TECH 3343 GUIDELINES FOR PRODUCTION OF PROGRAMMES IN ACCORDANCE WITH EBU R 128 VERSION 3.0 Geneva January 2016 Page intentionally left blank. This document is paginated for two sided printing Tech 3343-2016 Guidelines for Production of Programmes in accordance with R 128 Conformance Notation This document contains both normative text and informative text. All text is normative except for that in the Introduction, any section explicitly labelled as ‘Informative’ or individual paragraphs which start with ‘Note:’ Normative text describes indispensable or mandatory elements. It contains the conformance keywords ‘shall’, ‘should’ or ‘may’, defined as follows: ‘Shall’ and ‘shall not’: Indicate requirements to be followed strictly and from which no deviation is permitted in order to conform to the document. ‘Should’ and ‘should not’: Indicate that, among several possibilities, one is recommended as particularly suitable, without mentioning or excluding others. OR indicate that a certain course of action is preferred but not necessarily required. OR indicate that (in the negative form) a certain possibility or course of action is deprecated but not prohibited. ‘May’ and ‘need not’: Indicate a course of action permissible within the limits of the document. Default identifies mandatory (in phrases containing “shall”) or recommended (in phrases containing “should”) presets that can, optionally, be overwritten by user action or supplemented with other options in advanced applications. Mandatory defaults must be supported. The support of recommended defaults is preferred, but not necessarily required. Informative text is potentially helpful to the user, but it is not indispensable and it does not affect the normative text. Informative text does not contain any conformance keywords. A conformant implementation is one that includes all mandatory provisions (‘shall’) and, if implemented, all recommended provisions (‘should’) as described. A conformant implementation need not implement optional provisions (‘may’) and need not implement them as described. 3 Guidelines for Production of Programmes in accordance with R 128 Tech 3343-2016 Page intentionally left blank. This document is paginated for two sided printing 4 Tech 3343-2016 Guidelines for Production of Programmes in accordance with R 128 Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................ 7 2. General Concept of Loudness Normalisation ................................................ 9 2.1 Peak vs. Loudness ...................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Normalisation of the Signal vs. Metadata ........................................................................ 10 2.3 Target Level, new mixing concept ................................................................................ 10 2.4 Loudness processors .................................................................................................. 12 3. Strategies for Loudness Levelling ............................................................. 13 3.1 Basic Mixing Approach ............................................................................................... 13 3.2 Loudness Metering for Production and Post-Production ....................................................... 14 3.3 Loudness Range ....................................................................................................... 16 3.4 Climbing the True Peak .............................................................................................. 18 3.5 Advanced Live Mixing Strategies ................................................................................... 19 3.5.1 Sports.................................................................................................................... 19 3.5.2 Show ..................................................................................................................... 19 4. What to Measure in Production and Post-Production ..................................... 20 4.1 Signal-Independent vs. Anchor-Based Normalisation ........................................................... 20 4.2 Low Frequency Effects (LFE) Channel ............................................................................ 21 5. File-Based Playout and Archives .............................................................. 21 5.1 Loudness Levelling Strategies — Processing ...................................................................... 22 5.2 Archival Content ...................................................................................................... 23 6. Metadata ........................................................................................... 24 6.1 Programme Loudness Metadata .................................................................................... 24 6.1.1 Deliberately Lower Programme Loudness, Loudness Offset ................................................... 25 6.2 Dynamic Range Control Metadata ................................................................................. 26 6.3 Downmix Coefficients ................................................................................................ 26 7. Surround Sound vs. Stereo — Downmix and Upmix issues ............................... 26 7.1 Downmix ............................................................................................................... 26 7.2 Upmix ................................................................................................................... 28 8. Alignment of Signals and Listening Level .................................................... 28 8.1 Electrical Alignment Signal and Level............................................................................. 28 8.2 Acoustical Alignment, Listening Level ............................................................................ 29 9. Genre Specific Issues ............................................................................ 30 9.1 Commercials (Advertisements) and Trailers ..................................................................... 31 9.2 Feature Films (Movies) ............................................................................................... 32 9.3 Music .................................................................................................................... 35 10. Transition strategy ............................................................................. 35 11. Appendices ...................................................................................... 37 11.1 Appendix 1: ITU-R BS.1770 .......................................................................................... 37 11.1.1 Gating .................................................................................................................. 38 11.2 Appendix 2: EBU R 128 ............................................................................................... 39 5 Guidelines for Production of Programmes in accordance with R 128 Tech 3343-2016 11.2.1 Programme Loudness ............................................................................................. 40 11.2.2 Loudness Range .................................................................................................... 40 11.2.3 True Peak Level (TPL), Maximum Permitted TPL ........................................................... 41 11.2.4 R 128 Logo .......................................................................................................... 43 11.3 Appendix 3: Loudness Metering with ‘EBU Mode’ ............................................................... 43 11.4 Appendix 4: DRC (Dynamic Range Control) Presets for Dolby Digital ....................................... 44 12. References ....................................................................................... 45 Acknowledgements Although this document is the result of much collaborative work within the EBU’s PLOUD group, it is the long-suffering chairman of this group, Florian Camerer, who has written, collated, enriched and distilled the text into its publication form over many, many weeks and months of effort. Dedication This document is dedicated to two great audio engineers, Gerhard Stoll and Gerhard Steinke. 6 Tech 3343-2016 Guidelines for Production of Programmes in accordance with R 128 Guidelines for Production of Programmes in accordance with EBU R 128 EBU Committee First Issued Revised Re-issued TC 2011 2016 Keywords: Audio, Loudness, normalisation, production, implementation. 1. Introduction This document describes in practical detail one of the most fundamental changes in the history of audio in broadcasting: the change of the levelling paradigm from peak normalisation to loudness normalisation. It cannot be emphasized enough that loudness metering and loudness normalisation signify a true audio levelling revolution. This change is vital because of the problem which has become a major source of irritation for television and radio audiences around the world; that of the jump in audio levels at the breaks in programmes, between programmes and between channels. The loudness-levelling paradigm affects all stages of an audio broadcast signal, from production to distribution and transmission. Thus, the ultimate goal is to harmonise average audio loudness levels to achieve an equal universal loudness level for the benefit of the listener. It must be emphasised right away that this does NOT mean that the loudness level shall