Origini xliii, 2019: 209-234

PROTOHISTORIC ITALIAN CERAMICS: TOWARDS A GENERAL FABRICS CLASSIFICATION AND INTERPRETATION

Valentina Cannavò*, Andrea Di Renzoni**, Sara T. Levi***, Daniele Brunelli*

Abstract – This is the first synthetic and comparative presentation of the petrographic classification of and Early Iron Age pottery as result of the interdisciplinary project Wikipottery per- formed by our team over the last 30 years. We analyzed collections from the Central Mediterranean and designed a specific database to store, standardize, classify and share the data. We show here the results from 88 archaeological sites and 1654 samples classified into 169 fabrics: technological compositions that identify the petrographic signatures of individual production centres/workshops/ individuals. These rigorous compositional formulae are conceptually on the same level as the mor- phological types defined by quantitative approaches. We present this general experiment and discuss the relevance of ceramic technological/compositional data for the reconstruction of environment, circulation, cultural identity, complexity and innovation in ancient societies. Keywords – pottery, bronze age, early iron age, petrography, fabric, classification, circulation Riassunto – Questa è la prima presentazione sintetica e comparativa della classificazione petrografica della ceramica dell’età del bronzo e della prima età del ferro e rappresenta il risultato del progetto in- terdisciplinare Wikipottery, portato avanti dal nostro gruppo negli ultimi 30 anni. Abbiamo analizzato collezioni ceramiche dal Mediterraneo centrale e sviluppato un database specifico per raccogliere, stan- dardizzare, classificare e condividere i dati. In questo articolo vi sono i risultati da 88 siti archeologici e 1654 campioni classificati in 169 impasti: la composizione tecnologica che identifica le caratteristiche pe- trografiche di singoli centri produttivi/botteghe/individui. Queste rigorose formule composizionali sono concettualmente allo stesso livello della tipologia morfologica, definite attraverso approcci quantitativi. Presentiamo questo esperimento generale e discutiamo l’importanza dei dati tecnologico-composizio- nali della ceramica per la ricostruzione dell’ambiente, della circolazione, dell’identità culturale, della complessità e dell’innovazione nelle antiche società. Parole chiave – ceramica, età del bronzo, età del ferro primo, petrografia, impasto, classificazione, circolazione

INTRODUCTION the technological characters are as import- The theoretical and methodological as- ant as the morphological/stylistic ones. sumption of the present proposal is that We belong to the never-ending discussion

* Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Modena - , [email protected] ** Istituto di Scienze del Patrimonio Culturale - CNR, Montelibretti (RM) - Italy *** City University of New York, Hunter College, New York – USA; Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Dipar- timento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Modena - Italy 209 Protohistoric Italian ceramics about the role of pottery in archaeology1, ganization behind them based on the pro- the relationship between archaeology and duction and circulation of ceramics. We archaeometry and the challenges of inter- present here a new general petrographic disciplinarity (Cuomo di Caprio 2017; Levi, classification and interpretation originat- Muntoni 2014; Levi, Sonnino 2006; Levi, ed from the interdisciplinary collaboration Vertuani 2017; Tite 2008; Vidale 2007). between the University of Modena and Our team grew up in a sophisticated Reggio Emilia and the CNR-ISPC (Roma): environment concerning the typologi- the ‘Wikipottery’ project for Central Med- cal classification of shape and decoration iterranean pottery2. (Levi 1990). We have been inspired in nu- merous heterogeneous ways, for example Samples and database by working with Renato Peroni (1967, 1985, The collection of samples results from 1998), by David Clarke’s analytical method more than 30 years of fieldwork and sam- (1968, 1970), by workshops with Sander pling carried out by our team in close col- van der Leeuw, Massimo Vidale and Peter laboration with numerous archaeologists3. Day, by experimental archaeology (Brodà The majority belongs to well identifiable et alii 2009; Desogus et alii 1995; Vanzetti et specimens (culturally and chronologically alii 2014) and by ethnoarchaeology (Vidale attributable). The collection includes dif- 2004). Trial and error took their place in ferent pottery wares, other various ceramic our search for more efficient methods in pottery treatment, documentation, inter- artifacts (daubs, cooking slabs, kilns, loom pretation and publication (Levi, Vanzetti weights, figurines…) and geological raw ma- 2017; Levi, Vertuani 2017). We aim to build terials (clays and sands). The chronological a standardized and rigorous methodology timeframe represented is mainly prehistor- in order to define pottery technology and ic and protohistoric: Neolithic - Early Iron composition as a tool to better understand Age (7th–1th millennium BCE). The geo- social organization, trade, function, envi- graphical distribution is not homogeneous, ronment, complexity and change in an- being influenced by the sampling history of cient societies. our team, but covers large portions of the Eastern Po Valley, the Adriatic, Ionian and Southern Tyrrhenian areas, and Malta. METHODS AND GOALS A Geo-database was designed and re- One crucial point in studying ancient pot- alized for a combined management of the tery is to find the significant taxonomic different kind of data: geographical data, units useful to describe potters’ behaviors related mainly to the locations of the ar- and choices. For ceramic pastes, the goal is chaeological contexts and descriptive data, to discover the provenance of the raw ma- related to the attributes of the contexts terials and the ‘recipes’ in their preparation and artifacts4. This framework has been and to use this data to reveal the social or- used as data storage and as an analytical

1 In a famous world’s history in 100 objects only 10% of the entire selection is made with clay, including six pots and one cluster of sherds: the Tanzianian Kilwa potsherds defined as “a collection of ‘rubbish’ useful to reveal networks” (MacGregor 2010). 2 Preliminary presentations at the European Meeting of Ancient Ceramics: Padova (2013) and (2015). 3 First investigations and analyses were performed at the Museo delle Origini, Sapienza University, Rome. 4 Descriptive, classificatory and interpretative data (texts, numbers and images): provenance, publication, preservation, shape, decoration, technological/macroscopic characteristics, composition (analytical data), 210 Valentina Cannavò et alii tool to produce statistical and distributive and fabrics. This system follows a mono- analysis. The whole database now includes thetic (hierarchical) structure (Whallon more than 2500 samples from nearly 200 1972) for the definition of the Groups and mainland and island sites. The collection uses an approach typical of the polythetic of the data is organized by the authors and classification (Clarke 1970) for the Fabrics. several students have been involved in the Group: defines the geological/litholog- project (including an experimental Chi- ical characteristics of the principal clasts nese-Mandarin version). (whether as temper added by potters or naturally-occurring in clay deposits) and Structure and meaning is articulated using the following nomen- of the petrographic classification clatures: Pottery fabric or paste composition is main- • ly investigated by chemical, micro-chemi- E=Effusive, I=Intrusive, M=Meta- cal and minero-petrographic analyses. morphic, S=Sedimentary, G=Generic, For finer wares -mainly composed of Z=without temper. Groups character- clay- the standard methodology is the defi- ized by different lithological charac- nition of the chemical reference groups ters are indicated with the appropri- and the identification of local specimens, ate labels, for example ES=Effusive + outliers and imports, for example the case Sedimentary; study of the Mycenaean and Italo-Myce- • due to the peculiar complexity and naean pottery (Jones et alii 2014). variability of the effusive compo- The Impasto traditional Italian proto- nents in the Italian geological make- historic ware is generally coarse and char- up, the Effusive group is further subdi- acterized by the presence of clasts with the vided based on chemical composition ceramic paste being the result of mixing and inspired by TAS (Total Alkali Sili- different materials such as clay, soil, rocks, ca) diagram: EB= Basaltic, EA=Andes- minerals, grog, shells, organic materials itic, ET=Trachytic, ED=Daci-rhyolitic, (Carpenito et alii 2009). Other technolog- EP=Phonolitic; ical characteristics are the burnished sur- • when a non-negligible background face and the handmade (coil and/or mold) fraction, such as detrital quartz, is manufacturing technique; decorations are present alongside a dominant intro- mainly incised or impressed. duced and coarser Effusive compo- For this textural characteristic, petrog- nent, a lowercase letter is added to raphy5 is the main tool to investigate the indicate the presence of this detri- Impasto, the bulk chemical composition tal fraction: q=quartz groundmass; being often insufficient or even misleading m=mica groundmass; (Day, Kiriatzi 1999; Levi 2010; Neff et alii • the presence of grog -crushed ce- 1989). ramic- a diffused component both The petrographic classification has alone or in combination with oth- been articulated on two main levels: groups ers, is specified: (+grog). structure, classification (for example typology, technological complexity, petrographic fabrics, chemical refer- ence groups), interpretation (suggested origin, cultural aspects or facies, chronology, function). 5 Other works have inspired our project, for example the recent Mediterranean survey of Stirrup Jars (Haskell et alii 2011), some Italian regional projects (Capelli, Mannoni 1998; Martini et alii 1996), and, -of course- the pio- neering work of John Williams in the 1960s (1980, 1991) now completely incorporated in our project. 211 Protohistoric Italian ceramics

and technological properties of every pro- duction. Our classification tries to merge minor differences highlighting the major compositional and textural characters that possibly derive from deliberate choices of the potter or result from the local avail- ability of raw materials in the frame of the socially accepted behavior. These com- positional formulae are conceptually on the same level as the morphological types defined by quantitative approaches (for example Clarke 1970). The evaluation of the variability/standardization gives then clues illustrating the social organization of production, ranging from household to workshop levels (Levi 2010, Levi, Muntoni 2014). Our current aim for creating this clas- Fig. 1 - Geographical distribution of the archaeological sification system and database is the sys- sites; for list, chronology, samples and bibliography, tematic, statistical analysis of fabric geo- see Tab. 1. graphical distribution and local variability in order to allow a rigorous definition of Fabric: defines the characteristics of the the significant taxonomic units or ‘types’ main constituents including the type, size, representing technological compositions abundance and shape of the clasts and the that identify the petrographic signatures texture and granularity of the matrix. The of individual production centers or even of description follows the main criteria pro- specific potters. posed for ceramic petrology accounting for the distribution and relative abundance of FABRICS DISTRIBUTION AND clasts, grains, voids and clay matrix (Quinn INTERPRETATION 2013; Whitbread 1986, 1989). A unique In this paper for the first time we present number has been assigned to each fabric together the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age in the general lithological group. fabrics of our Central Mediterranean col- This rigorous scientific approach is lections7: 1654 samples from 88 archaeolog- based on the heuristic and ethical6 intu- ical sites (Fig. 1, Tab. 1). A total of 169 fabrics ition that potters’ production styles and have been defined and are summarized in social tendencies and habits must be table 2. This new classification allows for readable and measurable in the recipes discussion of results and implications at a of every single artifact. This is because the more general level, whilst a more detailed recipe defines all mechanical, functional presentation for specific geographical ar-

6 Regarding emic/ethic opposition in pottery typology and classification see, for example: Ford 1954a, 1954b; Klejn 1982; Spaulding 1953, 1954; Wallon and Brown 1982. 7 For a general survey of the Neolithic and Chalcolithic studies see Muntoni 2002; Muntoni, Pallecchi 2006; Levi, Muntoni 2014). Neolithic and Chalcolithic samples of our project are presented in Levi et alii 2019 (South- ern Tyrrhenian). 212 Valentina Cannavò et alii

Fig. 2 - Microscope images of main selected local fabrics; horizontal dimension 5.5 mm; cross polarized light except ED102, EDS1 plane polarized light; see Tab. 2.

213 Protohistoric Italian ceramics eas is presented elsewhere8 (Cannavò, Levi, canic phonolitic components in a ground- 2018; Levi et alii 2019b). The consistency of mass with quartz and mica are typical of the fabrics is variable: about one quarter is the Central Tyrrhenian. The fabrics found represented by a single sample, half of the on sites in the are well total by two to ten samples and a quarter characterized with lava clasts or minerals by more than 11 samples each, including pertaining to basaltic and andesitic com- five fabrics with more than 50 samples and positions at , Salina and Filicudi three fabrics with more than 100 examples. and daci-rhyolitic at ; Eastern Sicily is Local products and imports are presented characterized by basaltic compositions. At and discussed separately in the following Lipari toward the end of the Middle Bronze paragraphs. Age the local volcanic temper (mostly da- ci-rhyolitic) is added to a clay with detrital Local fabrics quartz imported from North-East Sicily: Products with raw materials locally avail- with those components some Apennine able (approximately in a range of 5-10 km) pots are manufactured and, since the Late are easily distinguishable in the different Bronze Age, the majority of the fine Impas- areas clearly reflecting the complex and to tableware, the Piumata and the South variable lithological composition of the Italian Protogeometric wares. Combina- Italian terrains. For instance, in the Tyr- tions of effusive and sedimentary com- rhenian area (peninsular Italy and islands) ponents are attested in Southern Adriatic there is a great availability of effusive (pumice, calcite and grog) and in Eastern rocks, whilst raw materials are mainly sed- Sicily (basalt and fossils). imentary in the Adriatic and Ionian areas Intrusive and metamorphic (Fig. 5) are and in most parts of Sicily. The local fabrics attested in fabrics from specific areas such are generally well-characterized by clasts as the Southern Plain of , Eastern present (fabrics without clasts are only Ionian (Calabria), Southern Tyrrhenian significantly present in the Po Valley for ta- (Calabria and Campania), Northern Sicily bleware). We present the data according to (including a South Italian Protogeometric the lithological compositions (see Tab. 2); specimen) and also in the Po Valley. The a selection of the main fabrics is illustrated main types of rock are granite, mica schist, in Figs. 2 and 3. polycrystalline quartz and quartz schist. Effusive (Fig. 4): protohistoric potters Mixed component fabrics combining loved effusive compositions; it is the pre- both metamorphic and sedimentary clasts ferred choice in each area where this kind are mainly attested in the Po Valley-Veneto of raw material is available whether found (polycrystalline quartz, chert and grog), in naturally in clay or added as temper: Aeo- the central part of the Plain of Sybaris and lian Islands (seven volcanic islands), Cen- Tursi area (sandstone, siltstone, feldspath- tral Tyrrhenian (Lazio, Campagna), East- ic sand and polycrystalline quartz) and ern Sicily (Etna and Hyblaean Mountains) also in the Island of Vivara in the gulf of and Southern Adriatic (after the Vesuvian Napoli. Intrusive components combined Pomici di Avellino eruption, Levi 2018). The with sedimentary rock and grog temper are geographical distribution of the different attested at Capo Piccolo (Ionian arc). compositions of the samples reflects the Sedimentary and/or grog (Fig. 6) are the variability of the local raw materials. Vol- most frequent in terms of sites (more than

8 The complete and detailed publication for Sicily and Malta is in preparation. 214 Valentina Cannavò et alii

Fig. 3 - Microscope images of main selected local fabrics; horizontal dimension 5.5 mm; cross polarized light except S21, G203 plane polarized light; see Tab. 2.

215 Protohistoric Italian ceramics

Fig. 4 - Geographical distribution of the main local Fig. 5 - Geographical distribution of the main local fa- fabrics: EB=Effusive Basaltic, EA=Andesitic, ET=Tra- brics: I=Intrusive, IM=Metamorphic+Intrusive; IS+In- chitic, ED=Daci-rhyolitic, EP=Phonolitic; EBq=Basal- trusive+Sedimentary; M=Metamorphic, MS=Meta- tic with quartz groundmass; EPq/m=Phonolitic with morphic+Sedimentary; see Tab. 1. quartz/mica groudmass; EBS=Basaltic+Sedimentary; EDS=Daci-rhyolitic+Sedimentary; see Tab. 1.

50), fabrics (more than 50) and number in Southern Adriatic and in Sicily; fabrics of samples (almost 700). We discuss these characterized only by grog are frequent in compositions together because grog is more the Po Valley-Terramare area, Middle Adri- diffused in sedimentary environments, atic, Southern Adriatic, Ionian arc and Sicily. alone or in combination with sedimentary components. The calcite/grog alternative in Imported fabrics ancient pottery has been frequently debat- For 41 fabrics the compositions are not ed, with the grog probably better perform- compatible with the lithology of the site/ ing for pots fired in oxidizing conditions area of discovery and can be classified as after some experimental reproduction (see imports (see table 3). Among them, four discussion in Levi 2010). Large fossils are fabrics in the Plain of Sybaris and three attested in the Po Valley (Veneto) and at fabrics in the Aeolian are attested in both Scoglio del Tonno in area; calcite is their production areas and in other sites, frequent in the Po Valley, at Coppa Neviga- therefore suggesting the existence of re- ta and in the northern part of the Plain of gional circulation networks (see below). Sybaris; micritic calcite is present in Romag- The majority of imports belong to the ar- na, Southern Adriatic and Northern Plain eas with most numerous sampling (Plain of Sybaris; siltstones and sandstones (often of Sybaris in the Ionian Arc and Aeolian Is- combined) are typical of the Northern Plain lands in the Southern ) and/ of Sybaris. Fabrics with sedimentary compo- or with a larger lithological variability. Oth- nents and grog are frequent in the Po Valley, er projects involving Northern Tyrrhenian, 216 Valentina Cannavò et alii another area with a high lithological vari- ability have also detected a significant per- centage of imports, very often with effusive compositions (Mannoni 19914; Mannoni, Giannichedda 1996; Martini et alii 1996). The imports outline the existence of the following networks: • Plain of Sybaris/Ionian: circulation mainly involves Impasto produced in the southern part of the plain and imported to the north at a distance of 20-40 km9. The majority of im- ports are closed vessels suitable for transport with fabrics characterized by intrusive and metamorphic com- ponents (Levi 1999); • Aeolian Islands/Southern Tyrrhe- nian: Aeolian products circulating between the Islands and in the Tyr- Fig. 6 - Geographical distribution of the main local fa- rhenian during the Early-Middle brics: S=Sedimentary, S (+grog)=Sedimentary + Grog; Bronze Age. Lipari products with G (+grog)=Generic with grog; see tab. 1. daci-rhyolitic components circulat- ed toward the other Aeolian Islands the Archipelago (abundant at Strom- and in the Southern Tyrrhenian boli) during the Early-Middle Bronze (as also testified by the Pignataro Age; imports include some Rodì-Tin- di Fuori shipwreck). Products of dari and Apennine pots (Levi et alii the other Islands (Filicudi, Salina, 2019); b) South Italian Protogeomet- Stromboli) with andesitic compo- ric vessels imported to Lipari from nents circulated in the Archipelago, the Peninsula during the Late Bronze but not toward Lipari, and in several Age (Williams, Levi 2008); locations in Southern Tyrrhenian. • Sicily: Early/Middle Bronze Age Imports from Lipari include Capo products of the Etna are in circula- Graziano decorated vessels (at Vi- tion toward the northern coast of vara and ) and imports from Sicily (Milazzo, Messina), including the other Islands include pithoi and a Castelluccian amphora; cooking pots (at Milazzo, • Central South Mediterranean: Borg- and Taureana) (Levi et alii 2019); in-Nadur pottery from Malta toward • Southern Tyrrhenian: this network the southern coast of Sicily (Can- can be further articulated according natello). So far, no imports from Sic- chronology, wares and sites: a) Im- ily have been found at Malta (Tanasi pasto ware with a wide range of com- et alii 2019); positions suggesting multiple origins • Eastern Mediterranean: a huge cir- in the Peninsula and Sicily toward culation network involving prod-

9 A similar circulation pattern is attested for the pithoi, the very large vessels (up to 1000 lt) used for transport or storage (Levi 1999). 217 Protohistoric Italian ceramics

ucts and craftsmen. In the present ramic samples, for example at Broglio di collection Cypriot pithoi with effu- Trebisacce and at Coppa Nevigata where sive components have been found a clear preference has been shown for cal- at Salina and Cannatello in Middle cite-bearing fabrics being used to make Bronze Age 3/Recent Bronze Age cooking pots, with pumice found solely in contexts. Other petrographic analy- tableware fabrics. In the Po Valley, domi- ses outlined the presence of Cretan nated by grog fabrics, no main chronolog- Stirrup Jars at Cannatello (Haskell ical variability is evident, but some func- et alii 2011) whilst the numerous im- tional differences between tableware and ports from the Aegean dated from cooking pots are evident. At Lipari a sin- the Middle to the Late Bronze Age gle fabric shows a remarkable continuity according chemical composition through the Early and Middle Bronze Age have been presented and discussed (a phenomenon observed since the first in Jones et alii 2014; occupation of the Island in the Neolithic). • Western Mediterranean: imports However, when all the other Aeolian is- from have been found in lands are abandoned in correspondence of Lipari and Cannatello in Late Bronze a strong cultural change in the Late Bronze Age contexts: Nuragic pithoi and Age, the manufacture is innovative and closed vessels with andesite and mica versatile with the introduction of import- schist and, possibly, a one-spouted ed clay, a range of new types of clasts and pinched lamp (Levi et alii 2017). painted decorations. The combination of the cultural as- DISCUSSION AND PERSPECTIVES pects (facies) and regional groups with Several geographically distinct patterns fabrics/technology can be used to under- have emerged from examination of the da- stand cultural interactions, boundaries tabase, including the impact of local geol- and identities. Some case studies show ogy on the occurrence of specific clasts in the possible correlation between regional rock-gritted fabrics, the direct correlation groups and technological choices or, con- of specific inclusions in fabrics to function- versely, technological choices that cross al classes of vessels, the non-linear overlap- the barriers. For instance in the first case, ping between stylistic and technological the stylistic separation between central choices, and the circulation involving spe- and southern Adriatic is coherent with cific wares and regions. the different distribution of grog (central The local lithology strongly influenc- Adriatic) and sedimentary/silicates fabrics es the choice of raw materials, with the (southern Adriatic), in the second case, preference of effusive components where grog fashion is diffused both in Terramare available. Grog is diffused in sedimentary (Po Valley) and in central Adriatic, but it is areas and only in few cases used in fabrics absent from the Romagna area (Cannavò, with different compositions. Among the Levi 2018). sedimentary areas here considered the Regarding the circulation in the Cen- Northern Plain of Sybaris is the only one tral Mediterranean the petrographic data where the grog is not diffused, but with an for Impasto and other coarse products are abundant use of siltstone. complementary to the chemistry of the Chronological and functional vari- fine, painted and wheel-made tableware ability has been observed in some site as- and prestigious pottery imported in Italy semblages represented by numerous ce- from the Aegean since the Middle Bronze 218 Valentina Cannavò et alii

Age. Our set of petrographic analyses10 ethnicity, and social organization of pro- underlines the relevance of maritime cir- duction. Numerous styles (Capo Graziano, culation, at different scales, not only for Apennine, Nuragic, Rodì Tindari, South prestigious vessels but also for utilitarian Italian Protogeometric and Piumata) ap- and transport including large pithoi. This pear to be imitated. For instance, in the is particularly visible in the case of the Ae- case of Rodì Tindari produced at Strom- olian Archipelago where the combination boli, the hypothesis of a female house- of the peculiar local geology and the ex- hold workshop production coupled with a tension of the research project allow a very southern Tyrrhenian distribution network articulated reconstruction. The presence involving marriage exchanges has been hy- of imported vessels especially in coastal pothesized (Levi et alii 2017). sites is a logical consequence of the sea We hope that this (proposal of) fabric being, more than the land, a means of con- classification reinforces the idea that com- nection, especially since the half of second position and technology are embedded in millennium BCE when the use of the sail the typological method and useful for inter- is adopted in the Central Mediterranean pretation of the archaeological record. And, zone (Broodbank 2013; Knapp, van Dom- because this is a work in progress, we would melen 2015; van Dommelen, Knapp 2010). like to finish with some open questions: With regard to whether it is possible to • What are the implications of clay confirm either the circulation of pots or the selection, refinement and mixing? movement of potters between regions and What is the relative importance of the meaning of cultural boundaries we can the groundmass (clay, silt, soil…) consider some results about specific wares and the clasts? and styles recovered outside their main dis- • Are some components more import- tribution/production areas. For example, ant than others? When are the minor locally-produced “exotic”-style pots (i.e. components (very few/rare) crucial imitations) are usually interpreted as the in the definition of the fabrics? production of non-local potters or, alterna- • How much does the degree of litho- tively, of local potters adopting/imitating logical variability in the available lo- foreign traditions (Levi 2010). A prelimi- cal raw materials influence potters’ nary summary (due to the limited number choices? of analyses for some cases) is presented in • What is the meaning of local (pro- table 4. For the specialized Italo-Mycenaean duction) and regional (production/ ware the technological transfer has been in- circulation) in different cultural and terpreted as the result of a complex pattern geographical contexts? involving the presence of Aegean potters • How should we tackle the ambigu- and the progressive introduction of local ities about the circulation of pots vs. potters in the manufacturing process (Jones raw materials? et alii 2014; Borgna, Levi 2015). • How important is the social organi- For the other wares much more work zation of production to defining the has to be done: the cultural and social boundaries of significant variability? meaning of the exotic pottery locally pro- • How can we efficiently represent duced, challenge the definition of the cul- and share the technological data in tural aspects involving topics like identity, the publications including the ar-

10 Together with other petrographic projects for Northern Tyrrhenian, see above. 219 Protohistoric Italian ceramics

chaeological drawing? How can we Effie Photos-Jones, Elena Basso, Elena Pec- fully incorporate the fabrics in the chioni, Italo Maria Muntoni, John Williams, classificatory game of the archaeo- Lorenzo D’Alfonso, Massimo Vidale, Mauri- logical typology? zio Sonnino, Ninina Cuomo di Caprio, Peter Day, Richard Jones, Stefano Lugli, Vassili ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Kilikoglou, Yannis Maniatis. Thin sections We are grateful to numerous scholars for have been prepared by John Williams, Ar- discussions and ideas about archaeometry, mando Coeli, Massimo Bortolotti and Simo- among them: Alberto Cazzella, Alessandro na Marchetti Dori. The Wikipottery project Vanzetti, Andrea Cardarelli, David Jenkins, is supported by Preistoria Attuale.

Site Samples Main archaeometric publications Site Chronology Other analyses N. (PE) (with references therein) 1 Castel de Pedena EBA-EIA 6 XRF Cannavò, Levi 2018 2 Montebelluna EIA 4 Cannavò, Levi 2018 Cannavò, Levi 2018; Cannavò et 3 Bovolone RBA 11 XRD, XRF, ICP alii 2017a; Jones et alii 2014 4 Castion d’Erbè RBA-FBA 21 Cannavò, Levi 2018 Cannavò, Levi 2018; Cannavò et 5 Terranegra RBA 6 INAA alii 2017a; Jones et alii 2014 Cannavò, Levi 2018; Cannavò et 6 Lovara RBA 6 ICP alii 2017a; Jones et alii 2014 Bettelli et alli 2015; Cannavò, XRD, INAA, Levi 2018; Cannavò et alii 2017a; 7 Fondo Paviani MBA-RBA 12 ICP Jenkins et alii 1999; Jones et alii 2002, 2014 Cannavò, Levi 2018; Jenkins et alii 8 Castello del Tartaro MBA3-RBA 3 INAA 1999; Jones et alii 2014 Cannavò, Levi 2009, 2018; Can- XRD, XRF, 9 Fabbrica dei Soci MBA3-RBA 7 navò et alii 2017; Jenkins et alii INAA 1999; Jones et alii 2014 Cannavò, Levi 2018; Jenkins et 10 Canova MBA 5 ICP alii 1999 Cannavò, Levi 2014, 2018; Cannavò 11 Casinalbo MBA-RBA 39 XRD, XRF et alii 2017a XRD, XRF, Cannavò, Levi 2018; Cannavò et 12 Montale MBA2-RBA1 81 X-Ray, Experi- alii 2017a mental 13 Spilamberto MBA-RBA 4 Cannavò, Levi 2018 XRD, XRF, Cannavò, Levi 2018; Cannavò et 14 Montebarello MBA 12 X-Ray, Experi- alii 2017a mental XRD, XRF, Cannavò Levi 2018; Cannavò et 15 Pontenuovo MBA-RBA 13 X-Ray, Experi- alii 2017a mental XRD, XRF, Cannavò, Levi 2018; Cannavò et 16 Gorzano MBA-RBA 54 X-Ray, Experi- alii 2017a mental

220 Valentina Cannavò et alii

XRD, XRF, Cannavò, Levi 2018; Cannavò et 17 Ca de Monesi MBA-RBA 5 X-Ray, Experi- alii 2017a mental XRD, XRF, Cannavò, Levi 2018; Cannavò et 18 Castiglione di Marano MBA-RBA 13 X-Ray, Experi- alii 2017a mental XRD, XRF, Cannavò, Levi 2018; Cannavò et 19 San Giuliano Toscanella MBA3-RBA 8 X-Ray alii 2017a Cannavò, Levi 2018; Cannavò et 20 Monte Castellaccio MBA-RBA 12 XRF, X-Ray alii 2017a Cannavò, Levi 2018; Jones et alii 21 Ancona MBA-FBA 4 ICP 2014 Cannavò, Levi 2018; Jones et alii 22 Jesi MBA-RBA 5 ICP 2014 Cannavò, Levi 2018; Jones et alii 23 Tolentino MBA-RBA 5 ICP 2014 XRD, XRF, Cannavò, Levi 2018; Cioni et alii INAA, ICP, 24 Coppa Nevigata MBA-RBA 155 2000; Jones, Levi 2012; Jones et alii SEM, Porosity, 2014; Levi 2018; Levi et alii 1995 X-Ray, Cannavò, Levi 2018; Cioni et alii 25 Madonna di Loreto MBA3 3 INAA, SEM 2000 Cannavò, Levi 2018; Cioni et alii 26 Terra di Corte - Ipogeo 3 MBA2 7 INAA, SEM 2000 XRF, INAA, Cannavò, Levi 2018; Cioni et alii 27 Madonna di Ripalta MBA-EIA 10 SEM 2000 28 Lavello T.743 MBA 5 Cannavò, Levi 2018 29 Diga Rendina - Sito 2 MBA 5 Cannavò, Levi 2018 Cannavò, Levi 2018; Jones et alii 30 Punta le Terrare MBA 5 INAA 2014 Cannavò, Levi 2018; Jones et alii 31 Scoglio del Tonno MBA-EIA 8 ICP 2014 Cannavò, Levi 2018; Jones et alii 32 San Domenico-Taranto MBA-RBA 1 INAA 2014 Cannavò, Levi 2018; Jones et alii 33 Lugovivo-Pulsano RBA 1 INAA, ICP 2014 Cannavò, Levi 2018; Jones et alii 34 Porto Perone MBA-RBA 3 2014 Cannavò, Levi 2018; Jones et alii 35 Torre Castelluccia MBA-EIA 3 INAA, ICP 2014 Cannavò, Levi 2018; Jones et alii 36 Roca MBA-EIA 9 ICP, SEM 2014 Cannavò, Levi 2018; Jones et alii 37 Leuca-Punta Meliso RBA-FBA 9 INAA 2014 38 Tursi Castello BA 1 INAA Cannavò, Levi 2018; Levi 1999 39 Tursi San Martino BA 2 INAA Cannavò, Levi 2018; Levi 1999 40 San Cavalcatore BA 4 INAA Cannavò, Levi 2018; Levi 1999 41 Timpone Golla BA 3 Cannavò, Levi 2018; Levi 1999 42 Tarianne MBA 7 INAA Cannavò, Levi 2018; Levi 1999 43 Timpone Lacco RBA(FBA?) 5 Cannavò, Levi 2018; Levi 1999 44 Valle Carlodraga BA 4 Cannavò, Levi 2018; Levi 1999

221 Protohistoric Italian ceramics

XRD, AAS, Buxeda i Garrigós et alii 2003; INAA, ICP, Cannavò, Levi 2018; Jones et alii 45 Broglio di Trebisacce MBA-EIA 182 SEM, X-Ray, 2014; Levi 1999; Levi, Sonnino Experimental 2006; Vanzetti et alii 2014 46 Villapiana MBA-RBA 7 INAA Cannavò, Levi 2018; Levi 1999 47 Timpone Motta Cerchiara MBA-EIA 5 INAA Cannavò, Levi 2018; Levi 1999 48 Timpone Motta Francavilla MBA-EIA 7 INAA Cannavò, Levi 2018; Levi 1999 49 Timpa Castello Francavilla MBA-EIA 6 INAA Cannavò, Levi 2018; Levi 1999 50 Raganello BA 2 Cannavò, Levi 2018; Levi 1999 51 Monte S. Nicola FBA-EIA 3 INAA Cannavò, Levi 2018; Levi 1999 52 Pietra Castello Cassano Ionio EIA 4 Cannavò, Levi 2018; Levi 1999 Cannavò, Levi 2018; Jones et alii 53 Torre Mordillo MBA-EIA 15 XRD, INAA 1994, 2014; Levi 1999 54 Fontana del Finocchio FBA-EIA 7 INAA Cannavò, Levi 2018; Levi 1999 55 Serra Castello EIA 8 INAA Cannavò, Levi 2018; Levi 1999 56 Serra Cagliano MBA-RBA 6 INAA Cannavò, Levi 2018; Levi 1999 Buxeda i Garrigós et alii 2003; 57 Rosa Russa MBA 13 INAA, SEM Cannavò, Levi 2018; Jones et alii 2014; Levi 1999 58 Basili di Rossano RBA 4 INAA Cannavò, Levi 2018; Levi 1999 59 Strange MBA 7 INAA Cannavò, Levi 2018; Levi 1999 60 Bisignano EIA 14 Cannavò, Levi 2018; Levi 1999 61 Acri MBA 5 Cannavò, Levi 2018; Levi 1999 Cannavò, Levi 2018; Jones et alii 62 Capo Piccolo MBA1-2 44 INAA 2014 Cannavò, Levi 2018; Jones et alii 63 Capo Rizzuto BA 8 INAA 2014 64 Calanna EBA-MBA1 11 Levi et alii 2019 65 Taureana MBA-FBA 18 ICP Levi et alii 2019; Jones et alii 2014 Jones and Levi 2000; Jones et alii 66 Grotta del Pino EBA?-MBA 2 INAA 2014; Levi et alii 2019 67 Pertosa MBA 25 Levi et alii 2019 Cannavò, Levi 2018; Cioni et alii 68 La Starza EBA-MBA 4 XRF, SEM 2000; Levi et alii 2019 Cazzella et alii 1997; Jones et alii 69 Vivara - Punta Mezzogiorno MBA1-2 17 2014; Levi et alii 2019 70 Casale Nuovo RBA-FBA 20 AAS-INAA Jones et alii 2014; Levi et alii 2019 71 Monte dei Ferrari EIA 2 Levi et alii 2019 72 Fidene EIA 9 Levi et alii 2019 73 Monte Rovello MBA-FBA 2 INAA Jones et alii 2014; Levi et alii 2019 LA-ICP-MS, Brunelli et alii 2013; Cannavò et 74 Stromboli - San Vincenzo NE-MBA2 144 pXRF alii 2017b; Levi et alii 2014, 2019 75 - Milazzese MBA3 11 Williams 1991; Levi et alii 2019 76 Salina - Serro dei Cianfi, Portella MBA 43 LA-ICP-MS Levi et alii 2019; Williams 1991 Brunelli et alii 2013; Levi et alii Lipari - , Diana, Pigna- 77 BA 174 LA-ICP-MS 2014, 2019; Williams 1980; Wil- taro liams, Levi 2008

222 Valentina Cannavò et alii

Brunelli et alii 2013; Levi et alii 78 Filicudi - Filo Braccio, Montagnola EBA-MBA 60 LA-ICP-MS 2014, 2019; Williams 1991 79 Tindari MBA1-2 11 Levi et alii 2019 Milazzo - Scuole elementari, Viale 80 EBA-FBA 19 XRF-ICP Levi et alii 2019 dei Cipressi Messina - Via La Farina, Casa dello 81 EBA/MBA 8 XRF Levi 2000; Levi et alii 2019 Studente, Via dei Mille 82 Paternò BA 6 83 Thapsos MBA3 25 ICP Jones and Levi 2004 84 Morgantina FBA-EIA 33 XRD, XRF Fragnoli, Levi 2012 85 Madonna del Piano FBA-EIA 20 XRD, XRF Fragnoli, Levi 2018 86 Tornambè EBA-MBA3 6 Fragnoli et alii 2012 87 Monte Grande EBA 25 Jones et alii 2014 88 Cannatello MBA3-FBA1 26 ICP Jones et alii 2014; Levi et alii 2017 Tab. 1 - Sites, analyses and archaeometric bibliography; see fig. 1. Chronology: BA=Bronze Age, EBA=Early Bronze Age, MBA=Middle Bronze Age, RBA=Recent Bronze Age, FBA=Final Bronze Age, EIA=Early Iron Age, IA=Iron Age.

Local special Non local Group Fabric Main components N. Sites Chronology wares wares EB201 basalt 5 Madonna del Piano FBA-EIA EB202 basalt 1 Paternò FBA Piumata EB101 basalt 1 Messina MBA Pithos EB203 amphibole - basalt 2 Cannatello MBA3/RBA Pithoi EB EB102 pyroxene - basalt 2 Salina - Portella MBA3 Pithoi Stromboli - San Vincenzo, clinopyroxene - plagioclase EB103 13 Filicudi - Filo Braccio & Mon- EBA, MBA1-2 - basalt tagnola Geometric, EB204 glass - plagioclase 5 Madonna del Piano FBA-EIA Monochrome EA101 coarse andesite 2 Stromboli - San Vincenzo EBA/MBA1-2 Stromboli - San Vincenzo, Salina - Portella, Filicudi - Pithoi, andesite - EA103 114 Filo Braccio & Montagnola, EBA-MBA Apennine cooking EA plagioclase Milazzo - V.le dei Cipressi, pots Tindari, Taureana Stromboli - San Vincenzo, EA106 plagioclase - pyroxene 4 EBA/MBA1-2 Filicudi - Montagnola Stromboli - San Vincenzo, Panarea - Milazzese, Salina - Serro dei Cianfi & Portella, Capo ED101 volcanic glass - pumice 124 Lipari - Acropolis & Diana & BA Graziano Pignataro, Filicudi-Monta- decorated gnola, Messina, Vivara - P.ta Mezzogiorno ED Coppa Nevigata, Madonna di ED1 pumice 52 MBA1-RBA2 Loreto, Madonna di Ripalta ED2 clinopyroxene - feldspars 2 Diga Rendina MBA ED3 pumice - grog 4 Coppa Nevigata RBA1-RBA2 (+grog) ED104 pumice - augite - nepheline 2 La Starza EBA-MBA

223 Protohistoric Italian ceramics

ET ET1 trachyte 1 Terranegra RBA Impasto EP102 (+ EP grog - pyroxene 2 Monte dei Ferrari EIA grog) S.I. Protogeo- EBq EBq101 basalt; quartz groundmass 3 Lipari - Acropolis RBA-FBA metric andesite; sandy quartz S.I. Protogeo- EAq102 1 Lipari - Acropolis RBA-FBA groundmass metric coarse andesite - pyroxene; EAq103 2 Lipari - Acropolis FBA Piumata quartz groundmass EAq fine andesite; silty quartz EAq104 2 Lipari - Acropolis FBA Piumata groundmass andesite - polycristalline EAq105 4 Salina - Portella MBA3 Apennine quartz andesite; quartz-mica EAqm EAqm101 2 Lipari - Acropolis RBA-FBA Nuragic groundmass volcanic glass; quartz Panarea - Milazzese, Salina - EDq101 13 MBA3 Apennine Apennine groundmass Portella, Lipari - Acropolis glass shard; quartz ground- EDq102 36 Lipari - Acropolis RBA-FBA mass EDq103 pumice; quartz groundmass 1 Lipari - Acropolis FBA Piumata dark vescicular pumice; S.I. Protogeo- EDq EDq104 2 Lipari - Acropolis FBA quartz groundmass metric obsidian ankaramite; quartz S.I. Protogeo- EDq105 1 Lipari - Acropolis FBA groundmass metric obsidian; quartz ground- S.I. Protogeo- EDq106 1 Lipari - Acropolis FBA mass metric EDq107 nepheline - pumice - quartz 2 La Starza EBA-MBA nepheline - clinopyroxene; EPm EPm101 1 Monte Rovello MBA-FBA micaceous groundmass plagioclase - pyroxene; ne- EPq102 3 Fidene EIA pheline groundmass feldspar - plagioclase; quartz EPq EPq103 11 Vivara - Punta Mezzogiorno MBA1-2 - nepheline groundmass pyroxene - ARF; quartz - ne- EPq104 1 Casale Nuovo RBA-FBA pheline groundmass EAM EAM201 plagioclase - mica 4 Cannatello MBA3/FBA1 Nuragic EBI EBI101 basalt - granite 4 Stromboli - San Vincenzo EBA/MBA1-2 Impasto femic, calcareous-fossilife- Geometric, EBS201 2 Morgantina FBA3-IA ours groundmass Piumata feldspatic, calcareous-fossili- Geometric, EBS202 7 Morgantina FBA3-IA feours groundmass Piumata vitrophiric, calcareous-fossi- Piumata, EBS203 7 Morgantina FBA3-IA EBS lifeours groundmass Pithoi EBS204 basalt - fossils 1 Paternò FBA Piumata EBS205 basalt - grog - fossils 4 Paternò EBA-MBA2 Castelluccian (+grog) Piumata, Mo- EBS206 calcite - fossils - glass 7 Madonna del Piano FBA-EIA nochrome EDS1 micritic calcite - pumice 18 Coppa Nevigata MBA1-RBA2 EDS2 calcite - grog - pumice 3 Coppa Nevigata MBA3-RBA2 EDS (+grog) EDS3 quartz - grog - pumice 1 Leuca-Punta Meliso FBA (+grog) Basili di Rossano, Broglio, I1 granite 13 MBA-IA Impasto Strange I Filicudi - Filo Braccio, Lipari S.I. Proto- I101 granite 5 EBA, FBA - Acropolis geometric

224 Valentina Cannavò et alii

I2 granite 1 Montebelluna IA I3 granite - quartz 4 Capo Piccolo MBA1-2 I103 quartz - granite 7 Tindari MBA1-2 I104 quartz - granite 10 Calanna EBA-MBA1 I I105 quartz - granite 14 Taureana MBA3, RBA? I106 quartz - granite 55 Stromboli - San Vincenzo EBA/MBA1-2 Impasto I107 granite - grog 3 Stromboli - San Vincenzo EBA/MBA1-2 Impasto (+grog) I108 grog - quartz - granite 1 Salina - Portella MBA3 Impasto (+grog) IM1 granite - micaschist 6 Broglio di Trebisacce MBA-EIA Impasto Stromboli - San Vincenzo, Apennine, IM101 granite - schist 16 Lipari - Acropolis, Filicudi- EBA-FBA S.I. Proto- Montagnola geometric IM IM102 granite - mica 4 Stromboli - San Vincenzo EBA/MBA1-2 Impasto IM103 quartz - schist - granite 1 Lipari - Acropolis FBA Nuragic granite; micaceous ground- IM104 1 Monte Rovello MBA-FBA mass IS1 micritic calcite - granite 5 Capo Piccolo, Villapiana MBA Impasto IS granite - siltstone - sand- IS101 1 Stromboli - San Vincenzo EBA/MBA1-2 Impasto stone incised wheel M201 mica; siliceous groundmass 2 Morgantina FBA3-IA made M202 mica - micaschist 1 Cannatello MBA3/FBA1 Lamp M1 micaschist 2 Castion d’Erbè RBA-FBA M102 micaschist 2 Stromboli - San Vincenzo EBA/MBA1-2 Impasto M2 micaschist 1 Capo Piccolo MBA1-2 feldpars - plagioclase - mi- M3 5 Broglio di Trebisacce MBA-IA Impasto caschist M8 feldspars - biotite 1 Punta Meliso FBA polycrystalline quartz - gra- M106 8 Milazzo - V.le dei Cipressi EBA-MBA3 nite; micaceous groundmass polycrystalline quartz - S.I. Protogeo- M105 3 Milazzo - V.le dei Cipressi FBA quartzschist metric polycrystalline quartz - Milazzo - Scuole Elementari, M103 7 MBA quartzite Messina M7 quartz - feldspars 10 Capo Piccolo, Capo Rizzuto BA M quartz - polycrystalline M107 5 Pertosa MBA quartz Acri, Bisignano, Fontana Finocchio, Rosa Russa, Torre M4 quartzschist 33 MBA-IA Impasto Mordillo, Serra Cagliano, Serra Castello, Strange, Villapiana Acri, Bisignano, Basili di Ros- sano, Fontana Finocchio, Fran- M5 quartz - quartzschist 45 MBA-IA cavilla Marittima, Rosa Russa, Serra Castello, Torre Mordillo M6 quartz - quarzite 9 Capo Piccolo MBA1-2 quartzschist - muscovite Filicudi - Montagnola, Lipari M101 2 MBA1-2, RBA Impasto schist - Acropolis M9 grog; micaceous groundmass 3 Montebelluna IA (+grog) M108 Apennine slate - grog 1 Panarea - Milazzese MBA3 (+grog) pithos

225 Protohistoric Italian ceramics

Broglio, Pietra Castello di sandstone - silstone - Cassano Ionio, Villapiana, MS1 10 MBA-IA Impasto polycrystalline quartz Timpa Motta Francavilla, Tursi Castello MS101 quartz - quartzite - siltstone 1 Salina - Portella MBA3 Impasto quartz - polycrystalline Bovolone, Fondo Paviani, MS2 16 MBA-RBA Apennine quartz - chert Castion d’Erbè MS policrystalline quartz - MS4 1 Castel de Pedena EBA-IA schist - micritic calcite MS5 quartz - feldspatic sand 10 Broglio di Trebisacce MBA-IA Impasto Bovolone, Castion d’Erbè, MS3 quartz - polycrystalline 22 Fondo Paviani, Lovara, Ter- MBA-RBA Apennine (+grog) quartz - chert - grog ranegra MS104 grog; micaceous groundmass 1 Vivara - Punta Mezzogiorno MBA1-2 (+grog) Borg-in- S201 fossils 4 Cannatello MBA3/RBA Nadur S1 fossils 2 Scoglio del Tonno RBA Canova, Castello del Tartaro, S2 fossils 5 MBA-RBA Fabbrica dei Soci, Terranegra S202 fossiliferous clay 1 Cannatello MBA3/FBA1 S3 calcite 3 Spilamberto S4 calcite 1 Broglio di Trebisacce FBA S5 calcite 1 Castion d’Erbè RBA-FBA S6 calcite 20 Coppa Nevigata MBA1-RBA2 S7 calcite 1 Punta Meliso FBA S9 calcite - chert 4 Castel de Pedena Cà de Monesi, Castiglione di S10 calcite - calcareous rock 7 MBA-RBA Marano, Gorzano, Pontenuovo Bovolone, Castion d’Erbè, S11 calcite - calcimudstone 10 Castel de Pedena, Fabbrica MBA-RBA Apennine dei Soci, Lovara Monte San Nicola, Pietra Castel- S S25 calcite - siltstone 3 MBA-IA lo di Cassano Ionio, Villapiana Monte Castellaccio, San Giu- S18 crystalline carbonatic rock 10 MBA-RBA Apennine liano Toscanella S13 micritic calcite 3 Broglio RBA-IA S14 micritic calcite - fossils 1 Punta Meliso FBA S15 micritic calcite - quartz 1 Porto Perone MBA-RBA S16 micritic calcite - quartz 2 Roca FBA S102 siltstone 3 Stromboli - San Vincenzo EBA/MBA1-2 Impasto Broglio, Monte San Nicola, Tarian- S21 siltstone 31 MBA-IA ne, Timpa Castello Francavilla siltstone; siliceous ground- S203 5 Morgantina FBA3 mass siltstone - arkose - micritic S22 21 Broglio MBA-IA calcite S26 siltstone - micritic calcite 16 Broglio di Trebisacce MBA-FBA fossiliferous siltstone - ar- S27 12 Broglio di Trebisacce MBA-IA kose micritic calcite - fossiliferous S28 6 Broglio di Trebisacce FBA-RBA silstone

226 Valentina Cannavò et alii

Broglio,Timpa Castello S29 arkose 54 Francavilla, Timpone Motta MBA-IA Francavilla Broglio, Monte San Nicola, Tarianne, Timpone Motta S30 siltstone - arkose 39 Cerchiara, Timpone Golla, MBA-IA Timpone Lacco, San Cavalca- tore, Valle Carlodraga S S31 quartzarenite - siltstone 2 Raganello BA quartz - micritic calcite - S32 4 Leuca-Punta Meliso FBA calcite quartz and micrite calci- S204 1 Cannatello MBA3/FBA1 Nuragic mudstones Broglio, Timpone Golla, Tim- S33 quartz - arkose 9 pone Lacco, Tursi San Marti- BA no, Valle Carlodraga S101 quarz - feldspar - sandstone 3 Tindari MBA1-2 S8 calcite - grog 10 Coppa Nevigata MBA3-RBA2 (+grog) S17 Coppa Nevigata, Madonna di micritic calcite - grog 20 MBA3-RBA2 (+grog) Ripalta, Tolentino S205 Castelluccian, grog - fossils 3 Tornambè EBA-MBA (+grog) Thapsos S206 grog - fossils 4 Cannatello MBA3/FBA1 (+grog) S207 grog - fossils 2 Monte Grande EBA (+grog) S107 grog; fossiliferous ground- 1 Lipari - Acropolis FBA Nuragic (+grog) mass S208 grog; calcareous-fossilifeours Piumata, 10 Morgantina FBA3 (+grog) groundmass pithoi S S12 Cà de Monesi, Casinalbo, Gor- grog - calcite 19 MBA-RBA Apennine (+grog) (+grog) zano, Montale, Pontenuovo S209 grog - calcite 8 Thapsos MBA3 (+grog) S19 crystalline carbonatic rock Monte Castellaccio, San Giu- 4 MBA-RBA Apennine (+grog) - grog liano Toscanella S20 grog - micritic calcite 5 Terra di Corte MBA2 (+grog) S210 grog - fossils - micritic calci- 3 Monte Grande EBA (+grog) te - quartz S23 grog - siltstone 1 Tursi San Martino BA (+grog) S24 grog - silstone - calcite 1 Madonna di Ripalta FBA (+grog) S106 grog - sandstone 3 Stromboli - San Vincenzo EBA/MBA1-2 (+grog) Panarea - Milazzese, G110 quartz 6 MBA3 Apennine Salina - Portella G201 quartz 1 Cannatello MBA3/FBA1 Nuragic G5 quartz - ARF 1 Torre Castelluccia MBA-IA G G6 quartz - ARF 8 Leuca-Punta Meliso, Roca MBA-FBA MBA1-2? G103 quartz - feldspar 3 Taureana MBA G105 quartz - feldspar 1 Milazzo - V.le dei Cipressi MBA3 Apennine G3 quartz - feldspar 24 Capo Piccolo MBA1-2

227 Protohistoric Italian ceramics

G106 quartz - nepheline 19 Casale Nuovo RBA-FBA G107 quartz - nepheline 1 Fidene EIA G G102 quartz - nepheline - feldspar 1 Fidene EIA quartz - nepheline - feldspar G101 4 Fidene EIA - pyroxene G113 grog - quartz - nepheline - 1 Vivara MBA1-2 (+grog) alkali-feldspar G114 grog - quartz 20 Pertosa MBA cooking slabs (+grog) Stromboli - San Vincenzo, G115 EBA/MBA1-2, grog - quartz 4 Panarea - Milazzese, Salina - Apennine (+grog) MBA3 Portella G116 grog; well packed ground- 1 Calanna EBA-MBA1 (+grog) mass G1 quartz - feldspar - grog 2 Torre Castelluccia MBA-IA (+grog) G111 quartz - feldspar - grog 2 Milazzo - Scuole elementari EBA-MBA (+grog) G2 Madonna di Ripalta, Lavello, quartz - feldspar - grog 17 BA (+grog) Diga Rendina, Punta Le Terrare G4 Lugovivo-Pulsano, Porto Pe- quartz - feldspar - grog 9 MBA-IA (+grog) rone, Scoglio del Tonno G206 Castelluccian, quartz - grog 3 Tornambè EBA-MBA (+grog) Thapsos Cà de Monesi, Casinalbo, Casti- G G7 glione di Marano, Fabbrica dei grog 163 MBA-FBA (+grog) (+grog) Soci, Gorzano, Montale, Monte- barello, Pontenuovo, Spilamberto G8 grog 13 Ancona, Jesi, Tolentino, MBA-FBA (+grog) G9 grog 39 Coppa Nevigata MBA1-RBA2 (+grog) G202 grog 3 Madonna del Piano FBA-EIA (+grog) G203 grog 17 Thapsos MBA3 (+grog) G204 grog 20 Monte Grande EBA Castelluccian (+grog) G205 grog 8 Cannatello MBA3/FBA1 Nuragic (+grog) G117 Stromboli - San Vincenzo, grog 3 EBA/MBA1-2 Impasto (+grog) Grotta del Pino G118 grog 1 Stromboli - San Vincenzo EBA/MBA1-2 Impasto (+grog) Castel- G119 grog 1 Milazzo - V.le dei Cipressi EBA-MBA1 luccian (+grog) amphora Z1 no temper, micaceous 1 Castion d’Erbè RBA-FBA Monte Castellaccio, San Giu- Z2 no temper 6 MBA-RBA liano Toscanella Castiglione di Marano, Gor- no temper Z3 no temper 38 zano, Montale, Montebarello, MBA-RBA Pontenuovo Fabbrica dei Soci, Fondo Z4 no temper 5 MBA-RBA Apennine Paviani Z5 no temper 1 San Domenico-Taranto MBA-RBA

Tab. 2 - Fabrics classification, definition, geographical distribution, chronology and wares; see Figs. 4-6. 228 Valentina Cannavò et alii

Network Suggested origin Fabric Main components Sites Non local wares Broglio di Trebi- South Plain Syb. I1 granite Impasto sacce Broglio di Trebi- South Plain Syb. IM1 granite - micaschist Impasto sacce South Plain Syb. IS1 micritic calcite - granite Villapiana Impasto Plain of Sybaris/ feldpars - plagioclase - Broglio di Trebi- South Plain Syb. M3 Impasto Ionian micaschist sacce South Plain Syb. M4 quartzschist Villapiana Impasto sandstone - silstone - Broglio di Trebi- South Plain Syb. MS1 Impasto polycrystalline quartz sacce, Villapiana Broglio di Trebi- South Plain Syb. MS5 quartz - feldspatic sand Impasto sacce Stromboli, Pa- narea, Salina, Capo Graziano de- Lipari ED101 volcanic glass - pumice Filicudi, Messina, corated Aeolian/Southern Vivara volcanic glass; quartz Tyrrhenian Lipari EDq101 Panarea, Salina Apennine groundmass Stromboli, Salina, Stromboli, Filicudi, Pithoi, Cooking EA103 andesite - plagioclase Filicudi, Milazzo, Salina pots Tindari, Taureana Sicily? EBI101 basalt - granite Stromboli Impasto Impasto, S.I. Proto- Peninsula I101 granite Filicudi, Lipari geometric Peninsula I106 quartz - granite Stromboli Impasto Peninsula I107 (+grog) granite - grog Stromboli Impasto Peninsula I108 (+grog) grog - quartz - granite Salina Impasto granite - siltstone - sand- Sicily/Peninsula? IS101 Stromboli Impasto stone Stromboli, Lipari, Apennine, S.I. Pro- Peninsula IM101 granite - schist Filicudi togeometric Peninsula IM102 granite - mica Stromboli Impasto Southern Messina Strait area M102 micaschist Stromboli Impasto Tyrrhenian quartzschist - muscovite Messina Strait area M101 Filicudi, Lipari Impasto schist Messina Strait area M108 (+grog) slate - grog Panarea Apennine pithos quartz - quartzite - silt- Sicily/Peninsula? MS101 Salina Impasto stone Sicily? S102 siltstone Stromboli Impasto Sicily? S106 (+grog) grog - sandstone Stromboli Impasto Peninsula? G110 quartz Panarea, Salina Apennine Stromboli, Pana- Peninsula? G115 (+grog) grog - quartz Apennine rea, Salina Peninsula? G117 (+grog) grog Stromboli Impasto Peninsula? G118 (+grog) grog Stromboli Impasto Sicily (Etna area) EB101 basalt Messina Pithos Sicily Castelluccian am- Sicily (Etna area) G119 (+grog) grog Milazzo phora Central South Me- Malta S201 fossils Cannatello Borg-in-Nadur diterranean

229 Protohistoric Italian ceramics

Eastern Mediter- EB203 amphibole - basalt Cannatello Pithoi ranean Cyprus EB102 pyroxene - basalt Salina Pithoi Sardinia EAM201 plagioclase - mica Cannatello Nuragic andesite; quartz-mica Sardinia EAqm101 Lipari Nuragic groundmass Western Mediter- Sardinia IM103 quartz - schist - granite Lipari Nuragic ranean Sardinia? M202 mica - micaschist Cannatello Lamp grog; fossiliferous ground- Sardinia S107 (+grog) Lipari Nuragic mass Sardinia? G201 quartz Cannatello Nuragic Tab. 3 - Imported fabrics: main geographical distribution and circulation networks.

Wares/Styles Main diffusion area Circulation - imports Imitation - local productions Castelluccian Southern Sicily Milazzo Borg-in-Nadur Malta Cannatello Cypriot Pithoi Cyprus Salina, Cannatello Stirrup Jars Cannatello Milazzese Aeolian Islands Taureana (pithoi) Messina and Vivara (decorated), Milazzo and Tindari (deco- Capo Graziano Aeolian Islands Milazzo and Tindari (pithoi) rated) Mycenaean/Italo-Mycenaean Po Valley, Peninsular Italy, Sardinia, Po Valley, Peninsular Italy, Aegean (chemical analyses) Sicily Sardinia Nuragic Sardinia Lipari, Cannatello (pithoi) Cannatello Aeolian islands (mainly Rodì Tindari Sicily, Calabria Aeolian islands (mainly Stromboli) Stromboli) Apennine Peninsular Italy Aeolian Islands Po Valley, Aeolian Islands South Italian Protogeometric Southern Peninsula Aeolian Islands Milazzo, Aeolian Islands Piumata Sicily Lipari

Tab. 4 - (Preliminary) synthesis of the main exotic imported and imitated wares and styles according archaeometric analyses.

230 Valentina Cannavò et alii

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