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Introduction Surround Sound System Introduction We are now entering the Third Age of reproduced sound. The monophonic era was the First Age, which lasted from the Edison’s invention of the phonograph in 1877 until the 1950s. during those times, the goal was simply to reproduce the timbre of the original sound. No attempts were made to reproduce directional properties or spatial realism. The stereo era was the Second Age. It was based on the inventions from the 1930s, reached the public in the mid-‘50s, and has provided great listening pleasure for four decades. Stereo improved the reproduction of timbre and added two dimensions of space: the left – right spread of performers across a stage and a set of acoustic cues that allow listeners to perceive a front-to-back dimension. In two-channel stereo, this realism is based on fragile sonic cues. In most ordinary two-speaker stereo systems, these subtle cues can easily be lost, causing the playback to sound flat and uninvolved. Multichannel surround systems, on the other hand, can provide this involving presence in a way that is robust, reliable and consistent. The purpose of this seminar is to explore the advances and technologies of surround sound in the consumer market. Surround Sound System 1. How we hear 3-D Sound? Human hearing is binaural (based on two ears), yet we have the ability to locate sound spatially. That is, we can determine where a sound is coming from, and in most cases, from how far away. In addition, humans can distinguish multiple sound sources in relation to the surrounding environment. This is possible because our brains can determine the location of each sound in the three- dimensional environment we live in by processing the information received by our two ears. The principal localization cues used in binaural human hearings are Interaural Intensity Difference ( IID ) and Interaural Time Difference ( ITD ). IID refers to the fact that if a sound is closer to one ear than the other, its intensity at that ear is greater than at the other ear, which is not only farther away but also receives the sound shadowed by the listener’s head. ITD is related to the fact that unless the sound is located at exactly the same distance from both ears (i.e. directly in front or back of the listener), it arrives at one ear sooner than the other. If the sound reaches the right ear first, the source is somewhere to the right, and vice-versa. By combining these two cues and other related to the reflection of the sound as they travel to our eardrums, our brains are able to determine the position of an individual sound source. Surround Sound System 2. Surround Sound Formats The principal format for digital discrete surround is the “5.1 channel” system. The 5.1 name stands for five channels (see figure 1 below) (in front: left, right and centre, and behind: left surround and right surround)of full bandwidth audio (20 Hz to 20 kHz) plus a sixth channel which will, at times, contain additional bass information to maximize the impact of scenes such as explosions, etc. this channel has only a narrow frequency response (3 Hz to 120 Hz), thus it is sometimes referred to as the “.1” channel. When added together, the system is sometimes referred to as having “5.1” channels. Figure 1. Speaker configuration for a 5.1 system Presently, digital 5.1 sound format is most prevalent in movie theatres and home entertainment systems. In the movies, there are three main formats – Dolby Stereo Digital (DSD) by Dolby, DTS System by Digital Theater Systems and Sony Dynamic Digital Sound (SDDS) by Sony. These three formats are currently used in about 4,000 movie theatres. The DTS system is in the largest number of theatres, and Sony’s SDDS is in the fewest. However, the number of SDDs equipped theatres is increasing quite rapidly and could overtake the number of DSD installations in one or two years. Surround Sound System On the home entertainment front, there is only one big name at the moment, and that is Dolby. Here, Dolby’s format is known as Dolby Surround Digital. DTS has recently proposed a system for placing 5.1 channels of data-compressed audio on a laserdisc (LD), but at the moment no DTS demos of their new format using also 384 kb/s is available. All three aforementioned formats have one thing in common, i.e. thay all use data compression. This is the only way to get 5.1 channels of discrete audio (with video) onto laserdisc, HDTV, or the upcoming digital video disc (DVD). However, this compression, is unlike computer data storage compression which uses “lossless” compression. All three audio formats uses lossy compression (DTS allows either “lossless” compression, “lossy” compression or a combination of the two, depending on the usage.). On carriers such as HDTV and DVD, there is room to store only about 10% of the original data; the remaining 90% must be thrown away and cannot be recovered in playback. This is the essence of “lossy” compression. Surround Sound System 3. DSD In 1987, the standardization process for a high definition television (HDTV) system began formally in the United States of America. For the system’s audio, four or more discrete channels were considered preferable. However, the technology available then was not sufficient to achieve this feasibly; to do this would have required at least twice the bit-rate of compact disc digital audio. It was then that Dolby AC-3 was conceived as a multichannel audio coder. In movie theatres, AC-3 is used in their film sound format, Dolby Stereo Digital. In the home, Dolby Surround Digital is also based on the AC-3 coding. The “AC” of ac-3 stands for Audio Coding. Audio coding is most often referred to as “perceptual coding”. This simply means that the coding seeks to eliminate data that can’t be discerned from normal listening, while maintain all the data that can be heard. While AC-3 was first conceived to be used for HDTV in the US, it was actually implemented first in movie theatres. In the movies, AC-3 was known as Dolby Stereo Digital. This makes it practical to provide multichannel digital sound with 35 mm prints. For backward compatibility with theatres that are not AC-3 equipped, the analog tracks of the movies need to be retained. Thus it was decided that the new digital optical track be placed between the sprocket holes. Figure 2. DSD has digital tracks between the sprocket holes Surround Sound System Figure 3. AC-3 on Laserdiscs Table 1: DSD Technical Specifications Analog Outputs Left, Right, Center, Left Surround, Right Surround, Subwoofer 20 Hz to 20 kHz ± 0.5 dB Frequency Range Bass effects channel: 20 to 120 Hz ± 0.5 dB Dynamic Range 120 dB Sampling Rate 32, 44.1, and 48 kHz supported 32 kb/s to 640 kb/s, including 32 kb/s for single mono channel, Data Rate 192 kb/s for two-channel audio, and 384 kb/s for 5.1 channel on DSD Compression 10:1 Surround Sound System 4. DTS DTS was introduced to the public in 1993 with the release of Jurassic Park. Presently, over 5000 theatres worldwide are equipped with DTS playback equipment and over 100 movies to date have been DTS encoded. The DTs format for movie theatres, also known as DTS-6, and the format proposed for home entertainment, are quite different. We will discuss the former first. In cinemas, operation of the DTS system is automatic and fail-safe, and is compatible with all existing theatre processors. DTS is a sound format that stores the digital sound track on two CD-ROM discs. This is unlike DSD or SDDS that encodes the digital track on the print itself. The 35 mm prints released for DTS films have normal, conventional, optical sound tracksas well for backwards compatibility, and as a fail-safe backup. What is unique to DTS is the optical timecode that is squeezed between the optical soundtrack and the film frame. Figure 4: Timecode is between optical soundtrack and film frame Surround Sound System This is to allow the system to read the timecode on the film and play the correct sound for each frame of film projected. Thus the sound track stays in sync if there are missing or damaged frames (a small read-ahead buffer is used). This also means that edits and non-digital trailers are automatically accommodated. If at any time the DTS processor is unable to retrieve valid digital soundtrack data, it immediately switches to the normal analog soundtrack. Also, the film leader contains some header information which allows the DTS processor to check that the correct discs for the film are loaded into the CD-ROM drives. DTS uses a coding algorithm known as Coherent Acoustic Coding (CAC). This algorithm codes 20-bit linear PCM audio data, but at a bit-rate lower than that required for audio CDs (705,600 b/s). this has been achieved with the first implementation of CAC, which allows 6 channels of transparent quality 20-bit audio to be recorded on a standard CD or LD. In the home theatre, DTS just made an entrance about an year ago. Then DTS proposed a system for placing 5.1 channels of data compressed audio on a laserdisc, using the full data space currently occupied by the digital Pro Logic tracks. The only problem with the DTS scheme is that it limits backward compatibility; consumers without the required DTS decoder can only listen to the analog tracks.
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