fire. must get involved in the training to increase the Patrols differ in training timeliness and accuracy of and logistic support from scout information reported. All platoons and normally do not soldiers, from private to establish OPs/LPs for extended general officer, must know periods. If you use patrols how to properly send to conduct surveillance for information up the chain. extended periods, you are mismanaging your R&S assets. Capabilities OPs/LPs are tasked to provide surveillance for extended Soldiers can determine the periods as long as they meet types and numbers of enemy the requirements stated above. approaching. Capabilities Limitations Units can employ Soldiers do not always have practically an unlimited the right equipment to send number of OPs/LPs. They can information quickly. provide 24-hour coverage if they have the proper day and EQUIPMENT night observation devices, GSRs , or sensors. They can Night observation devices remain undetected due to lack (NODS) are either active or of movement. Units can use passive equipment designed to OPs/LPs all over the permit observation during battlefield as long as they are darkness. Active equipment provided with fire support. transmits infrared or white light to illuminate the Limitations target. Passive devices use either ambient light (from the OPs/LPs cannot operate stars, moon, or other for 24 hours if they do not low-intensity illumination) or have the proper equipment. operate by detecting the A security element must be differences in heat (infrared near the OP/LP to provide energy) radiated by different support and security in a objects. Heavy rain, snow, timely manner. fog, or smoke degrade the effectiveness of these SOLDIERS devices. You should use NODS on night patrols and OPs/LPs. During combat, soldiers Figure 3-1 shows observation are scattered all over the equipment associated with the battlefield; thus, they can maneuver battalion.

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ASSETS AND PERSONNEL objects during limited NORMALLY SUPPORTING visibility. GSR is capable of THE MANEUVER BATTALION accurately locating targets for rapid engagement. It provides Assets and personnel that early warning of enemy movement normally support the maneuver and assists friendly forces in battalion include GSR, REMBASS, movement control. field artillery, engineer platoon, air defense artillery Tasks platoon, Army aviation, and tactical Air Force. GSR is used to-- GROUND SURVEILLANCE RADAR o Detect enemy movement during limited visibility. GSR provides the tactical commander with timely combat o Monitor NAI. information and target acquisition data. The primary o Monitor barriers and capability of GSR is to search, obstacles to detect enemy detect, and locate moving breaching.

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o Monitor flanks. o Line of sight (LOS) operation only. o Extend the capabilities of patrols and OPs/LPs. o Limited mobility of the AN/PPS-5. o Vector patrols. o Limited range of the o During daylight, detect AN/PPS-15. enemy obscured by haze, smoke, or fog. Characteristics o Monitor possible drop GSR should be used with zones or landing zones. NODS as complementary surveillance devices, since Capabilities each device can be used to overcome the limitations of the GSRs can-- other. Figure 3-2 shows GSR characteristics. GSRs are o Penetrate smoke, haze, organic to the MI battalion, fog, light rain and snow, and intelligence and surveillance light foliage. (I&S) company. The MI Battalion provides GSRs in o Operate in complete direct support (DS) of brigade darkness. operations. GSR teams that are DS to the brigade can be o Detect moving personnel attached to maneuver battalion and equipment. and company elements to support the commanders. o Be moved around on the battlefield. Radar Allocation o Provide adjustment of Radar is allocated as indirect fire. follows: Limitations o Heavy Division: GSR limitations are-- --Three squads of four teams each. o Emits active radar waves which are subject to enemy --One PPS-5 per team detection and electronic equals 12 PPS-5’s. countermeasures (ECM). o Light Division: o Performance is degraded by heavy rain or snow and dense --Four squads of three foliage. teams each.

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--One PPS-15 per team of the team leader’s expertise equals 12 PPS-15’s. and knowledge of the GSR. Site selection should provide-- o Airborne division and air assault division: o Protection by combat elements, as far forward as --Three squads of four possible to provide the teams each. earliest warning. --Three PPS-15's per o LOS between radar and squad equal nine PPS-15’s target. (two-person team). o Communication capability. --One PPS-5 per squad equals three PPS-5'S o Concealment and cover. (three-person team). o Protection against ECM. Site Selection Factors Remember, radars are an General site selection extreme electronic security should be made in close risk. Both the main and side coordination with the GSR team lobes emit sufficient energy leader whenever possible; for the enemy to detect and specific site selection should use radio ECM. GSRs, once always be left to the team detected, can give indicators leader. This takes advantage to the enemy showing the size

3-8 FM 34-2-1

and disposition of friendly set, which functions as the elements. GSRs can be sensor output display, provides destroyed or jammed. The target identification and following are common-sense classification. In most cases, OPSEC measures to be used with the sensor monitoring set is GSRs : placed at the supported unit's TOC. o Use terrain or vegetation to absorb or scatter side REMBASS teams hand deploy lobes. the sensors and repeaters; they also provide personnel to o Place radar site so the operate a monitoring device. target is between the radar and REMBASS allocations are the hills or forests to limit different for all divisions the detection range. and are based on each divisions particular mission. o Schedule random operating It is important to remember periods of short duration. to include the REMBASS team leader in planning REMBASS GSRs can be used in tandem missions. with two or more widely dispersed radars having the Capabilities capability to illuminate the same target area, alternating REMBASS is an all-weather, operation times. The GSR can day or night surveillance also be used with a night system, activated by magnetic, vision device that may not have seismic-acoustic, or infrared the same range capability, but changes from moving targets. will provide some coverage when REMBASS transmits target data the radar is turned off. by FM radio link to the monitors. With this data the REMBASS operator can determine the target's-- REMBASS is organic to the airborne, air assault, and o Direction of travel. light division MI battalion, I&S company. REMBASS can o Rate of speed. remain under division, in general support (GS); or the o Length of column. division can provide it in DS to maneuver brigades, division o Approximate number. support command headquarters, armored cavalry squadron, or o Type (Personnel or maneuver battalion. REMBASS wheeled or tracked vehicles). teams report directly to the G2 or S2 of the supported REMBASS can operate in unit. The sensor monitoring unusual climatic conditions and

3-9 FM 34-2-1 on varied terrain. REMBASS disturbance (such as magnetic, has transmission ranges of 15 seismic-acoustic, infrared- kilometers (ground-to-ground), passive). Each sensor has a and 100 kilometers (ground- self-disabling and anti- to-air). Because of the tampering feature built into flexibility and wide range it. of REMBASS application, various sensor combinations Experience during Operation can be selected to suit any Desert Shield indicates an given mission. increased radius of detection for sensors emplaced in sand or Limitations sandy soil with a silica base, while sensors emplaced in loose Hand emplacement of sensors rocky soil degrades sensor and repeaters in hostile areas detection radius. Therefore, increases employment response it is very important to check time. The sensor requires the detection radius of each radio LOS to transmit data to sensor in the type soil of its the monitor. The equipment's intended employment and weight and size limit the annotate the results on the amount and distance personnel Sensor Operator Data Record, can hand carry for emplacement. if the situation permits. REMBASS receivers are highly susceptible to electronic Magnetic sensor. The magnetic jamming; barrage jamming being sensor uses a passive magnetic the most effective. Operator technique to detect targets proficiency greatly affects the and determine the direction results obtained. of movement (left to right and right to left). This Equipment sensor detects moving objects that are at least partially REMBASS teams normally use made of ferrous materials. three different types of The magnetic sensor will not sensors: magnetic, classify targets. The magnetic seismic-acoustic, and sensor is most effectively infrared-passive. The sensors used as a count indicator are arrayed in strings which for vehicles. complement one another. The sensors function automatically, Detection ranges of the transmitting information when magnetic sensor are-- movement, sound, or heat activates them. o Armed personnel, 3 meters. Each sensor has detection and classification techniques o Wheeled vehicles, 15 suited to the physical meters.

3-10 FM 34-2-1 o Tracked vehicles, 25 Detection ranges of the meters. infrared-passive sensor are-- Due to these detection o Personnel, 3 to 20 ranges, REMBASS teams must meters. use these sensors within proximity of the expected o Vehicles, 3 to 50 meters. routes of travel. The weight of this sensor and battery is 3 Radio repeater. The radio kilograms. repeater relays data transmissions between the Seismic-acoustic sensor. The sensors and the monitoring seismic-acoustic sensor detects sites. The radio repeater and classifies personnel and intercepts the encoded radio wheeled or tracked vehicles by message from either a REMBASS analyzing target signature. sensor or another like It transmits a target repeater. classification report to the monitor. The weight of the Ranges of the repeater sensor and its battery is 3 are-- kilograms. o 15 kilometers Detection ranges for the ground-to-ground. seismic-acoustic sensor are-- o 100 kilometers o Personnel, 50 meters. ground-to-air. o Wheeled vehicles, 250 The repeater, like the meters. sensors, has a self-disabling and antitampering feature built o Tracked vehicles, 350 into it. The weight of the meters. repeater and three batteries is 15 kilograms. Infrared-passve sensor. This sensor detects and responds to Additional equipment. a temperature change of 1.5 Additional equipment for the degrees Celsius within its sensor includes-- field of view. It can determine the direction of o A code programmer for motion relative to the sensor programming a sensor or position. The infrared-passive repeater to a desired operating sensor is most effectively used channel. as a count indicator for personnel. The weight of the o The antenna group for sensor and battery is 3 the REMBASS sensor monitoring kilograms. set receives transmissions from extended ranges.

3-11 FM 34-2-1 o Sensor monitoring sets support operations. The FSE for monitoring REMBASS also provides a fire support radio-linked sensor and team (FIST) to each maneuver repeater transmissions. company. o A portable radio Forward observers (FOs) frequency monitor to monitor from each FIST are deployed sensors and repeaters. It to platoons (except in armor is used primarily during battalions) and may accompany emplacement of sensors to reconnaissance patrols or help test operational status and operate OPs. FOs observe the radio LOS. It can also be battlefield to detect, used as a backup if the sensor identify, locate, and monitoring set becomes laser-designate targets for inoperative. suppression, neutralization, or destruction. They report Figure 3-3 shows site both targeting data and combat symbols . Adjacent brigades information to the maneuver or battalions can monitor the battalion FSO and S2. same sensors if they exchange radio frequency information. The FISTs and FOs are This lateral monitoring specially equipped for their increases the surveillance mission. The laser range of units and promotes the finder provides an accurate exchange of intelligence. distance measurement to a For additional information target. Using the ground or on REMBASS characteristics and vehicular laser locator employment techniques, refer designator, the FO can to FM 34-10-1. determine distance, direction, and vertical angle. The FO FIELD ARTILLERY can also laser-designate targets for Army, Navy, and To properly integrate field Air Force laser-guided artillery assets into the R&S munitions. and CR plans, you must understand the capabilities and The capability of the FIST limitations of this equipment. to provide real-time combat information cannot be A field artillery battalion overemphasized. The FIST is both a producer and a vehicle (FISTV) is capable of consumer of combat information. accurate target location Field artillery battalions in through the combination of a DS of brigades provide each manual calculation laser range maneuver battalion headquarters finder and a self-location a fire support element (FSE). capability. It has a digital This element is headed by an and voice interface with the FSO. The FSE helps plan, fire support system and a direct, and coordinate fire thermal sight.

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3-13 FM 34-2-1 The FISTV can locate support officer can provide key targets out to 10 kilometers information about the terrain and designate targets out to 5 without your having to send out kilometers. However, its a reconnaissance patrol. In electro-optics capability some cases it would prove cannot provide acquisition valuable to have engineers go beyond direct fire range (5 along with reconnaissance kilometers). patrols. Engineers can provide expert terrain and obstacle Maneuver company and troop analysis. FISTS and combat observation and laser teams use the FISTV. AIR DEFENSE ARTILLERY The FISTV has only LOS PLATOON target-acquisition capability. When on the move, it cannot Short-range air defense designate targets. The thermal elements normally support the sight’s range limitation is maneuver battalion. These may within 3 kilometers of its include Stinger teams or field of vision. Being mounted sections and Vulcan squads. on an M113 chassis, it lacks The air defense artillery (ADA) the mobility and armor platoon or section leader protection of the maneuver functions as the battalion air forces it supports. defense officer. The ADA leader works closely with the ENGINEER PLATOON battalion S2, S3-air, FSO, and air liaison officer (ALO) to The maneuver battalion plan and coordinate air defense receives engineer support from support. the engineer company normally placed in DS of the brigade. Specifically, the ADA Usually an engineer platoon leader would coordinate with supports a battalion. The you to pinpoint areas of enemy mission of this engineer air and ground activity. The platoon is to provide mobility, battalion air defense officer countermobility, survivability, can tap into resources that and general engineering look through the battlefield to support. determine areas of enemy air activity, thus revealing enemy As the S2, you should learn ground activity. to tap into this valuable resource for detailed The forward area alerting information on natural and radar (FAAR) and target data constructed terrain features. display set provide air alert The S3 and the engineer support warning information to Vulcan officer need to coordinate with squads and Stinger teams. This each other to integrate warning includes tentative engineer assets into the R&S identification, approximate and CR plans. The engineer range, and azimuth of

3-14 FM 34-2-1 approaching low-altitude support of units where no FSE aircraft out to 20 kilometers. exists, the OH-58D crew performs a fire support ARMY AVIATION planning and coordination function. Aviation units support maneuver brigade and battalion The OH-58D has many of the commanders. They provide a same capabilities as the FISTV. responsive, mobile, and It has a thermal sight; a laser extremely flexible means to range finder and designator; a find, fix, disrupt, and destroy self-location capability; and a enemy forces and their digital and voice inter ace supporting command, control, with the fire support C3 and communications (C 3) system. It can locate and facilities. Some aviation designate targets out to 10 assets are capable of kilometers. Under less than performing limited ideal weather conditions it can reconnaissance missions; only detect and recognize however, most will collect targets to within direct fire information only as part of ranges. normal aviation missions. This system provides-- You can find out from the army aviation support officer o Digital interface with information concerning enemy fire support C systems. activity in areas where aviation assets fly missions. o Digital interface with Helicopters can resupply, Army aviation aircraft equipped insert, or extract OPs/LPs with the airborne target or patrols. Combat aviation handover system (such as the companies provide airlift AH-64 Apache). support for troops and evacuate equipment, casualties, and o Interface with Air Force enemy prisoners of war (EPWs). assets so equipped. The OH-58D is found in the These characteristics make attack helicopter battalion the OH-58D a primary member of supporting maneuver brigades Joint Air Attack Team (JAAT) and battalions. The crew of operations. the OH-58D consists of a pilot and an artillery fire support TACTICAL AIR FORCE coordinator and observer. This aircraft performs two JAAT is a combination of functions. First, when in Army attack and scout support of maneuver battalions helicopters and Air Force close with FSEs, it is primarily a air support (CAS). It normally target acquisition and target operates in support of maneuver attack system. Second, when in brigade or battalions. All

3-15 FM 34-2-1 staff officers participate in limitations, and employment of planning missions for Air Force the intelligence and electronic support, especially the S2, S3, warfare (IEW) equipment S3-air, FSO, and ALO. supporting the brigade. The Coordinate through the ALO to IEWSE-- receive real-time information from these Air Force assets. o Coordinates IEW support of the maneuver brigade. The ALO also provides the means to forward immediate o Is the link to the MI tactical air reconnaissance battalion for support. requests up the chain. Air reconnaissance reports, o Communicates with the MI in-flight combat information bn to receive targeting and reports, and air situation tasking information. reports are all available through the ALO. The ALO EPW INTERROGATORS weighs this information against information from the CR and the Interrogators screen and R&S plans. In this way the ALO interrogate EPW, detainees, can confirm or deny the and refugees. Their mission accuracy of those plans. is to collect and report all information possible to satisfy ASSETS AND PERSONNEL the commander’s PIR and IR. NORMALLY SUPPORTING FM 34-80 contains the types THE MANEUVER BRIGADE of information interrogators can obtain and provide. At brigade level, the commander is fighting the COUNTERINTELLIGENCE close-in battle. You, as the brigade S2, must support the The counterintelligence commander. To do this you must (CI) support team can evaluate focus your collection effort at the vulnerability of friendly the lst-echelon regiments and R&S assets to detection by the 2d-echelon regiments threat R&S and target capable of influencing your acquisition assets. CI members commanders battle (out to 30 of support teams can identify kilometers) . The brigade has and counter the specific enemy limited assets available to target acquisition means which conduct the collection effort. pose a significant threat to Here are some assets and brigade operations. These personnel you can use to include-- enhance your R&S and CR operations. o Human intelligence (HUMINT). IEWSE o Imagery intelligence The IEWSE officer provides (IMINT). expertise on the capabilities,

3-16 FM 34-2-1 o SIGINT. o AN/TLQ-17A (TRAFFIC JAM) is a ground-based HF and VHF Based on enemy R&S communications intercept and activities, you could determine jamming system. It is found which operations security in all divisions except light. (OPSEC) and deception operations would work against o AN/TRQ-32 (TEAMMATE) is the enemy, after coordination a ground-based HF, VHF, and UHF with CI personnel. FM 34-80 communications intercept and has detailed information on CI LOB system. It is found in all support. divisions. GSR AND REMBASS o The AN/PRD-10\ll/12 is a ground-based radio DF system GSR and REMBASS can be capable of being carried by one kept under brigade control. person. It is found in air See the above paragraph assault, airborne, and light titled "Assets and Personnel divisions, and some heavy Normally Supporting The divisions. Maneuver Battalion” for specific information. o AN/ARQ-33A or AN/ALQ-151 (QUICKFIX) is an airborne ELECTRONIC WARFARE communications intercept, COLLECTION SYSTEMS jamming, and DF system. It is found in all divisions. These assets operate near or within the brigade AO. They There are also numerous provide intelligence from communications jamming intercepted enemy emitters. resources that will be Ground-based systems include available to the commander the following: in or near your brigade AO. FM 34-80 has detailed o AN/TSQ-138 (TRAILBLAZER) information about electronic is a ground-based HF and VHF warfare (EW) equipment. communications intercept and VHF DF system. It is found in DIVISION INTELLIGENCE heavy divisions only. OFFICER o AN/MSQ-103C, Heavy The G2 can provide many Divisions, AN/MSQ-l03B, kinds of detailed intelligence. Airborne and Air Assault The G2 has various assets Divisions, (TEAMPACK) is a available to collect ground-based noncommunications information and can pass this intercept and line-of-bearing down to you as intelligence. (LOB) system. It is found in FM 34-10 has specific all divisions except light. information concerning these assets.

3-17 FM 34-2-1 FIELD ARTILLERY The AN/TPS-58B detects moving vehicles out to 20 Like the maneuver kilometers and personnel out battalion, the maneuver brigade to 10 kilometers. has an FSO to coordinate fire support. The FSO can Field Artillery Battalion communicate with numerous Observation Posts weapon-locating radars. Survey parties and other Fire Finder Radar trained personnel of the field artillery battalion operate the The target acquisition battalion OPs. These personnel battery of division artillery survey designated target areas, (DIVARTY) has three AN/TPQ-36 and record high-burst and mean mortar-locating radars and two point-of-impact registrations. AN/TPQ-37 artillery-locating They send targeting data and radars. combat information to the fire direction center or the FSO at The AN/TPQ-36 detects the maneuver battalion or mortars and artillery out to brigade. 12 kilometers and detects rockets out to 24 kilometers. Aerial Fire Support Officer The AN/TPQ-37 detects artillery and mortars out to The DIVARTY support platoon 30 kilometers and rockets out of the heavy division’s combat to 50 kilometers. aviation brigade provides rotary wing aircraft for Moving Target Locating DIVARTY air observers. Their Radars mission is to call for or adjust fires from the fire The DIVARTY target support assets. Aerial fire acquisition battery has either support officers-- one AN/TPS-25A or one AN/TPS-58B moving-target- o Cover areas masked from locating radar. These ground observers. battlefield surveillance radars are similar to the o Cover thinly resourced GSR. They can detect, areas. locate, and distinguish wheeled and tracked vehicles o Provide coverage while and dismounted personnel. ground-based R&S and target acquisition assets displace. The AN/TPS-25A detects moving vehicles out to 18 o Reinforce surveillance of kilometers and personnel out vulnerable areas. to 12 kilometers.

3-18 FM 34-2-1 o Report targeting data and tracked, wire guided [TOW] combat information to the FSO missile systems and scout at the maneuver battalion or HMMWVs); and one air assault brigade, DIVARTY TOC, or the troop. fire direction center. o The air cavalry squadron ENGINEER AND AIR of the light division consists DEFENSE ARTILLERY of two air cavalry troops; and one ground cavalry troop (TOW Engineer and ADA support and scout HMMWVs). officers are located at the maneuver brigade. Types of Headquarters and information these personnel can headquarters troops and provide is discussed in the maintenance troops are not above paragraph titled “Assets included in the above list. and Personnel Normally Supporting The Maneuver ARMY AVIATION Battalion." Attack Helicopter AIR AND ARMORED Battalions CAVALRY SQUADRON These battalions are This squadron supports the primarily trained to "kill" division by conducting enemy tanks. They can also-- reconnaissance and security missions. There are four types o Provide aerial escort and of air and armored cavalry suppressive fires to support squadrons: air assault operations. o The air and armored o Destroy enemy C3 and cavalry squadron of the heavy logistic assets. division consists of two ground cavalry troops (M3 equipped); o Conduct JAAT operations. and two air cavalry troops (OH-58s and attack If these assets support helicopters). your brigade, they can provide detailed information about o The air cavalry squadron enemy activity. The key to of the air assault division obtaining this information is consists of three air cavalry to coordinate with the S3-air troops; and one air assault and the Army aviation support troop. officer. Refer to the above paragraph titled “Assets and o The air cavalry squadron Personnel Normally Supporting of the airborne division The Maneuver Battalion" for consists of three air cavalry additional information. Figure troops; one ground cavalry 3-4 shows an asset deployment troop (tube-launched, optically matrix. This matrix may be

3-19 FM 34-2-1 If these assets support S2s to keep track of deployed your brigade, they can provide assets. detailed information about enemy activity. The key to MILITARY POLICE PLATOON obtaining this information is to coordinate with the S3-air The military police (MP) and the Army aviation support platoon supports the maneuver officer. Refer to the above brigade during some missions. paragraph titled "Assets and If you have an MP platoon Personnel Normally Supporting supporting your unit, you The Maneuver Battalion” for should coordinate with the MP additional information. Figure platoon leader for 3-4 shows an asset deployment information. The MP platoon matrix. This matrix may be can usually coordinate with used by brigade and battalion other MPs who are normally scattered all over the AO.

3-20 FM 34-2-1 CHAPTER 4 PLANNING EFFECTIVE RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE This chapter presents the effort. The R&S plan should planning steps for effective answer the PIR and IR. At this R&S operations. The S2 is point you should have a rough responsible for making draft R&S plan, such as when recommendations in R&S and what areas to begin R&S operations. At brigade or operations. (This is part of battalion, you are the driving the mission analysis phase of force in the R&S effort. the planning process steps.) (Refer to Chapter 1 for the collection management You can now begin adding process.) These steps apply to some detail to the R&S plan. both brigade and battalion Integrate any requirements from levels. higher headquarters into the plan. You have to translate The first step begins with the initial PIR and IR into receiving the unit’s mission. indicators on which R&S assets You must understand the can collect. Figure 4-1 shows commander’s intent in this examples of the PIR, indicator, particular mission. You have specific information already completed most of the requirements (SIR), and IPB process; but now you must specific orders and requests produce some of the specific (SOR) process. Additional information pertaining to the examples of indicators are in mission. FM 34-3, Appendix C. Now determine the SIR and SOR Once you understand the needed for the R&S plan. The mission, begin to analyze the SIR and SOR ensure assets are requirements placed on you as collecting specific information the S2. The commander should that answers the PIR and IR. tell you the key pieces of information needed before and The event template is a during the mission. This key product of IPB showing when and information, called PIR, is where the enemy could go. either stated by the commander Compare the SIR to the event or recommended by you for the template; this comparison commander’s approval. should indicate when and where to send friendly R&S assets. The PIR and IR provide the Those areas in which you expect initial focus of the R&S enemy activity are labeled NAI.

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4-2 FM 34-2-1 Once you have a picture of your R&S assets to enemy the coverage required for the collection and target R&S effort, you should capabilities. prioritize the SIR. Those SIR that, when answered, will o The FSO coordinates provide the greatest amount of indirect fires planned to intelligence in the shortest support R&S assets and amount of time should have a recommends establishing high priority. (This is part appropriate restrictive fire of the COA development phase of support coordination measures the planning process steps.) to provide for troop safety. By now you have set your o The R&S asset commander SIR priorities, identified is responsible for planning areas to send R&S assets, and targets and indirect fires for know when to begin the R&S that element. mission. For the next step, you must be familiar with the o The engineer officer capabilities and limitations of supports the R&S effort by all R&S assets at your collecting information on the particular level. Compare the terrain and obstacles. SIR with available R&S assets. Close coordination between you o The IEWSE officer and the other staff officers supports the R&S effort by should help ensure the assets guiding the MI battalion assets are properly deployed. to assist in answering the PIR. Development of the R&S plan should involve all staff o The ADA officer plans air officers. Your concern is defense for the R&S assets and developing IR and guiding also provides information on assets to the proper areas. enemy air activity. STAFF OFFICER o The NBC officer RESPONSIBILITIES integrates NBC operations with R&S missions. Other staff officers have a role in this process. The o The aviation officer following is a list of these provides air movement for R&S officers and their assets and also information on responsibilities: enemy activity while in flight. o The S3 makes sure the o The ALO provides close assets are available and can air support for R&S missions as conduct the mission and the R&S well as in-flight reports on plan supports the overall enemy movement. mission of the unit. These staff officers are o The CI officer apprises not cast aside upon completion you of the vulnerability of of the R&S plan. They should

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be kept updated on the current A scout platoon's mission R&S situation. These officers is to conduct a 10-kilometer- provide recommendations during wide by 10-kilometer-deep zone R&S operations and ensure their reconnaissance before a assets are operating as movement to contact. The scout instructed. platoon must accomplish this mission in one hour. You have The DST is a tool used in determined the platoon needs the IPB process that brings the augmentation to cover this much staff officers together to plan area in the time allowed. the mission. The DST also After you coordinate with the ensures involvement among the S3, the S3 attaches two S2, the S3, and the FSO in mechanized infantry squads to planning R&S missions. the scout platoon. These two squads are given the mission to PLANNING provide security and mark infiltration routes. Once you know which R&S assets are available to conduct In this example the scout R&S operations, you have to platoon is able to concentrate decide how to satisfy the SIR. on reconnoitering the terrain To collect the greatest amount and locating enemy positions; of intelligence with the fewest while the two mechanized squads assets, you must know how to provide security for the scout plan missions using basic platoon and mark infiltration collection management strategy routes. If you had expected such as augmenting, task heavy enemy obstacles, the S3 organizing, cueing, and could have attached an engineer redundancy. section to mark, breach, or provide obstacle assessment AUGMENTING while the scouts and infantry did their mission. Chapter 8 has an in-depth discussion of augmenting. You should consider all the assets listed in Chapter 3 for TASK ORGANIZING augmentation or task organiza- tion roles. See Chapter 8 for To collect the most further discussion of task information, with the fewest organization. assets and in the quickest way, task organize assets. This CUEING increases their overall effectiveness in gathering Another collection strategy information and surviving on of R&S missions is cueing. the battlefield. The following Cueing is using limited assets is an example of task to identify or verify enemy organizing. activity or using one asset to

4-4 FM 34-2-1 tip off or alert another priority of the SIR and the asset. Use the event template number of NAI, you have to to pinpoint the times and areas decide which areas you want to collect on the enemy. more than one asset to cover. With more than one asset Instead of the R&S assets covering the same NAI, a backup trying to cover large areas for system is available in case one extended periods of time, the asset breaks down. Redundancy assets are active only when guarantees continuous area cued. The cueing can be the coverage. An example of time you expect the enemy to be redundancy follows. at a specific NAI, or the reaction to information You have a GSR covering an reported by another asset. An NAI during limited visibility. example of cueing follows: Just in case the GSR breaks down, you have assigned two You have identified three OPs/LPs with NODS to cover the NAI needing surveillance, while NAI . The OPs also provide NAI using only one asset. For this coverage during daylight while example the only asset the GSR crew rests. If the GSR available to cover the three breaks down, the OPs have NODS NAI is an OP. Due to the to pick up the responsibility distance between the NAI, the of surveilling the NAI. The OP cannot cover all three NAI NODS can also specifically at the same time. You identify the moving intruders determine a location central to detected by the GSR. all three NAI. From this location the OP can cover only Remember to include in the one NAI with surveillance. R&S planning efforts coordination with the CI team An aircraft reports enemy supporting your unit. The vehicles near one of the routes used by your scout unsurveilled NAI. You inform platoon and the positions the OP of the activity, thus operated by your assets will cueing it; and the asset moves be potential NAI to enemy toward the NAI to verify the collection assets. Whatever report. You may use any of the OPSEC and deception measures assets listed in Chapter 3 as you incorporate into the R&S cues for other assets. plan, they should be based on CI evaluation of the REDUNDANCY vulnerability of your R&S assets to enemy collection Another collection strategy and target acquisition for R&S operations is capabilities. As you expect redundancy. As the S2, your to see the enemy at certain primary effort is to provide times and places on the R&S coverage for as many NAI as battlefield, so the enemy possible. Based on the will expect to see you.

4-5 FM 34-2-1 Working with the S3, you mission briefing. The purpose are now ready to begin matching of this briefing is to inform assets with missions. If the the collection assets of their commander and the S3 approve missions and to provide them the R&S plan, then give warning with as much information as orders to the assets. The possible about it (such as IPB warning orders allow the assets products). Use all available enough time to conduct troop- information to provide as clear leading procedures. a picture as possible of what you expect of them on the Once you issue the warning battlefield and what they can orders and refined R&S plan, expect to encounter. prepare your portion of the

4-6 FM 34-2-1 CHAPTER 5 METHODS OF TASKING RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE ASSETS The S3 is responsible for not as timely as FRAGOs or and has tasking authority over warning orders, unit maneuver elements. The S2 instructions still let everyone makes tasking recommendations know what you expect of them to the commander or S3. The S2 during the R&S operations. is the primary user of the scouts and, many times, the S2 Figure 5-1 shows a sample actually tasks them. In some R&S tasking with subordinate units the S2 has tasking unit instructions. Maneuver authority over R&S assets after battalions can also use this the commander and the S3 method when it is tailored to approve the R&S plan. Every their level. unit has its own SOP regarding R&S responsibilities. Probably the quickest way to issue R&S orders is to have Normally, you can consider the S3 issue them when issuing the commanders approval of the the warning order to the unit. R&S plan as granting tasking This method ensures the tasked authority. Many times the S3 assets know it is a formal does not have time to prepare tasking coming from the and publish separate R&S commander. Both the S2 and S3 missions, so the S2 does it. plan the R&S operation; Once the S2, after coordinating however, the S3 continues to closely with the S3, has have the responsibility of completed writing the formal actually tasking assets. plan, it is sent to the commander for approval. Once A formal method of tasking the commander signs the assets for R&S operations is an fragmentary order (FRAGO) or intelligence annex to the warning order, the taskings OPORD. The intelligence annex within it become missions is a formal intelligence ordered by the commander, tasking document accompanying regardless of who actually an OPORD or an operations plan wrote it. (OPLAN). Paragraph 2, Priority Intelligence Requirements, and Another way to publish the paragraph 3, Intelligence missions and taskings of the Acquisition Tasks, inform all R&S plan is to print it in the assets what the focus of the subordinate unit instructions R&S plan is and what mission within the unit OPORD. While each asset is to conduct. The

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5-2 FM 34-2-1 S2 is responsible for the maneuver. intelligence annex. Again, before distribution, the S2 o NAI on the event template coordinates the intelligence show target locations. annex with the commander and S3 for their approval. o The DST provides a picture of the overall friendly Figure 5-2 is a sample R&S scheme of maneuver and warns tasking. Maneuver battalions the R&S assets of any friendly can also use this method, but fires in their vicinity. would tailor it to their level. Once the assets have an The R&S tasking matrix is understanding of the enemy and another method of tasking R&S terrain, they can receive assets. (See Appendix A.) detailed mission instructions. Distribution can be-- It does not matter if you or the S3 give this briefing, just o Directly to the tasked as long as the assets asset. understand their mission. If possible, the S2, S3, and FSO o Attached to the should be involved in this subordinate unit instructions briefing. of the OPORD. Each asset should o Attached to the understand what the commander intelligence annex. wants it to accomplish. Give the assets the big picture, Once tasked, the assets then direct them to their must understand their mission. specific roles and how they are During the mission briefing for to support the overall mission. the assets, use as many of the IPB products as possible. Each You can see the extensive product serves a particular time required to plan R&S purpose: operations. In most units there is not enough time to go o The modified combined into a lot of mission-specific obstacles overlay (MCOO) detailed planning before the reveals terrain constraints. assets are deployed. R&S operations must begin as soon o Photographs show terrain as possible after the unit features. receives the warning order or OPORD . If this is the case, o Enemy situation templates assets can be sent out after provide a picture of the you and the S3 have developed enemy’s location and probable the rough draft R&S plan. COA. Later, as you and the other staff officers refine the R&S o Event templates indicate plan, you can adjust the assets where and when the enemy can and their instructions.

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5-4 FM 34-2-1 CHAPTER 6 THE RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE OVERLAY The R&S overlay is the R&S o Map sheet scale. plan in graphic form. The purpose of the R&S overlay is o Map sheet number. to show the assets and the key staff officers exactly where o Map sheet series. the R&S assets are operating. You will extract most of the o The “prepared by” line. overlay’s graphics and symbols from FM 101-5-1. Additionally, Another portion of the due to the various R&S administrative data is the operational techniques, you legend. The legend contains will need to construct some any nonstandard FM 101-5-1 "homemade” graphics and explain graphics used. It also them in the legend. contains detailed written instructions to each R&S There are two parts to the asset. These detailed R&S overlay. The first part is instructions should focus on-- the graphic display of deployed or planned deployment of R&S o The required operational assets. The second part is the times. You should give each marginal data consisting of the asset both a start and a finish legend, administrative data, time for each mission, as specific instructions to each applicable. asset, and the distribution list. o The target. To answer the PIR, you need to look for The marginal information specific indicators. Each found on the overlay consists asset should be told exactly of the standard wording found what to look for (such as type on all overlays. The units, equipment, and specific administrative data is activity). Never give comprised of the following: broad-based generic missions to “go out and look for and report o Classification. on anything that moves.” Specific guidance will promote o Overlay title. specific answers. o Registration marks. o Coordinating instructions. All assets will, o Map sheet name. at one time or another, move

6-1 FM 34-2-1 through or near another unit's o Sectors of scan for AO . To keep units from sensors. shooting friendly R&S assets, assets and units must All of these control coordinate with each other. measures, except R&S limit of It is also important that responsibility, are found in R&S assets coordinate among FM 101-5-1. The R&S limit of themselves. responsibility comes down from higher headquarters along with o Reporting requirements. other R&S guidance. This limit All assets should know when, is a control measure that how often, and what format informs subordinate units of to use when reporting. You the limits of their R&S should provide frequencies, operations. It can be alternate frequencies, and represented by a dashed line reaction during jamming. You (- - - - ). must also provide the NLT time for specific information Remember, it is important to be reported. to include detailed instructions for each R&S asset Initially, the locations on the overlay. This method is for assets are areas in which known as the overlay method for you recommend they deploy. distributing written After the assets have gone instructions. Another method to these areas (NAI), they is known as the matrix method. report to you or the S3 the The R&S tasking matrix is the actual locations in which matrix used for this method. they can conduct their (See Appendix A.) Figure 6-1 missions. You or the S3 shows an R&S tasking matrix. updates the graphics to show actual locations. Figure 6-2 is an example of the R&S plan graphically Control measures are as portrayed on an overlay with follows: detailed instructions to each asset written on the bottom of o Friendly boundaries, R&S the overlay. Attach the R&S limit of responsibility, NAI, tasking matrix to the bottom start points (SP), release of the R&S overlay. The matrix points (RP), and checkpoints. provides the following information: o Graphics depicting route, area, and zone reconnaissance. o The first column shows the priority of each mission. o Primary, alternate, and This number should correspond supplementary positions. with the PIR number.

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o The next column provides assets to receive clear, the asset with the NAI number specific instructions. and grid coordinate. Disseminating the R&S o The start/stop column plan to all the assets can informs the asset the times be a problem. When the R&S for this mission. plan reaches the dissemination phase, the assets are usually o The SIR column explains scattered great distances to the assets exactly what over the battlefield. In they are looking for (target). some instances the R&S plan is disseminated by courier. o The next set of columns To ensure all assets receive lists the actual assets tasked their copy, write each asset’s to conduct each mission. An title directly on the “X" placed under each asset distribution list, plan, identifies the tasking. or overlay. Exchanging brigade or battalion R&S o The coordination column plans with adjacent units tells the assets which units ensures proper coordination, to coordinate with for this minimizes the risk of mission. shooting friendly soldiers, and cuts out unnecessary o The last column provides redundancy. the assets with reporting requirements. Chapter 5 provides We have discussed two additional methods for ways to distribute disseminating R&S instructions; however, the requirements. See FM 34-80, method is not important. Appendix E, for another sample What is important is for R&S overlay.

6-5 FM 34-2-1 CHAPTER 7 MONITORING THE RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE EFFORT During the battle, your term "high payoff target," or commander will probably have HPT? These are specific enemy several PIR that need to be weapon systems or specific answered. As the S2, you will enemy units that are identified weigh those PIR in some way to which must be destroyed, organize your collection degraded, or suppressed for effort. Remember the first your unit to succeed in its principle of R&S: tell mission. Many times, locating commanders what they need to an HPT may be one of your know in time for them to act. commander’s PIR. Other times, it might be an IR. In either This principle implies case, your R&S plan must that, as the S2, you must account for HPTs. During the monitor your collection effort execution of your R&S plan, you at all times so you can make must be able to identify HPTs sure you answer your and quickly forward their commander’s PIR. location to the S3 and FSO for action. This is especially If your commander develops critical for CR operations. new PIR during the battle, you may have to modify your R&S Another reason for plan to address the new PIR. monitoring your R&S operation Suppose a PIR becomes obsolete. is to keep track of your asset For example, let's say your status and location. You will commander was very concerned need to know which of your about enemy reconnaissance assets are still mission locations. This PIR would be capable and which are valid as your unit prepared to inoperative, so you will not cross the LD/LC. However, once waste time retasking inoperable your unit consolidates on its assets. Obviously, if you need objective, this particular PIR to retask assets from one would be less important. The location to another, you need point is, you should constantly to know where those assets are. monitor the status of your R&S effort so you will know when to One technique to keep track update PIR or to modify your of your assets is to have them R&S plan. report in at predetermined intervals based on METT-T, TRACKING TARGETS criticality of the area covered AND ASSETS by the asset, or communications available. You can even show There are other reasons you this graphically by using TPLs must monitor your R&S or for moving assets. collection plan. Remember the

7-1 FM 34-2-1 For example, let us say you happening on the battlefield. have given your scouts the The company commander or mission of route platoon leader is preoccupied reconnaissance. On your event with fighting and winning the template, you have developed a battle. series of TPLs depicting 15-minute increments. As your Nevertheless, do not accept scouts cross a TPL, they report incomplete information! If a in to you. In this way, you spot report lacks the type of can easily monitor where your vehicle, number of vehicles, or scouts are on the battlefield. direction of movement, get back (Instead of TPLs, you can use on the radio and ask for it. existing friendly control If your scouts send back a graphics as well.) report that does not make sense to you, ask for clarification. If you lose contact with If you have not heard from your your scouts, you at least have ground surveillance radars for an approximate idea of where an unusually long time, call they last were. When you use them and ask for a situation TPLs, try to have recognizable report. features represent them. Figure 7-1 is an example of You should enforce negative this technique. situation reports at predetermined intervals. Too EVALUATING HOW YOUR many times in the past, S2s ASSETS REPORT thought no news was good news. They were content to sit in You should monitor your their vehicles in silence. Be R&S plan to evaluate how well aggressive ! Remember, you are your assets are reporting trying to answer your information back to you. If commander’s questions. You your assets are not reporting cannot, and commanders cannot quickly enough, accurately do their jobs, unless incoming enough, or reporting the wrong information is timely, information, you will need to accurate, and complete. make corrections. Nevertheless, you must be realistic. At the brigade and battalion levels, many times There is much confusion in you will find your assets may battle, and some information not always provide you with will not be attainable. You timely or complete information. cannot tie up the radio nets There are many reasons for trying to get "perfect" this. Most of the time it is reports. Some information you difficult to discern what is will have to live without.

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The reporting criteria you and their location. Later, have specified in your however, you discover that intelligence annex or on your in order to answer your R&S overlay will tell your commander’s PIR, you must assets how and when they are to calculate the enemy rate of report. As you monitor your advance. You should modify R&S operation, you should A Company's reporting criteria evaluate two things: to include speed and direction of movement. o Are my R&S assets reporting per my published Remember a good R&S reporting criteria? collection plan tells the commander what he or she needs o Are my published to know in time for the reporting criteria adequate to commander to act. Therefore, provide the specific assets must report information information used to answer my to you quickly so you can commanders PIR? process and relay it to the commander, S3, or FSO. It NOTE : Sometimes reports using does no good to report an enemy only size, activity, location, counterattack 30 minutes after and time (SALT) will be more the fact. As the S2, you need feasible and timely than the to enforce timely reporting of full size, activity, location, information. unit, time, equipment (SALUTE) report. Here again, the commander and/or the S3 can help. If your assets are not Remember, be aggressive! The reporting per your criteria, S2 must also inform the it is simple to correct the commander when information on asset; your S3 can help with the PIR cannot be collected or this. However, you should if the R&S assets have been continually assess whether or destroyed. not your reporting criteria are sufficient to give you MANAGING PRIORITY answers to your commander’s INTELLIGENCE REQUIREMENTS questions. Now that you have evaluated If your assets are reporting, assume that you have reporting per your criteria been able to answer your and you are not getting the commander’s first PIR. The detailed information you need, next logical step is for you you should consider modifying to focus your R&S effort on your reporting criteria. answering the commander’s second highest PIR, then the For example, let us suppose third, fourth, and so on. you wanted A Company to report Realistically, your R&S plan enemy motorized rifle units by will probably address more number and type of vehicles than one PIR simultaneously.

7-4 FM 34-2-1 The point for you to remember be important, and another time is that R&S does not stop. when the PIR will no longer be Once you have satisfied a a valid concern. For example, requirement, shift your let us suppose your unit's attention to the next mission is to attack. highest priority. Initially, the most important thing your commander might need Many times you may have to know is the location of answered a PIR out of enemy reconnaissance and sequence. For example, you security zone units. may be able to answer PIR 2 and 3 although you still However, after a certain have not been able to collect point in the attack (after you enough information to answer have penetrated the security PIR 1. Or you may find the zone) , this question becomes battlefield situation has meaningless. Now, the most changed so drastically your important thing might be to PIR 1 is no longer a valid locate the enemy's main concern. defensive area. Once you have consolidated on the objective, These cases prove you must the most important thing might continually reevaluate the be locating any possible enemy priority of your commanders counterattack. Therefore, PIR. If you have answered PIR before the attack, your 2 and 3, does PIR 4 become your commander’s PIR might look second priority? If PIR 1 is like this: no longer a valid concern, does PIR 2 become your top priority? o PIR 1: What are the You must support your locations of the 34th motorized commander. Knowing and rifle regiment (MRR) understanding your commander’s reconnaissance and platoon intent will help you reevaluate strong points in the security priorities and anticipate zone? possible changes, as will a solid relationship with your o PIR 2: What are the commander and S3. locations of the 34th MRR’s MRC and AT positions within One useful technique that the main defensive area? will aid you in managing PIR priorities is to "time phase" o PIR 3: What is the your commander's PIR based on location of the 4th Tank how you anticipate events on Battalion (TB) (-) of the the battlefield. Essentially, 34th MRR? you tie each PIR to a phase in the battle through use of the Once you have reached your DST. intermediate objective, you might change your commander’s Normally, each PIR has a PIR priorities to look like time relative to a point in the this: battle when answering it will 7-5 FM 34-2-1 ° PIR 1: What are the 0 Where you want your locations of the 34th MRR's R&S assets to shift their MRC and AT positions within attention. the main defensive area? o Where you want those o PIR 2: What is the assets to actually move. location of the 4th TB (-) of the 34th MRR? o What you want your assets to look for. o PIR 3: What are the locations of the 34th MRR's o How you want your assets reconnaissance and platoon to report. strong points in the security zone? Here is where doing your homework (IPB) ahead of time In fact, you might delete comes in handy. If most or PIR 3 altogether. Later, as all of your IPB products were you consolidate on your prepared ahead of time, all subsequent objective, you may you need do is review and reprioritize like this: update those products as necessary. o PIR 1: What is the location of the 4th TB (-) Looking at your updated of the 34th MRR? situation templates and event templates will give you a good o PIR 2: What are the idea of where to shift your R&S locations of the 34th MRR's focus , and what you should MRC and AT positions within expect to see. Your updated the main defensive area? terrain and weather products will tell you where to place Since PIR relate to events your assets. on the battlefield, you can anticipate them by war gaming; However, if you have not and enter these changes onto been able to update or produce the intelligence BOS of your situation and event templates, unit's DST. Figure 7-2 shows or you have advanced past your the process of time phasing AI, you still need to mentally PIR . envision what you think the enemy will look like on the MODIFYING THE RECONNAISSANCE terrain, applying the effects AND SURVEILLANCE PLAN of weather. Your mental picture will help you quickly Whether modifying reporting come up with NAI and TPLs. requirements because of new reporting criteria or because The next step is to retask of new or modified PIR, you your R&S assets. Remember, must be ready to change your when you shift your R&S assets, R&S plan to fit the commanders their vulnerability to enemy needs. Basically, you will collection and target have to decide-- 7-6 FM 34-2-1

7-7 FM 34-2-1 acquisition capabilities may vehicles (possibly reinforced change. with tanks) up to platoon size (three vehicles). You have TASKING ASSETS also told the GSR team they must coordinate with A Company, Chapter 5 described many and should report targets by ways of tasking assets, type (light or heavy wheeled including using a matrix and light or heavy tracked) and format. A matrix is easy to number of vehicles, location, use and can be quickly speed, and direction of modified. Figure 7-3 is an movement. example of a modified matrix. Figure 7-4 shows a similar Each column has a letter R&S tasking matrix with its designator. For example, the horizontal lines numbered and Priority column is "A," the NAI its vertical columns identified column is “B,” and so on. The by letters. Use this system if lettering makes it easy to you wish to modify only one quickly assign a new R&S specific asset tasking on the mission, or modify an existing matrix. For example: mission. All you need do is transmit pertinent information o Line 3C - 8. within each column. For example: o Line 3D - AB434160. o Column B - 4. o Line 3E - Refer to 7E. o Column C - 1800 to 2000. In this example, you have just told Task Force 1-10 to o Column D - BRDM, BMP, establish an OP at an NAI. platoon-size (three vehicles) The OP is to observe an with possible tanks. alternate position for an MRC at NAI 8. You updated o Column L - Action. the mission of one asset o Column N - Coordinate with ECHO. without reconstructing the entire matrix. o Column O - Report by type (light and heavy wheeled and These are just two examples tracked), number of vehicles, of a technique you can use to location, speed, and direction quickly retask your deployed of movement. R&S assets. There are many more. The key is to establish You have told the attached a standard to quickly and GSR team to monitor NAI 4 from easily modify your R&S plan 1800 to 2000. They should based on your commanders expect to see BRDM or BMP changing needs.

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7-10 FM 34-2-1 CHAPTER 8 AUGMENTING OR TASK ORGANIZING RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE MISSIONS Data gathered from under the C2 of subordinate different training exercises units. Both of these and the training centers concepts--augmenting and task indicate maneuver battalions organizing --can be used to typically overuse the scouts. implement productive R&S plans. Very often the scout platoon is The following examples provide the only R&S asset actively augmented or task organized R&S collecting on the battlefield. missions and what each This usually results in a dead accomplishes. scout platoon, and many unanswered PIR. To increase TASK ORGANIZED WITH ENGINEERS the effectiveness of the scout AND ARTILLERY FORWARD platoon, other R&S assets, and OBSERVERS ATTACHED TO the overall collection RECONNAISSANCE PATROL capability, you should augment or task organize as many R&S In this example you want to missions as possible. deny or confirm enemy activity at NAI 1 and to check on Augmenting and task obstacles and booby traps along organizing are two different the road. You also want to see concepts that strive for the if the enemy has begun to same end result. In this field prepare a possible fording site manual, the term “augmenting” at NAI 2. Based on key is used to describe using intelligence you have provided, numerous assets at the same the S3 decides to send a time to support the R&S plan. mounted patrol for this You task with independent or mission. To increase mission dual R&S missions to augment effectiveness, the S3 also the R&S effort; units are not attaches some engineers and augmented. artillery FOs. Figure 8-1 is a sample R&S task organization There are circumstances in with engineers and artillery which you do not want to place FOs attached to reconnaissance R&S assets under C2 of some patrol. of your subordinate units; you or the S3 want to maintain The engineers will be able control of these assets to task to inform you of tampered-with or move them quickly without obstacles and adjusted roadside disrupting the other units. booby traps. The FOs will be able to call for indirect fire There may be times when if the patrol finds any you or the S3 want R&S assets prepared fording or bridging

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sites along the river. In this to extended reconnaissance example you have three patrol. In this example you elements, each complementing have a reconnaissance patrol the overall effectiveness of conducting a zone the reconnaissance mission. reconnaissance in Zone Buck. The reconnaissance element must Due to the extended range of receive instructions to clear, the patrol and the terrain, mark, breach, and/or bypass radio communications will not instructions before mission reach from Zone Buck to the execution. TOC . You also have two NAI, 4 and 7, needing surveillance TASK ORGANIZED WITH SIGNAL during a particular time ASSETS, OBSERVATION POST, window. NAI 4 is a high speed AND FORWARD OBSERVERS avenue of approach exiting the ATTACHED TO EXTENDED battalion to the north. AI and RECONNAISSANCE PATROL NAI 7 is a road intersection. To augment this patrol you have Figure 8-2 is a sample task a signal retransmission organization with signal element, OP, and artillery FOs assets, OPs, and FOs attached attached to the patrol.

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The retransmission element platoons. Figure 8-3 is a enables the reconnaissance sample of R&S task organiza- patrol to report what is in tion with scout and infantry Zone Buck; the OP and FO enable platoons. you to have surveillance of the NAI; and the FO allows you to The scout platoon leader interdict any targets moving is the reconnaissance commander along the NAI or the roads. for this particular mission. The battalion has cross-trained SCOUTS WITH INFANTRY one of the infantry platoons as In this example your the backup scout platoon. The battalion is preparing to scout platoon and the backup conduct a raid on Objective platoon mark crossing sites and Bear. The terrain along the infiltration routes while the river consists of thick other infantry platoon provides forests. You only have two security. Once the scout hours to reconnoiter from the platoon has marked the routes, LD to the objective and to mark they dismount and reconnoiter infiltration routes. You and Objective Bear while the two the S3 decide to task organize infantry platoons provide this mission with the scout security. platoon and two infantry 8-3 FM 34-2-1

D COMPANY, SCOUT PLATOON, platoon is conducting a screen AND GROUND SURVEILLANCE in the north. Two GSRs are RADAR EFFORT AUGMENTED providing surveillance of the flanks. Each asset is Figure 8-4 is a sample conducting an independent R&S of an augmented R&S platoon effort. This particular mission. In this example your mission concept allows you or battalion is in the defense and the S3 to move or assign has tasked Company D to conduct additional missions to these a route reconnaissance and assets with minimal disruption provide surveillance of NAI 3 to the entire battalion. for four hours. The scout

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8-5 FM 34-2-1 CHAPTER 9 RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE IN OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS Planning R&S missions in detailed reconnaissance from offensive operations requires the LD/LC to beyond the close coordination between the objective. During this phase S2 , S3, FSO, and ALO. The you need to plan missions which chance of fratricide multiplies answer the PIR and provide the during these operations. The commander and S3 with detailed reason is R&S assets are information about the terrain usually conducting missions as and enemy that lie between them the friendly units maneuver and the objective. through these areas and engage possible enemy targets with You should have assets direct or indirect fires. first complete those missions designed to provide specific Detailed reconnaissance information that will answer is the initial requirement PIR, so gathered information for offensive operations. can reach the TOC in time for Due to the limited time the commander and the S3 to available to conduct detailed make any changes to COAs or to reconnaissance, it is finalize the OPORD. There are imperative you use, with basically two areas in which to augmentation, all available conduct this detailed reconnaissance assets. reconnaissance: along the Recent training exercises friendly AAs and at the reveal that many times S2s objective. do not construct complete R&S plans for offensive RECONNAISSANCE ALONG THE operations. To make sure AVENUES OF APPROACH you construct complete R&S plans, consider three general Typical reconnaissance areas when planning for missions along the AA are to-- offensive operations: o Detect, pinpoint, o Detailed reconnaissance. classify, and report location, dimension, and type of all o Surveillance of the obstacles (constructed or objective. natural). o Ongoing R&S planning. o Detect gaps or bypasses of obstacles. DETAILED RECONNAISSANCE o Provide surveillance The first area of planning and security of marks, gaps, consideration stresses a breaches, and bypasses of obstacles.

9-1 FM 34-2-1 o Report trafficability are providing coverage to the along AA. maneuver elements while they are preparing for this o Establish OPs overlooking offensive operation. It AA. appears to be two distinct R&S missions taking place at o Reconnoiter terrain and the same time. The first suspected enemy locations mission is providing support capable of overmatching and to the units that are preparing placing effective fire on the for the offensive OPORD. The AA. second mission conducts R&S to answer PIR concerning the o Detect locations and actual offensive operation. strength of enemy R&S assets along the AA. SURVEILLANCE OF THE OBJECTIVE RECONNAISSANCE OF THE OBJECTIVE Now it is time to focus on the second area of planning Typical reconnaissance consideration which stresses missions in the area of the surveillance. Surveillance objective are-- focuses on-- o Pinpoint fighting o The objective. positions. Provide strength, weapon orientations, and o Terrain along the description of fighting friendly avenue of approach positions. (AA) . o Detect obstacles o Possible enemy and prepare to mark. reinforcement routes. Detect breaches, gaps, and bypasses. During this phase, you must make sure the S3 and o Reconnoiter area around all maneuver elements know the objective (area depends the locations of surveillance on METT-T) to detect possible assets. reinforcements or counterattack elements. Surveillance of the objective should detect any o Establish OPs to maintain changes while the friendly surveillance of the objective. elements are maneuvering forward. The surveillance As reconnaissance assets assets report any enemy conduct these missions, you leaving or entering the must ensure security, objective area. surveillance, and CR assets

9-2 FM 34-2-1 Any terrain that can second and third areas of control the friendly AA planning considerations. A should be covered with key scout mission is surveillance or controlled maintaining visual contact by one of the seven BOS with the enemy. listed at the bottom of the DST. If the unit's mission is to occupy and defend the Any routes leading into objective, you should recommend the friendly AA or the an R&S plan stressing early objective should be covered warning and CR operations. with surveillance to provide early warning of an enemy If the unit's mission is to counterattack or reinforcements pursue the fleeing enemy, you approaching. Again, these could recommend that scout surveillance operations occur elements provide flank security while the friendly elements as other maneuver elements are maneuvering toward the conduct guard operations. objective. The most important aspect ONGOING RECONNAISSANCE AND of the final planning SURVEILLANCE PLANNING consideration is that it be planned out well in advance. The third area of planning This ensures the assets are consideration focuses on both prepared to execute the R&S missions. This area mission, not reorganizing the concerns planning R&S missions objective. once your unit takes the objective. The S3 can now task The three areas of planning subsequent R&S missions to considerations previously those assets which provided stated work particularly well surveillance to the maneuver in a deliberate attack. You elements. These R&S missions can apply these same principles depend on the type of follow-on for a movement to contact. missions planned. Do not be misled into thinking If the unit's mission is these three areas of planning to reconsolidate and prepare considerations take place to continue the attack to a independent of each other subsequent objective, you at different times. On the should have a plan to continue contrary, many times these R&S activities forward to the missions overlap. next objective. Remember, We have shown you a planning is continuous. After technique for constructing you accomplish this, your unit complete R&S plans in can implement missions offensive operations. Refer discussed in supporting the to Chapter 12 for examples.

9-3 FM 34-2-1 CHAPTER 10 INTELLIGENCE SUPPORT TO COUNTERRECONNAISSANCE The S3 is in charge of o Makes sure electronic the CR mission. However, warfare support measures (ESM) the S2 plays a critical role support any planned use of EW in developing the battlefield against enemy reconnaissance situation in enough detail elements. to allow the S3 to target, destroy, or suppress the o Develops an R&S plan to enemy’s R&S assets. find enemy reconnaissance well forward. STAFF OFFICERS o Evaluates vulnerability A number of staff officers of R&S assets to enemy R&S participate in CR planning and and target acquisition execution. Essentially, you capabilities. must find the enemy’s reconnaissance units before OPERATIONS AND TRAINING they can find and report back OFFICER on friendly unit locations. You must process information The S3-- quickly and pass targeting data to the S3 and the FSO. o Integrates fire, Those staff officers involved maneuver, obscurants, and EW in CR planning and execution to destroy or suppress enemy are discussed below. reconnaissance. INTELLIGENCE OFFICER o Task-organizes the unit to defeat enemy reconnaissance The S2 must be well forward. knowledgeable about the enemy, weather, and terrain. Using o Plans use of EW to this knowledge, the S2-- suppress enemy reconnaissance. o Identifies enemy o Determines and plans for reconnaissance HVTs. use of engagement areas and ambush sites (TAI). o Recommends engagement areas and ambush sites o Determines HPT based (TAI). on the commander’s intent and input from the S2 and o Recommends HPTs. the FSO.

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o Develops deception o Recommends the use of MI plans to deceive enemy battalion assets, if attached reconnaissance. or in DS. o Develops, executes, o Informs the commander, and monitors the unit OPSEC S2, and S3 of the status and program. location of MI battalion assets within the unit's AO. o Uses targeting data from the S2. o Acts as liaison between the maneuver unit and the MI FIRE SUPPORT OFFICER battalion S3. The FSO-- o Provides expertise on EW planning and use. o Plans and coordinates all indirect lethal and nonlethal o Receives priorities from means to destroy or suppress the S3 and ESM priorities from enemy reconnaissance. the S2. o Provides appropriate fire AIR DEFENSE ARTILLERY support coordination measures OFFICER to protect the R&S participants (such as no fire areas or The ADA officer-- restricted fire areas). o Provides early warning o Uses targeting data of enemy fixed-wing attack based on FOS and organic or aircraft and rotary-wing supporting target acquisition aircraft. radars. o Plans for and provides o With the S2, recommends air defense coverage of HPTs and TAI. friendly units well forward. o Needs targeting data from o Recommends the use of ADA the S2 and also specific assets. weather and terrain data for targeting and weapon o Needs information on the emplacement. terrain and weather from the S2 to place assets. IEWSE OFFICER o Receives information on The IEWSE officer-- the air threat from the S2.

10-2 FM 34-2-1 o Needs ADA priorities and to best engage enemy weapons status from the S3. reconnaissance units. You also recommend which enemy ENGINEER OFFICER reconnaissance elements are the most important for your The engineer officer-- unit to destroy or suppress (such as HPTs). This implies o Recommends the placement close coordination and and types of obstacles to stop synchronization among the S2, or slow down enemy IEWSE, S3, FSO, and the rest reconnaissance. of the staff. o Provides the S2 with MISSION PLANNING information on the state of the terrain and enemy special To plan the CR mission, you reconnaissance activities. should know something about how terrain and weather will o Receives information on affect reconnaissance the terrain, weather, and enemy operations. You should also from the S2. know threat reconnaissance operations, equipment, o Needs engineer priorities doctrine, and tactics. and the unit scheme of maneuver Remember, seek the assistance from the S3. of your CI team when evaluating enemy capabilities. CHEMICAL OFFICER Each threat division and The chemical officer-- regiment has organic ground reconnaissance units. These o Monitors contaminated units either confirm areas. information from other systems or develop their own o Plans the use of information. They gather obscurants to suppress enemy information primarily by reconnaissance. patrolling and avoiding contact. Reconnaissance units o Provides expertise on may conduct raids or ambushes areas of likely enemy NBC use. to gather information. Figure 10-1 shows division o Receives precise weather reconnaissance assets. data. Figure 10-2 shows regimental reconnaissance assets. Several primary and special staff officers can provide you Reconnaissance patrols will with information; however, they usually be reinforced with also require information from tanks or additional armored you . Remember, you are an personnel carriers (APCs) from integral part of the targeting the lead units. In addition, process. You recommend where the lead battalions may use

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reinforced platoons as combat regimental main body, but may reconnaissance patrols. operate a maximum of 50 kilometers forward. REGIMENT These platoons, broken down A reconnaissance company into patrols, are the eyes and with two reconnaissance ears of the commander. They platoons provides regimental normally consist of one to reconnaissance. These normally three vehicles. Their purpose mounted platoons perform is to provide information about reconnaissance across the enemy location, composition, regimental front. The and formations. These patrols reconnaissance company will stress reconnaissance and will normally operate 25 to 30 avoid detection and engagement kilometers forward of the by the enemy.

10-5 FM 34-2-1 Patrols, however, can for the division commander, fight. Personnel and vehicle with a primary mission of armament provide sufficient reconnaissance rather than firepower for these combat. reconnaissance elements to protect and disengage Ideally, these companies themselves if necessary. will locate high priority targets, such as headquarters DIVISION and C³ facilities, as well as unit deployments and Division reconnaissance movements. Normally, these assets provide the commander units will operate as small ground, air defense, chemical, patrols of two to three engineer, electronic, and vehicles with troops mounted. signal reconnaissance, as well Troops will dismount to perform as target acquisition. These foot patrols or ambushes to assets are located throughout gather information. However, the division, especially their vehicles will not be far artillery and rocket units. away. For troop reconnaissance, The RAC (also called the division has an organic long-range reconnaissance reconnaissance battalion that company) performs division includes two reconnaissance long-range reconnaissance. companies, a reconnaissance It also provides the division assault company (RAC) , and commander with a look-deep other technical reconnaissance capability out to 100 assets. Due to the kilometers. Small teams of unclassified nature of this five or six soldiers from manual, technical this company can be inserted reconnaissance assets are not by parachute, helicopter, presented here. For additional vehicle, or on foot to collect information on the technical information within the enemy reconnaissance assets, refer to rear area. These teams will the Defense Intelligence Agency move primarily on foot, (DIA) Study, "Reconnaissance avoiding engagements with and Surveillance and Target enemy forces, and will locate Acquisition of the USSR." high priority targets within the enemy's division rear and The two division corps forward area. reconnaissance companies will normally provide coverage While the primary across the division front, mission of these troops is operating between the reconnaissance, they may regimental reconnaissance also have secondary missions company and RAC. These to conduct disruptive companies typically perform operations in the rear area, close reconnaissance missions such as--

10-6 FM 34-2-1 o Ambushes. RECONNAISSANCE PATROLS o Prisoner snatches. Reconnaissance patrols will gain information by o Traffic diversions. observation; they will bypass defenders. However, they will o Disruption of lines of fight if required. Normally communication (LOC). the tanks and BMPs will overwatch the BRDMs. BMPs and o Limited attacks against BRDMs will make a detailed important targets of reconnaissance of all likely opportunity. enemy positions, with the tanks providing cover. When not operating in the enemy area, this company is CHEMICAL-ENGINEER capable of providing additional RECONNAISSANCE reconnaissance patrols mounted in their organic vehicles Chemical-engineer within the division area. reconnaissance teams will move behind the lead reconnaissance RECONNAISSANCE FUNDAMENTALS elements. When obstacles or contaminated areas are located, Reconnaissance plays an they will be marked and their important part in the overall locations reported to the intelligence-gathering system. regimental commander. It can provide confirmation Reconnaissance elements will of other collection assets. use bounding overwatch It often provides initial techniques. Figure 10-3 shows information that can be the Soviet reconnaissance confirmed by other means, overwatch. Figure 10-4 shows such as electronic or signal Soviet reconnaissance overwatch reconnaissance. with patrols. Figure 10-5 shows Soviet technique patrols TROOP RECONNAISSANCE with overwatch. Troop reconnaissance is USING INTELLIGENCE responsive to the commander’s PREPARATION OF THE needs and can provide timely BATTLEFIELD TO SUPPORT information on which to base YOUR COUNTERRECONNAISSANCE command decisions. EFFORT Division and regimental Once again, the IPB process reconnaissance efforts are can help in your planning. The carefully planned, coordinated, two most important products you and supervised by the chief of will develop in CR are reconnaissance; while battalion situation templates and event and lower commanders must templates. It will be helpful accomplish the task themselves. to develop a series of

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situation templates which reconnaissance will use routes depict enemy reconnaissance that have plenty of concealment movement. Such templates allow and cover. you to develop your event template; and let your S3 Also remember, enemy visualize how you expect the reconnaissance is looking for enemy to conduct their the best route of attack; the reconnaissance battle. enemy may decide that attacking Figure 10-6 is a sample of over rough terrain is one such situation template. preferable to attacking open, but heavily defended, country. SITUATION TEMPLATE For this reason, be sure to consider your entire AI when Do not make the mistake you develop your situation of thinking the enemy's templates. Do not get "tunnel reconnaissance will use the vision” and consider only same AAs as the enemy main obvious AAs or MCs. force. Remember, enemy reconnaissance elements will Look at all ways the enemy most likely operate as two or can enter your sector, three vehicles. Such small including using No-Go terrain! elements can traverse almost As a general rule, the more any kind of terrain. Keep concealment or protection a in mind, the mission of route provides, the more likely reconnaissance is to seek it will be used by and report information, not reconnaissance elements. The to fight. Therefore, enemy outcome of well prepared

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situation templates is a battlefield you expect to see commander and staff that have enemy reconnaissance elements. a good indication of what the Then concentrate your R&S enemy will look like on the attention on those areas (NAI) battlefield. This eventually to detect enemy reconnaissance will save your R&S assets many activity. hours of unnecessary reconnaissance or surveillance. Remember, the key to CR intelligence support is finding EVENT TEMPLATE those enemy reconnaissance units before they can discover Based on your situation friendly positions and report templates, develop your event back. Therefore, you must template. Your event template carefully study the effects of will show where on the weather and terrain on enemy

10-10 FM 34-2-1 reconnaissance to determine at kilometers in front of your what point the enemy can FEBA which allow observation of observe friendly positions. your unit’s positions. Usually, this is a function Essentially, those three hills of observation (LOS) and become key terrain for the CR visibility in your unit’s AI. battle. You must prevent the enemy from occupying those Compare these limits with hills. Figure 10-8 shows you the enemy's known an example of this. reconnaissance observation capabilities (such as infrared, By integrating your LOEA thermal, light enhancement, and and key terrain with your event telescopic). As you do this, template, you have narrowed the you will begin to identify a battlefield to specific points limit of enemy advance (LOEA). or areas where you can focus Essentially, you must prevent your R&S assets. You can now the enemy from going beyond go through the process of this limit; because past that determining SIR, matching R&S limit, the enemy can observe assets with SIR and NAI, and friendly positions. developing detailed R&S instructions. Figure 10-7 shows an example of an LOEA, or you can COUNTERRECONNAISSANCE recommend a phase line (PL) that represents the LOEA. Remember, normally your S3 will actually task units for R&S PLAN the CR mission based on your input. (Of course. this may You should focus your R&S differ depending on unit SOP.) assets forward of the LOEA to Because of the importance of identify enemy reconnaissance winning the CR battle, many before they can spot your units use a large CR force. unit’s positions. (Sometimes this force may be up Additionally, your analysis of to one-third of the entire the terrain may indicate there unit.) are isolated terrain features forward of the LOEA you must FINDING THE ENEMY control to prevent enemy observation of your unit’s Your S3 will task-organize position. the CR force based on the commander’s guidance, your R&S For example, you may have requirements, and your estimate determined, based on general of the enemy reconnaissance terrain and weather conditions, force. that your LOEA is 5 kilometers in front of your FEBA. You have a big role to play However, you discover there are in forming the CR force. This two hills approximately 7 to 8 implies, however, you know

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10-13 FM 34-2-1 something about friendly R&S your S3 various engagement capabilities, maneuver areas or ambush sites (TAI) capabilities, organization, in which to catch enemy tactics, and equipment. reconnaissance elements. Therefore, you cannot afford to concentrate solely on Once again, remember, you threat forces. must destroy or suppress enemy reconnaissance before TARGETING they can discover your unit's positions and report back. So far this chapter Therefore, any TAI you discussed finding enemy recommend should be forward reconnaissance elements. The of the LOEA. You will also other side of the CR mission want to point out any key is to target and destroy or terrain you have discovered suppress those reconnaissance to your S3. Key terrain are elements so they cannot report natural TAI, since the enemy your unit’s position. You have recognizes their importance a role to play in this aspect as much as you do. Do not of the CR mission as well. forget the role EW can play in suppressing enemy Remember, during the reconnaissance units. war-gaming process, the commander and the S3 identified Although your S3 is friendly COAs. Part of that responsible for planning the process was-- use of EW, you and the IEWSE can recommend its employment. o Developing TAI. Both of you should plan an ESM program that will support o Deciding how best to any EW use. Remember, enemy engage enemy units at TAI. reconnaissance elements are priority targets of jamming o Formulating decision and/or DF. You can also points or lines. integrate smoke and obscurants to multiply the effectiveness As the S2, you are the of your EW effort. expert on the enemy, weather, and terrain. Based on your USING R&S MISSIONS situation templates, you TO SUPPORT CR have a good idea which enemy reconnaissance units will As explained before, CR go where. Based on your IPB essentially consists of finding terrain and weather analyses, the enemy reconnaissance; then you have a good idea where destroying or suppressing those on the battlefield your unit elements before they can report can best engage those enemy friendly unit positions. This reconnaissance units. implies some friendly elements Therefore, you are in a will act as finders and some position to recommend to will act as shooters.

10-14 FM 34-2-1 Normally, the scout platoon of scout employment to screen should be finders, not concealed routes. Figure shooters. They do not have 10-10, is an example of the the organic firepower to use of mechanized infantry with decisively engage enemy units. scouts under operational However, your scouts must be control. linked to the shooters, to include aviation, maneuver, To effectively plan your and artillery. You may portion of the CR mission, position your scouts along a you need to know how threat screen line so they can reconnaissance operates. For observe NAI or concealed additional information on routes into your sector. The threat smoke and obscurant scouts then report detection employment, refer to the of enemy reconnaissance and Joint Test Command Group provide targeting data to the manual, 61 JTCG/ME-87-10, shooters. Handbook for Operational Testing of Electro-optical You may also augment your Systems in Battlefield scouts or R&S mission with Obscurants. armor, mechanized infantry, light infantry, or AT This chapter discussed elements. In this situation, various staff roles in the you might employ your scouts CR mission, how you can as roving teams. The scout contribute, and how the threat element finds the enemy performs reconnaissance at reconnaissance, informs the regimental and division S3, who then calls in the levels. It is also important armor, infantry, aviation, or for you to do your "homework" indirect fire assets to destroy to find out how the various it. Figure 10-9 is an example threat forces conduct dismounted reconnaissance.

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10-17 FM 34-2-1 CHAPTER 11 RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE IN LOW-INTENSITY CONFLICT During LIC operations, R&S THREAT must provide your commander a wide range of information in a The LIC threat can range complex environment. from demonstrations, terrorist acts, insurgent or guerrilla FACTORS activity to confrontations with conventional forces. The Factors to consider when characteristics of a threat planning R&S in an LIC force depend on the level of environment include-- insurgency. US maneuver forces will most likely face insurgent o US forces mission-- forces or a hostile country counterinsurgency, combatting conventional military force. terrorism, peacekeeping Your unit may face operation, or peacetime demonstrators or terrorist contingency operations. threats. But primary popula- tion control responsibility is o Threat--conventional with the host nation. forces, insurgent forces, terrorists, demonstrators, or Insurgent or guerrilla a combination of two or more. forces usually fight in small cells. They carry light o Environment--social, weapons and can concentrate psychological, political, and forces against major economic factors. Terrain and facilities, then disperse after weather are also important the operation. Insurgent considerations. forces can operate in urban areas but prefer remote areas o Host nation government-- for better concealment and support, information sharing, security. You can expect to security forces, and military fight squad- to platoon-size forces. forces when facing insurgent forces. They will rely on-- The US force's mission, environment, and host-nation o Well-planned ambushes. government are influences that have an affect on what we do o Attacks on soft targets. offensively or defensively. However, the LIC threat will o Sniper and mortar require you to spend the most attacks. time learning how to predict the enemy's next move.

11-1 FM 34-2-1 The objective is to roles attacking and defending demoralize and frustrate their to support insurgents. These opponent by attacking a variety forces are infantry, or of targets in a wide AO. mechanized infantry supported Segments of the populace can by artillery, mortars, and play a key role in the armored vehicles. Along with insurgent intelligence net; in limited CAS, they could have which case, they would become NBC weapons. a primary target of friendly CI efforts. Their equipment is a mix from several major weapons- Guerrilla forces need producing countries (for support from political example, United States, sympathizers or foreign Belgium, Soviet Union, China, powers. They need an effective and West Germany) . Usually system of obtaining food, this equipment is a generation ammunition, weapons, equipment, or two older than that found and training. In some cases in modern armies. However, insurgents conduct raids for this trend is slowly changing. equipment. By eliminating The type of weapons used in insurgent supply nets and an LIC environment varies sources they lose combat from homemade weapons (mines effectiveness. or shotguns) to sophisticated weapons (SA-7'S). See DA Pam 381-3, How Latin Understanding the capabilities American Insurgents Fight, for of guerrilla/insurgent weapons detailed information. and collection and target acquisition systems helps you CONVENTIONAL THREAT in R&S planning. FORCES IN LIC GUERRILLA/INSURGENT Conventional threat forces OPERATIONS in an LIC environment conduct a variety of missions. These Guerrilla operations are missions involve advising and those military actions executed assisting insurgent forces on with selected commands and how to fight. Conventional combatants. For this reason, threat forces train insurgents it is necessary to obtain on the use of sophisticated specific enemy information, weapons or act as leaders for and to know the enemy’s insurgent units. This situation by observation. involvement depends on support In guerrilla operations, provided by the hostile attacking by surprise and government. having control of key terrain are essential. Conventional threat forces can operate in traditional

11-2 FM 34-2-1 Everyone who engages in o Infiltration (capture guerrilla operations, besides of personnel, weapons, and being elusive, must have had documents). excellent training and preparation. The following In every guerrilla are general prerequisites or operation, the execution of priorities for the preparation the mission must be guaranteed. of an individual guerrilla fighter. Current and accurate enemy information, including terrain o Physical conditioning. and weather knowledge, are key to prepare, plan, and execute o High morale. the mission. Every small detail must be covered in the o Individual combat plan, and nothing should be training. overlooked. o Land navigation and For each guerrilla knowledge of the terrain. operation, training or simulated attack must be o Complete understanding conducted and verified; these of the mission. must be in terrain which closely resembles the site o Clear understanding characteristics where the of his or her role in the operation will be carried out. mission. Individual guerrilla o Discipline. training must be continuous; it must always strive for o Esprit de corps. superiority in all aspects of training. Training must focus o Aggressiveness, on the prerequisites mentioned dexterity, self-confidence, above. valor, and courage. Coordination is a high o Decisiveness and priority during each guerrilla patience. operation. Coordination ensures teamwork and helps to Guerrilla operations guarantee the success of the include-- operation. o The ambush. Selected commands and combatants, as well as o The incursion. weaponry, are key ingredients for the operation. Each o The surprise attack. querrilla fighter must make full use of weapons and must o Sabotage (machinery, not fire continuously. It is electrical energy, and very important that strict fire telephone). discipline be followed. 11-3 FM 34-2-1 Terrain knowledge, UPPER ECHELON ORGANIZATION appropriate camouflage, and surprise are essential The guerrilla’s military elements during the execution organization is a network of of a guerrilla operation. insurgent groups placed in different parts of a country. Surprise, security, It has a definite command rational use of resources, structure based on geographical and economy of force are the location. Thus, a "Northern key principles of guerrilla Command," an "Eastern Command," warfare tactics. These must a "Central Command," and a be followed in every guerrilla "Northwest Command" would operation. correspond to the area of the country in which each command Guerrillas around the operates. Figure 11-1 shows a world typically fight the typical insurgent organization. same way. They use surprise, night operations, careful The guerrilla military planning and selection of organization is headed by a targets, and timing to general staff with staff inflict the greatest damage. departments organized to They are particularly sensitive fulfill training, logistic, to the propaganda value of troop, intelligence, and the psychological impact of operational functions. every action they take, from Figure 11-2 shows the general a single terrorist act staff. Figure 11-3 shows the (bombing or political logistic staff. Figure 11-4 assassination) to a major shows the troop staff. assault on a critical installation. The guerrilla military forces have an infrastructure Guerrillas can best be ranging from a brigade of described as capable, all- several thousand down to a weather soldiers who live cell of three to five people. off the land, thus reducing Falling in between are the amount of rations they battalions or columns with need to carry. They operate 500; detachments, 100; in their own domain and, platoons, 20 plus; and because of their familiarity squads, 10. with it, can negotiate the most difficult terrain in The largest insurgent force any kind of weather, at any normally encountered during time of the day. They usually combat is the platoon. The attack at night to ensure the platoon consists of the element of surprise. The platoon leader and two or overall combat effectiveness three squads. Each squad has of these fighters is usually 7 to 11 soldiers, a squad good . leader, an information or

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11-7 FM 34-2-1 political officer, and a o Combat platoons have two messenger. Squads are squads: one assault squad and sometimes subdivided into one security squad. smaller units of three to five men (including a leader); o Reconnaissance platoons these are also referred to have two squads: one as subsquads. reconnaissance squad and one security squad. SUBSQUADS o Other platoons provide These smaller units, called logistic support (storehouses subsquads, have the following for arms), withdrawal sites, missions: communications system, transport, firing ranges and o Combat subsquads maintain maneuver sites, underwater security for the remainder of demolition, sabotage, and the squad during movement. propaganda. o Sabotage subsquads COMMAND AND CONTROL consist of a demolition section and a security section. The The insurgent organization security section provides and chain of command simply security to the demolition consists of leaders and section during sabotage followers. Insurgent operations. commanders exercise control over their forces by delegating o Reconnaissance subsquads command authority down to the consist of a reconnaissance platoon and squad levels. section and a security section. Although several platoons may be committed in combat, all PLATOON missions are assigned and conducted at the squad level. The guerrilla platoon is the basic (tactical) unit of Insurgent combat units may the guerrillas. It is made up operate alone when seizing of-- terrain, but all unit commanders must ensure that the o One platoon leader. high command provides detailed instructions for their unit. o Two squads (of 7 to 11 The leader of a combat unit is guerrillas each). Each squad expected to exercise effective also has one leader. control of all combatants, to assign specific functions, and o Each squad can be to see that they are strictly subdivided into two subgroups, complied with. depending on the mission. Insurgents are also trained Platoon organizations are-- to use their own initiative

11-8 FM 34-2-1 when faced with unforeseen military supplies is by situations. The unit must be capturing government weapons; flexible and capable of solving this ensures an abundant supply problems associated with of ammunition and repair parts missions assigned by the is available. The three supreme command in such areas essential requirements of as-- insurgent weapons are availability, simplicity, and o Communications. efficiency. o Chain of command. Usually, each combatant has the following equipment: o Mobilization of forces. o Rifle: Belgian FAL; o The use of equipment and Israeli Galil; German G-3; firepower. Soviet AK-47 or AKM; Czech M-25; and United States M-2, EQUIPMENT M-14, or M-16. Insurgents require the same o Pack or knapsack. combatant gear to perform their mission as the friendly forces; o Web belt. however, insurgents do not usually have the same o Canteen. equipment. Theirs is obtained from a variety of sources o Beret, cap, or hat. through a complex logistic system. Weapons, food, o Protective combat medicine, and other supplies clothing that blends with the are obtained by one of the terrain. following methods: black market, captured, stolen, or o Combat boots. provided by second-party sources. o Knife and steel blade. Much of the equipment is o Weapon cleaning obtained from government forces equipment. through raids on isolated outposts or ambushes on o Nylon cord, approximately military units and convoys; 2 meters long. additional guerrilla supplies and arms come from other o Square of plastic, 2 by 2 countries. Some equipment is meters (to protect weapon from purchased abroad with money rain) . obtained through terrorist activities (kidnapping and o Medication kit (such as robbery) . aspirin, bandages) . A more popular and Each unit has a radio practical means of obtaining (probably commercial type, AM 11-9 FM 34-2-1 or FM) to keep the insurgents o Caliber: small caliber, informed of the news. 20 to 57 mm; medium caliber, 58 to 152 mm; large caliber, over An insurgent unit may have 152 mm. one or more of the following weapons: o Bore: smooth (mortar), the 205 mm has grooves. o Hand grenades (fragmentation, concussion, and o Firing: high angle or incendiary). flat trajectory. o Grenade launchers. o Means of transport: mechanical traction or o Mortars. self-propelled. o Mines of the claymore o Initial velocity type. classified as follows: mortars from 150 to 400 meters per o An assortment of AT and second; a howitzer from 300 air defense weapons. to 600 meters per second; and cannons from 900 to ARTILLERY 1,500 meters per second. Artillery is the principal It is important to note fire power for some insurgent that some of this equipment forces. Insurgents use it is homemade, such as uniforms, because of its range, volume of pistol belts, and harnesses. fire, and accuracy. The Insurgent camps sometimes principal mission for an contain factories where Molotov artillery unit is to neutralize cocktails; booby traps; or destroy the enemy and their claymore type mines; grenades; means of combat. Mortars and and ammunition, including recoilless weapons are usually mortars, can be produced at the preferred artillery pieces little cost in a short time. used by the guerrilla, probably due to their mobility and TYPES AND SOURCES OF SUPPLIES portability. The guerrilla, by Guerrillas can and will use necessity, uses a wide variety captured heavier weapons. They of weapons, some self- will transport them by manufactured, some captured, commercial vehicles into the and some supplied from outside battle area; or abandon them, sources. In the earlier stages if necessary, if they impede of a war, the weapons are their withdrawal from the usually primitive, homemade area. Artillery is classified rifles, hand grenades, and according to-- claymore type mines; trails are crudely booby-trapped with o Recoil construction and Punji stakes and shallow pits type of tube. lined with nail boards.

11-10 FM 34-2-1 Nearly every guerrilla war meat, rice, beans, cereals, has produced ingenious sugar, coffee) . The main improvisations, both from sources for food are local necessity and to avoid a villages, supplies left behind cumbersome logistic supply by government troops, system. Nothing can be simpler warehouses, stores, and the to construct and use than a land itself. Molotov cocktail or a plastique bomb; and under certain Explosives conditions, nothing can be more effective. Explosives are the key to guerrilla operations due to Arms and Ammunition their destructive power. They are used to destroy bridges, All types of arms are railroad lines, airports of needed for a guerrilla military value, communication movement. However, there are lines, and electrical towers. three important factors which To acquire explosives, insurgents have to keep in mind clandestine groups are formed when arms are selected: which operate in areas where weight, range, and rate of explosives are used. By fire. Guerrillas carry their attacking vehicles which weapons for long periods of transport the explosives, time, thus the weapon must be they are able to obtain the as light as possible. The explosives needed. weapons must be effective both at short and long range. Hand Grenades Maximum rate of fire is critical since guerrillas These can be industrially need to place a large amount or domestically manufactured. of fire in a short amount of There are two types of hand time. With a variety of grenades: weapons comes the need for different types of ammunition. o Defensive--A metallic Individuals responsible for container that splinters; has acquiring ammunition must be an effective range of more able to distinguish between the than 30 m; and is used mostly different types and caliber to break out of a siege by rounds needed. disorganizing the enemy. Food o Offensive--A container filled with an explosive Just as with arms and charge, which when ignited, ammunition, food is a basic creates a proliferous blast necessity for a guerrilla of fire or pellets. This type movement. It must be easy to is used mostly for ambushes carry, nutritious, and not and in attacks on garrisons. perishable (such as chocolate, It also serves to disorganize condensed milk, dried fish or the enemy, as well as cause casualties. 11-11 FM 34-2-1 External Supplies for cereals and basic food grains, with the guerrillas Nicaragua has been the taking half of the harvest. main source of external In some areas, sugar mills and supplies since the start of slaughter houses are operated insurgences in Central by collaborators of the America. While in South guerrillas. Basic food stuffs America, Cuba has been the such as beans, rice, cooking primary source guaranteeing oil, salt, sugar, and corn are the guerrillas a sustained collected and stored before an rate of supply and resupply. insurgent offensive. When not Supplies are carried by in combat, guerrillas are able aircraft, small boats, trucks to obtain supplies with money with false bottoms, stolen almost anytime, anywhere. buses, or pack animals. It depends on the terrain and on COMMUNICATIONS the control exercised by the guerrillas in the area in which It is impossible to direct they are operating. a war without communications. Among the most important forms Internal Supplies of communication for the guerrillas is the radio. There On the local level, if the are two types of radio guerrillas have funds, they communications: tactical and purchase food and medicine. operative communications and However, this is rare; and strategic communications. these are primarily acquired by stealing and pillaging from Tactical and Operative villages and towns temporarily occupied by guerrilla groups. These are the radio signals Known as “war taxes," farmers used by leaders to command and merchants are threatened their units in operations, with death if they fail to pay marches, and encampments. Due (comply). to the need for maneuverability and agility, radios used In the cities, safe houses include walkie-talkies, citizen serve as storage and band, and PRC-77. distribution points for the guerrilla’s supply network. Strategic Large caches of weapons and ammunition are kept at These are radio signals convenient, centrally located, used by strategic commands in and relatively safe geographic order to have an overall vision locations. of all the fronts of the war and to direct the war. In long In regions controlled by distance communications, a the guerrillas, the variable selection of ham noncombatant camp followers are radios are used. required to cultivate the land

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When setting up a base campaign (arms, food, camp, the radio operator seeks propaganda). Generally, raids a high location to establish are well planned and carried effective communications. out in small units composed of Radio waves require LOS; so three to twelve individuals. it is important that the radio They occur more frequently operators set up operations at in the initial stages of an the highest point to avoid insurgency when few individuals natural or artificial objects. and arms are available. Once The radio is always set upright their goal is achieved, the with the antenna in a vertical force withdraws quickly and position directed towards the disperses. receiver with whom the insurgent wishes to ASSAULT communicate. Messages are brief. This is a more sophisticated, complex attack Relay stations bridge designed to annihilate a target stations that do not have and its defenders. As assault direct communication because is of a larger scale and of topographic obstacles or purpose, it requires the too long a distance. There occupation of positions and are two types of relay strategic locations since the station: manual (operated by guerrillas are fighting against an individual) and automatic prepared defensive positions of (signal is sent out the enemy. At a certain phase automatically when received) . of a local insurgency, the prime goal becomes that of FORMS OF GUERRILLA COMBAT eliminating enemy units, thus changing the correlation of To prepare for combat, the forces in the region. guerrillas must train in isolated locations. Figure AMBUSH 11-5 shows a typical guerrilla training complex. Before the This is an action carried guerrillas train on hitting out by small units against a targets they are indoctrinated moving enemy with great on the typical targets they superiority in soldiers and should hit. Figure 11-6 shows arms. Factors that influence typical guerrilla targets. the outcome of an ambush are location, terrain, position, RAID camouflage, signals, and retreat. There are three types This is a fast, surprise of ambushes: action carried out against an enemy position or force. Its o Annihilation--enemy purpose is related directly troops sustain the maximum to current needs in the number of casualties to reduce development of the guerrilla’s or destroy the combat

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11-15 FM 34-2-1 effectiveness of the government o Single firing or line forces. Figure 11-7 shows a formation. typical annihilation ambush. o Diamond formation. o Harassment--enemy troops are harassed by engagement in o Wedge formation. small skirmishes to destroy their will or to distract and o “L” formation. tire them, thus causing deterioration of morale. o Two-echelon formation. Figure 11-8 shows a typical harassment ambush. o Fan formation. o Containment--enemy forces COLUMN FORMATION are surrounded by mines, obstacles, and small arms fire Column formations are used to halt movement to and from a for deploying from one area to specific area; usually to keep another when government forces them from reinforcing a are not present. When this government unit in contact with move is performed by a squad, insurgents. Figure 11-9 shows all members know their places a typical containment ambush. in the formation. Positions are numbered in advance by the INSURGENT MAP SYMBOLS squad leader, and each numbered position is assigned a mission. These are the symbols used Odd numbers are used for the by known insurgent groups. left file of the column; and Figure 11-10 shows the military even numbers for the right mapping symbols. The listing file. The squad leader includes many military mapping determines the spacing between symbols used by the Soviet personnel based on the terrain armed forces; however, and visibility. different meanings have been applied. When required by terrain and operational needs, the Insurgents normally use the squad leader divides the squad symbols that are taught to them into two groups. The assistant by the country that is squad leader takes the second providing training and group. This formation is equipment. Also refer to DA normally used for movement Pam 381-3 for insurgent over terrain where there is military map symbols. no probability of attack. The squad's fire power is MOVEMENT FORMATIONS concentrated on the flanks; therefore, the point and rear Movement formations are very weak. Figure 11-11 include-- shows the column formation. o Column formation.

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are not present. When this group. This formation is move is performed by a squad, normally used for movement all members know their places over terrain where there is in the formation. Positions no probability of attack. are numbered in advance by the The squad’s fire power is squad leader, and each numbered concentrated on the flanks; position is assigned a mission. therefore, the point and rear Odd numbers are used for the are very weak. Figure 11-11 left file of the column; and shows the column formation. even numbers for the right file. The squad leader SINGLE FILE OR determines the spacing between FIRING LINE FORMATION personnel based on the terrain and visibility. This type of formation is used when necessary to When required by terrain cover a 100- to a 300-meter and operational needs, the area. Figure 11-12 shows squad leader divides the squad the single file or firing into two groups. The assistant line formation. It is used squad leader takes the second when--

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11-20 FM 34-2-1 WEDGE FORMATION the insurgents change the above-mentioned formation. At A wedge formation is used this time, the insurgents on for advancing or performing the right extend to that side, reconnaissance over open while those on the left extend terrain. This formation covers to the right. (See Figure the front, as well as both 11-16.) The combatant from the flanks; however, the rear is rear guard at the right flank undefended. This type of maneuvers, while providing rear formation is used mainly to security. The group on the move where there is a left that heads the team possibility of being attacked. secures the front. It can also be used to break or penetrate an enemy barrier. TWO-ECHELON FORMATION Figure 11-14 shows the wedge formation. This type of formation is used for a deliberate attack or "L" FORMATION a movement to contact. While a squad advances, the other one The “L” formation is an supports it; and upon occupying attack formation used in two a new position, the one flanks. Figure 11-15 shows the advancing stops and provides "L" formation. It can be used support while the other unit before the assault by deploying advances. Figure 11-17 shows one squad to gain a shock while two-echelon formation. the remaining squad provides security. From the formation FAN FORMATION of a single to a double column, it can quickly change to a This formation is used when diamond formation. These the commander calls the unit to changes take place on command assemble to assign a mission or and are performed as discussed issue other directives. The below. voice of command is: “SQUAD ASSEMBLE.” Figure 11-18 shows Double Column the fan formation. Upon command, odd numbers TACTICAL COMMAND BASIC extend to the left, while even ORGANIZATION numbers extend to the right. One combatant leads the Basic organizations for the formation at the front while tactical command are the basic the one at the rear provides unit operations, basic platoon rear security. Figure 11-16 operations, and breaking shows a double column contact. Figure 11-19 shows formation. the basic organization. Changing Double Column to A basic unit operation is a Diamond Formation when one squad conducts reconnaissance for about an In order to change a double hour before the rest of the column to a diamond formation, 11-21 FM 34-2-1

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11-23 FM 34-2-1 unit follows. This role. You enhance your R&S reconnaissance squad then plan and the information occupies key positions for obtained by gaining the support observation to prevent of the civilian population. government forces from You also become familiar with surprising the unit. the civilian populations attitude toward their own A basic platoon operation government and the US forces. is when the first squad In most cases, your R&S asset provides frontal security, the will observe or monitor groups second squad covers the flanks, of civilians to determine if and the third assumes the rear they pose a threat. guard role. The understanding and When breaking contact with analysis of the civilian the enemy, the first platoon population during the IPB acts as a delaying force until process impacts greatly on the the second platoon withdraws; R&S effort. A lesson learned after which, the first platoon from Operation Just Cause is withdraws by squads. Figure that "the population cannot 11-20 lists the sounds produced read maps nor give grid during basic operations. coordinates." Therefore, when Figure 11-21 shows a typical providing the intelligence base camp which is the hub of information part of IPB during all operations. prehostilities, build a street map, showing city landmarks; INTELLIGENCE PREPARATION use this with civilian OF THE BATTLEFIELD informants. CONSIDERATIONS IPB PRODUCTS The doctrine that threat forces use to operate in LIC Products produced during may not be well known. Your the IPB process impacting on initial IPB effort will the R&S effort vary depending probably require you to modify on the threat. The mission some IPB products to account requirement influences the type for the LIC environment. These of overlays and subject products can help you plan categories needed. The R&S . Factors not graphically following paragraphs cover some portrayed during the normal IPB LIC IPB products and how they process which come into play relate to the R&S effort. during LIC include social, political, psychological, and Incident Overlay economic factors. The incident overlay CIVILIAN POPULATION provides the historical data needed to look for trends and During LIC operations the to conduct pattern analysis on civilian population plays a key the threat. Figure 11-22 shows

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11-27 FM 34-2-1 an incident overlay. You can o Patrol LOC. identify the types of missions the insurgents tend to favor o Patrol critical sites. and determine the insurgent AO. This map will show o Provide coordination insurgent control or lack of between local law enforcement control in specific areas. and host nation military units. Based on this overlay, o Provide sketches of considerations on where to insurgent bases. focus R&S assets are made. Figure 11-23 shows an incident When briefing patrols, the matrix. By constructing an SITMAP warns of danger areas incident matrix, the analyst such as mines or insurgent can determine the times, days, controlled areas. or methods when insurgents will attack targets and can Trap Map determine their operational trends. The incident overlay The trap map identifies will require coordination with targets the insurgents will the host nation to ensure attempt to sabotage or attack. complete and accurate Figure 11-25 shows an LIC trap information. map. These targets may include-- Situation Map o Hydroelectric plants. The insurgent situation map (SITMAP) is built from the o Weapon storage sites. incident overlay. Figure 11-24 shows an LIC SITMAP. The o Airports. SITMAP adds current intelligence and activities o Banks. which indicate insurgent movement, resupply operations, o Government offices. or attacks. You will confirm or deny information on the o Terrain favoring SITMAP using R&S assets. These ambushes. assets-- Analyze these areas for o Monitor insurgent supply insurgent access and escape routes. routes. Preplan use of R&S assets to support trap map o Monitor radio areas in case indicators show transmissions. insurgent intent to attack. Photographs or sketches of the o Visit civilian areas can help the analysis and communities. planning process.

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11-31 FM 34-2-1 Population Status Overlay o Scouts. Figure 11-26 shows a o GSRs. population status overlay. This overlay portrays the o REMBASS. attitude of the population in your AO and AI. It shows who o OPs. supports the government, who is neutral, and who supports the o Radio intercept insurgents. This overlay can and DF. further classify population into tribal, religious, ethnic, Additional assets depend on political, or economic groups. force package and may include-- The detail of information on this overlay depends on o AN/TPQ-36 countermortar insurgent strategy and radar. availability of information. o AN/MPQ-49 FAAR. Focusing R&S assets toward a particular group may provide o Army aviation. vital information on insurgent activity. Knowing pro- o QUICKFIX and CI and Government areas and interrogation of prisoner of proinsurgent areas will also war teams, supporting MPs, help protect your limited R&S and host-nation law enforcement assets. and intelligence units. ASSETS PATROLS R&S assets available during In LIC operations, LIC operations depend on patrolling is one of the mission and host-nation primary ways to obtain and support. Peacetime contingency develop information. Patrols operations will require less collect data on population, R&S assets than counter- insurgent activity, and terrain insurgency operations. Close by using a combination of coordination with the host route, zone, and area nation will be vital. reconnaissance. Information received from local agencies will supplement the Effective patrolling R&S plan. provides the location, strength, and disposition of Typical collection assets insurgent forces. Patrols can available to brigade and confirm insurgent weapons and battalion S2s during LIC the presence of foreign operations include-- military advisors. Areas requiring special attention o Patrols. while planning patrols include

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11-33 FM 34-2-1 rivers, streams, and Augmentation of native scouts agricultural areas. Patrols familiar with the area provide conducted around key an advantage. Again, installations give early communications and security are warning and prove effective primary limitations to scout during CR or security missions. operations. Limitations to consider GSR include communication and security. The primary means GSR missions in an LIC of communication for dismounted environment may include patrols is the FM battery- continued search of open powered AN/PRC-77. Also, areas or surveillance of the patrol's small size leaves point targets. GSRs are it vulnerable to ambush or very effective when integrated attack. into R&S plans for installations, bases, and The scout platoon gathers airfield security. They can information on insurgent forces verify activity detected by while conducting patrols or by other sources (such as OPs, established OPs in assigned REMBASS, NODs) or vector areas. They conduct much the friendly patrols. same missions as patrols from the line companies; but scouts The AN/PPS-5 and AN/PPS-15 usually extend out farther than are currently found in MI company patrols. Examples of battalions supporting airborne missions that scouts conduct and air assault divisions. include-- The AN/PPS-15 is found in light infantry division MI o Locating and providing battalions. System use depends detailed information on on the AO and the mission. insurgent bases. GSR limitations include LOS o Establishing OPs to to target. This is a key monitor these bases while factor when insurgent activity friendly forces move forward occurs in forested or urban to attack. areas. o Reporting possible supply Extremes in weather such as routes used by insurgent rain, wind, or snow will forces. degrade their operations. Augmenting patrols with AN/PPS-5 users must attached interrogation assets consider the system’s weight can add to the patrol's ability if the mission is in rough to gather intelligence by terrain or requires quick interrogation or questioning movement. It weighs in of the local populace. excess of 110 pounds without

11-34 FM 34-2-1 batteries, which are 12 It provides VHF LOB data. The pounds each. power of the intercepted signal and LOS determine range REMBASS capability. Limitations to be considered include mobility of REMBASS is a valuable asset the prime mover and security in the LIC environment. for systems when operating REMBASS gives indications on outside a security base. the amount of traffic along suspected insurgent trails; and The AN/PRD-10/11/12 is a it provides early warning when mobile radio DF system. It can used along routes leading to operate as a single station possible insurgent targets or providing intercept and LOB friendly base camps. data. When operating in the net mode with three other Sensors have a 24-hour, stations, the AN/PRD-10 near all-weather capability. provides intercept and manually The information obtained cues computed radio DF fix locations the use of patrols, GSR, or OPs of enemy transmissions. The to confirm activity. AN/PRD-10 weighs approximately Considerations when using 80 pounds; its range depends on remote sensors include radio LOS and the power of the LOS to the relay or monitoring intercepted signal. station. The transmitting range is about 15 kilometers When available, the for sensors and repeaters, and QUICKFIX or GUARDRAIL can up to 100 kilometers for conduct airborne DF. These airborne repeaters. systems have extensive range and can provide locations on VOICE COLLECTION TEAMS enemy transmitters. The MI battalion Evaluate all available subordinate to heavy, light, assets within the brigade or air assault, and airborne battalion capable of supporting divisions have voice collection the R&S effort. Some assets teams capable of supporting the and their capabilities follow: R&S effort. The AN/TRQ-32 TEAMMATE and the AN/PRD-10 o Helicopters resupply, provide IEW support. The insert, or extract patrols; QUICKFIX and GUARDRAIL (a corps they also conduct limited MI brigade asset) can assist in route and area reconnaissance. the EW collection effort based on availability. o The countermortar radar AN/TPQ-36 (DS to the The AN/TRQ-32(V)(I) artillery battalion) provides (TEAMMATE) will intercept HF, information on insurgent mortar VHF, and UHF communications. locations.

11-35 FM 34-2-1 o Patrols search suspect law enforcement, and areas for mortar tubes and intelligence.) ammunition cache sites. Fighting in an LIC o CI teams provide environment requires a information on insurgent continuous R&S effort. This activities and their effort stresses reporting intelligence capabilities. information to the S2 and disseminating that information Consider all human sources no matter how insignificant. such as convoy truck drivers, It also involves the total FOs , and personnel from force. Figure 11-27 is an host-nation agencies or units example of how these assets are (such as refugee camps, civil employed in a battalion R&S affairs checkpoints, local plan.

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11-38 FM 34-2-1 CHAPTER 12 ELECTRONIC WARFARE ASSET EMPLOYMENT

Normally, division staffs electronic systems. Your and higher echelons plan for staff should plan for use the use of IEW assets. of EW within three broad However, you may be in a mission areas: situation where you have MI unit assets either attached or o Defend. in DS of your unit. In either case, you must be able to o Degrade or disrupt. properly direct those assets in support of your R&S plan, o Deceive. as well as your unit’s CR plan. To do that, you should DEFEND understand-- The defend mission includes o The fundamentals of EW. your use of electronic counter- countermeasures (ECCM) to o Who plays what role in protect your unit’s electronic EW planning. systems. ECCM includes proper use of signal operation o What IEW assets are instructions (S0I), terrain needed to help you answer your masking, and proper radio and commander’s PIR and IR and television operator procedures. support the unit CR plan. FM 24-33 contains detailed information on ECCM. The FUNDAMENTALS defend mission also includes ESM to find and target enemy IEW assets belonging to MI jammers and ECM to screen units do three things: they friendly communications from provide combat information; the enemy. they provide data which contributes to production of DEGRADE OR DISRUPT intelligence; and they give your unit an EW capability. You degrade or disrupt EW should be a vital element enemy electronic systems by of your unit’s command, targeting electronic emitters control, and communications or jamming electronic countermeasures (C³CM) receivers. Normally, the small program. EW is one way number of jammers available to commanders protect their you forces you to be highly electronic systems while selective about which targets attacking the enemy’s to disrupt.

12-1 FM 34-2-1 The S3 is in charge of the S3 to make sure your IEW assets degrade or disrupt mission. do not interfere with your You must support this mission unit’s scheme of maneuver. We through intelligence and ESM will address this later in this which intercept, identify, and chapter. locate potential targets. More than likely, your IEW DECEIVE assets will spend significant time supporting or executing Electronic deception is the EW degrade or disrupt normally controlled by division mission. Look at this mission or corps. Deceiving, or as consisting of two electronic deception, provides components: passive and false information to the enemy active. ESM is the passive through electronic devices. part. That is, your IEW assets It is intended to induce the work to collect information enemy into acting against that will support the ECM, or their best interests. the active part, of the Deception is achieved by mission. feeding false or misleading information to enemy electronic ECM consists of jamming and sensors; or by transmitting deception. Essentially, it directly into operational jamming delivers a high level channels. (Normally, this of power to an enemy receiver, is part of an overall deception preventing that receiver from plan.) Make sure that what receiving its intended the enemy collects transmission. Your IEW assets electronically agrees with, must radiate energy to do or at least does not refute, this. Therefore, they are the overall deception susceptible to enemy scheme. countermeasures. IEW systems collect combat Deception causes the enemy information through ESM. to misinterpret what is Essentially, consider your received by electronic IEW assets as one more source systems. Once again, your you can use to help answer IEW assets (and any other your commander's PIR. However, assets you choose to use) you do not directly task this must transmit to deceive. source, specify which assets Therefore, deception is do what, nor emplace these active as well. More assets. You do specify what detailed descriptions of EW you want to know, and are in FM 34-1, Chapter 5. coordinate with your IEWSE and

12-2 FM 34-2-1 PLANNING Intercepting provides combat information and Your S3 is in charge of technical data on the enemy’s planning and using EW. The S3 electronic systems as well as is responsible for integrating raw data for processing into EW into your unit’s scheme of intelligence. Technical data maneuver. However, it is the supports jamming and electronic FSO who must intergrate EW deception. into the overall fire support plan. This becomes especially The locating option important for suppression of provides approximate locations enemy air defense operations. of enemy radio and radar You must support your S3's EW antennas. This aids in the plan by carefully selecting ESM use of directional antennas priorities. (The S2 should for jamming, and may be used assist the S3 with EW with other information to planning.) Figure 12-1 is a provide targeting-quality breakdown of who does what in data. EW planning. Jamming disrupts the Finally, the IEWSE officer receipt or exchange of orders is the resident expert on your and battlefield information. MI unit IEW assets. The IEWSE It can delay the enemy long officer-- enough for the commander to exploit a situation that o Recommends use. otherwise would have been corrected. Jamming provides o Coordinates physical a nonlethal alternative or placement. supplement to attack by fire and maneuver. It is well- o Acts as liaison between -suited for targets that cannot you and the assets. be located with targeting accuracy, or that only require o Coordinates EW planning. temporary disruption. o Recommends EW support for As a general rule, you fire and maneuver. will want to destroy or jam enemy electronic systems Your unit has four located near your FLOT. electronic options to attack Enemy communications systems enemy electronic systems: located farther back will normally be used by enemy o Intercept. planning elements. Therefore, they may be more valuable as o Locate. a source of information. Figure 12-2 is a list of o Jam. electronic options listed by enemy echelon and distance from o Deceive. the FLOT.

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EW planning follows the o ESM priorities based on normal staff planning process. your commander's PIR and IR. It begins with the mission and commander’s guidance. During o The S3’s ECM priorities. the planning process, your staff determines electronic o When and where on the HPTs . You then divide your battlefield the PIR, IR, and electronic HPTs into four ECM become most important. categories: The IEWSE officer relays o Targets located for your unit's ESM and ECM destruction (targeting). priorities to your attached or supporting IEW assets. o Targets to be jammed. Figure 12-3 is an example of a completed EW target list work o Targets to be intercepted sheet. It shows how you can for combat information or synchronize those priorities intelligence. to support the DST. In this example, identifying and o Targets to be deceived. locating enemy reconnaissance units of the 141st MRR is the WHAT TYPE OF INTELLIGENCE number one ESM priority because AND ELECTRONIC WARFARE the commander's top PIR ASSETS ARE NEEDED? initially is to locate enemy reconnaissance units. Once you have categorized your electronic HPTs, you need The second and third ESM to have a way to tell your IEW priorities are to identify and assets what you want them to locate divisional and do. Do this by providing your regimental air defense assets. IEW assets a list of priorities Note that the first ECM on a target list worksheet. priority is to jam divisional Remember to include both ESM air defense nets. In this (passive) and ECM (active) case, the third ESM priority priorities. supports the first ECM priority. Your EW assets STAFF ACTIONS cannot jam those nets without first finding them. You and other staff officers determine ESM and Obviously, the first ECM ECM priorities by war gaming. priority reflects that CAS is Remember that ESM must support important to the success of ECM. ESM may also help you the mission; and jamming enemy answer the commander’s PIR. divisional air defense nets supports the planned CAS Your S3 ultimately mission. If you compare the determines ECM priorities target list work sheet to the (based on staff input). DST, you will see the The S2 determines-- relationship between ESM and

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12-7 FM 34-2-1 ECM priorities and how the unit Again, your IEWSE can help in intends to fight the battle in this area. time. TARGET LIST WORKSHEET: ELECTRONIC WARFARE TARGET RECONNAISSANCE LIST WORKSHEET AND SURVEILLANCE PLAN Specifics of the EW target An EW target list worksheet list worksheet follow: is the equivalent of an R&S plan for your IEW assets. It o Time window is the time tells your assets what they you want your assets to spend should look for, when they looking for the target; or the should look for it, and what start/stop times you want your and when to jam. The EW target assets to jam the target. list worksheet should be a total staff effort among you, o Target unit is the the S3, the FSO, and the IEWSE. specific unit or target you are looking for. The more specific Remember, you should not be you are, the easier it is for concerned with the details of your IEW assets to find it. how to collect the information, such as which specific asset o Target location is where should do what, and where each you expect the target to be. asset should go. Those details Location can be based on actual are left to the attached or information or on situation supporting MI unit and your templates. IEWSE . Simply tell them what you want, and let them figure o Target activity is the out how best to do it. specific type of communications you want collected or jammed. You must, however, make certain that the emplacement o Control mechanism is how of your IEW assets does not you want the target unit to be interfere with your unit’s jammed (such as spot jamming, mission. Therefore, make sure barrage jamming). Your IEWSE your IEWSE coordinates all IEW can tell you more about the positions with your S3. Also, advantages and disadvantages of remember to continually monitor each type of jamming; and can those IEW positions so that recommend which kind will best they do not get overrun or support your mission. outdistanced by maneuver units. o Feedback and coordination Keep your IEWSE updated on is exactly what you are looking the enemy frontline trace; and for; for example, location and insist on frequent status identification of the target reports on your IEW assets. and effectiveness of jamming. Figure 12-4 is a list of Check with your S3 to see what organic or supporting MI units kind of feedback is required. by echelon. Figure 12-5 is

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12-10 FM 34-2-1 an electronic attack options FM 34-40 provides a detailed chart. Figure 12-6 shows discussion of EW operations. IEWSE officer responsibilities.

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12-15 FM 34-2-1 APPENDIX A MANAGEMENT TOOLS FOR RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE OPERATIONS This appendix contains the o Figure A-6. IEW Asset following checklists, formats, redeployment matrix. and reports used in planning and supervising R&S missions. o Figure A-7. Reconnais- NOTE : This appendix can be sance asset utilization matrix. reproduced and used in the field as a pocket guide. o Figure A-8. A patrol plan. o Figure A-1. Example of an intelligence estimate o Figure A-9. Patrol in matrix format. report format. o Figure A-2. R&S tasking o Figure A-10. Hints matrix. on debriefing patrols. o Figure A-3. Different o Figure A-11. GSR versions of the R&S tasking or REMBASS plan format. matrix. o Figure A-12. GSR o Figure A-4. R&S or REMBASS briefing checklist. checklist. NOTE : The purpose of the o Figure A-13. Standard R&S checklist is to make collection asset request sure complete coordination format (SCARF) basic format. is conducted for all R&S operations. o Figure A-14. Mission report format. o Figure A-5. Collection plan format.

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STANDARD COLLECTION ASSET unit with a specific REQUEST FORMAT requirement, but not with specific instructions for Asset managers use the carrying out the mission. The standard collection asset SCARF tells you-- request format (SCARF) for intelligence requirements o What information is tasking and for requesting needed. information from higher or adjacent headquarters. At o Where to look for the corps and division, movers, shooters, sitters, and intelligence requirements emitters. tasking is directed toward MI commanders and commanders of o When to look. other elements of the combat force capable of collecting the o When the information is information. needed. Intelligence requirements o What to look with (in tasking provides the selected some cases).

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JOINT TACTICAL AIR MISSION REPORT RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE REQUEST Air units include strike or FORM (DD Form 1975) attack, reconnaissance or surveillance, airlift, This form is used to observation, and helicopter. request a joint tactical air Air units use the mission reconnaissance or surveillance report to report the results of mission. The form states all missions and significant requirements, identifies needs, sightings along the route of and, occasionally, specifies the flight. the actual air asset to perform the mission. The mission report amplifies the inflight report Any echelon initiates the and is normally submitted request. It is used for both within 30 minutes after immediate and preplanned aircraft landing to-- mission requirements. The requestor completes section o The tasking agency. 1 of the request for each specific mission. Normally, o The requesting unit or these requests are transmitted agency. by electrical means. The headquarters receiving the o Other interested request adds information organizations. required to validate or complete the request. When the EW air task or Obtain DD Form 1975 through mission is completed, your S1. intelligence personnel conduct a briefing and submit a mission report.

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A-25 FM 34-2-1 APPENDIX B EXAMPLE OF THE RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE PROCESS The objective of R&S MANEUVER BRIGADE SCENARIO planning is the collection of information the commander needs The following is the in order to fight and win the scenario for a maneuver brigade battle. Planning results in in a high-intensity conflict. the coordinated efforts of all intelligence resources COL Link Gayagas, integrated into one collection Commander, 1st Brigade, 52d effort. Infantry Division (Mech), had just received the divisions PLANNING PROCESS OPORD. Based on the division commanders concept of The planning process operations and intent, COL includes-- Gayagas knew his brigade was in for a hard time in o Determining requirements. accomplishing the mission. The brigadets mission is to conduct o Assigning priorities. a supporting attack in the southern zone of the division’s o Allocating the resources AO . to satisfy each requirement. The brigade is to seize This appendix will assist defensible terrain. This will commanders and staffs in allow the division to prepare understanding the process used for a defense and destroy a to develop, implement, and reinforcing combined arms Army execute an R&S operation. soon to be committed. To support the division’s main The process described in attack, the division commander this appendix is a deliberate wants the brigade to draw the one which can be used when commitment of the 41st guards sufficient time is available. motorized rifle division’s In a hasty planning process, (GMRD) reserve, the 35th tank the procedures can be regiment (TR), into the modified. Most of the products brigadets zone. The 35th TR is described here will not be done the only threat to any major formally; but the steps drive by the 52d Infantry involved should still be Division to the north. applied mentally.

B-1 FM 34-2-1 While still at the division Baker had developed a good idea OPORD briefing, COL Gayagas of the enemy situation; and took advantage of a short break since he understood the to instruct the brigade S3, MAJ informational requirements Booth, to call the brigade TOC associated with the type and give them a warning order mission assigned, he was ready for the upcoming mission. MAJ to support the brigadets Booth provided the brigade TOC decision-making process. with the type mission, boundaries, and the brigade’s BRIGADE PLANNING objective, as assigned by higher headquarters. This was The brigadets planning to allow the staff to begin staff was assembled quickly work on the mission, upon the return of the particularly the S2 who needed commander. COL Gayagas the additional time to develop provided all the information he the intelligence products to had that was not published in support the brigade’s IPB the OPORD. He also provided process. the higher commander’s intent and guidance, insights, and MAJ Baker, the brigade's concerns, along with some S2, immediately began to available options. orchestrate the intelligence system to support the upcoming COL Gayagas was mission. He directed SGT particularly concerned about Hockins, the section the brigade’s ability to create intelligence analyst, to a situation which would force develop an MCOO of the AO; and, the enemy motorized rifle for initial planning purpose, division s (MRD) commander to to include in the MCOO the commit his reserve into his analysis of the AI extending 5 brigade sector. He knew he had kilometers to the flanks and 10 to find an enemy weakness and kilometers forward of the AO. exploit it quickly; to do that, MAJ Baker also directed his he needed detailed information assistant, CPT Roberts, to call on the enemy disposition. COL the G2 shop or division Gayagas gave MAJ Baker the PIR: operations and intelligence (O&I) and get as much 1. What is the 15th guards information as possible on the motorized rifle regiment (GMRR) enemy situation. defensive disposition? By the time the brigade 2. Is there a weakness in commander returned from the the 15th GMRR defensive division OPORD meeting, MAJ disposition? If so, where?

B-2 FM 34-2-1 3. Where are the artillery template. They were comparing battalions comprising the 15th their product to the OB GMRR regimental artillery holdings on the enemy unit group? facing 1st Brigade. MAJ Baker informed CPT Roberts he had 4. Will the 41st GMRD received the division’s commander direct any of his intelligence products and gunships against 1st Brigade? commander’s PIR and needed him If so, when? to assist in the mission analysis process. 5. Where and when will the 35th TR be committed? They both understood the higher commanders intent and 6. Will the enemy employ knew the informational chemical munitions against 1st requirements associated with Brigade? If so, when and the offensive operation being where? conducted by the brigade. They completed the mission analysis COL Gayagas provided his process as it pertained to the planning guidance, stressing intelligence system. MAJ Baker his PIR. He left his second was about to leave to meet with in command, LTC Larcom, to the orders group to present the initiate the planning process result of his analysis. He and coordinate those staff took with him the MCOO and the actions requiring operating enemy situation template. system integration. LTC Larcom Figure B-1 shows an MRR provided each staff element situation template (based on a with its corresponding portion prepared defense). He of the division OPORD. instructed CPT Roberts to start developing the brigade R&S He informed the staff they plan. had two hours to go through the mission analysis process CPT Roberts began his in their respective area of efforts by analyzing the responsibility and to be back commander’s PIR. Using the at the end of those two hours enemy situation template, CPT to review the results of their Roberts took the PIR and began analysis. to associate them with indicators of enemy COAs. At S2 ANALYSIS PROCESS the same time, he identified those PIR which could be With the commanders PIR satisfied with organic, in hand, MAJ Baker began to assigned, or attached develop the products needed collection assets; and those to support the accomplishment PIR for which he would have to of the mission. When MAJ Baker submit an RII to higher arrived at his 577, CPT Roberts headquarters. The PIR analysis and SGT Hockings were refining conducted by CPT Roberts the initial situational reflected:

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B-4 FM 34-2-1 PIR : What is the 15th GMRR - No impeding type defensive disposition? obstacle within the main AA. INDICATOR: - Location of tanks within MRC positions. 3 x MRCs with a total of 8 to 10 BMP-2's, and - No tanks with second 2 to 3 T-64B'S per MRC, echelon forces. all in prepared fighting position or in Location of MRR assembly area. reserve. Main obstacle array PIR: Where are the from 800 meters to artillery battalions comprising 1,000 meters forward of the 15th GMRR regimental the MRC prepared artillery group? This PIR will fighting positions. also serve as an RII to higher headquarters and will 8 to 12 T-64B's in an facilitate the integration of assembly area. ECM support by the IEWSE officer to support the scheme 2 to 3 BMP-2's forward of maneuver. 1 to 3 kilometers of main defensive position INDICATOR: 3x5to8 with possible 2S1’s or 2S3’s on line, located protective type off a major AA or MC. obstacle. PIR: Will the 41st GMRD 1 BMP-2 or BMP-1 BRDM commander direct any of their forward and isolated gunships against 1st brigade? from any additional If so, where? This PIR will forces. serve as an RII to higher headquarters. 5 to 7 BRDM-2's, mounting 5 AT-5 PIR : Where and when will Spandrel AT guided the 35th TR be committed missiles in assembly against 1st brigade? This PIR area, possible mine will also serve as an RII to layer with 1 BTR higher headquarters for initial included. acquisition and tracking. PIR : Is there a weakness INDICATOR: 60 to 70 in the 15th GMRR defensive T-64B's moving southeast from disposition? If SO, where? NAI 90 to NAI 16 and NAI 18. INDICATOR: PIR : Will the enemy use chemical munitions against 1st - Distance between MRCs brigade? If so, when? This greater than 2,000 meters. PIR will serve as an RII to

B-5 FM 34-2-1 higher headquarters for initial commander’s concept of indication of intent to employ. operations. COL Gayagas wanted a good reconnaissance of Axis INDICATOR: Speed and Axis Kill (Annex A of the OPORD); and he wanted two - Break off activities OPs established: one of enemy forces in contact. overmatching OBJECTIVE CAT and the other OBJECTIVE DOG. - Enemy troops wearing protective overgarment. MAJ Baker told CPT Roberts that since he now knew the DEVELOPMENT OF SITUATION brigadets scheme of maneuver, TEMPLATE AND EVENT TEMPLATE he had sufficient information to assign specific Concurrently with the informational requirements to development of the indicators, subordinates and attached units CPT Roberts began to identify and complete the brigade R&S NAI that, when defined by the plan. CPT Roberts was also to indicators, would form the develop the R&S tasking matrix, basis and focus of the brigade which is the tool used to R&S efforts. CPT Roberts' disseminate R&S taskings to event analysis process was subordinate and attached developed to ascertain the units. He is to have the defensive COA as it relates to matrix ready within the hour so the reconnaissance and security MAJ Baker could pass it through echelon and the 2d echelon COL Gayagas for his approval motorized rifle battalion (MRB) and MAJ Booth for coordination. and MRR reserve. This is outlined in the brigade SOP. The following samples are The first echelon MRBs the results of the brigade's defensive COA was given to the mission analysis and task forces to develop, as decision-making process to assisted by the brigade S2’s develop the R&S plan. The enemy situation template and sample is given along with the event template. Figure B-2 figure number assigned to it. shows an event template. Figure B-3 is a combined o Figure B-4. Sample situation template and event warning order. template. o Figure B-5. Sample SPECIFIC R&S GUIDANCE OPORD. When MAJ Baker returned o Figure B-6. Sample Annex from the meeting he had the A to OPORD l-XX. tentative brigade plan to accomplish the mission. He o Figure B-7. Sample Annex informed CPT Roberts of the B to OPORD l-XX. brigade's scheme of maneuver and provided him additional R&S o Figure B-8. A sample instructions based on the Appendix 3 to Annex B to OPORD l-XX . B-6 FM 34-2-1

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GLOSSARY

AA avenue of approach AAA antiaircraft artillery ACR armored cavalry regiment ACRV a type Soviet equipment ADA air defense artillery AE aerial exploitation AF Air Force AI area of interest ALO air liaison officer AM amplitude modulated ammo ammunition AO area of operations APC armored personnel carrier approx approximately arty artillery ASC armored scout car ASPS all-source production section AT antitank attn attention AVLB armored vehicle launched bridge avn aviation AZ Arizona BAE battlefield area evaluation bde brigade BE basic encyclopedia bldg building BLUFOR Blue Force (US) BMNT beginning of morning nautical twilight BMP a type of Soviet personnel carrier bn battalion BOS battlefield operating systems BRDM a type of Soviet equipment BRM a type of Soviet equipment BTR a type of Soviet equipment CAA combined arms army c² command and control C³ command, control, and communications C3CM command, control, and communications countermeasures C&J collection and jamming CANE Combined Arms in a Nuclear/Chemical Environment CAS close air support cdr commander C-E Communications-Electronics

Glossary-1 FM 34-2-1 CESO communications-electronic staff officer them chemical CI counterintelligence CM&D collection management and dissemination C/MOB countermobility co company COA course of action Coil collection Comm communication COMSEC communications security con contact counter- reconnaissance-- all measures taken to prevent hostile observation of a force, area, or place (DOD) CP command post CPT captain CR counterreconnaissance CSS combat service support CUCV commercial utility cargo vehicle DA Department of the Army DAG division artillery group (Soviet) DC District of Columbia DD Department of Defense decon decontamination def defense/defensive det detachment DF direction finding DIA Defense Intelligence Agency dist distribution div division DIVARTY division artillery DS direct support DST decision support template DTG date-time group DZ drop zone E east ECCM electronic counter-countermeasures ECM electronic countermeasures EENT end of evening nautical twilight ELINT electronic intelligence engr engineer EPB electronic preparation of the battlefield EPW enemy prisoner of war ESM electronic warfare support measures EW electronic warfare

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FAAR forward area alerting radar FASCAM family of scatterable mines FEBA forward edge of the battle area FIST fire support team FISTV FIST vehicle 577 tracked operations vehicle (heavy division) FLOT forward line of own troops flt flight FM (with number) field manual FM frequency modulated FO forward observer FRAGO fragmentary order FSE fire support element FSO fire support officer fwd forward G2 Assistant Chief of Staff (Intelligence) GMRD guards motorized rifle division GMRR guards motorized rifle regiment gp group GS general support GSR ground surveillance radar H the time hostilities commence HF high frequency HHOC Headquarters, headquarters and operations company HMMWV high mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle HPT high payoff target hq headquarters hr hour HUMINT human intelligence HVT high value targets I&S intelligence and surveillance ID infantry division/identification IEW intelligence and electronic warfare IEWSE intelligence and electronic warfare support element IFF identification, friend or foe (radar) illum illumination IMINT imagery intelligence intcp intercept intel intelligence IPB intelligence preparation of the battlefield IR information requirements ITB independent tank battalion ITR independent tank regiment

Glossary-3 FM 34-2-1 JAAT Joint Air Attack Team JTCG Joint Test Command Group km kilometer km/h kilometers per hour lbs pounds LC line of contact LD line of departure LIC low-intensity conflict LOA limit of advance LOC lines of communications LOEA limit of enemy advance LOS line of sight LP listening post LOB line of bearing m mechanized m meter mag magnetic MAJ major MC mobility corridor M/CM/S mobility, countermobility, and survivability MCOO modified combined obstacles overlay mech mechanized MEDEVAC medical evacuation METL mission essential task list METT-T mission, enemy, terrain, troops, and time available MI Military Intelligence MIJI meaconing, intrusion, jamming, and interference min minute MOPP mission-oriented protection posture MP Military Police MR motorized rifle MRB motorized rifle battalion MRC motorized rifle company MRD motorized rifle division MRP motorized rifle platoon MRR motorized rifle regiment MSR main supply route MTLB a type Soviet equipment N north NAI named areas of interest NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NBC nuclear, biological, and chemical NET not earlier than

Glossary-4 FM 34-2-1

NLT not later than no number NOD night observation device noncomm noncommunications NV night vision NVG night vision goggles OB order of battle obj objective O&I operations and intelligence OMG operational maneuver group OP observation post OPCON operational control OPFOR opposing force OPLAN operations plan OPORD operations order OPSEC operations security PIR priority intelligence requirements PL phase line plt platoon PMCS preventive maintenance checks and services PMI preventive maintenance inspections POL petroleum, oils, and lubricants poss possible POV privately owned vehicle prep prepare prob probable R&S reconnaissance and surveillance RAC reconnaissance assault company RC Reserve Components REC radio electronic combat recon reconnaissance REMBASS Remotely Monitored Battlefield Sensor System reconnaissance-- A mission undertaken to obtain, by visual observation or other detection methods, information about the activities and resources of an enemy or potential enemy; or to secure data concerning the meteorological, hydrographic, or geographic characteristics of a particular area. ( DOD, NATO ) regt regiment retrans retransmission RII request for intelligence information RISTA reconnaissance, intelligence, surveillance and target acquisition Rkh a type of Soviet equipment

Glossary-5 FM 34-2-1 Rkh/m a type of Soviet equipment RP release point s south S2 Intelligence Officer (US Army) S3 Operations and Training Officer (US Army) S3-air Air Operations and Training Officer (US Army) S-A seismic-acoustic SA surface to air SALT size, activity, location, and time SALUTE size, activity, location, unit, time, equipment (spot report format) SAM surface to air missile SCARF standard collection asset request format scty security SEAD suppression of enemy air defense SIGINT signals intelligence SIR specific information requirements SITMAP situation map SMS simultaneous monitoring system SOI signal operation instructions SOP standing operating procedure SOR specific orders and requests SP start point SSM surface-to-surface missile Survl surveillance surveillance-- The systematic observation of aerospace, surface or subsurface areas, places, persons, or things by visual, aural, electronic, photographic, or other means. (DOD,NATO) TA theater army TAA tactical air army TACFIRE tactical fire direction computer system TAI target areas of interest TB tank battalion TC training circular TE tactical exploitation temp temperature TF task force tk tank TNT trinitrotoluene TOC tactical operations center TOT time over target TOW tube-launched, optically tracked, wire guided TPL time phase line TR tank regiment

Glossary-6 FM 34-2-1 TRADOC United States Army Training and Doctrine Command TTP tactics, techniques, and procedures UHF ultra high frequency us United States USAF United States Air Force USAICS US Army Intelligence Center and School USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics VHF very high frequency vic vicinity w west

Glossary-7 FM 34-2-1 REFERENCES REQUIRED PUBLICATIONS Required publications are sources that users must read in order to understand or to comply with this field manual.

Field Manuals (FMs) FM 17-98 Scout Platoon. October 1987. FM 34-1 Intelligence and Electronic Warfare Operations. July 1987. FM 34-2 Collection Management. 22 October 1990. FM 34-3 Intelligence Analysis. 15 March 1990. FM 34-10-1 Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for the Remotely Monitored Battlefield Sensor Systems (REMBASS). November 1990. FM 34-80 Brigade and Battalion Intelligence and Electronic Warfare Operations. April 1986. FM 34-130 Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield. May 1989. FM 101-5 Staff Organization and Operations. May 1984. FM 101-5-1 Operational Terms and Symbols. October 1985. 61 JTCG/ME-87-10 Handbook for Operational Testing of Electro-Optical Systems in Battlefield Obscurants. October 1987.

Department of the Army Pamphlet (DA Pam) DA Pam 381-3 How Latin America Insurgents Fight. June 1986. DD Form 1975 Joint Tactical Air Reconnaissance and Surveillance Request Form. Rand Study. Applying the National Training Center Experience: Tactical Reconnaissance. October 1987.

References-1 FM 34-2-1 RELATED PUBLICATIONS Related publications are sources of additional information. They are not required in order to understand this publication.

Field Manuals (FMs) FM 6-20-10 TTP for the Targeting Process, Mar 90 FM 24-33 Communications Techniques: Electronic Counter-Countermeasures. 22 Mar 85 FM 34-10 Division IEW Operations. November 1986. (U) FM 34-1OA Division Intelligence and Electronic Warfare Operations, Secret. December 1986. FM 100-5 Operations. May 1986. FM 101-5 Staff Organization and Preparation. May 1984. (U) DIA Study. Reconnaissance and Surveillance and Target Acquisition in the USSR, Secret/NOFORN. June 1988.

References-2 FM 34-2-1

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Index-11 FM 34-2-1 19 JUNE 1991

By Order of the Secretary of the Army:

CARL E. VUONO General, United States Army Chief of Staff

Official:

PATRICIA P. HICKERSON Colonel, United States Army The Adjutant General

DISTRIBUTION : Active Army, USAR, and ARNG: To be distributed in accordance with DA Form 12-llE, requirements for FM 34-2-1, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Reconnaissance and Surveillance and Intelligence Support to Counterreconnaissance (Qty rqr block no. 4873). *U.S. Government Printing Office 1994—300-421/82314