Cooperación Cultural Inter-Gubernamental En Asia Oriental: Síntoma De Desafíos Relacionales En Un Entorno Geopolítico Único

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Cooperación Cultural Inter-Gubernamental En Asia Oriental: Síntoma De Desafíos Relacionales En Un Entorno Geopolítico Único Cooperación Cultural Inter-Gubernamental en Asia Oriental: Síntoma de desafíos relacionales en un entorno geopolítico único. David Ocón Fernández ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tesisenxarxa.net) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX. No s’autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA. La consulta de esta tesis queda condicionada a la aceptación de las siguientes condiciones de uso: La difusión de esta tesis por medio del servicio TDR (www.tesisenred.net) ha sido autorizada por los titulares de los derechos de propiedad intelectual únicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigación y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducción con finalidades de lucro ni su difusión y puesta a disposición desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. No se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al resumen de presentación de la tesis como a sus contenidos. En la utilización o cita de partes de la tesis es obligado indicar el nombre de la persona autora. WARNING. On having consulted this thesis you’re accepting the following use conditions: Spreading this thesis by the TDX (www.tesisenxarxa.net) service has been authorized by the titular of the intellectual property rights only for private uses placed in investigation and teaching activities. Reproduction with lucrative aims is not authorized neither its spreading and availability from a site foreign to the TDX service. Introducing its content in a window or frame foreign to the TDX service is not authorized (framing). This rights affect to the presentation summary of the thesis as well as to its contents. In the using or citation of parts of the thesis it’s obliged to indicate the name of the author. Cooperación Cultural Inter-Gubernamental en Asia Oriental: Síntoma de Desafíos Relacionales en un Entorno Geopolítico Único David Ocón Fernández Tesis presentada en cumplimiento parcial de los requisitos necesarios para la obtención del título de Doctor en Humanidades Director de Tesis: Dr. Xavier Baró Queralt Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC) Octubre de 2015 Índice Agradecimientos vii Declaración viii Abreviaturas ix Entrevistas xiii Resumen xiv Introducción 15 Marco geográfico y geoestratégico 16 Cooperación cultural 21 Justificación del tema 26 Metodología 27 Contribución 29 Capítulo 1 La evolución y el estado actual de la cooperación institucional e inter-gubernamental en Asia Oriental Introducción 31 Los orígenes de la cooperación en la región asiática: desde el siglo II d.C. hasta 31 la primera mitad del siglo XIX Primeras empresas de cooperación regional moderna en la región: desde la segunda mitad del siglo XIX hasta el final de la guerra fría Noreste Asiático 35 Sureste Asiático - a) Desde la segunda mitad del siglo XIX hasta 1967 37 Sureste Asiático - b) Desde 1967 hasta 1990 43 La consolidación de la cooperación regional en Asia Oriental: desde el final de la guerra fría hasta la crisis financiera asiática de 1997-98 Noreste Asiático 45 Sureste Asiático 45 El impulso a la cooperación regional: desde 1997 hasta 2015 Noreste Asiático 49 Sureste Asiático 51 iii Cooperación entre el Noreste y el Sureste Asiático 54 Cooperación Asia Oriental - otras plataformas internacionales 58 Conclusión 59 Capítulo 2 Cooperación regional: instrumento para recrear identidades, desarrollar comunidades y ‘construir’ regiones Introducción 61 PARTE 1: Interés propio y cooperación en Asia Oriental 62 PARTE 2: Cooperación regional para ‘(re)construir’ regiones, comunidades e 76 identidades Región 76 Identidad regional 79 Comunidades regionales 85 Conclusión: ¿Cooperación cultural regional? 89 Capítulo 3 El rol de la cooperación cultural en la construcción de la noción de Sureste Asiático Introducción 93 ¿Cultura ‘per se’ o cultura ‘para’? 96 Cooperación cultural para asentar la noción de Sureste Asiático 100 Cooperación cultural para forjar una identidad regional para el Sureste Asiático 106 La profesionalización de la cooperación cultural para impulsar el desarrollo de la 109 comunidad regional surasiática La cooperación cultural surasiática durante la crisis financiera asiática de finales 116 del siglo XX Conclusión 118 Capítulo 4 Diplomacia cultural inter-regional en Asia Oriental: la influencia del ASEAN Cultural Fund y otras iniciativas culturales japonesas en el Sureste Asiático durante el siglo XX Introducción 121 Relaciones internacionales, comercio y cooperación regional con el Sureste 123 Asiático: el papel de Japón hasta la Segunda Guerra Mundial Japón y algunas nociones sobre su ‘proto-diplomacia’ cultural regional moderna 126 iv La creación del ASEAN Cultural Fund o el inicio de la diplomacia cultural 130 moderna entre el Noreste y el Sureste Asiático Diplomacia y cooperación cultural entre Japón y el Sureste Asiático en las 134 últimas dos décadas del siglo XX ¿Por qué cooperación cultural con el Sureste Asiático? 140 Conclusión 143 Capítulo 5 Cooperación y diplomacia cultural con el Sureste Asiático en el siglo XXI: la carrera sino-japonesa por la influencia en la región Introducción 145 El “reequilibrio cultural” de China hacia el Sureste Asiático 150 Antes y después: el memorando de entendimiento sobre cooperación cultural 152 China-ASEAN de 2005 La creación del ASEAN-China Centre, AMCA+China y el Año Cultural ASEAN- 155 China: entre manifestaciones ‘folclóricas’ y el desarrollo de capacidades El cambio de liderazgo en la región tras la crisis financiera asiática 159 La cooperación cultural Japón-ASEAN en la primera década del siglo XXI 161 ¿Puede Japón todavía reactivar una cooperación cultural vigorosa con ASEAN? 165 Conclusión: ¿Quién llegará primero? 170 Capítulo 6 El rol del componente cultural en la cooperación trilateral del Noreste Asiático y en el proceso de cooperación multilateral inter-regional ASEAN Plus Three (APT) en el siglo XXI Introducción 173 Las relaciones internacionales en el Noreste Asiático a principios del siglo XXI 177 Los intercambios culturales en el Noreste Asiático en el siglo XXI: ¿la cultura 180 como una oportunidad para el diálogo? El Sureste Asiático y la cooperación cultural en el siglo XXI: de ASEAN 188 Concord II 2003 a las Comunidades ASEAN 2015 Cooperación en Asia Oriental: el proceso ASEAN Plus Three (APT) entre el 195 Noreste y el Sureste Asiático El trinomio cooperación cultural, identidad regional y patrimonio en el proceso 197 APT APT: procesos políticos y reuniones, pero ¿hay acciones culturales concretas? 200 Conclusión 202 v Conclusiones 205 Diferencias sub-regionales 206 Cooperación cultural precoz y constante 207 Cultura ‘per se’ y cultura ‘para’ 208 Correlación con tendencias globales de relaciones internacionales 209 Diplomacia cultural y cooperación cultural 210 Vision jerárquica de la cooperación cultural 211 Cooperación cultural e identidad(es) regional(es) común(es) 212 Cooperación cultural en Asia Oriental a partir de 2015: ¿y ahora qué? 214 Bibliografía 217 vi Agradecimientos Quiero agradecer a mi director de tesis, el Dr. Xavier Baró Queralt, por su inestimable apoyo y guiado sereno y eficaz en los últimos meses. También al Dr. Enrique Banús Irusta por su impulso inicial, así como por su acompañamiento durante los dos primeros años de investigación. Igualmente quiero reconocer el apoyo de la Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, en especial de su departamento de bibliotecas, que resolvió siempre con eficiencia mis numerosas y a menudo complejas peticiones bibliográficas. Símbolo del particular peregrinaje que ha supuesto los últimos cuatro años de vida profesional quiero hacer una mención a los espacios que me han acogido y proporcionado estabilidad para investigar y escribir, en especial a las bibliotecas de Hove y Brighton en Reino Unido, de IRRI en Filipinas, de la City University en Hong Kong, y de la National Board Library en Singapur. Por último me gustaría agradecer de manera muy especial, por su incondicional apoyo y paciencia, a mi esposa Tara. Y a mis padres, por su confianza ciega, siempre. vii Declaración Declaro que esta tesis es mi propio trabajo de investigación. En la preparación de esta tesis he seguido las directrices establecidas por la Escuela de Doctorado de la Universitat Internacional de Catalunya. Esta tesis no ha sido presentada, total o parcialmente, en otra universidad. viii Abreviaturas ACD Asia Cooperation Dialogue ACF ASEAN Cultural Fund ACFTA ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement ADB Asian Development Bank AOD Ayuda Oficial al Desarrollo AFC Asian financial crisis AFTA ASEAN Free Trade Agreement AJCEP ASEAN-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership AJJCC-WG ASEAN-Japan Joint Cooperation Committee-Working Group AMCA ASEAN Ministers Responsible for Culture and Arts AMCA Plus China China-ASEAN Ministers Responsible for Culture and Arts AMF Asian Monetary Fund AMRO ASEAN Plus Three Macroeconomic Research Office APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation APF ASEAN People’s Forum APT ASEAN Plus
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