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Fiji Country Gender Assessment 2015

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Fiji Country Gender Assessment 2015 FIJI COUNTRY GENDER ASSESSMENT 2015 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK FIJI COUNTRY GENDER ASSESSMENT 2015 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2016 Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 632 4444; Fax +63 2 636 2444 www.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in 2016. Printed in the Philippines. ISBN 978-92-9257-583-0 (Print), 978-92-9257-584-7 (PDF) Publication Stock No. RPT168408-2 Cataloging-In-Publication Data Asian Development Bank. Fiji country gender assessment 2015. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2016. 1. Gender. 2. Fiji. 3. Pacifi c. I. Asian Development Ba nk. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily refl ect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specifi c companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be bound by the terms of this license. This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributed to another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it. ADB cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material. Attribution—You should always acknowledge ADB as the source using the following format: [Author]. [Year of publication]. [Title of the work in italics]. [City of publication]: [Publisher]. © ADB. [URL or DOI] [license]. Translations—Any translations you create should carry the following disclaimer: Originally published by ADB in English under the title [title in italics]. © ADB. [URL or DOI] [license]. The quality of the translation and its coherence with the original text is the sole responsibility of the translator. The English original of this work is the only offi cial version. Adaptations—Any adaptations you create should carry the following disclaimer: This is an adaptation of an original work titled [title in italics]. © ADB. [URL or DOI][license]. The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily refl ect the views and policies of ADB or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not endorse this work or guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. Please contact [email protected] if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wish to obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to use the ADB logo. Notes: In this publication, “$” refers to US dollars. ADB recognizes “Fiji Islands” as Fiji. Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at http://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda Printed on recycled paper Contents TABLES, FIGURES, AND BOXES v FOREWORD vii ABOUT THIS PUBLICATION viii ABBREVIATIONS x EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xii 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Geography and Population 1 1.2 Economic Characteristics 2 1.3 Development Challenges 3 1.4 Gender, Ethnicity, and Culture 6 2 COMMITMENTS TO GENDER EQUALITY 8 2.1 International Commitments to Gender Equality 8 2.2 Legislative and Policy Environment in Support of Gender Equality 9 3 EDUCATION 11 3.1 Education Systems and Policies 11 3.2 Primary and Secondary Education 14 3.3 Higher Education 19 3.4 Education Outcomes among Adults 22 3.5 Addressing Gender Concerns in Education 24 3.6 Recommendations 25 4 HEALTH 26 4.1 Health Systems and Policies 26 4.2 Access to Health Services 28 4.3 Gender and Health Issues 31 4.4 Making Health Programs Gender Responsive 39 4.5 Recommendations 40 5 GENDER AND THE ECONOMY 41 5.1 Measurement of Employment and Economic Activity 41 5.2 Characteristics of Employment 46 5.3 Women in Business 51 iii iv Contents 5.4 Financial Inclusion and Business Development 57 5.5 Access to and Control over Natural Resources 57 5.6 Recommendations 63 6 GENDER EQUALITY IN DECISION MAKING 64 6.1 Support for Gender Equality in Decision Making and Leadership 64 6.2 Women’s Participation in Political Decision Making 65 6.3 Interventions, Programs, and Initiatives 69 6.4 Recommendations 70 7 GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE 71 7.1 Prevalence of Violence against Women 71 7.2 Legal Frameworks for Ending Violence against Women 75 7.3 Policy Environment to End Violence against Women 78 7.4 Prevention and Frontline Support Systems 80 7.5 Recommendations 82 CONCLUSION 83 APPENDIXES 1 Road Map Gender Strategies and Indicators 84 2 Defi nitions Related to Gender-Based Physical and Sexual Violence Used by the Fiji Police Force and Fiji Women’s Crisis Centre 85 REFERENCES 88 Tables, Figures, and Boxes TABLES 1.1 Demographic Profi le by Division, 2014 2 1.2 Poverty Incidence Rates by Division and Household Characteristics, 2008–2009 and 2013–2014 5 3.1 Structure of Education System and Number of Schools by District, 2014 12 3.2 Expenditure on Education as a Percentage of Total Household Expenditure 13 3.3 Enrollment Rates by School Level 14 3.4 Literacy and Numeracy in the Most Disadvantaged Schools, 2011 16 3.5 Number of Fijian Nationals Enrolled in Fijian Universities, by Qualifi cation Level and Sex, 2014 19 3.6 Number of Fijian Nationals Enrolled in Major Fijian Universities by Field of Study and Sex, 2014 20 3.7 Students Enrolled in Technical and Vocational Education and Training Certifi cate Courses at Fiji National University, 2014 22 4.1 Health Delivery Facilities, 2012 28 4.2 Access to Quality Care and Related Constraints 29 4.3 Number of Established Posts for Government Medical Professionals, 2012 30 4.4 Core Gender and Health Indicators 31 4.5 Policy Issues on Men Who Have Sex with Men and Transgender People 37 4.6 Selected Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factors, 2011 39 5.1 Key Labor Force Indicators for the Population Aged 15 and Above, 2010–2011 43 5.2 Key Labor Force Indicators, Age 15 and Above, by Ethnicity, 2010–2011 44 5.3 Labor Force Participation by Level of Education for Population Aged 15 and Above, 2010–2011 45 5.4 Distribution of Employed Women and Men by Industry, 2010–2011 48 5.5 Gender-Related Constraints to Economic Empowerment 51 5.6 Estimated Numbers of Men and Women (Aged 15 and Above) Employed in Creative Industries as Their Main Job, 2010–2011 55 5.7 Profi les of Selected Business Development Service Providers 58 5.8 Women and Men’s Roles in Selected Agriculture Activities 59 6.1 Local Government Leadership 2008, 2009, and 2014 67 7.1 Women’s Experience of Violence by Partners and Nonpartners 73 7.2 Cases of Domestic and Sexual Violence Handled by Police and the Fiji Women’s Crisis Centre, 2012–2014 74 7.3 Legislation Related to Violence against Women 76 v vi Tables, Figures, and Boxes 7.4 Fiji Police Force Staff Numbers by Sex 78 7.5 Fiji Women’s Crisis Centre’s Initiatives and Programs to End Violence against Women 80 FIGURES 1.1 Poverty Incidence by Area, from 2002–2003 to 2013–2014 4 3.1 Government Budget Allocation for Education, 2011–2015 13 3.2 Gender Gaps in Secondary School Subject Choices, 2013 15 3.3 Proportion of Population That Has a Secondary School Qualifi cation or Higher, 2010–2011 23 3.4 Highest Level of Education Attained by Adults (Aged 25 and Above), 2010–2011 23 4.1 New HIV Cases in Men and Women, 2009–2014 35 5.1 Highest Education Attainment for Employed Population Aged 15 and Above, 2010–2011 45 5.2 Employment Status of Men and Women Aged 15 and Above, 2010–2011 46 5.3 Share of Men and Women by Occupation, 2010–2011 49 5.4 Total Hours Worked per Week in Employment Work and Household Work, 2010–2011 50 6.1 Women in Political Leadership and Senior Public Service, as of April 2015 66 7.1 Experiences of Violence Perpetrated by Intimate Partner (Ever-Partnered Women Aged 18–64) 72 BOXES 2.1 International Conventions with Gender Dimensions 8 3.1 Education Statistics 18 4.1 Ministry of Health Strategic Plan Goals and Outcomes, 2011–2015 27 4.2 Health Information Systems 32 5.1 How Is Employment Measured? 42 5.2 Constraints to Success Identifi ed by Women in Business 53 7.1 Costing Intimate Partner Violence 75 7.2 Challenges to Implementation of the Domestic Violence Decree 76 Foreword ender equality is a priority for Fiji and is embedded in national and international commitments and Glegislation. Fiji’s national strategic planning document—the Roadmap for Democracy and Sustainable Socio-Economic Development—directs all ministries and sectors to share the responsibility for achieving gender equality.
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