ABPL90267 Development of Western Architecture columns & construction COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 Warning This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of the University of Melbourne pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further copying or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. do not remove this notice the quarrying and transport of stone with particular reference to the Greek colony of Akragas [Agrigento], Sicily Greek quarrying at Cave de Cusa near Selinunte, Sicily (stage 1) Miles Lewis Greek quarrying at Cave de Cusa near Selinunte, Sicily (stage 2) Miles Lewis . ·++ Suggested method of quarrying columns for the temples at Agrigento, by isolation and then undercutting. Pietro Arancio [translated Pamela Crichton], Agrigento: History and Ancient Monuments (no place or date [Agrigento (Sicily) 1973), fig 17 column drum from the Temple of Hercules, Agrigento; diagram Miles Lewis; J G Landels, Engineering in the Ancient World (Berkeley [California] 1978), p 184 suggested method of transporting a block from the quarries of Agrigento Arancio, Agrigento, fig 17 surmised means of moving stone blocks as devised by Metagenes J G Landels, Engineering in the Ancient World (Berkeley [California] 1978), p 18 the method of Paconius Landels, Engineering in the Ancient World, p 184 the raising & placing of stone earth ramps cranes & pulleys lifting grooves the lifting lewis Temple of Juno Lacinia, Agrigento, c 470 BC Miles Lewis Temple of Juno Lacinia, Agrigento: the north colonnade Miles Lewis Temple of Juno Lacinia, detail Miles Lewis Temple of Juno Lacinia, detail Miles Lewis method of attaching a rope to the stone Landels, Engineering in the Ancient World, p 90 a block from the Temple of Juno Lacinia Ioanna Phoca & Panos Valavanis, Rediscovering Ancient Creece: Architecture and City Planning (Athens 1999), p 111 Temple of Zeus, Agrigento: U groove showing undercutting Miles Lewis raising blocks with a crane and pulley Arancio, Agrigento, fig 18 Josef Durm, Die Baukunst der Grechen, (Darmstadt 1892), p 80 , -- other forms of attachment the loop and the lifting lewis Josef Durm, Die Baukunst der Grechen, (Darmstadt 1892), p 80 unidentified column capitals in the British Museum, London, and the Tebessa Museum, Algeria, showing lewis slots for lifting Miles Lewis unidentified column capital in the Tebessa Museum, Algeria, showing lewis slot for lifting Miles Lewis m.1~ -~ l · . 11_ ~ ) 11I~ . ·. '-,,·-.J II . .. ~-.Jt_ .. ' ; '- . .. / .,-....,.\ -.. ·._ t---~•~ . _::-1 · ' . .· ,.. / - ..... .. ~ I , I Greek positioning -. techniques general reconstruction of setting a .. block in place at the ... .. Parthenon Josef Durm, Die Baukunst der Grechen, (Darmstadt 1892), p 80 Casanaki & Mallouchou, The Acropolis of Athens, p 103 masonry construction techniques construction knobs anathyrosis dovetails & cramps (clamps) columns column drums fluting empolia entasis components of the krepidoma, base and orthostate of the south wall of the Pre-Parthenon, reassembled. Richard Economakis [ed], Acropolis Restoration: the CCAM Intervention (Academy Editions, London 2007), p 26 Propylaea, Athens, by Mnesicles, 477-432 BC the Pinakotheke, showing construction knobs George Dontas, The Acropolis and its Museum (Athens 1987), p 25 cramps used in ~ Greek masonry t:1 early Greek monumental masonry U-shaped hole dove-tail cramp band anathyrosis preliminary dressing handling boss Dinsmoor, Architecture of Ancient Greece, p 175 Coulton, Greek Architects at Work, p 47 Temple of Apollo, Corinth, mid-C6th: view, and detail of a fallen column Miles Lewis Temple of Zeus Olympeion, Athens, 174 BC - AD 130 view of a fallen column Miles Lewis Temple G, Selinunte, Sicily, c 540-409, unfinished: empolion recess Miles Lewis anathyrosis and empolia in a column drum. ·· ·· -·· ➔ empolion in the ~~-- 1/ Acropolis Museum, ,/ / Athens dowels and empolia used to align column drums •. 0 ~ Miles Lewis G E Sandström, Man the • ' I Builder (New York --o,:·!'.... 1970), p 70 '• I Durm, Die Baukunst der tj Grechen, p 94 Temple of Athena Polias, Priene, by Pytheos, dedicated 334 BC a column drum Miles Lewis Temple of Hera Argiva, Paestum, c 550 BC: fluting of the south column in antis from the opisthodomos Alexander Tzonis & Phoebe Giannisi, Classical Greek Architecture: the Construction of the Modern (Flammarion, Paris 2004), p 214 detail of an unfinished column drum from the Pre- Parthenon Richard Economakis [ed], Acropolis Restioration: the CCAM Intervention (Academy Editions, London 2007), p 22 detail of an unfinished column drum from the Pre- Parthenon: interpreted relimin ry ti g Miles Lewis, based on Richard do e o the gro Economakis [ed], Acropolis Restioration: the fi al fl ,ting CCAM done ins· 1u Intervention (Academy Editions, London 2007), p 22 the process of fluting a Doric column, modified from Dinsmoor Miles Lewis rough quarry surface and handling r' · ·..· ·· ·.. · ' · . .· 1 . ... .. : ·. ·.·: bosses removed to create a cylinder l · (a) cylindrical mantle removed to create taper & entasis ; (b) polygonal facets created initial cut of fluting final dressing of fluting and sharp arrises ENTASIS ro u it is a swelling outside +J 1... Q) > the line of the taper it is (approximately) an arc of a circle maximum entasis at 1/3rd to 2/Sths height no part of the column is wider than the base – it is not cigar-shaped Temple of Apollo, Didyma, 332 BC - AD C2nd lines inscribed on the limestone adyton wall Lothar Haselberger, 'The Construction Plans for the Temple of Apollo at Didyma', Scientific American, CCLIII, 6 (December 1985), p 120 ~ TOP RADIUS OF ·/ ·.:·:._TO~· . OF .. ·COLUMN · · SHAFT -==::t:======-::-- ~·7COLUMN·:c··f"".~:f.:~--7""''"7;~;_::., SHAFT.:...~- ~-.;.- :.;·~j_.....:..:.. .. :-· :· .. _... .· . :_:::::'.:.:;;/\:.. :,_, .. :: . .· ' • . •. ;;;; <c,,, , , ' . '' ...- :::::(:·~,:·-:-.-::·.. ·.:· : . =;·~---:__ :. .. · :• ;{;t;W' ·.·· .·· · ·: ,,;) ' .. ' .\: ' ' f(f f .::_:_. __.: · .. ..·. ·--·~-:.. , :,.:, , i/ •· ' ··•2oN,uuR ·ARc '_ '.._\'._,:_.\, _\_:·;.r 1:i.\J](;; -.: . • ..:· ·._:•(/ : . ~-'.~ :. ... : ::· . .·~ - .,· ·-••,t. ~}\{f:~:~--:~:..' ·.: .;; __. _.;_ .,_·::_·.·:~::~_· · ·. .· -··-:·:.:... ·.'l ··.•··• .• !· -:· ·: :.:- :_.· .. ·.n. ·.. i : . :, .. • • ·-4 .•. :;_ _. ... : : •,• · ' . ·:·.·:.1··· ..• · \··.-:/ ... :· , -: .-.~: : ·:-..: -.:. : ---~,;: _. .···.. :_-·: : ... ... ~.;;·:--;:-+.:t~~~--::·..,,.,.··=-=-::.::,::.:i.~"7i~ ~ ~ ~--;=··~--'·~-~--·.;-·.:..·..;.·_·=C:~~.:::-_J I+----'..:.. .. ( / } ;- ... ·_-AX1i0Fsv'M~ETRY_t•_, :: ,;;c;i;f•i;~;;)i\,}gg(id;,;;9-,~fy~,~%~\~~!¾l~\.t<~:•;:;.·L>~~ii~~¾i,)ti;P:,N0&t~~~1t.rr:~~/;{d~vn::fr:"l•1,:)I:';:;0,z'.!!t1. Temple of Apollo, Didyma reconstruction of the diagrams inscribed on the adyton wall (red squares indicate the location of the photographs) Lothar Haselberger, 'The Construction Plans for the Temple of Apollo at Didyma', Scientific American, CCLIII, 6 (December 1985), p 120 TOP RADIUS OF ~. · COLUMN SHAFT > . .. ,:"". '!"'• •~-,.-:--~---.~ =--.-.-:..~ . -."!':"""- -~ -· _. .,,.;• · ~· .."--.-- --- --- :.---+- - : :.· .. ..-.. : ::. :·.· : .. :. ... ... _..:.I·-: . .· . •.: .... ; ·: .·: . Temple of Apollo, Didyma .. · .•. I .. ··.... ~ ... detail of the inscription showing ·.··. :· .. ... .. ·....· ··. the geometric construction of : .: ', - . ·~·-:. ·. entasis ...' .... :. ~ I . .... ... ·-· -.· ....: .. I ·:.··. · . .,- . ·.. J ·.:• . ""'It,:•: . : .. : .....\ :::· . ' .... ::: : .. ' :; ·. .. - maximum entasis at ..1 . 1/3rd to 2/Sths height . I. • . •. :.-:::.: ., ·• : ··•·.: ·: .. .. ..... ··-· --~~-~~-- -- ----------_.,.,_ ::. .._.::· ., ···-~·· .... ..__ .. ,·. _. _ . ... • ...•: . : .··~ . '· =-.. .:: . .. •·:·: . .. .\ . .. .. .. .. : ·. ....··.·.·=. ... • . ,.. ....... ·. : . :· ...... :, ~OTTOM.~~DIUS Of . I • • •• < :,-::•.: ➔. ·. .. ♦ ·. :; ..........- ........~~ COLUMN SHAFT ..............- ..·--···--· ..•···"' ·---- •• •• · • . • .. • · • · ·-- • • ~ • •• •' lt' •••.: • . ._:. .:,:.,.... .........: · ·:· , : ·,•,:· · ! !',, J r-,..• .• .........· :: .• • • ·.. · ... •♦ Temple of Apollo, Didyma lines inscribed on the adyton wall for the column base (detail at A); interpretation including corrections, and actual base Haselberger, 'Temple of Apollo', p 120 1 2 1 .. a l I 14 b l ' 3 4 5 6 Didyma: design process for the base of column measurements in dactyls • A:B is 1:2 Haselberger, 'Temple of Apollo', p 119 iron reinforcement in the Propylaea, Athens Propylaea, Athens, by Mnescicles, 437-432 BC, west elevation Richard Economakis [ed], Acropolis Restoration: the CCAM Intervention (Academy Editions, London 2007), p 54 Propylaea, Athens, by Mnescicles, 437-432 BC from the inside Lewis, Architectura, p 64 .: .. ,·• .·:. -:· . •.•, . •. ­ . ' • -.-.· .'-. ....._.·: : : ~ ... :: - ~:: . :-:·.. .~ .. .. : ·.. ,;- . .. .. ... ' . ·•. .. .· .. ~' - . · . - . .· .·.. :_· _.\·· · •. , . ·:·-;· .. .: ::. --~---:,•:.: ...- . ·: ~--:.. : : - : ·.· -- -----,.•-- Propylaea: diagram of the Ionic entablature with the architrave reinforced by iron bars W B Dinsmoor, 'Structural Iron in Greek Architecture', American Journal of Archaeology, 2nd series, XXVI, 2 (1922), p 163 WU4 w t * t W/2 W/2 w WU8 W/2 W/2 WU8 W/2 W/2 t * * t W/2 W/2 L the Propylaea the effect of the iron bars upon the bending moment Miles Lewis roof tiles the tegula & the imbrex the Parthenon roof construction & reassembled