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Origini : Prehistory and Protohistory of Ancient Civilizations

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Origini : Prehistory and Protohistory of Ancient Civilizations Origini xliii, 2019: 209-234 PROTOHISTORIC ITALIAN CERAMICS: TOWARDS A GENERAL FABRICS CLASSIFICATION AND INTERPRETATION Valentina Cannavò*, Andrea Di Renzoni**, Sara T. Levi***, Daniele Brunelli* Abstract – This is the first synthetic and comparative presentation of the petrographic classification of Bronze Age and Early Iron Age pottery as result of the interdisciplinary project Wikipottery per- formed by our team over the last 30 years. We analyzed collections from the Central Mediterranean and designed a specific database to store, standardize, classify and share the data. We show here the results from 88 archaeological sites and 1654 samples classified into 169 fabrics: technological compositions that identify the petrographic signatures of individual production centres/workshops/ individuals. These rigorous compositional formulae are conceptually on the same level as the mor- phological types defined by quantitative approaches. We present this general experiment and discuss the relevance of ceramic technological/compositional data for the reconstruction of environment, circulation, cultural identity, complexity and innovation in ancient societies. Keywords – pottery, bronze age, early iron age, petrography, fabric, classification, circulation Riassunto – Questa è la prima presentazione sintetica e comparativa della classificazione petrografica della ceramica dell’età del bronzo e della prima età del ferro e rappresenta il risultato del progetto in- terdisciplinare Wikipottery, portato avanti dal nostro gruppo negli ultimi 30 anni. Abbiamo analizzato collezioni ceramiche dal Mediterraneo centrale e sviluppato un database specifico per raccogliere, stan- dardizzare, classificare e condividere i dati. In questo articolo vi sono i risultati da 88 siti archeologici e 1654 campioni classificati in 169 impasti: la composizione tecnologica che identifica le caratteristiche pe- trografiche di singoli centri produttivi/botteghe/individui. Queste rigorose formule composizionali sono concettualmente allo stesso livello della tipologia morfologica, definite attraverso approcci quantitativi. Presentiamo questo esperimento generale e discutiamo l’importanza dei dati tecnologico-composizio- nali della ceramica per la ricostruzione dell’ambiente, della circolazione, dell’identità culturale, della complessità e dell’innovazione nelle antiche società. Parole chiave – ceramica, età del bronzo, età del ferro primo, petrografia, impasto, classificazione, circolazione INTRODUCTION the technological characters are as import- The theoretical and methodological as- ant as the morphological/stylistic ones. sumption of the present proposal is that We belong to the never-ending discussion * Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Modena - Italy, [email protected] ** Istituto di Scienze del Patrimonio Culturale - CNR, Montelibretti (RM) - Italy *** City University of New York, Hunter College, New York – USA; Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Dipar- timento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Modena - Italy 209 Protohistoric Italian ceramics about the role of pottery in archaeology1, ganization behind them based on the pro- the relationship between archaeology and duction and circulation of ceramics. We archaeometry and the challenges of inter- present here a new general petrographic disciplinarity (Cuomo di Caprio 2017; Levi, classification and interpretation originat- Muntoni 2014; Levi, Sonnino 2006; Levi, ed from the interdisciplinary collaboration Vertuani 2017; Tite 2008; Vidale 2007). between the University of Modena and Our team grew up in a sophisticated Reggio Emilia and the CNR-ISPC (Roma): environment concerning the typologi- the ‘Wikipottery’ project for Central Med- cal classification of shape and decoration iterranean pottery2. (Levi 1990). We have been inspired in nu- merous heterogeneous ways, for example Samples and database by working with Renato Peroni (1967, 1985, The collection of samples results from 1998), by David Clarke’s analytical method more than 30 years of fieldwork and sam- (1968, 1970), by workshops with Sander pling carried out by our team in close col- van der Leeuw, Massimo Vidale and Peter laboration with numerous archaeologists3. Day, by experimental archaeology (Brodà The majority belongs to well identifiable et alii 2009; Desogus et alii 1995; Vanzetti et specimens (culturally and chronologically alii 2014) and by ethnoarchaeology (Vidale attributable). The collection includes dif- 2004). Trial and error took their place in ferent pottery wares, other various ceramic our search for more efficient methods in pottery treatment, documentation, inter- artifacts (daubs, cooking slabs, kilns, loom pretation and publication (Levi, Vanzetti weights, figurines…) and geological raw ma- 2017; Levi, Vertuani 2017). We aim to build terials (clays and sands). The chronological a standardized and rigorous methodology timeframe represented is mainly prehistor- in order to define pottery technology and ic and protohistoric: Neolithic - Early Iron composition as a tool to better understand Age (7th–1th millennium BCE). The geo- social organization, trade, function, envi- graphical distribution is not homogeneous, ronment, complexity and change in an- being influenced by the sampling history of cient societies. our team, but covers large portions of the Eastern Po Valley, the Adriatic, Ionian and Southern Tyrrhenian areas, Sicily and Malta. METHODS AND GOALS A Geo-database was designed and re- One crucial point in studying ancient pot- alized for a combined management of the tery is to find the significant taxonomic different kind of data: geographical data, units useful to describe potters’ behaviors related mainly to the locations of the ar- and choices. For ceramic pastes, the goal is chaeological contexts and descriptive data, to discover the provenance of the raw ma- related to the attributes of the contexts terials and the ‘recipes’ in their preparation and artifacts4. This framework has been and to use this data to reveal the social or- used as data storage and as an analytical 1 In a famous world’s history in 100 objects only 10% of the entire selection is made with clay, including six pots and one cluster of sherds: the Tanzianian Kilwa potsherds defined as “a collection of ‘rubbish’ useful to reveal networks” (MacGregor 2010). 2 Preliminary presentations at the European Meeting of Ancient Ceramics: Padova (2013) and Athens (2015). 3 First investigations and analyses were performed at the Museo delle Origini, Sapienza University, Rome. 4 Descriptive, classificatory and interpretative data (texts, numbers and images): provenance, publication, preservation, shape, decoration, technological/macroscopic characteristics, composition (analytical data), 210 Valentina Cannavò et alii tool to produce statistical and distributive and fabrics. This system follows a mono- analysis. The whole database now includes thetic (hierarchical) structure (Whallon more than 2500 samples from nearly 200 1972) for the definition of the Groups and mainland and island sites. The collection uses an approach typical of the polythetic of the data is organized by the authors and classification (Clarke 1970) for the Fabrics. several students have been involved in the Group: defines the geological/litholog- project (including an experimental Chi- ical characteristics of the principal clasts nese-Mandarin version). (whether as temper added by potters or naturally-occurring in clay deposits) and Structure and meaning is articulated using the following nomen- of the petrographic classification clatures: Pottery fabric or paste composition is main- • ly investigated by chemical, micro-chemi- E=Effusive, I=Intrusive, M=Meta- cal and minero-petrographic analyses. morphic, S=Sedimentary, G=Generic, For finer wares -mainly composed of Z=without temper. Groups character- clay- the standard methodology is the defi- ized by different lithological charac- nition of the chemical reference groups ters are indicated with the appropri- and the identification of local specimens, ate labels, for example ES=Effusive + outliers and imports, for example the case Sedimentary; study of the Mycenaean and Italo-Myce- • due to the peculiar complexity and naean pottery (Jones et alii 2014). variability of the effusive compo- The Impasto traditional Italian proto- nents in the Italian geological make- historic ware is generally coarse and char- up, the Effusive group is further subdi- acterized by the presence of clasts with the vided based on chemical composition ceramic paste being the result of mixing and inspired by TAS (Total Alkali Sili- different materials such as clay, soil, rocks, ca) diagram: EB= Basaltic, EA=Andes- minerals, grog, shells, organic materials itic, ET=Trachytic, ED=Daci-rhyolitic, (Carpenito et alii 2009). Other technolog- EP=Phonolitic; ical characteristics are the burnished sur- • when a non-negligible background face and the handmade (coil and/or mold) fraction, such as detrital quartz, is manufacturing technique; decorations are present alongside a dominant intro- mainly incised or impressed. duced and coarser Effusive compo- For this textural characteristic, petrog- nent, a lowercase letter is added to raphy5 is the main tool to investigate the indicate the presence of this detri- Impasto, the bulk chemical composition tal fraction: q=quartz groundmass; being often insufficient or even misleading m=mica groundmass; (Day, Kiriatzi 1999; Levi 2010; Neff et alii • the presence of grog -crushed
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