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The Five Orders of Architecture
BY GìAGOMO F5ARe)ZZji OF 2o ^0 THE FIVE ORDERS OF AECHITECTURE BY GIACOMO BAROZZI OF TIGNOLA TRANSLATED BY TOMMASO JUGLARIS and WARREN LOCKE CorYRIGHT, 1889 GEHY CENTER UK^^i Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/fiveordersofarchOOvign A SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF GIACOMO BAEOZZI OF TIGNOLA. Giacomo Barozzi was born on the 1st of October, 1507, in Vignola, near Modena, Italy. He was orphaned at an early age. His mother's family, seeing his talents, sent him to an art school in Bologna, where he distinguished himself in drawing and by the invention of a method of perspective. To perfect himself in his art he went to Eome, studying and measuring all the ancient monuments there. For this achievement he received the honors of the Academy of Architecture in Eome, then under the direction of Marcello Cervini, afterward Pope. In 1537 he went to France with Abbé Primaticcio, who was in the service of Francis I. Barozzi was presented to this magnificent monarch and received a commission to build a palace, which, however, on account of war, was not built. At this time he de- signed the plan and perspective of Fontainebleau castle, a room of which was decorated by Primaticcio. He also reproduced in metal, with his own hands, several antique statues. Called back to Bologna by Count Pepoli, president of St. Petronio, he was given charge of the construction of that cathedral until 1550. During this time he designed many GIACOMO BAROZZr OF VIGNOLA. 3 other buildings, among which we name the palace of Count Isolani in Minerbio, the porch and front of the custom house, and the completion of the locks of the canal to Bologna. -
Greek Architecture
2nd Year Architecture 2018/2019 second Semester History of Architecture I Lecture (6 and 7) : Classic Greek Architecture by : SEEMA K. ALFARIS 1 Lecture ’s information Course name History of Architecture I Lecturer Seema k. Alfaris Course ’s information This course traces the history of Architecture from the early developments in the Paleolithic Age (Early Stone Age) to the Rome (16th century).. The objective 1. Understanding the Greek Architecture , and the factors which shape this Architecture. 2. Understanding The Main Types of buildings that Greek famous with . 2 The Historical Timeline of Architecture 3 FACTORS INFLUENCING ARCHITECTURE 4 Greek and Rome Architecture CLASSICAL PERIODS – GREEK AND ROMAN Classical antiquity (also the classical era, classical period or classical age) • is the period of cultural history between the 8th century BC and the 5th or 6th century AD centered around the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, collectively known as the Greco-Roman world. • It is the period in which Greek and Roman society flourished and wielded great influence throughout Europe, North Africa and Western Asia. 5 Greek Architecture 1. Geographical factor: • Greek civilization started from group of islands in the Mediterranean Sea . • Greece has a broken coast line with about 3000 islands, which made the Greeks into a sea-faring people. • Greek civilization occurred in the area around the Greek mainland, on a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea . • Greek civilization expanded by The colonization of neighboring lands such as the Dorian colonies of Sicily & the Ionian colonies of Asia minor , and that’s the reason of the separation of Greek civilization. -
Columns & Construction
ABPL90267 Development of Western Architecture columns & construction COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 Warning This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of the University of Melbourne pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further copying or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. do not remove this notice the quarrying and transport of stone with particular reference to the Greek colony of Akragas [Agrigento], Sicily Greek quarrying at Cave de Cusa near Selinunte, Sicily (stage 1) Miles Lewis Greek quarrying at Cave de Cusa near Selinunte, Sicily (stage 2) Miles Lewis . ·++ Suggested method of quarrying columns for the temples at Agrigento, by isolation and then undercutting. Pietro Arancio [translated Pamela Crichton], Agrigento: History and Ancient Monuments (no place or date [Agrigento (Sicily) 1973), fig 17 column drum from the Temple of Hercules, Agrigento; diagram Miles Lewis; J G Landels, Engineering in the Ancient World (Berkeley [California] 1978), p 184 suggested method of transporting a block from the quarries of Agrigento Arancio, Agrigento, fig 17 surmised means of moving stone blocks as devised by Metagenes J G Landels, Engineering in the Ancient World (Berkeley [California] 1978), p 18 the method of Paconius Landels, Engineering in the Ancient World, p 184 the raising & placing of stone earth ramps cranes & pulleys lifting -
The Reconstruction of Colonial Monuments in the 1920S and 1930S in Mexico ELSA ARROYO and SANDRA ZETINA
The reconstruction of Colonial monuments in the 1920s and 1930s in Mexico ELSA ARROYO AND SANDRA ZETINA Translation by Valerie Magar Abstract This article presents an overview of the criteria and policies for the reconstruction of historical monuments from the viceregal period in Mexico, through the review of paradigmatic cases which contributed to the establishment of practices and guidelines developed since the 1920s, and that were extended at least until the middle of the last century. It addresses the conformation of the legal framework that gave rise to the guidelines for the protection and safeguard of built heritage, as well as the context of reassessment of the historical legacy through systematic studies of representative examples of Baroque art and its ornamental components, considered in a first moment as emblematic of Mexico’s cultural identity. Based on case studies, issues related to the level of reconstruction of buildings are discussed, as well as the ideas at that time on the historical value of monuments and their function; and finally, it presents the results of the interventions in terms of their ability to maintain monuments as effective devices for the evocation of the past through the preservation of its material remains. Keywords: reconstruction, viceregal heritage, neo-Colonial heritage Background: the first piece of legislation on monuments as property of the Mexican nation While the renovation process of the Museo Nacional was taking place in 1864 during the Second Empire (1863-1867) under the government of the Emperor Maximilian of Habsburg, social awareness grew about the value of objects and monuments of the past, as well as on their function as public elements capable of adding their share in the construction of the identity of the modern nation that the government intended to build in Mexico. -
Ancient Greek Architecture
Greek Art in Sicily Greek ancient temples in Sicily Temple plans Doric order 1. Tympanum, 2. Acroterium, 3. Sima 4. Cornice 5. Mutules 7. Freize 8. Triglyph 9. Metope 10. Regula 11. Gutta 12. Taenia 13. Architrave 14. Capital 15. Abacus 16. Echinus 17. Column 18. Fluting 19. Stylobate Ionic order Ionic order: 1 - entablature, 2 - column, 3 - cornice, 4 - frieze, 5 - architrave or epistyle, 6 - capital (composed of abacus and volutes), 7 - shaft, 8 - base, 9 - stylobate, 10 - krepis. Corinthian order Valley of the Temples • The Valle dei Templi is an archaeological site in Agrigento (ancient Greek Akragas), Sicily, southern Italy. It is one of the most outstanding examples of Greater Greece art and architecture, and is one of the main attractions of Sicily as well as a national momument of Italy. The area was included in the UNESCO Heritage Site list in 1997. Much of the excavation and restoration of the temples was due to the efforts of archaeologist Domenico Antonio Lo Faso Pietrasanta (1783– 1863), who was the Duke of Serradifalco from 1809 through 1812. • The Valley includes remains of seven temples, all in Doric style. The temples are: • Temple of Juno, built in the 5th century BC and burnt in 406 BC by the Carthaginians. It was usually used for the celebration of weddings. • Temple of Concordia, whose name comes from a Latin inscription found nearby, and which was also built in the 5th century BC. Turned into a church in the 6th century AD, it is now one of the best preserved in the Valley. -
History of Architecture
ART 21000: HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE Course Description: An introduction to the history of architecture of the Western World from the Stone Age to skyscrapers based on lectures, readings from the required texts, completion of the Architectural Vocabulary Project, and the study visit to Italy. Lectures and readings cover the historical development of architecture in the following topics: Stone Age, Egyptian & Mesopotamian, Greek, Roman, Early Christian, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, and the Modern Era to the present. Class Meetings: Tuesday & Thursday, 4-8pm Texts: Watkin & XanEdu Course Schedule: Mtg # Date Topics Readings 1 T 5/12 Stone Age, Egypt, Mesopotamia & Greece TBD 2 R 5/14 Rome TBD 3 T 5/19 Exam #1; Early Christian & Romanesque TBD 4 R 5/21 Romanesque & Gothic TBD 5 T 5/26 Exam #2 Renaissance TBD 6 R 5/28 Baroque TBD 7 T 6/2 Exam #3; 18th century & 19th century TBD 8 R 6/4 19th century TBD 9 T 6/9 20th century TBD 10 R 6/11 Exam #4; AVP.1 DUE; Walking Tour TBD 11 M-S 6/21- Study abroad to Italy 6/29 12 R 7/3 AVP.2 Due Homework Schedule: 10% of final grade. Homework will consist of writing 20 questions, answers, and citations on each topic based on the readings from Watkin and/or XanEdu. 5/19 HW 1 Stone Age, Egypt & Mesopotamia, Greek, and Roman 5/26 HW 2 Early Christian, Byzantine, Romanesque, and Gothic 6/2 HW 3 Renaissance & Baroque 6/11 HW 4 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries Grading: Homework (4) 10% Attendance (10) 10% Exams (4) 40% AVP. -
Greek Architecture
STATE OF THE DISCIPLINE Greek Architecture BARBARA A. BARLETTA Abstract however, that the list of works cited, which is provided The study of Greek architecture grew out of the me- at the end of this article, will assist the reader in locat- ticulous recording of buildings and their components by ing those contributions. 18th- and 19th-century investigators. Although the aims have changed, with an increasing emphasis on historical history of the discipline and social context, the basic methods of documentation remain the same. This essay traces the history of the disci- The study of Greek architecture has evolved consid- pline as a background to modern approaches, geographic erably from its origins in the 18th century, but some emphases, and new perspectives. It surveys the work of of the basic principles have remained the same. It was archaeological schools and conference bodies, followed initiated by architects seeking to preserve a record of by general studies of architecture and its components as monuments of the past and to use them as a source of well as individual building forms and complexes. A focus is placed on recent literature, from 1980 to the present, “good taste” in their own times. They were already fa- and on books rather than articles.* miliar with buildings in Rome, but by the 18th century, their interests had shifted to Greece. Stuart and Revett state the reasons for this shift in their 1748 applica- introduction tion for financing for what would be the first project Many contributions have been made to the field sponsored by the Society of Dilettanti. -
1 Classical Architectural Vocabulary
Classical Architectural Vocabulary The five classical orders The five orders pictured to the left follow a specific architectural hierarchy. The ascending orders, pictured left to right, are: Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite. The Greeks only used the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian; the Romans added the ‘bookend’ orders of the Tuscan and Composite. In classical architecture the selected architectural order for a building defined not only the columns but also the overall proportions of a building in regards to height. Although most temples used only one order, it was not uncommon in Roman architecture to mix orders on a building. For example, the Colosseum has three stacked orders: Doric on the ground, Ionic on the second level and Corinthian on the upper level. column In classical architecture, a cylindrical support consisting of a base (except in Greek Doric), shaft, and capital. It is a post, pillar or strut that supports a load along its longitudinal axis. The Architecture of A. Palladio in Four Books, Leoni (London) 1742, Book 1, plate 8. Doric order Ionic order Corinthian order The oldest and simplest of the five The classical order originated by the The slenderest and most ornate of the classical orders, developed in Greece in Ionian Greeks, characterized by its capital three Greek orders, characterized by a bell- the 7th century B.C. and later imitated with large volutes (scrolls), a fascinated shaped capital with volutes and two rows by the Romans. The Roman Doric is entablature, continuous frieze, usually of acanthus leaves, and with an elaborate characterized by sturdy proportions, a dentils in the cornice, and by its elegant cornice. -
The Doric Essence COMMONWEALTH of AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969
ABPL90267 Development of Western Architecture the doric essence COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 Warning This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of the University of Melbourne pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further copying or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. do not remove this notice from masonry to timber to masonry proto-doric column chamfering & fluting the echinus and abacus capital synthesis of the echinus and the fluted shaft from rubble to ashlar (dressed stone) at Samos from wooden to stone columns at Olympia proto-doric chamfering and fluting tomb chapel of Amenemhat, Beni Hasan, c 2000 BC ; Portico of Anubis Deir-el-Bahari, Egypt, c 1490 BC ; column from Assur, c 1050 BC Lewis, Architectura, p 176; Miles Lewis the echinus and abacus capital Palace of Knossos, c 1600-1400 BC; Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae, c 1325 Knossos slide set, no 1; Miles Lewis the synthesis of the echinus capital and the fluted shaft model column fragments: fluted column; chamfered half column: National Museum, Athens, no s 7529,7591; Minoan column from Gortyn, C13th BC, Herakleion Museum Miles Lewis the first Heraeum, Samos, mid C8th: plan the 2nd Heraeum, Samos, mid C7th: plan and reconstructed section Scranton, Greek Architecture, pl 23 J J Coulton, Greek Architects at Work (London 1977), p 33 Heraeum, Samos visible masonry of the second -
The Origins of Entasis: Illusion, Aesthetics Or Engineering?
Spatial Vision, Vol. 20, No. 6, pp. 531–543 (2007) VSP 2007. Also available online - www.brill.nl/sv The origins of entasis: illusion, aesthetics or engineering? PETER THOMPSON ∗, GEORGIA PAPADOPOULOU and ELENI VASSILIOU Department of Psychology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK Received 21 July 2006; accepted 5 February 2007 Abstract—A typical characteristic of columns in Doric temples is entasis; a slight convexity in the body of a column. Often, and particularly in guide-books, it is suggested that entasis is intended to compensate for an illusion of concavity in columns with truly straight sides. We have investigated whether any such visual illusion exists, both in parallel sided and in tapering columns in a series of experiments, finding little evidence to support any illusion-compensation theory. Further, we explored the possibility that entasis was employed for purely aesthetic reasons, but the results do not support this conclusion. Finally, evidence supporting an engineering role for entasis is presented. Keywords: Entasis; illusion; aesthetics. INTRODUCTION ‘Entasis’, from the Greek word εντεινειν´ , to stretch, means tension or bowing. According to Penrose (1888, p. 39), it is the ‘swelling given to a column in the middle parts of the shaft for the purpose of correcting a disagreeable optical illusion, which is found to give an attenuated appearance to columns formed with straight sides, and to cause their outlines to seem concave instead of straight’. Nuttgens, in his ‘The Story of Architecture’ (Nuttgens, 1999) writes ‘Most Greek buildings of this golden period use entasis, the device whereby tapering columns are given a slight swelling about a third of the way up to counteract a tendency of the eye to seethemascurvinginwardsfromeitherside...’Therearemanyothersourcesthat concur with this view, e.g. -
Colonial Influence on Indian Muslim Religious Monuments in Penang
©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com PAPER ID: 10A13D COLONIAL INFLUENCE ON INDIAN MUSLIM RELIGIOUS MONUMENTS IN PENANG Ahmad Sanusi Hassan a*, Asif Ali a,b a School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, MALAYSIA b Architecture Section (University Polytechnic), Aligarh Muslim University, INDIA A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: This paper discusses a level of influence of colonial style to Indian Received 06 April 2019 Received in revised form 19 Muslim monuments built in George Town, Penang during colonial June 2019 time. George Town was the earliest British settlements in Malaysia as Accepted 29 July 2019 well as in South East Asia. From 1786 to 1957, this town functioned Available online 09 August 2019 as a port city of British East India Company. A colonial era had influenced the architectural style of the buildings built in George Town. Keywords: This study focusses analysis of the architectural style and its impact to Colonial architectural the Indian Muslim monuments. Indian Muslims were the first traders style; Indian Muslim who migrated to Penang as well as Indian Hindus under the British monuments; George administration. This study applied qualitative research method to the Town; Penang; architectural style by referring to classical colonial elements. Three Neo-classical elements. most popular Indian Muslim buildings namely Kapitan Keling Mosque, Madrasah Hamidi Arabi and Nagore Durgha Sheriff Shrine were selected as the case studies for the analysis. -
Columnar Entasis in Vignola´S and Other Renaissance Works
Civil and Environmental Engineering Vol. 14, Issue 2/2018, 132-137, DOI: 10.2478/cee-2018-0017 COLUMNAR ENTASIS IN VIGNOLA´S AND OTHER RENAISSANCE WORKS Zuzana GRÚ ŇOVÁ 1,* , Michaela HOLEŠOVÁ 2 1 Department of Building Engineering and Urban Planning, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Žilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia. 2 Department of Structural Mechanics and Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Žilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia. * corresponding author: [email protected]. Abstract Keywords: Columnar entasis; Entasis, upward curvature, columnar inclination and several other manipulations or deviations from the strict geometrical rules were Tuscan and Doric columns; known in Ancient Greece and Rome and some of them - entasis could Mathematical description; be taken as example - were used up to the beginning of the 20th Vignola; The five orders of Architecture. century in eclectic and historicizing architecture. The article mentions historical texts about entasis from Vitruvius up to Renaissance works. Mainly Vignola's description of proper and elegant way of how to construct columnar entasis curve of the Tuscan and Doric order columns is discussed in detail and expressed mathematically. 1 Introduction Entasis, upward curvature, columnar inclination and several other manipulations or deviations from the strict geometrical rules were known and could be found in Greek and Roman buildings from the 6th century BC. Usage is usually limited to dressed stone constructions of the important, highly refined architecture, e. g. sacral one. [1] Entasis is usually described as the convex curve of any vertical architectural member, mainly column. It serves mainly two aesthetic purposes - to attempt to correct the optical illusion of hollowness or weakness that would arise from using the same diameter for the whole column and it could be regarded as attempt to dynamically present actual load on column.