ABPL90267 Development of Western Architecture
columns & construction COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969
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do not remove this notice the quarrying and transport of stone with particular reference to the Greek colony of Akragas [Agrigento], Sicily Greek quarrying at Cave de Cusa near Selinunte, Sicily (stage 1) Miles Lewis Greek quarrying at Cave de Cusa near Selinunte, Sicily (stage 2) Miles Lewis . ·++
Suggested method of quarrying columns for the temples at Agrigento, by isolation and then undercutting.
Pietro Arancio [translated Pamela Crichton], Agrigento: History and Ancient Monuments (no place or date [Agrigento (Sicily) 1973), fig 17 column drum from the Temple of Hercules, Agrigento; diagram Miles Lewis; J G Landels, Engineering in the Ancient World (Berkeley [California] 1978), p 184 suggested method of transporting a block from the quarries of Agrigento Arancio, Agrigento, fig 17 surmised means of moving stone blocks as devised by Metagenes J G Landels, Engineering in the Ancient World (Berkeley [California] 1978), p 18 the method of Paconius
Landels, Engineering in the Ancient World, p 184 the raising & placing of stone
earth ramps
cranes & pulleys
lifting grooves
the lifting lewis Temple of Juno Lacinia, Agrigento, c 470 BC
Miles Lewis Temple of Juno Lacinia, Agrigento: the north colonnade Miles Lewis Temple of Juno Lacinia, detail Miles Lewis Temple of Juno Lacinia, detail
Miles Lewis
method of attaching a rope to the stone
Landels, Engineering in the Ancient World, p 90 a block from the Temple of Juno Lacinia Ioanna Phoca & Panos Valavanis, Rediscovering Ancient Creece: Architecture and City Planning (Athens 1999), p 111 Temple of Zeus, Agrigento: U groove showing undercutting Miles Lewis raising blocks with a crane and pulley
Arancio, Agrigento, fig 18 Josef Durm, Die Baukunst der Grechen, (Darmstadt 1892), p 80 , --
other forms of attachment the loop and the lifting lewis
Josef Durm, Die Baukunst der Grechen, (Darmstadt 1892), p 80 unidentified column capitals in the British Museum, London, and the Tebessa Museum, Algeria, showing lewis slots for lifting Miles Lewis unidentified column capital in the Tebessa Museum, Algeria, showing lewis slot for lifting Miles Lewis m.1~ -~ l · . 11_ ~ )
11I~ . ·. . '-,,·-.J II . . .. ~-.Jt_ .. . ' ; '- . .. / .,-....,.\ -.. ·._
t---~•~ . . _::-1 · ' . . .· ,.. / - ...... ~ I , I Greek positioning -. techniques
general reconstruction of setting a .. block in place at the ... .. Parthenon
Josef Durm, Die Baukunst der Grechen, (Darmstadt 1892), p 80 Casanaki & Mallouchou, The Acropolis of Athens, p 103 masonry construction techniques
construction knobs anathyrosis dovetails & cramps (clamps) columns column drums fluting empolia entasis components of the krepidoma, base and orthostate of the south wall of the Pre-Parthenon, reassembled.
Richard Economakis [ed], Acropolis Restoration: the CCAM Intervention (Academy Editions, London 2007), p 26 Propylaea, Athens, by Mnesicles, 477-432 BC the Pinakotheke, showing construction knobs
George Dontas, The Acropolis and its Museum (Athens 1987), p 25 cramps used in ~ Greek masonry t:1 early Greek monumental masonry
U-shaped hole dove-tail cramp band anathyrosis preliminary dressing handling boss
Dinsmoor, Architecture of Ancient Greece, p 175 Coulton, Greek Architects at Work, p 47 Temple of Apollo, Corinth, mid-C6th: view, and detail of a fallen column
Miles Lewis Temple of Zeus Olympeion, Athens, 174 BC - AD 130 view of a fallen column
Miles Lewis Temple G, Selinunte, Sicily, c 540-409, unfinished: empolion recess Miles Lewis anathyrosis and empolia in a column drum. ····-··➔
empolion in the ~~-- 1/ Acropolis Museum, ,/ / Athens
dowels and empolia used to align column drums •.
0
~ Miles Lewis G E Sandström, Man the • ' I Builder (New York --o·,:!'.... 1970), p 70 '• I Durm, Die Baukunst der tj Grechen, p 94 Temple of Athena Polias, Priene, by Pytheos, dedicated 334 BC a column drum Miles Lewis Temple of Hera Argiva, Paestum, c 550 BC: fluting of the south column in antis from the opisthodomos Alexander Tzonis & Phoebe Giannisi, Classical Greek Architecture: the Construction of the Modern (Flammarion, Paris 2004), p 214 detail of an unfinished column drum from the Pre- Parthenon
Richard Economakis [ed], Acropolis Restioration: the CCAM Intervention (Academy Editions, London 2007), p 22 detail of an unfinished column drum from the Pre- Parthenon: interpreted
relimin ry ti g Miles Lewis, based on Richard do e o the gro Economakis [ed], Acropolis Restioration: the fi al fl ,ting CCAM done ins· 1u Intervention (Academy Editions, London 2007), p 22 the process of fluting a Doric column, modified from Dinsmoor
Miles Lewis
rough quarry surface and handling r' · ·..· ·· ·.. · ' · . .· 1 ...... : ·. ·.·: bosses removed to create a cylinder l · (a) cylindrical mantle removed to create taper & entasis ; (b) polygonal facets created
initial cut of fluting
final dressing of fluting and sharp arrises ENTASIS
ro u it is a swelling outside +J 1... Q) > the line of the taper
it is (approximately) an arc of a circle maximum entasis at 1/3rd to 2/Sths height no part of the column is wider than the base – it is not cigar-shaped Temple of Apollo, Didyma, 332 BC - AD C2nd lines inscribed on the limestone adyton wall
Lothar Haselberger, 'The Construction Plans for the Temple of Apollo at Didyma', Scientific American, CCLIII, 6 (December 1985), p 120 ~ TOP RADIUS OF ·/ ·.:·:._TO~· . OF .. ·COLUMN · · SHAFT -==::t:======-::-- ~·7COLUMN·:c··f"".~:f.:~--7""''"7;~;_::., SHAFT.:...~- ~-.;.- :.;·~j_.....:..:.. .. :-· :· .. _... .· . :_:::::'.:.:;;/\:.. :,_, .. :: . .· ' • . •. ;;;; . . ·.. i : . . :, .. • • ·-4 .•. :;_ _...... : : •,• · ' . . ·:·.·:.1··· ..• · \··.-:/ ... :· , -: .-.~: : ·:-..: -.:. : ---~,;: _. . .···.. . :_-·: : ...... ~.;;·:--;:-+.:t~~~--::·..,,.,.··=-=-::.::,::.:i.~"7i~ ~ ~ ~--;=··~--'·~-~--·.;-·.:..·..;.·_·=C:~~.:::-_J I+----'..:.. .. ( / } ;- ... . ·_-AX1i0Fsv'M~ETRY_t•_, :: ,;;c;i;f•i;~;;)i\,}gg(id;,;;9-,~fy~,~%~\~~!¾l~\.t<~:•;:;.·L>~~ii~~¾i,)ti;P:,N0&t~~~1t.rr:~~/;{d~vn::fr:"l•1,:)I:';:;0,z'.!!t1. Temple of Apollo, Didyma reconstruction of the diagrams inscribed on the adyton wall (red squares indicate the location of the photographs) Lothar Haselberger, 'The Construction Plans for the Temple of Apollo at Didyma', Scientific American, CCLIII, 6 (December 1985), p 120 TOP RADIUS OF ~. . . · COLUMN SHAFT > ...... ,:"". '!"'• •~-,.-:--~---.~ =--.-.-:..~ . -."!':"""- -~ -· _. .,,.;• · ~· .."--.------:.---+- - : :.· .. ..-.. : ::. :·.· : .. :...... _..:.I·-: . . .· . •.: .... ; ·: .·: . Temple of Apollo, Didyma · .•. I .. ~ .. ··...... detail of the inscription showing ·.··. :· ...... ·....· ··. . the geometric construction of : .: ', - . ·~·-:. ·. entasis ...' .... . :. ~ I ...... ·-· -.· ....: .. . I ·:.··. · . .,- . ·.. J ·.:• . ""'It,:•: . . : .. : .....\ :::· . . . ' .... . ::: : .. . . ' :; ·...... - maximum entasis at ..1 . . . 1/3rd to 2/Sths height . . . I. • . •. :.-:::.: ., ·• : ··•·.: ·: ...... ··-· --~~-~~------_.,.,_ ::. .._.::· ., ···-~·· ...... __ .. . ,·. _. _ . ... • ...•: . : .··~ . '· =-.. .:: . .. •·:·: ...... \ ...... : ·...... ··.·.·=. ... • . . ,...... ·. . : . :· ...... :, < :,-::•.:~OTTOM .~~DIUS Of . I • ➔. ·. .. ♦• •• ·. :; ...... - ...... ~~ COLUMN SHAFT ...... - ..·--···--· ..•···"' ·---- lt' •••.: • . ._:. .:,:.,...... : · ·:· , : ·,•,:· · ! !',, J r-,..• .• ...... · :: .• • • ·.. · ... •♦ •• •• · • . • .. . • · • · ·-- • • ~ • •• •' Temple of Apollo, Didyma lines inscribed on the adyton wall for the column base (detail at A); interpretation including corrections, and actual base Haselberger, 'Temple of Apollo', p 120 1 2 1 .. a l I 14 b l ' 3 4 5 6 Didyma: design process for the base of column measurements in dactyls • A:B is 1:2 Haselberger, 'Temple of Apollo', p 119 iron reinforcement in the Propylaea, Athens Propylaea, Athens, by Mnescicles, 437-432 BC, west elevation Richard Economakis [ed], Acropolis Restoration: the CCAM Intervention (Academy Editions, London 2007), p 54 Propylaea, Athens, by Mnescicles, 437-432 BC from the inside Lewis, Architectura, p 64 .: .. . ,·• .·:. . -:· . •.•, . •. . . ' • -.-.· .'-...... _.·: : ~. .. . :: - ~:: : . . :-:·.. .~ . . . .. : ·.. ,;- ...... ' . . . ·•...... · .. . ~' - . · . - . . . .· .·.. :_· _.\·· · •. , . ·:·-;· .. .: ::. --~---:,•:.: ...- . ·: ~--:.. : : - : ·.· ------,.•-- Propylaea: diagram of the Ionic entablature with the architrave reinforced by iron bars W B Dinsmoor, 'Structural Iron in Greek Architecture', American Journal of Archaeology, 2nd series, XXVI, 2 (1922), p 163 WU4 w t * t W/2 W/2 w WU8 W/2 W/2 WU8 W/2 W/2 t * * t W/2 W/2 L the Propylaea the effect of the iron bars upon the bending moment Miles Lewis roof tiles the tegula & the imbrex the Parthenon roof construction & reassembled roof tiles Louviot, 1881, in Hector d'Espouy, Fragments d'Architecture Antique d'après les Relevés & Restaurations des Anciens Pensionnaires de l'Académie de France à Rome (Paris 1905), Ii, pl 3 Lawrence, Greek Architecture [1986], p 113 Greek roof tiling Corinthian Temple of Apollo, Thermon, c 630 Lakonian Temple of Hera at Olympia an early type Temple of Poseidon, Isthmia, early C7th Coulton, Greek Architects at Work, p 34 Corinthian tiling marble tiles from the Temple of Aphrodite, Aphrodisias, C1st BC Coulton, Greek Architects at Work, p 34 Miles Lewis Lakonian tiling terra cotta tiles from a modern building in Prague Coulton, Greek Architects at Work, p 34 Miles Lewis ·.·.1------r'J:"\:------,, :• ::; ::;•:-/ :·:.:?--:·::·:· :_.,:-:-r:-·._:·:-::r:·;~=:~ ::-:~·:(: ...... \;[: ~ :.~~-~] ;: •, • .. · :• ... .. ...... ·...... ·. . : .· ... : . ·.. ~. -.: .-.:.::_-.•.:: :. ..:: :.-.:·. ,.·..... : .--.~•.: ~- ....:_.: --:·: tile standard ·, from Assos, with Lakonian tiles, left, and Corinthian, right plan, elevation, section ·SO 0 1·0m Coulton, Greek Architects at Work, p 56 mm -300 200 100 0 eave details at the Hephæsteion, Athens, c 449-444 BC W B Dinsmoor, ‘The Roof of the Hephaisteion’, American Journal of Archaeology, 80(3) (1976), p 227 stone gutter from Himera, Palermo Museum, Sicily Miles Lewis sections of stone gutters: Himera & Agrigento Royal Institute of British Architects Journal, 6 June 1936, p 805 Hephæsteion, Athens, c 449-444 BC flanking and raking cymas Miles Lewis -~tileof --- flankcyma dowel cutting flankcyma ~•raking cyma i (broken line) (solid) ~· 0 800mm ■ • • sections of cymas at the Hephæsteion: actual fragment, with dowel hole; flanking & raking cymas compared W B Dinsmoor, ‘The Roof of the Hephaisteion’, American Journal of Archaeology, 80(3) (1976), pl 39, p 238 .,,. _____ ..--r, ,.-, ::--.:, at rear pteroma ., . 1 • ,- "' / . -~------t'~:,v--l•·\ :•( ~)-;. ••, .-,. 1I HIGHEST 8lAM TOP .__".:+~ - _ _ _ _1..ClrtST OC.ur T()6> at flank ptero .ma 0 I ___ _i..1___ j_2J ___ J~m part roof sections of the Hephæsteion W B Dinsmoor, ‘The Roof of the Hephaisteion’, American Journal of Archaeology, 80(3) (1976), p 228 lion gargoyle, Agrigento Museum (unspecified building) Miles Lewis Roman period cyma gutter, lion gargoyles, modillions and frieze mouldings, at the Lambaesis Museum, Algeria (unspecified building) Miles Lewis decoration terra cotta facing gargoyles relief sculpture colour atlantes & caryatids Treasury of Gela, Olympia, c 580 BC: painted terra cotta cornice revetment [facing] Ronald Scranton, Greek Architecture (London 1968), pl 33B terra cotta antefix from Citta Alta Isolato, Himera, Sicily Miles Lewis lion gargoyles Tholos at Delphi, c 580 BC allegedly from the Treasury of the Syphnians, Delphi, c 525 BC Temple of Athena Polias, Priene, dedicated 334 BC: now in the British Museum Miles Lewis lion gargoyle from the Temple of Artemis, Ephesus, late C6th BC: British Museum Miles Lewis lion gargoyle from Olympia Lewis, Architectura, p 250 lapith & centaur, Parthenon south metope xxvii: British Museum Miles Lewis pedimental sculpture from the Parthenon, British Museum Miles Lewis deities from the frieze of the Parthenon, c 442-438 Acropolis Museum, Athens Ioanna Phoca & Panos Valavanis, Rediscovering Ancient Creece: Architecture and City Planning (Athens 1999), p 97 reconstruction of the pediment of the Sanctuary of Zeus Meilochios near the Sanctuary of Demeter Malophoros, Selinunte, ?first half of C7th BC, Palermo Museum, Sicily Miles Lewis comparison of gorgons: Zeus Meilochios, Selinus, and an Etruscan example C E Gabrici, Monumenti Antichi pubblicati per Cura della Academia Nazionale dei Lincei, 35 (1933); Hans Mühlestein, Die Kunst der Etrusker: die Ursprünge (Frankfuter Verlags-Anstalt, Berlin 1929), p 124 Medusa (with Pegasus), clay metope Museo Archeologico Nazionale Siracusa Ionic capital from Lilibooll [Lilybaeum, now Marsala], and proposed restoration, Palermo Museum Miles Lewis fragments from Agrigento Muserum, Sicily Temple of Hephaestus, Archaic ML 2008 Frieze from the north end of the the Temple of Herakles, end of C6th BC AG 9586 Miles Lewis Doric frieze of the Tombe de la Balançoire, eastern necropolis of Cyrene, Libya, c 220-180 BC. Musée du Louvre, Ma 4904-9 Miles Lewis palmette frieze from Naxos, restored: Siracusa Museum, Sicily Miles Lewis Temple of Apollo, Thermon, c 630 BC: reconstructed view & fragment of terra cotta metope depicting Chelidon T G Smith, Classical Architecture (Layton [Utah] 1988), pp 16-17 QUADRICA DEL SOLE PEASEO ELA NEDUSA Temple C, Selinunte, Sicily: part of the frieze, with gigantomachia metopes, c 540 BC, now in the Museo Archeologico Regionale, Palermo Miles Lewis Temple B, Selinunte, Sicily, c 255 BC: coloured fragments of entablature, now in the Museo Archeologico Regionale, Palermo Miles Lewis ?Tempe B, Selinunte, Sicily, c 255 BC: guttae, now in the Museo Archeologico Regionale, Palermo Miles Lewis stucco polychrome cornice with bucrania and paterae from Solunto: Palermo Museum NL 42263 Miles Lewis Parthenon, Athens, by Iktinos & Kallikrates, 447- 432 BC reconstruction of entablature with colours Athens [brochure, no date] Parthenon, south metope 4: view as preserved, and restored with missing sculpture, metal attachments and suggested colour scheme. British Museum. Miles Lewis restoration of Greek polychrome decoration, unspecified: British Museum Miles Lewis Temple of Zeus (or Olympeion), Akragas (Agrigento), c 510-409 BC an atlante or telamone Lewis, Architectura, p 160 Temple of Zeus (or Olympeion), Akragas (Agrigento), c 510-409 BC, unfinished: plan. Robertson, Greek and Roman Architecture, p 123 Temple of Zeus Olympieon, Agrigento five reconstructions of the ordonnance Agrigento Museum Miles Lewis Temple of Zeus Olympieon, Agrigento reconstruction of the ordonnance model in the Agrigento Museum A W Lawrence, Greek Architecture (Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1957), p 107 Miles Lewis Temple of Zeus, Agrigento: block with a U groove at the end and a channel for a bar on the underside Miles Lewis the ionic order Aeolic precedents Column of the Naxians, Delphi Temple of Artemis, Ephesus Temple of Athena Polias, Priene Temple of Athena Nike, Athens Erectheion, Athens ~ 7/tt\\ T- ff • _ ,,,, -, , , - , ,,, .• , ~ R .·l - E N S E A distribution of the aeolic capital Column of the Naxians, Delphi, first half of C6th BC view, and drawing of the capital Greece, Ministry of Culture Frankfort, Ancient Orient, p 225 Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, late C6th BC: column capital in the British Museum Miles Lewis 1111ii11110~~l~i~.~i~ f i 111111111111CIIt1111 11111111 u II 1.1..U LJ..LU.LLJ..Ulll/111 ·'":::::::;:7, Temple of !l@rJ! ( ,-... "·""' 'I Artemis at . - I :1 ~\\.tl.'o:: :cr:i:a:ll 1ll11 ~..__,-,--.~.__ i I Ephesus, late 1 I I I I I I C6th BC, part I I 1 I I J, I I I I reconstruction I I I I I I I • I ~ I I I I 1\ I I I I I I 111111\1 I I Bodo Cichy, The Great Ages I I I of Architecture: from Ancient I I I I I Greece to the Present Day I I I ~,Cl)~ I I I Ji (Oldbourne Press, London :.:_~ 1 1: I tr-/1-"'I l 1111 1964 [1959]), p 54 '>-,! ; .~'-""-~,~'--,1--1 1!I II _ - .. r l,ll!J.J:d;:~~;tr-'--lr-'7= _ - ~ ' ,,t 'i I l I I I I I I I I I I I Temple of Athena Polias, Priene, by Pytheos, dedicated 334 BC Miles Lewis D AtTAa STAJ'UB BASIS a AC JC Temple of Athena Polias, Priene, by Pytheos, dedicated 334 BC: plan Ekrem Akurgal, Ancient Civilizations and Ruins of Turkey (Istanbul 1985 [1969]), p 188 CORONA cyma fascia dentils UJ a: ::> :sI- Temple of Athena co architrave Polias, Priene, by z~ Pytheos, LU dedicated 334 BC capital the order z ~ ·-- :::) _J 0 u BASE ~~ ~ ~ ~ '-- ~ ---~---~ '-- '- T Wiegand & H I torus - ~ ' Schrader, Priene, ~ spira with 1904 - two scotias plinth egg & dart moulding (ovolo profile) bead & reel moulding (astragal profile) fragment of coffer moulding from the Temple of Athena Polias, British Museum Miles Lewis Temple of Athena Polias, Priene, column bases the generic ‘asiatic’ ionic column base Miles Lewis Temple of Athena Polias, Priene: capital now in the British Museum Miles Lewis other ionic examples column from the Temple of Artemis, Sardis, c 325 BC capital and entablature from Perge Smith, Classical Architecture, p 42 James Steele, Hellenistic Architecture in Asia Minor (London 1992), p 178 '\ - _ _,,. ·- -· Ionic order, from the Temple on the Ilissos, c 450 BC ' I I i i ; I I Trewin Copplestone [ed], World Architecture: an Illustrated History (London 1963), p 48 r -- - 1 Temple of Athena Nike 1 --·- -- - - model of the Acropolis, Athens Scranton, Greek Architecture, fig 64 some temple plan types peripteral – surrounded by a row of columns dipteral - surrounded by two rows prostyle – columns forming a porch at one end amphi-prostyle – porch at both ends Temple of Athena Nike, Athens, c 427-426 BC: view, elevation, detail Jeff Turnbull Carpenter, Architects of the Parthenon, p 87 MUAS 14,834 Temple of Athena Nike, reconstruction Athens [brochure, no date] the Erectheion Erectheion, possibly by Mnesicles, 421-405 BC: view from east Richard Economakis [ed], Acropolis Restoration: the CCAM Intervention (Academy Éditions, London 2007), p 145 Erectheion, Athens, possibly by Mnesicles, 421-405 BC: reconstruction and modern views from the east Athens [brochure, no date]; Economakis, Acropolis Restoration, p 145 the Erectheion, Athens plan, reconstruction view from the east, and reconstruction of staircase and court on the north side, as at the end of the C5th BC Robertson, Greek and Roman Architecture, p 128 Athens [brochure, no date]; Casanaki & Mallouchou, The Acropolis of Athens, p 98 the Erectheion reconstruction of east door wall; plan; east elevation Casanaki & Mallouchou, The Acropolis of Athens, p 97; Robertson, Greek and Roman Architecture, pp 128, 129 Erectheion, west view Richard Economakis [ed], Acropolis Restoration: the CCAM Intervention (Academy Editions, London 2007), p 144 -+ ,·:• ··. .. the Erectheion: west elevation; plan; west view. Robertson, Greek and Roman Architecture, pp 128, 129; Economakis, Acropolis Restoration, p 144 • CL LLA 0 ,- ..r:-: : ..::: :.:::::······s [ . \ / i ••• •• I ' ' ~,...... ' ; the Erectheion Caryatid Porch, plan, view of the south side Lewis, Architectura, p Robertson, Greek and Roman Architecture, p 128 MUAS 6887 caryatid from the Erectheion, British museum Miles Lewis the ‘Attic’ base at the Erectheion compared with the ‘Asiatic’ base at the Temple of Artemis, Sardis Westwell & Pereira, Ancient Monuments Revealed ,p 74 Smith, Classical Architecture, p 42 Miles Lewis an ionic capital (generic) from Jeff Turnbull the north porch of the Erectheion Robertson, Greek and Roman Architecture, p 131 an ionic capital (generic) from Jeff Turnbull / capitals of the east porch of the Erectheion, in situ and at the British Museum R V Schoder, Masterpieces of Greek Art (Studio Books, London, no date), p 46; Miles Lewis the Temple of Apollo Epikourios, Bassai and the origin of the Corinthian order the Temple of Apollo Epikourios, Bassai, by Iktinos, late C5th MUAS 13,766 the Temple of Apollo Epikourios, Bassai: north end MUAS 14,012 , ..., _ ...... 1 _._,. :·.· ~ ·-=··-"'I • I ~ - I ll Temple of Apollo, Bassai restored cross-section, looking towards the adyton and the Corinthian column Tzonis & Giannisi, Classical Greek Architecture, p 48 I /· :• ■ T Iii IIIB Ill a ■ ■ ■ 1• la!" 111 • 8 IIJ I --., I I li!ill :,,:-:. • .. ~ !ll! 81 mtr"-- 11lil■iit--tf_,'i_ ~•: ~ir!!..~ -- ---~. !1-_...;__ ~ ,f1.~~-.::1- 1 __W.H-t .--_r__ Ill_ __ 1,__ :~·!1··~-~--$_ _~_ -. .. ·_::,· ·..-~ ~ ~--~--;...~.- ;!»~__ ;__ -__;_ __-.: .. -. - IE • Jiiii■ ·rill fill ! r.i •' ll'iii ~~~•L- • ~ -~~~~~~ .m= I ■ ·••■..L ■ ~- ...... • • the Temple of Apollo Epikourios, Bassai detail of east side plan MUAS 13,765 Robertson, Greek and Roman Architecture, pl 178 Temple of Apollo Epikourios spur wall base Tzonis & Giannisi, Classical Greek Architecture, p 54 ;1■ 18-r-~ 191 f) ij tB e rll Iii Im fl ~ GJ i@ _ I I Temple of Apollo Epikourios, Bassai. view north along the cella: plan MUAS 13,765; Robertson, Greek and Roman Architecture, pl 178 Temple of Apollo Epikourios: restored axonometric and section of the west wall of the cella / / / Tzonis & Giannisi, Classical Greek / Architecture, p 51 .. t::, .. ' ' - • "{ Temple of Apollo Epikourios, Bassai: reconstruction ,___-- ____-_ ..... - - ,_ - - ..... - ,__ .... ,- view south t-- • ------·- - '-- --· ~ ..... - along the cella ,- ..... '-- - ~ ,._ - ----1 111 -- - - 11 .__ lllllllt=------..... 1------111- - - , - ,.______..... - I--- - ,...... a. Coulton, Greek t; - ~ Architects at Work, p 48 '------Temple of Apollo Epikourios, Bassai: reconstruction of the entrance hall of reconstruction view south along the cella the Zoser complex, Saqqara, Egypt Coulton, Greek Architects at Work, p 48 Smith, The Architecture of Ancient Egypt, pl 17B i ,· u .,...... l ; ,,, . ~··••·- - · •••·•• · ·,. Temple of Apollo Epikourios, Bassai reconstruction view south along the cella; detail of the ionic spurs, corrected from a drawing by Cockerell Coulton, Greek Architects at Work, p 48 Miles Lewis: based upon Robertson, Greek and Roman Architecture, pl 139 " · ---·- ··--- i 1· U ., ...... •• ••. ••. .•. . Temple of Apollo JII ·· - · ·····• ·· · ··· ·· ·- l ; • 1• -· • ••· -- ·• •• •·• ·· .. Epikourios, Bassai detail of the ionic spurs, corrected from a drawing by Cockerell • • • • • • • • • • • plan Miles Lewis: originally from - · · · IJ' O" 0•• • • •• •• 16' I "3!1, . •-•• Robertson, Greek and Roman Architecture, pl 139 Robertson, • • Greek and Roman Architecture, • pl 178 • • • capital from Tarentum Ionic capital at Bassai as drawn by by Cockerell Hans Klumbach, Tarentiner Grabkunst (Gryphius Verlag, Reutlingen 1937), no 203 Robertson, Greek and II Roman Architecture, pl 139 Ii □□□□□□□□ □□□□□□□□ • Temple of Apollo Epikourios, Bassai part reflected plan & elevation of the internal order & reconstructed interior at centre: normal Ionic from the Temple on the Ilissos & normal Roman Corinthian capital Coulton, Greek Architects at Work, pp 48, 127 Apollo Epikourios: Haller von Hallerstein’s drawing of the central Corinthian capital and fragments restored by H Bauer, from von Hallerstein’s drawings Robertson, Greek and Roman Architecture, pl 140 Tzonis & Giannisi, Classical Greek Architecture, p 47 Bassai: the first full Corinthian capital reconstruction interior & the capital reconstructed Coulton, Greek Architects at Work, p 48; Smith, Classical Architecture, p 50 capital from Bassai stele from Megara Hyblaea capital from Tarento Smith, Classical Architecture, p 5; Miles Lewis; H Klumbach, Tarentiner Grabkunst (Gryphius Verlag, Reutlingen 1937), no 258 the three orders Copplestone, World Architecture, p 48 the acanthus plant Miles Lewis the origin of the Corinthian from Roland Fréart Parallèle de l’Architecture Antique et de la Moderne (Paris 1650) the rose of Jericho: seed head in dormant condition the rose of Jericho when open the rose of Jericho – the true acanthus of early Corinthian capitals in metal?