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Pre-Study Report on Economic Determinants for Innovative Rural Mobility Solutions

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Pre-Study Report on Economic Determinants for Innovative Rural Mobility Solutions Pre-study report on economic determinants for innovative rural mobility solutions WP 2, GoA 2.5 Authors: Agita Līviņa, Sarmīte Rozentāle, Jānis Bikše and Sandra Brigsa Vidzeme University of Applied Sciences Editors: Hunter Reinhardt, Hakan Uraz (REM Consult) and Linda Randall (Nordregio) Published: September 2019 Pre-study report on economic determinants for innovative rural mobility solutions By Agita Līviņa, Sarmīte Rozentāle, Jānis Bikše and Sandra Brigsa Copyright: Reproduction of this publication in whole or in part must include the customary bibliographic citation, including author attribution, report title, etc. Published by: MAMBA MAMBA – Maximising Mobility and Accessibility in Regions Affected by Demographic Change is a project funded by the European Regional Development Fund under the Interreg Baltic Sea Region Programme 2013-2020. The content of the report reflects the author’s/partner’s views and the EU Commission and the Managing Authority/Joint Secretariat are not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. All images are copyrighted and property of their respective owners. Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 2 1.1. Data collection methods ......................................................................................................... 2 1.2. Data analysis methods ............................................................................................................ 2 2. Economic framework .................................................................................................................... 4 2.1 External factors impacting the economic viability of mobility solutions .................................... 5 2.1.1. Population structure and population density ................................................................. 5 2.1.2. Structure of local economy ............................................................................................ 9 2.1.3. Spatial Patterns ............................................................................................................. 10 2.1.4. Lifestyle ......................................................................................................................... 11 2.2. In-depth analysis of main internal factors .............................................................................. 11 2.2.1 Main stakeholders .......................................................................................................... 11 2.2.2 Technological solutions .................................................................................................. 13 2.2.3 Financing ......................................................................................................................... 13 2.2.4 Connectivity with other services .................................................................................... 14 2.3. Socio-economic profiles of the MAMBA partner regions........................................................ 14 2.3.1. Finland – South Ostrobothnia ....................................................................................... 15 2.3.2. Finland – North Karelia .................................................................................................. 16 2.3.3. Germany – County Plön ................................................................................................. 16 2.3.4. Germany – County Cuxhaven ........................................................................................ 17 2.3.5. Germany – Hallig Hooge (North Frisia) ......................................................................... 18 2.3.6. Poland – Bielsko County................................................................................................ 19 2.3.7. Sweden – Trelleborg Municipality .................................................................................20 2.3.8. Denmark – Vejle Municipality ....................................................................................... 21 2.3.9. Latvia – Vidzeme Region ............................................................................................... 21 3. Business models applied in other mobility projects .......................................................................22 3.1. Demand-responsive transport (DRT) ......................................................................................22 3.2. Car sharing ............................................................................................................................. 25 3.3. Ridesharing ........................................................................................................................... 26 3.4. Combined transport solutions (CTS) ......................................................................................28 3.5. Service to people................................................................................................................... 29 3.6. Mobility as a service (MaaS) ................................................................................................... 30 4. Risks and economic potential for rural mobility solutions ............................................................. 33 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 38 References .......................................................................................................................................40 Figures Figure 1: Authors` adapted resource and result model for mobility solutions by Pollitt & Bouckaert, 2011 .................................................................................................................................................... 3 Figure 2: Population Density by NUTS III region (pop/km2), 2017. Source: Eurostat, 2019. ................ 7 Figure 3: GDP per capita at current market prices by NUTS 3 regions, thousand €, 2016. Source: Eurostat ........................................................................................................................................... 10 Tables Table 1: Age Group Structure in Partner Regions (NUTS III level – 2018) .............................................. 6 Table 2: Population changes 2014-2018, by NUTS 3 regions. Source: Eurostat, 2019. ....................... 8 Table 3: Employment (thousand persons) by NUTS 3 regions. Source: Eurostat (2019) .................... 8 Table 4: Types of mobility flows ....................................................................................................... 11 Table 5: Review of benefits, risks and opportunities for the proposed mobility solutions in the MAMBA project .............................................................................................................................................. 34 Annex 1. List of partners 45 WP2 / GoA2.5 / Pre-study report on economic June/2019 determinants for innovative rural mobility solutions Pre-study report on economic determinants for innovative rural mobility solutions Introduction Aim and scope This report is a part of the project Maximised Mobility and Accessibility of Services in Regions Affected by Demographic Change (MAMBA) and describes the economic determinants and risks that have an impact on the mobility in rural areas. It will serve as a basis for new mobility solutions, which will be implemented by the project partners in the Baltic Sea Region (BSR). During the preparation of this report, information from the Inventory of Innovative Mobility Solutions1 was used to evaluate and review the business models that have been tested in previous mobility projects. Additionally, earlier elaborated socio-economic profiles and business canvases2 have been used to characterize the external and internal economic factors in partner regions that have an impact on the implementation of mobility solutions. The primary objective of this report is to provide the project partners with a comprehensive knowledge base on the economic potentials and risks during the implementation phase of innovative rural mobility solutions. Additionally, the report serves as background information for others involved in the planning and development process of similar transport solutions in rural areas. Necessity of the pre-study The limited accessibility of public transport in rural areas and changes in lifestyle require citizens, administrations and decision-makers to search for new approaches to solving mobility challenges. Moreover, the development of information and communication technology (ICT) throughout the past decade(s) and decreasing costs of digital technologies are important factors contributing to the pervasion of innovative and flexible mobility solutions. These developments call for economic assessments of rural mobility innovations both for the MAMBA partnership and beyond. 1 The Inventory of Innovative Mobility solutions is an internal MAMBA output. Selected entries of the inventory are available on the MAMBA website: https://www.mambaproject.eu/database/ 2 Both sources are internal MAMBA documents prepared in the course of developing different solutions for rural mobility and accessibility in the partner regions 1 WP2 / GoA2.5 / Pre-study report on economic
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