DOCSLIB.ORG

Ebu Tech3343

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ebu Tech3343 TECH 3343 GUIDELINES FOR PRODUCTION OF PROGRAMMES IN ACCORDANCE WITH EBU R 128 VERSION 3.0 Geneva January 2016 Page intentionally left blank. This document is paginated for two sided printing Tech 3343-2016 Guidelines for Production of Programmes in accordance with R 128 Conformance Notation This document contains both normative text and informative text. All text is normative except for that in the Introduction, any section explicitly labelled as ‘Informative’ or individual paragraphs which start with ‘Note:’ Normative text describes indispensable or mandatory elements. It contains the conformance keywords ‘shall’, ‘should’ or ‘may’, defined as follows: ‘Shall’ and ‘shall not’: Indicate requirements to be followed strictly and from which no deviation is permitted in order to conform to the document. ‘Should’ and ‘should not’: Indicate that, among several possibilities, one is recommended as particularly suitable, without mentioning or excluding others. OR indicate that a certain course of action is preferred but not necessarily required. OR indicate that (in the negative form) a certain possibility or course of action is deprecated but not prohibited. ‘May’ and ‘need not’: Indicate a course of action permissible within the limits of the document. Default identifies mandatory (in phrases containing “shall”) or recommended (in phrases containing “should”) presets that can, optionally, be overwritten by user action or supplemented with other options in advanced applications. Mandatory defaults must be supported. The support of recommended defaults is preferred, but not necessarily required. Informative text is potentially helpful to the user, but it is not indispensable and it does not affect the normative text. Informative text does not contain any conformance keywords. A conformant implementation is one that includes all mandatory provisions (‘shall’) and, if implemented, all recommended provisions (‘should’) as described. A conformant implementation need not implement optional provisions (‘may’) and need not implement them as described. 3 Guidelines for Production of Programmes in accordance with R 128 Tech 3343-2016 Page intentionally left blank. This document is paginated for two sided printing 4 Tech 3343-2016 Guidelines for Production of Programmes in accordance with R 128 Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................ 7 2. General Concept of Loudness Normalisation ................................................ 9 2.1 Peak vs. Loudness ...................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Normalisation of the Signal vs. Metadata ........................................................................ 10 2.3 Target Level, new mixing concept ................................................................................ 10 2.4 Loudness processors .................................................................................................. 12 3. Strategies for Loudness Levelling ............................................................. 13 3.1 Basic Mixing Approach ............................................................................................... 13 3.2 Loudness Metering for Production and Post-Production ....................................................... 14 3.3 Loudness Range ....................................................................................................... 16 3.4 Climbing the True Peak .............................................................................................. 18 3.5 Advanced Live Mixing Strategies ................................................................................... 19 3.5.1 Sports.................................................................................................................... 19 3.5.2 Show ..................................................................................................................... 19 4. What to Measure in Production and Post-Production ..................................... 20 4.1 Signal-Independent vs. Anchor-Based Normalisation ........................................................... 20 4.2 Low Frequency Effects (LFE) Channel ............................................................................ 21 5. File-Based Playout and Archives .............................................................. 21 5.1 Loudness Levelling Strategies — Processing ...................................................................... 22 5.2 Archival Content ...................................................................................................... 23 6. Metadata ........................................................................................... 24 6.1 Programme Loudness Metadata .................................................................................... 24 6.1.1 Deliberately Lower Programme Loudness, Loudness Offset ................................................... 25 6.2 Dynamic Range Control Metadata ................................................................................. 26 6.3 Downmix Coefficients ................................................................................................ 26 7. Surround Sound vs. Stereo — Downmix and Upmix issues ............................... 26 7.1 Downmix ............................................................................................................... 26 7.2 Upmix ................................................................................................................... 28 8. Alignment of Signals and Listening Level .................................................... 28 8.1 Electrical Alignment Signal and Level............................................................................. 28 8.2 Acoustical Alignment, Listening Level ............................................................................ 29 9. Genre Specific Issues ............................................................................ 30 9.1 Commercials (Advertisements) and Trailers ..................................................................... 31 9.2 Feature Films (Movies) ............................................................................................... 32 9.3 Music .................................................................................................................... 35 10. Transition strategy ............................................................................. 35 11. Appendices ...................................................................................... 37 11.1 Appendix 1: ITU-R BS.1770 .......................................................................................... 37 11.1.1 Gating .................................................................................................................. 38 11.2 Appendix 2: EBU R 128 ............................................................................................... 39 5 Guidelines for Production of Programmes in accordance with R 128 Tech 3343-2016 11.2.1 Programme Loudness ............................................................................................. 40 11.2.2 Loudness Range .................................................................................................... 40 11.2.3 True Peak Level (TPL), Maximum Permitted TPL ........................................................... 41 11.2.4 R 128 Logo .......................................................................................................... 43 11.3 Appendix 3: Loudness Metering with ‘EBU Mode’ ............................................................... 43 11.4 Appendix 4: DRC (Dynamic Range Control) Presets for Dolby Digital ....................................... 44 12. References ....................................................................................... 45 Acknowledgements Although this document is the result of much collaborative work within the EBU’s PLOUD group, it is the long-suffering chairman of this group, Florian Camerer, who has written, collated, enriched and distilled the text into its publication form over many, many weeks and months of effort. Dedication This document is dedicated to two great audio engineers, Gerhard Stoll and Gerhard Steinke. 6 Tech 3343-2016 Guidelines for Production of Programmes in accordance with R 128 Guidelines for Production of Programmes in accordance with EBU R 128 EBU Committee First Issued Revised Re-issued TC 2011 2016 Keywords: Audio, Loudness, normalisation, production, implementation. 1. Introduction This document describes in practical detail one of the most fundamental changes in the history of audio in broadcasting: the change of the levelling paradigm from peak normalisation to loudness normalisation. It cannot be emphasized enough that loudness metering and loudness normalisation signify a true audio levelling revolution. This change is vital because of the problem which has become a major source of irritation for television and radio audiences around the world; that of the jump in audio levels at the breaks in programmes, between programmes and between channels. The loudness-levelling paradigm affects all stages of an audio broadcast signal, from production to distribution and transmission. Thus, the ultimate goal is to harmonise average audio loudness levels to achieve an equal universal loudness level for the benefit of the listener. It must be emphasised right away that this does NOT mean that the loudness level shall
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pyloudnorm: a Simple Yet Flexible Loudness Meter in Python
    pyloudnorm: A simple yet flexible loudness meter in Python Christian J. Steinmetz 1 Joshua D. Reiss 1 Abstract dardize, simplify, and improve upon previous approaches, the ITU-R BS.1770 recommendation was proposed (ITU-R The ITU-R BS.1770 recommendation for measur- BS.1770-4), and has now seen widespread adoption (Lund, ing the perceived loudness of audio signals has 2011; 2012). The proposed metering algorithm was later seen widespread adoption in broadcasting, and included in the EBU R 128 recommendation, which dictates due to its simplicity, this algorithm has now found loudness for broadcast material (EBU R 128). applications across audio signal processing. Here we describe pyloudnorm, a Python package that The ITU-R BS.1770 recommendation proposes a straight- enables the measurement of integrated loudness forward algorithm consisting of frequency-weighting fil- following the recommendation. While a number ters and gated energy measurements. The algorithm has of implementations are available, ours provides been shown to correlate well with the perceived loudness an easy to install package, a simple interface, and of broadband content, is computationally efficient, and rela- the ability to adjust the algorithm parameters, a tively easy to implement. For all these reasons it has now feature that other implementations neglect. We seen widespread adoption in the broadcast industry, and with discuss a set of modifications that we incorporate the rise of online streaming platforms, interest in content based upon recent literature that aim to improve normalization has sustained (Katz, 2015; Grimm, 2019). the robustness of the loudness measurement. Fi- While this recommendation has been found to correlate nally, we perform an evaluation comparing the ac- well with broadband content, further listening studies have curacy and runtime of pyloudnorm with six other discovered that this is not always the case, especially for nar- implementations, identifying issues with several rowband content (Cabrera et al., 2008; Pestana et al., 2013; of theses implementations.
    [Show full text]
  • The End of the Loudness War?
    The End Of The Loudness War? By Hugh Robjohns As the nails are being hammered firmly into the coffin of competitive loudness processing, we consider the implications for those who make, mix and master music. In a surprising announcement made at last Autumn's AES convention in New York, the well-known American mastering engineer Bob Katz declared in a press release that "The loudness wars are over.” That's quite a provocative statement — but while the reality is probably not quite as straightforward as Katz would have us believe (especially outside the USA), there are good grounds to think he may be proved right over the next few years. In essence, the idea is that if all music is played back at the same perceived volume, there's no longer an incentive for mix or mastering engineers to compete in these 'loudness wars'. Katz's declaration of victory is rooted in the recent adoption by the audio and broadcast industries of a new standard measure of loudness and, more recently still, the inclusion of automatic loudness-normalisation facilities in both broadcast and consumer playback systems. In this article, I'll explain what the new standards entail, and explore what the practical implications of all this will be for the way artists, mixing and mastering engineers — from bedroom producers publishing their tracks online to full-time music-industry and broadcast professionals — create and shape music in the years to come. Some new technologies are involved and some new terminology too, so I'll also explore those elements, as well as suggesting ways of moving forward in the brave new world of loudness normalisation.
    [Show full text]
  • Loudness Standards in Broadcasting. Case Study of EBU R-128 Implementation at SWR
    Loudness standards in broadcasting. Case study of EBU R-128 implementation at SWR Carbonell Tena, Damià Curs 2015-2016 Director: Enric Giné Guix GRAU EN ENGINYERIA DE SISTEMES AUDIOVISUALS Treball de Fi de Grau Loudness standards in broadcasting. Case study of EBU R-128 implementation at SWR Damià Carbonell Tena TREBALL FI DE GRAU ENGINYERIA DE SISTEMES AUDIOVISUALS ESCOLA SUPERIOR POLITÈCNICA UPF 2016 DIRECTOR DEL TREBALL ENRIC GINÉ GUIX Dedication Für die Familie Schaupp. Mit euch fühle ich mich wie zuhause und ich weiß dass ich eine zweite Familie in Deutschland für immer haben werde. Ohne euch würde diese Arbeit nicht möglich gewesen sein. Vielen Dank! iv Thanks I would like to thank the SWR for being so comprehensive with me and for letting me have this wonderful experience with them. Also for all the help, experience and time given to me. Thanks to all the engineers and technicians in the house, Jürgen Schwarz, Armin Büchele, Reiner Liebrecht, Katrin Koners, Oliver Seiler, Frauke von Mueller- Rick, Patrick Kirsammer, Christian Eickhoff, Detlef Büttner, Andreas Lemke, Klaus Nowacki and Jochen Reß that helped and advised me and a special thanks to Manfred Schwegler who was always ready to help me and to Dieter Gehrlicher for his comprehension. Also to my teacher and adviser Enric Giné for his patience and dedication and to the team of the Secretaria ESUP that answered all the questions asked during the process. Of course to my Catalan and German families for the moral (and economical) support and to Ema Madeira for all the corrections, revisions and love given during my stay far from home.
    [Show full text]
  • 10700990.Pdf
    The Dolby era: Sound in Hollywood cinema 1970-1995. SERGI, Gianluca. Available from the Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20344/ A Sheffield Hallam University thesis This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Please visit http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20344/ and http://shura.shu.ac.uk/information.html for further details about copyright and re-use permissions. Sheffield Hallam University jj Learning and IT Services j O U x r- U u II I Adsetts Centre City Campus j Sheffield Hallam 1 Sheffield si-iwe Author: ‘3£fsC j> / j Title: ^ D o ltiu £ r a ' o UJTvd 4 c\ ^ £5ori CuCN^YTNCa IQ IO - Degree: p p / D - Year: Q^OO2- Copyright Declaration I recognise that the copyright in this thesis belongs to the author. I undertake not to publish either the whole or any part of it, or make a copy of the whole or any substantial part of it, without the consent of the author. I also undertake not to quote or make use of any information from this thesis without making acknowledgement to the author. Readers consulting this thesis are required to sign their name below to show they recognise the copyright declaration. They are also required to give their permanent address and date.
    [Show full text]
  • Dolby Laboratories, Inc. -- Film Sound Glossary Film Sound Glossary
    Film-Tech The information contained in this Adobe Acrobat pdf file is provided at your own risk and good judgment. These manuals are designed to facilitate the exchange of information related to cinema projection and film handling, with no warranties nor obligations from the authors, for qualified field service engineers. If you are not a qualified technician, please make no adjustments to anything you may read about in these Adobe manual downloads. www.film-tech.com Dolby Laboratories, Inc. -- Film Sound Glossary Film Sound Glossary Acoustics -- The characteristics, such as how sound is reflected and absorbed, that acoustically differentiate one environment from another, such as a living room from a concert hall. Ambiance -- Low level sounds that set a mood or suggest the character of a particular place. Analog vs. digital -- The difference between analog and digital sound is explained best in terms of the analog and digital soundtracks on the Dolby Digital print shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 The width of the analog soundtrack varies in a way that is directly analogous to the varying soundwaves of the original sound. All analog formats have an equivalent varying parameter, such as the strength of the magnetic field on recording tape, or the side-to-side swings of the groove on a phonograph record. When played back, the varying width of the track is translated to a varying electrical voltage which ultimately causes the theatre's loudspeakers cones to move back and forth to recreate the original sound. With a digital optical soundtrack, points along the soundwaves of the original sound are assigned a numeric (or digital) value, which are represented as tiny dots on the track.
    [Show full text]
  • EBU R 128 – a New Standard in Audio and Broadcast Technology ! ! !
    EBU R 128 – A new standard in audio and broadcast technology ! ! ! ! Completed by ! ! Philip Wansch mt101101 ! ! ! Research conducted at San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA ! Under the supervision of Prof. DI Andreas Büchele ! Vienna,!on!! ! ! 31.01.2013! ! ! ! ! ! (Signature!Author)! ! ! ! ! ! ! Declaration ! ! ! the attached research paper is my own, original work undertaken in partial fulfil- ment of my degree. I have made no use of sources, materials or assistance other than those which have been openly and fully acknowledged in the text. If any part of another per- son’s work has been quoted, this either appears in inverted commas or (if beyond a few lines) is indented. Any direct quotation or source of ideas has been identified in the text by author, date, and page number(s) immediately after such an item, and full details are provided in a reference list at the end of the text. I understand that any breach of the fair practice regulations may result in a mark of zero for this research paper and that it could also involve other repercussions. St.!Pölten,!on!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! (Signature!Author)! ! 2! Table of Contents 1! INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 6! 2! DYNAMIC ............................................................................................................. 7! 3! WHAT IS THE PROBLEM? .................................................................................... 10! 3.1! Louder = Better .........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Maintaining Audio Quality in the Broadcast/Netcast Facility
    Maintaining Audio Quality in the Broadcast and Netcast Facility 2019 Edition Robert Orban Greg Ogonowski Orban®, Optimod®, and Opticodec® are registered trademarks. All trademarks are property of their respective companies. © Copyright 1982-2019 Robert Orban and Greg Ogonowski. Rorb Inc., Belmont CA 94002 USA Modulation Index LLC, 1249 S. Diamond Bar Blvd Suite 314, Diamond Bar, CA 91765-4122 USA Phone: +1 909 860 6760; E-Mail: [email protected]; Site: https://www.indexcom.com Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................ 3 MAINTAINING AUDIO QUALITY IN THE BROADCAST/NETCAST FACILITY ..................................... 1 Authors’ Note ....................................................................................................................... 1 Preface ......................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 2 The “Digital Divide” ................................................................................................... 3 Audio Processing: The Final Polish ............................................................................ 3 PART 1: RECORDING MEDIA ................................................................................................. 5 Compact Disc ..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • History of Multichannel Audio from Mag Stripe to Dolby Digital Surround Sound Past, Present, and Future
    Surround Sound Past, Present, and Future A history of multichannel audio from mag stripe to Dolby Digital Surround Sound Past, Present, and Future ilm sound, television audio, reserved for the occasional dramatic and music playback formats effect—ethereal voices in religious used to be distinctly different epics, for example. Some formats F products of industries often switched this channel off by means workingF in isolation. In recent years, of trigger tones when it wasn’t however, this has changed. The needed because the track on the popularity of surround sound in the film was particularly narrow, and thus home has brought these industries very hissy. A history of and their sound formats closer Although film stereo lost favor in together. And now digital multichan- the 1960s and early 1970s due to high multichannel audio nel technology is fostering an even costs of the magnetic formats and a from mag stripe more consistent approach to sound slump in the film business, sound reproduction, easing the burden on mixers continued to experiment with to Dolby Digital both consumer and producer while the effects channel. Formats such as providing unparalleled fidelity not just six-track 70 mm magnetic (see to the tonality of live sound, but also sidebar) provided consistent signal-to- to its spatiality. noise ratios on all channels, so mixers could use the effects channel to Origins of surround sound envelop the audience in continuous low-level ambient sounds. The effects The first commercially successful channel came to convey greater sonic multichannel sound formats were realism overall, not just the occasional developed in the early 1950s for the dramatic effect.
    [Show full text]
  • Dolby Is a Deep Company That Owns Many Technologies. Keeping the Terminology Straight Is Challenging
    Dolby is a deep company that owns many technologies. Keeping the terminology straight is challenging. Here is my version: Dolby Surround (LCRS-->Lt/Rt-->files/tape/broadcast-->LCRS) 4:2:4 matrix process only. The mono surround channel is bandwidth limited between 100hz and 7khz. The term was originally used to mean Dolby Stereo, but now the term is used for non-film delivery formats. See Dolby Pro Logic Dolby Stereo (LCRS-->LtRt-->Dolby A encode-->OpticalTrack-->Dolby A decode-- >LCRS) 4:2:4 matrix described above with Dolby A type noise reduction. Dolby A is no longer favored, instead use Dolby SR. Dolby SR (LCRS-->LtRt-->Dolby SR encode-->OpticalTrack-->Dolby SR decode-- >LCRS) 4:2:4 matrix described above with Dolby SR type noise reduction. This is the same as Dolby Stereo except that the optical track is encoded with SR instead of A type noise reduction. This format is still used for surround audio from film optical and as the backup track for Dolby Digital. The terms Dolby SR and Dolby Stereo are often interchanged, incorrectly. Dolby Digital a.k.a. AC-3 5.1-->AC-3 data stream-->5.1 The compressed data stream supports up to 5 full bandwidth plus one low frequency effects channel. It is designed for film, broadcast, and DVD final audio delivery. It is NOT considered "editable", which means you cannot just "punch in" on the data stream without consequences. This is the digital audio part of Dolby SR-D and Digitial Cinema. Dolby SR-D is a dual-stream audio delivery system printed on the film, with a Dolby SR optical track and blocks of bits printed between sprocket holes that, when reconstructed, form the AC-3 digital audio stream.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Live Loudness Meters ISBN 978-91-7790-297-3 (Pdf)
    DOCTORAL T H E SIS Department of Arts, Communication and Education Division of music, media and theater ISSN 1402-1544 ISBN 978-91-7790-296-6 (print) Evaluation of Live Loudness Meters ISBN 978-91-7790-297-3 (pdf) Luleå University of Technology 2019 Jon Allan Evaluation of Live Loudness Meters of Live Allan Evaluation Jon Jon Allan Audio Technology Evaluation of Live Loudness Meters Jon Allan Luleå University of Technology Department of Arts, Communication and Education Division of music, media and theater Printed by Luleå University of Technology, Graphic Production 2019 ISSN 1402-1544 ISBN 978-91-7790-296-6 (print) ISBN 978-91-7790-297-3 (pdf) Luleå 2019 www.ltu.se Dedicated to my parents and their loved ones. Abstract Discrepancies in loudness (i.e. sensation of audio intensity) has been of great concern within the broadcast community. For television broadcast, disparities in audio levels have been rated the number one cause to annoyance by the audience. Another problem area within the broadcast and music industry is the loudness war. The phenomenon is about the strive to produce audio content to be at least as loud or louder to any other audio content that it can easily be compared with. This mindset, when deciding for audio level treatment, inevitably leads to an increase in loudness over time, and also, as a technical consequence, a decrease of utilized dynamics. The effects of the loudness war is present in both terrestrial radio transmissions as well as in music production and in music distribution platforms. The two problems, discrepancies in loudness and the loudness war, both emanate from the same source; regulations of audio levels and the design of measurement gear have not been amended to cope with modern production techniques.
    [Show full text]
  • Dolby Laboratories Inc. - Chronology 1990 to Present
    Film-Tech The information contained in this Adobe Acrobat pdf file is provided at your own risk and good judgment. These manuals are designed to facilitate the exchange of information related to cinema projection and film handling, with no warranties nor obligations from the authors, for qualified field service engineers. If you are not a qualified technician, please make no adjustments to anything you may read about in these Adobe manual downloads. www.film-tech.com Dolby Laboratories Inc. - Chronology 1990 to Present A Chronology of Dolby Laboratories 1990 to Present May 1999 ● Singapore Airlines initiates cinema-quality surround sound on in-flight entertainment using Dolby Headphone technology. ● First film with Dolby Digital Surround EX soundtrack, Star Wars: Episode I–The Phantom Menace, opens in U.S. April 1999 ● DP571 and DP572 Dolby E codecs for use in DTV multichannel audio production and distribution debut at NAB Convention, Las Vegas. ● Number of cinemas equipped with Dolby Digital totals more than 20,000, surpassing all other formats both in North America and worldwide. March 1999 ● With 2,500 SA10 cinema processor adapters ordered, Dolby Digital Surround EX becomes most successful new format launch in cinema sound history. February 1999 ● David Gray, Vice President, Hollywood Film Division, awarded John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation by Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in appreciation of "outstanding service and dedication in upholding the high standards of the Academy." ● Version 1 of DVD-Audio specifications include two technologies licensed by Dolby Laboratories: Meridian Lossless Packing (MLP) for audio zone and Dolby Digital for optional video zone.
    [Show full text]
  • Loudness Normalization: the Future of File-Based Playback
    Page | 1 Loudness Normalization: The Future of File-Based Playback Music Loudness Alliance1 http://music-loudness.com Version 1.0, July 2012 Today, playback on portable devices dominates how music is enjoyed.2 3 A large portion of songs present on the average music player come from online music services, obtained either by per-song purchase or by direct streaming. The listener often enjoys this music in shuffle play mode, or via playlists. Playing music this way poses some technical challenges. First, the sometimes tremendous dif- ferences in loudness between selections requires listeners to adjust volume. Second, the re- duction in sound quality of music production over the years due to a loudness war. The art of dynamic contrast has almost been lost because of the weaknesses of current digital systems. Third, the potential damage to the ear caused by these loudness differences and a tendency towards higher playback levels in portable listening especially when using earbuds. The Three Challenges Loudness Differences In digital audio, the maximum (peak) audio modulation has a hard ceiling that cannot be crossed. Digital audio tracks are routinely peak normalized. This results in tremendous loudness differences from track to track because the peak level of a signal is not representative of its subjective loudness. Rather, the listener perceives loudness according to the average energy of the signal. Because of the widespread practice of peak normalization, program producers ap- ply severe compression, limiting and clipping techniques to the audio. This removes the original peaks and allows normalization to amplify the signal increasing its average energy. This has resulted in a loudness war with large loudness differences between newer and older material 1 The Music Loudness Alliance is a group of technical and production experts led by Florian Camerer and consists of audio engineers Eelco Grimm, Kevin Gross, Bob Katz, Bob Ludwig and Thomas Lund.
    [Show full text]