60 The production and circulation of Greco-Italic amphorae of Campania, G. Olcese

The production and circulation of Greco- Italic amphorae of Campania (Ischia/Bay of ) The data of the archaeological and archaeometric research

Gloria Olcese

Abstract – This paper presents a summary of the data and the problems encountered with the production and spread of Greco-Roman amphorae (particularly the oldest types). The starting point is the island of Ischia where in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC Greco-Italic amphorae with Greek stamps were manufactured. The study of amphorae from Ischia/the Gulf of Naples enables a more precise definition of the production and the export of Campanian as well as the economic situation in that area in the Republican era. Typological, epigraphic, and archaeometric data contribute to the reconstruction of trade patterns from Campania in the western Mediterranean. Further information concern new studies on shipwrecks with Greco-Italic amphorae and a database being currently established of archaeological and archaeometric data of Italic ceramics.

Inhalt – Der Beitrag fasst Fakten und Probleme zusammen, die mit der Produktion und Verbeitung gräko-itali­ scher Amphoren (besonders der ältesten Typen) verbunden sind. Ausgangspunkt ist die Insel Ischia, wo im 4. und 3. Jh. v. Chr. gräko-italische Amphoren mit griechischen Stempeln hergestellt wurden. Das Studium der Amphoren von Ischia und dem Golf von Neapel ermöglicht es, Produktion und Export kampanischer Weine und die wirtschaftliche Lage jener Region in republikanischer Zeit genauer zu erfassen. Typologische, epigraphische und archäometrische Daten tragen zur Rekonstruktion der Gestaltung des Handels von Kampanien in das westliche Mittelmeergebiet bei. Weitere Informationen betreffen neue Forschungen zu Wracks mit gräko-italischen Amphoren und eine im Aufbau befindliche Bank archäologischer und archäometrischer Daten zur italischen Keramik.

1. The origin of Greco-Italic is to instead present the data and Naples, have been recovered from amphorae: an important dis- some preliminary results concern- necropolises of the end of the 4th cussion for the reconstruction ing the circulation in the western – beginning of the 3rd cent. BC2. of trade between the 4th and Mediterranean of Greco-Italic 2nd cent. BC. amphorae, which have previously There exists considerably more been defined by the author as information concerning the pro- The study of Greco-Italic ampho- “from Ischia/Bay of Naples”. duction centres of late Greco-Italic rae allows the collection of im- (types V/VI and VI)3 amphorae portant information concerning Until now there has been little and the development towards the the economic situation of central- information concerning the pro- Dressel 1 form: a concentration southern between the middle duction centres of ancient Greco- of possible production centres has of the 4th and the 2nd cent. BC, Italic amphorae between the end been documented between Etruria and in particular, the production of the 4th cent. and the 3rd cent. and Campania, with a higher den- and circulation of wine. BC: Ischia was one of these cen- sity in the area of southern Lazio tres and Naples was in all prob- and northern Campania4. The general problems relative to ability a further equally important these containers have been dis- centre. There is still little informa- This article will refer particularly cussed previously in published tion concerning the production to the period between the end of articles (which should therefore be of northern Campania, where the the 4th and 3rd cent. BC and to referred to for a general introduc- type V amphorae of C. Vander­ the oldest types of Greco-Italic tion to the topic1), and is not the mersch, which have a fabric rich in amphorae, the types IV and V subject of this current contribu- volcanic inclusions, different from of C. Vandermersch’s typology, tion. The aim of this current work those of the area around the bay of whereas the 2nd century and types 7. Jahrgang 2005/06 · Heft 1 - 2 61

V and V/VI will only be briefly re- The new research being conduct- is amongst the most important ferred to, as they are still the sub- ed9 allows the reconstruction of ports between the 4th and the first ject of current ongoing research. the production and the circulation half of the 3rd cent. BC11. The of materials from the workshops evidence from the dredging of the New data – archaeological, epi- of the Bay of Naples: from the seabed, brought to light by the re- graphical and archaeometrical moment of their production, their cent work of the Soprintendenza – confirms that these often are transportation (through the analy- Archaeologica di Napoli, demon- containers originating from the sis of the cargos of ships, which strates the intensity of the use of Bay of Naples and, in several ex- document journeys interrupted by the basin of the port12. amples, more generally from the the sinking of the ship), and the area of Campania. Whilst there presence of these containers at sites The production of amphorae in- were many areas involved in the where they were consumed. creased from the second half of production of wine in southern the 4th cent. BC, due to the dif- Italy, which have been the focus of The research which has already fusion of Aminea grapes within attention in recent years5, the im- been undertaken, although lim- the area of the bay: in Naples, the portance of the Bay of Naples as a ited to a few sites and shipwrecks grapes were cultivated on the hills key area in the production of the and therefore liable to future de- of the city, therefore maintaining oldest and latest types of Greco- velopment and modifications, the Euboean viniculture tradition Italic amphorae (and the wine does not permit, in a similarly in the city (the cult of Dionysos, which they contained) is pointing clear manner, the identification the onomastics associated with towards a better definition6. The the presence of Greco-Italic am- wine)13. The eukarpia of Pithe­ Greco-Italic amphorae of this area phorae originating from or koussai is recalled through the an- had a wide diffusion even before from , therefore cient sources14 and the island was the Punic Wars, and their circula- adjusting the importance which also important in the production tion was probably contemporary this area would have had in the of wine at least until the 1940s. to that of the “archaic” or “primi- widespread commercialisation of tive” black-gloss ware of the work- amphorae and wine in this period. 2.1 Ischia shops of the Bay of Naples, which If the wine of Sicily was widely ex- have been found in several western ported in this period, it is possible Whilst it has been known for Mediterranean centres (for exam- that it was transported in “punic” sometime that wine was produced ple Ensérune in southern France amphorae originating from Sicily, on the Bay of Naples, until now and Aleria in Corsica) as well as as evidenced by the work of Ra- there has not been the archaeolog- in the Punic centres in Sicily and mon Torres 1995. ical data necessary to reconstruct northern Africa7. and identify the local amphorae, 2. The production of ampho- from a point of view of their typol- Ultimately, the current ongoing rae in the Bay of Naples: the ogy, epigraphy and archaeometry. research is bringing to light ever workshops of S. Restituta at more clearly the presence of a cir- Lacco Ameno and the recent The study of amphorae from Is- culation (although this is still at discoveries in Naples chia started somewhat by chance, limited and “experimental” stage) on the occasion of the excava- of amphorae and Campanian The research conducted at Ischia tions conducted in the district of pottery exported from the bay (the ancient Pithekoussai), and the pottery workshops of Lacco towards the southern Tyrrhenian the current studies being under- Ameno, at the foot of Monte Vico, and the north African coast and taken in Naples, demonstrate that where in the 1950s Don Pietro other centres on the trade route (it within the Bay of Naples were Monti, rector of the of can also be seen in the north-west- produced and traded Greco-Italic Santa Restituta, discovered several ern Mediterranean area), already amphorae from the very moment kilns underneath the church on a century before the main flow of of the arrival of the Romans, af- the slopes of Monte Vico15. exports of Campanian products. ter the stipulation of the foedus ae­ This phenomenon, which has until quum in 326 BC. Indeed, the Bay In the 1990s16 a project was un- now possibly been to some extent of Naples, following this pact of dertaken, together with W.-D. underestimated8 and which merits alliance which tied influential Ro- Heilmeyer of the Freie Universität further systematic investigation in man families to leading Neapoli- Berlin and in association with the the future, demonstrates the cen- tans and to the Greek merchant Soprintendenza Archeologica di trality of Campania in both the class and, thanks to the loyalty Napoli, financed by the Fondazi- trade network within the Medi- displayed by the Neapolitans to- one Thyssen, to re-examine this terranean, and the production of wards the Romans, found itself site and to study the material. wine transport vessels as well as living in a privileged position of Whilst the excavations had been possibly some other products. economic growth and an increase undertaken unsystematically, the in the activities of the workshops material which was recovered con- and trade10. The port of Naples tributes greatly to the knowledge 62 The production and circulation of Greco-Italic amphorae of Campania, G. Olcese

of the activity of the workshops short period of time, it has been 3. Production and circulation and the production on the island possible to further the study of the of amphorae of the Bay of which, as previously noted, was a production (and also the circula- Naples: the contribution of fundamental place for the produc- tion) of amphorae and wine. the archaeometric research tion of pottery, starting from the period of the colonisation, due to The ongoing research at Ischia and There were probably several the quality of the clay17. Three of Naples aims to better define the workshops on the Bay of Naples the six kilns which were discovered pottery production at these two involved in the production have been dated through thermo- sites. The recurring objective of of amphorae and the current luminescence to a period between the study of material culture of the research aims, with the assistance the 4th and the 2nd cent. BC18. Bay of Naples is to separate and of laboratory analysis, to define identify the pottery production of the articulation and production Over the course of the re-exami- Ischia from that of Naples (discus- method over the course of time. nation of the material from the old sions concerning the production However, it should be remembered excavations were identified several of black-gloss ware are still ongo- that there additionally exists the hundred fragments of Greco-Italic ing). This operation is somewhat possibility that the neighbouring amphorae, amongst which several difficult as the two share the same areas of the Bay of Naples also wasters from the kilns. The frag- crafts heritage and the epigraphic shared the same artistic/epigraphic ments consist mostly of stamped data reflects a shared social and heritage and produced pottery handles, several rims and spikes. historical background; indeed, with characteristics similar to that The types of Greco-Italic ampho- even the application of laboratory of Ischia and Naples26. rae documented on Ischia include analyses cannot always be guaran- the types III and IV, possibly the teed to resolve the problem, con- Archaeometry can provide an im- V and the V/VI of Vandermersch’s sidering the similarities of the clays portant contribution in defining classification. The several hundred within the bay23. Finally there also the character and distinguishing stamps which originate from the exists lacunae and discrepancies locally made amphorae, above all different areas of Pitecusa have within the data; in the example if the laboratory has at its disposi- Greek (probably of Ionian-Euboi- of the amphorae, at Ischia above tion chemical and mineralogical an origin) and Oscan names, writ- all have been documented the data concerning the pottery of the ten in Greek19. stamped handles and very few di- production site (the so-called “refer­ agnostic fragments. Furthermore, ence groups”), which facilitates the During the the on both sites have been discov- comparison of compositions. kilns of S. Restituta also produced ered local wares and a significant coarsewares and finewares, as amount of material that has been Indeed, the determination in the well as bricks and stamped loom- imported between the two places laboratory of the origin of ampho- weights. The abundant amount of (at Ischia has been found pottery rae found on shipwrecks, as well as locally produced material, manu- from Naples and vice versa). those found at consumption sites, factured over a long period of without secure reference groups, time, has provided an ideal start- At this point it should also be does not always provide positive ing-point for the laboratory analy- highlighted that, in the period results. Furthermore, the geologi- sis. between the 4th and 2nd cent. BC, cal composition between the area that is the period which sees the of southern Etruria and Campania 2.2 Naples appearance of black-gloss ware and is very similar27. Greco-Italic amphorae, the island Whilst a first article about the am- belonged to Naples and possibly As a result of this, a new project phorae of Ischia was published20, functioned as an extended work- financed by the Ministry of Re- the excavations undertaken during shop district. This was probably search28 aims to create a data- the construction of the Under- due to its strong tradition in pot- base of all the archaeological and ground in Naples, directed by D. tery and metallurgy, which dates archaeometric data concerning Giampaola of the Soprintendenza back to the time of the Greek the production of pottery in cen- Archeologica di Napoli21, brought colonisation24. tral-southern Italy; furthermore, to light pottery and amphorae, a series of in-depth analyses will above all Greco-Italic types, in Whilst the research continues in be conducted of the production an area close to the port, already the direction of differentiating the centres of amphorae and potter y known due to the discovery of material culture of the two sites, it (in Lazio and Campania), as well dumps of black-gloss ware and will however be the joint data of as a revision and restudy of the where a public building dating to both Ischia and Naples which will cargo of the shipwrecks which are the 4th/3rd cent. BC was discov- provide a complete picture of the presumed to have originated from ered, within the area of a sanctu- production and trade within the this area. ary in front of the walls22. Unex- bay, allowing a key reading of the pectedly, and over the course of a economic history25. 7. Jahrgang 2005/06 · Heft 1 - 2 63

3.1 The analyses performed The most numerous, of local origin, include as well as the am- The preliminary stage in the re- phorae, Geometric period pottery, construction of the circulation of bricks, commonware, the kiln Greco-Italic amphorae coming wasters of varying periods and from the Bay of Naples has been several samples of raw clay found the study of these vessels at the near the kilns of Santa Restituta. places of their possible produc- In this group the most dominant tion29. This study has applied are the oldest types of Greco-Italic various research methods – typo- amphorae (types III e IV). logical, epigraphic, archaeometric – and is based upon numerous The other chemical group includes chemical and mineralogical analy- the latest types of Greco-Italic ses conducted on amphorae found amphorae – type V (and in some at Ischia, Naples and a selection of examples V/VI) – which for the sites in Sicily (amongst which the most part can be provenanced to islands)30. the Gosetti property (on the slopes of Mount Vico in an area where The characterisation of Greco-Ital- Buchner identified several dumps, ic amphorae from Ischia has been outside of the workshop areas) and achieved through a large number to the necropolis of San Montano. of chemical (using x-ray fluores- The stamps of these amphorae, cence) and mineralogical (thin differing from those of the previ- section analysis with a polarised ous group which have been found light microscope) analyses of the only or principally at Ischia, have amphorae, as well as of bricks and been documented at other sites and local clays. These results are now shipwrecks in the Mediterranean. being prepared for publication. The first mineralogical analyses Amongst the objectives of the have permitted the definition of laboratory analysis was the defi- the local amphorae: they contain nition of the local production, a only volcanic inclusions and have process facilitated by the existence a carbonate matrix with microfos- of wasters from the kilns as well as sils33. The Greco-Italic amphorae clay deposits near to the kiln sites; from Naples, as well as those from a further objective was the differ- the sites in Sicily and southern entiation of local pottery and am- France which were analysed as phorae from those imported. a comparison, have a composi- tion similar to that of the second As a comparison, so far 10 samples group, which was heterogeneous of Greco-Italic amphorae from Na- and which possibly also includes ples (Underground excavations) and the amphorae produced in other several sites and shipwrecks in Sicily workshops of Ischia or Naples and have been analysed. Further samples in other workshops in the bay. have also been obtained from two th oppida in southern France, Ensérune 4. The end of the 4 cent. BC and Pech Maho31 (from the mid- and the first half of the 3rd 3rd cent. BC phase). At these sites cent. BC: the type IV and V have been discovered vessels with a amphorae similar typology and fabric as those from Ischia/Bay of Naples, some of A definitive typology of the which have the same stamp. Greco-Italic amphorae of Ischia and the Bay of Naples is currently The chemical analysis (XRF) being created, together with of the Greco-Italic amphorae, the team from Naples, through undertaken in Lyon together a comparison of the data from Fig. 1: Cluster of the chemical dates (XRF method) of the amphoras found in Ischia with V. Thirion Merle and M. the two sites which are being (S. Restituta), Naples (Underground Picon, identified the existence of studied34. Presented here is a excavations) and in other sites in the 32 Mediterranean; the elements used. are Ca, several chemical groups which first tentative attempt to define a Fe, Ti, K, Si, Al, Mg, Mn, Zr, Sr, Rb, Zn, Cr, are formed on the basis of the typology, based upon the material Ni, Ba, V, Ce. composition (fig. 1). from Ischia (fig. 2). 64 The production and circulation of Greco-Italic amphorae of Campania, G. Olcese

A first production phase, perhaps several wasters of the oldest Greco- also attributable to this type are the most interesting, concerns the Italic amphorae during the excava- the stamps ΖΩ and ΠΑΡ. This period at the end of the 4th/begin- tion of the Underground, now be- type has been widely documented ning of the 3rd cent. BC. It should ing studied by L. Pugliese. – between the end of the 4th and be considered closely with the his- the beginning of the 3rd cent. BC torical and political developments The type IV was produced in Is- – in the excavations of the Under- of the time and, in particular, with chia and possibly also at Naples, ground in Naples37. the changed situation in Naples, as with stamps written in Greek. The noted in the previous paragraph. amphora has a long tapered body35 The circulation of this type has and a flat-topped rim, slightly yet to be fully reconstructed, but The production of new container everted; the neck is cylindrical and an initial indication has emerged vessels for the storage of wine (or long. The ridge where the shoul- from the first verification under- other products?), should be con- der meets the body has a rounded taken of the amphorae and their sidered within the wider picture of carination; the handle is long and stamps from several shipwrecks economic growth which character- ovoid in section; the spike is cylin- and sites where the products have ised the bay after the stipulation of drical and hollow. been consumed; the type IV an alliance with the Romans. amphora has been documented Both a larger and smaller form with certainty on the Filicudi F The district of the pottery work- of this type of amphora has been shipwreck, as discussed below in shops of Santa Restituta at Lacco documented, however the frag- further detail, and appears to be Ameno, which already existed, was mentary nature of the data from orientated above all towards the renovated and enlarged with the Ischia has not permitted a better southern Tyrrhenian, Sicily and construction of new kilns for the definition of its measurements36. perhaps also north . production of amphorae, bricks Furthermore, it has not been pos- and pottery. sible to obtain from the data from The type V, with stamps in Greek Ischia more precise information and in some cases Latin, has a The current research will serve to concerning the chronology of more globular and V-shaped clarify whether this first phase, these vessels. body. The rim is not as wide as identified in the kilns of Santa the previous type and the neck is Restituta, occurred also in the The best preserved amphora from tronco-conical in shape. The spike workshops of Naples, as seems to Ischia, found near to kiln 4, is is cylindrical and hollow. Several be testified by the discovery of stamped with the stamp ΞΕΝ; amphorae of this type have a fab-

Fig. 2: Preliminary typology of the Greco-Italic amphoras from Ischia. 7. Jahrgang 2005/06 · Heft 1 - 2 65

ric characteristic of Ischia, whilst undertaken on the amphorae of on amphorae from shipwrecks others have a fabric slightly differ- Secca di Capistello, Tour Fondue or consumption sites of which ent, which has been documented and Bon Capò38. the origin is uncertain. In some in Naples. instances the analysis has not 4.1 The diffusion of Campa- been necessary, considering the The type V vessel has been found nian pottery and amphorae in macroscopic characteristics of in diverse contexts within the the southern Tyrrhenian area the fabric and the unmistakable western Mediterranean, as well as and western Mediterranean production technique of the in several shipwrecks of the 3rd amphorae of Ischia. cent. BC, such as those of Secca Amphorae from Ischia and the di Capistello (Isole Eolie), the Bay of Naples (dated between the In the earlier phase, circulation Tour Fondue (southern France), end of the 4th and the first half of was probably along the route to the Meloria, near Livorno (the the 3rd cent. BC) have been iden- Sicily and, possibly, to Northern last two dated towards the mid- tified on a few sites in Sicily and Africa, through Capo Lilibeo. dle of the century) as well as the the western Mediterranean, due to The Punic centres, or places with shipwrecks of Cabrera 2 and that their typology, fabric and stamps. a Punic influence (Erice, Lilibeo, of Bon Capò (Spain), although , , Kamarina), were with some morphological differ- In order to confirm the the arrival and consumption points ences. The laboratory analyses of hypothesized origin, laboratory of the wine and other products these fabrics, to verify an eventual analysis has been carried out, or is contained in the amphorae from common origin, have so far been in the course of being conducted, the bay, between the end of the 4th and the beginning of the 3rd cent. BC.

The presence of early imports from Campania in Sicily – for example at the necropolis of Li- libeo – is documented through the presence of archaic Campanian A pottery39. This pottery, as well as a few Greco-Italic stamps have also been discovered in , be- tween the end of the 4th and the 3rd cent. BC and are a testimony of the relationship between the Bay of Naples, Punic Sicily and northern Africa40.

Below is a preliminary list, most probably incomplete, of the lo- calities where several amphorae stamps have been recovered, and which have also been recorded at Ischia (and in Naples): 4.1.1 Sicily

• Gela (a well dated context be- tween 339 and 282 BC, the date of the destruction of Gela by Phintias)41. The stamp ΖΩ was dis- covered, which is well documented in Ischia, Naples and on the Fili- cudi F. Also from Gela have been recorded the retrograde stamp ΧΑΡΜ from the Hellenistic houses (end of the 4th/beginning of the 3rd cent. BC), the stamp ΜΑΜΑΡ (from Capo Soprano)42 and the stamp ΕΥΞΕΝΟΥ43. The stamp ΜΕ Fig. 3: The Filicudi F shipwreck: some Greco-Italic amphoras of type IV and their stamps. is the same as recorded on some 66 The production and circulation of Greco-Italic amphorae of Campania, G. Olcese

amphorae from Naples. quantify the actual presence of this class of material from Secca di • Manfria: the stamp XAPME has Campania material in this period Capistello has been associated by been attested here (in a context (the few published photographs Blanck with the black-gloss ware dated between the period of Timo- and the two Greek stamps reveal from Ischia56, the kylikes of the leon and Agathocles, 310 BC)44. that some amphorae are in all prob­­­ Filicudi F are distinctive, and have • Eraclea Minoa: the stamp ΖΩIΛ ability from the Bay of Naples). also been documented in tombs in has been recorded in the area of Lipari as well as in Naples and in the theatre (4th/3rd cent. BC), to- 4.1.3 France several other contexts from Magna gether with the stamp XAΡME45. Graecia (for example at Roccaglo- • Selinunte: ΧΑΡME46. • Ensérune (ANTAΛΛ, ANTA [re­ riosa, in a tomb of the end of the • Camarina: stoa (end of the 4th/ trograde], XAP, ΝΥΜΦI). 4th cent. BC)57. The differences beginning of the 3rd cent. BC): The type IV and V amphorae have seen in this material could be BIΩ, ΔΙΟΝΥ, ΧΑΡΙΛΑ47 also been recorded at the necropo- caused by the fact that they came • Poggio Marcato di Agnone: ME lis of Aleria50 and at Ensérune51. from different workshops, or by a (type IV), ΖΩ. possible chronological difference • Caleacte: type V (stamp: AΝΔ­ 5. The Aeolian shipwrecks: between the two shipwrecks. ΡΩΝΟΣ and other greek stamps48) Preliminary information re- recorded in the first third of the garding the current research 5.1 The amphorae of the Fili- 3rd cent. BC. cudi F shipwreck Through the endeavours of a re- 4.1.2 Carthage cent research project, a revision is The vessel, which has been dated currently under way of the cargo to between 300 BC and 280/250 • Carthage (area of the port): of shipwrecks which transported BC, sank in the area of the island ΧΑΡΜΕΩ49. pottery and Greco-Italic ampho- of Filicudi58. The cargo, par- rae (and Dressel 1) originating tially published59, was principally From the text of Wolff (Wolff from the central-southern Tyr- formed of Greco-Italic type IV 1986) it can be deduced that ca. rhenian area52. Several shipwrecks amphorae, stamped in Greek and 500 Greco-Italic amphorae can be found in the waters off the Isole with distinctive characteristics (see provenenced from the commercial Eolie, at Lipari, carried onboard a for example the long tapered body, area: “Greco-italic amphora sherds cargo formed of the oldest Greco- cylindrical neck and particular were not found in the earliest layers Italic type amphorae. Two of these rim section)60 (fig. 3). of the Commercial Harbour; none sites, the Filicudi F and the Secca was found in the earlier channel fill di Capistello, are currently being Several of the stamps found in or in the 4th century metallurgical restudied by the author53. the Filicudi F have also been workshop area. They became documented at Gela, which was more common in layers of the 3rd The place of origin of these two destroyed in 282 BC61. Also re- and 2nd centuries, and became ships, dated to between the end covered were several black-gloss especially numerous in the 146 BC of the 4th and the beginning of ware skyphoi, with a calcareous destruction debris….The evidence the 3rd cent. BC, is currently the fabric and a part of the body left of the Greco-Italic amphorae (as subject of discussion amongst unglazed, of an unknown origin. well as black glaze ware) points scholars, and has been attributed Types very similar to these have toward fairly vigorous commercial to either Sicily or to Campania54. been documented in tombs in activity beginning in the late 4th The mineralogical analysis con- Lipari, other centres in Sicily and and early 3rd centuries, diminishing ducted as part of the new project at Roccagloriosa62. considerably during the period from has allowed the exclusion of Sicily the beginning of the First Punic as having been the point of origin 5.1.1 The stamps War to the end of the Second Punic for the amphorae of the two ship- War, and then expanding again wrecks, whereas the hypothesis of The stamps on the Greco-Italic after 200, until the beginning of the Campania seems to be strength- amphorae of the shipwreck, writ- Third Punic War”. And further on: ened by the majority of the mate- ten in Greek, are often two and “My impression is that Greco -Italic rial (see below)55. were made both at the base of the amphorae are plentiful in Carthage, handle in a rectangular frame and although there are few published The amphorae found on the two on the bend of the handle (fig. examples”. shipwrecks also differ amongst 3). The stamps are neat and well- themselves; the stamps do not made. It would therefore seem necessary always correspond and the tech- to undertake a complete revision nique of stamping also varies. A larger number of the recovered of the Greco-Italic amphorae from Furthermore, the black-gloss ware amphorae – 16 in total – had the Carthage, taking into account also which also formed part of the stamp ΓΑΡ (or ΠΑΡ), a crown sym- the epigraphic, macroscopic and cargo of both of the shipwrecks bol and an M. This stamp has archaeometric data to verify and has diverse characteristics. Whilst also been documented at Ischia on 7. Jahrgang 2005/06 · Heft 1 - 2 67

few fragments of handles; in some (ΓΑΡ or ΠΑΡ) and a letter, the Μ66. other things, to that which ap- cases it has been made accurately, It has not yet been possible to un- peared later on the table of the vic- whilst in others more coarsely. ravel the stamp and understand tors of the Agones in Naples, the A large number of identical am- whether it relates to two people Sebasta festival, established in 2 phorae with the same stamp have or whether it is a name and a pat- BC in honour of Augustus. These been recovered in Naples63, in the ronymic, or whether it is the ab- games were possibly celebrated in recent excavation of the Under- breviation of a place name. The substitution of an ancient festival, ground (together with a bronze M could possibly represent the for example the one associated to coin of Naples dated to 326 BC). abbreviation of the stamp – MEΓ the figure of Diotimus67, during The same stamp also appears to be – made on Greco-Italic amphorae the period of the Athenian domi- present at Selinunte64 and possibly that formed a part of the same nation, the feste lampadiche, when at Monte Sant’Angelo (Licata)65. cargo, however this is only a hy- a votive torch was carried during pothesis. the race68. If the symbol does cor- The stamp unifies a symbol (the respond to a crown, the amphorae crown), positioned between a The stylised crown made on the could therefore be associated with name shortened to a monogram stamp is very similar, amongst this festival. On the basis of what is known from Greece, where the Panathenaic amphorae, full of oil from the sacred olives, were awarded to the winners of the ath- letic games and the horse races69, it may be hypothesized that the type IV amphora with its content (probably wine) was awarded as a prize to local agones. This does not, however, exclude the likeli- hood that these vessels, together with their content, could also be an object of trade.

In , it was the city itself which ordered the amphorae from the workshops and entrusted the archons with their production; if the situation in the Bay of Na- ples was analogous, the stamps on the amphorae could conserve the memory of this activity and the people – magistrates or craftsmen – who were involved.

Fourteen type IV amphorae were however stamped ΠΥΘEA, in clear, neat characters, similar to the pre- vious stamp. This stamp does not seem to have been documented elsewhere, with the exception of Ischia where a single, truncated example ΠΥΘ has been recorded. The name is known in south- ern Italy at Dicearchia/Puteoli, and Selinunte, although in differing periods to that of the shipwreck in question70.

The stamp MEΓ has been identified on eight amphorae, all of the type IV; it has also be found on several examples from Naples Fig. 4: The Secca di Capistello shipwreck: some Greco-Italic amphoras of type V and their and, possibly, in Sicily where it is stamps. recorded as the stamp ME71. At 68 The production and circulation of Greco-Italic amphorae of Campania, G. Olcese

Ischia, the name MEΓAKLHΣ has discovered at Monte Sant’Angelo The results are currently being been recorded, in a dedication on (Licata), Poggio Marcato di processed by G. Montana from the base of a Hellenistic votive Agnone and at Gela, which was the University of Palermo. The offering72, found close to the destroyed in 282 BC; if these are data which was acquired has been district of the potter’s workshops all instances of the same punch, compared with that of the ampho- of Santa Restituta. The dedication, the destruction of the city provides rae of Naples and Ischia. The first in Greek, is to Aristeos73 on a terminus ante quem both for results appear to favour a common the behalf of Megakles, the the stamp and for the type IV origin for the amphorae of the Roman, son of Lucius. The name amphora. three sites. Megakles, as has been noted by Buchner who studied the votive One example of the stamp ΧΑΡ(Ι) The mineralogical composition offering in the 1950s, also appears on a type IV amphora was identi- appears to again lead to Campa- in a Neapolitan inscription (I.G. fied. It can clearly be associated nia, possibly to the Bay of Naples. XIV 777) as well as in another, in with examples from Pitecusa (ΧΑΡ, However, it should be highlighted Capri74. Without wanting to enter ΧΑΡΙΛΑ, ΧΑΡΙΛΕΩ), and have also that the fabrics of several ampho- into a detailed discussion of the been recorded in Naples. rae of the shipwreck (those with interpretation of the dedication, the stamp ΓΑΡ/crown/M) are it is interesting to note that the Finally, it should be noted that slightly different from those typi- name Lucius, father of Megakles, all the amphorae of the Filicudi cal of the amphorae of the island; cited in the dedication, appears on F stamped with ΓΑΡ (or ΠΑΡ), a furthermore, a very low percentage several bricks from Pitecusa75. crown and an M, MEΓ and ΠΥΘEA of this particular stamp have been (the last two with similar letters), recorded at Pitecusa (whereas it is The stamp ΖΩ has only been ΧΑΡ and ΖΩ belong to the same widespread in Naples). documented on one type IV am- type IV amphorae and form a ho- phora. However this has provided mogeneous cargo, which probably Lastly, the recent discovery in Na- important information, as the originated from the same area in ples could allow the hypothesis stamps ΖΩ, amongst the most nu- which the amphorae were pro- that several of the amphorae of the merous in Ischia, abbreviated from duced. Filicudi F were produced in the the name ZΩIΛ(OΣ)76, are always workshops of the city or in some stamped on the handle (it was not 5.1.2 The laboratory analysis other centre in the Bay. Further previously known with any cer- of the amphorae of the Fili- studies are currently being under- tainty regarding the type of am- cudi F: preliminary results taken and it is probable that it will phorae on which it was stamped). shortly be possible to identify a The stamped amphorae of the precise area of origin for these ves- The stamp has also been recorded Filicudi F shipwreck have been sels. in Naples; in Sicily it has been subject to mineralogical analysis.

Fig. 6: The Tour Fondue shipwreck: Greco- Fig. 5: Some 3rd cent. BC shipwrecks containing Greco-Italic amphoras. Italic amphoras. 7. Jahrgang 2005/06 · Heft 1 - 2 69

5.2 The Greco-Italic ampho- been recorded at Ischia (a low per- stamped on a brick (necropolis of rae of the Secca di Capistello centage) and Naples with a fabric San Montano, Tomb 4884), as well shipwreck rich in volcanic inclusions. as at Gela85. The stamp ΠIΣT was also recorded on the shipwreck of The cargo of the shipwreck, al- The laboratory analysis conducted Secca; a single, but unclear, ex- ready published by H. Blanck so far on the amphorae once again ample of this has been found at amongst others, is currently being appears to exclude a Sicilian pro­ Ischia, with the stamp ΠIΣ86. restudied77, and includes Greco- venance, and instead favours one Italic type V amphorae (fig. 4) and from Campania. The black-gloss 6. Several shipwrecks in the black-gloss ware. The shipwreck ware is certainly Campanian in or- western Mediterranean of the has been dated to between 300- igin, which is very similar to that 3rd cent. BC with Greco-Italic 280 BC. The amphorae, which in of Ischia/Bay of Naples and which amphorae some cases contained olives, pista- has comparisons with finds from chios, grape-stones as well as some numerous sites in Punic Sicily and The current project aims to as- unidentifiable natural fibres, were northern Africa (Carthage)80. sociate the amphorae of several stamped in Greek. Several of the shipwrecks of the 3rd, 2nd and 1st published stamps have also been One of the stamps that has been centuries BC with their respective recorded at Gela, which was de- recorded on a type V amphora areas of production. The research, stroyed in 282 BC. The amphorae is EYΞEN(OΣ); this name, which which is based upon archaeologi- all have similar morphologies and is quite common, has also been cal, epigraphic and archaeometric fabrics, which are different how- found on stamps from Ischia81 and criteria, is undertaken in parallel ever, also in the method in which Naples. Other attestations on am- with that of the study of the pot- they were stamped, to those of the phorae regard Sicily, and in par- tery production centres of Lazio Filicudi F. ticular Gela, destroyed in 282 BC, and Campania87. where a further stamp was found C. Vandermersch, basing his hy- that is also common in Ischia, The amphorae of the principal pothesis on the stamps, has attrib- ΖΩ82. The name is known from known production sites of Lazio uted the amphorae to the Greek several places within Sicily and at and Campania (Torre Astura, area of Sicily, whilst admitting the Metaponto83. Fondi, Formia, Minturno, Mondra­ difficulty in identifying the cities gone), as well as a few less known in which they were produced78. A further stamp is ΠOΠ, also from inland Campania, are the Several of these stamps79 have also known at Ischia where it was been subject of a new study, conducted

Fig. 7: Some places of production of late Greco-Italic and Dressel 1 amphoras in the middle-south Tyrrhenian region. 70 The production and circulation of Greco-Italic amphorae of Campania, G. Olcese

also in the laboratory, undertaken analysis of an amphora from the vations of the Underground in Na- together with a field survey which cargo of this shipwreck has shown ples, in a context of the first half aims recover traces of production that there are numerous similari- of the 2nd cent. BC, has recently activity. ties between its composition with permitted S. Febbraro to advance that of the amphorae produced at the hypothesise that the ampho- In parallel to this, examinations Ischia or on the Bay of Naples101. rae of the shipwreck of Torre della will be made, also in the labora- Meloria with this stamp originat- tory, of the amphorae from the 6.2 Torre della Meloria ed from a workshop in Naples107. shipwrecks. Several of these ships Stamps associated with this name, which were transporting Greco- The vessel, which was probably en but made by different punches Italic amphorae in the 3rd cent. route to either southern Gaul or (ΣI and ΣIM, in an oval frame), BC88 are shown on the map in fig. the port of Pisa, sank near to Torre have been found, in the truncated 5: these include the Montecristo89, della Meloria (Livorno). It has form, at Ischia in the dump of Torre della Meloria90, Tour Fon- been dated to between 240-230 Gosetti108. due91, Bon Capò92, Cabrera 293, BC, and was transporting Greco- Cala Rossa94, Tour d’Agnello95, Italic type V and V/VI amphorae, Unfortunately it has not yet been Terrasini B96, Hospice97 and stamped in Greek, as well as black- possible to directly compare the the Sanguinaires A98. gloss ware (principally Lamboglia fabrics, even through laboratory 27- Morel 2783-2784 bowls) and analysis, which could definitively The amphorae which are the most Lamboglia 42 B kylikes, with hori- confirm the association with the often recorded are the types V zontal handles102. The black-gloss amphorae of this shipwreck with and V/VI of Vandermersch’s clas- ware has strong similarities in the the Bay of Naples. sification. It appears that it could form and decoration with a group be reasonable to associate several discovered at Ischia, which prob- 7. The latest Greco-Italic am- of the cargos with different areas ably originated from Naples103. phorae (types V/VI and VI) of of Campania (in particular with the Bay of Naples the Bay of Naples) and possibly The amphorae stamps described in also with Lazio, however, further the publication can be recognised The latest phase of the production verification, already conducted as three different punches: of Greco-Italic amphorae was in or currently being undertaken of - ΣIMIA written inside a rectangu- the 2nd cent. BC, in particular the the amphorae of the several ship- lar frame, at the base and on the types V/VI and VI, and can be wrecks, is necessary. bend of the handle, dated through the recent and nu- - ΣIMI in a rectangular frame at merous finds from Naples109. As an example, following are the base of the handle, with a fur- examined the cargo of two ship- ther illegible stamp, which appears At Ischia, amongst the material wrecks, that of the Tour Fondue at the base of the other handle and from the kilns of S. Restituta, the and that of the Torre della Melo- starts with the letters MA, percentage of these types is seem- ria. - ΣIM in an oval frame on the bend ingly quite low. The vessels have of the handle. been found above all in the Go­ 6.1 Tour Fondue setti property and at the necropo- One amphora also has the letters lis of San Montano (fig. 2). The vessel sunk near to Marseille ΔΙ painted in red104. This mark, probably around the middle of the which consists of two letters and Amongst the stamps made on 3rd cent. BC – based upon the dis- is probably an abbreviated name, these amphorae, several have been covery of a black-gloss bowl of the also exists as a stamp and as graf- well documented: AΣKΛΗ110 is Bats F 263 form type. It was trans- fiti on Greco-Italic amphorae from known from the finds from Na- porting Marseille amphorae late 4 Ischia and Naples. ples, as well as from a number of and 5 types, as well as Greco-Ital- diverse sites in the western Medi- ic amphorae types V and V/VI, The amphorae have been associ- terranean; furthermore, the stamp stamped in Greek99 (fig. 6). The ated by the authors of the excava- ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ on a type VI amphora hypothesis of the scholars who tion with the area of Lazio-Cam- is conserved at the Museum of have studied the shipwreck is that pania105. The new evidence from Villa Arbusto at Ischia111. The this was a vessel of modest dimen- Naples possibly allows this area fabric of these last two, seemingly sions, used for the redistribution of origin to be restricted even fur- slightly different from that of the of goods along the coast of Mar- ther. earliest production from Ischia, seille100. but which contain volcanic mate- The slave name ΣIMIAΣ – ΣIMIA rial, could originate from the Bay Two of the stamps found in this is probably the genitive – is very of Naples, even if only a laborato- cargo appear to be those also common in the Greek world106. ry analysis, already underway, can known at Ischia and Naples (ΠΑ or However, the discovery of a punch provide a definitive answer. ΓΑ, XAPM, TPE). The mineralogical with the stamp ΣIMIA in the exca- 7. Jahrgang 2005/06 · Heft 1 - 2 71

Differently from the period com- between the middle/end of the 4th and 13 Mele A. in: Neapolis 1985, 360-361. prised between the second half of the beginning of the 3rd cent. BC. the 4th and the beginning of the 14 Strabo V, IV.9. 3rd cent. BC, in which it seems 3 For simplicity, the numbering system (although caution is necessary) established by Vandermersch will be used, 15 Monti 1980; 1991. Lacco Ameno cor- that the production centres, above omitting however the code MGS (Magna responds to the ancient Pithekoussai (ital: all those which commercially Graecia and Sicily) which, in the light of Pitecusa). The necropolis of San Mon- produced amphorae with a wide- new research, describe too much the ori- tano, investigated by Buchner is located spread distribution, were not many gin of the amphorae. nearby, in the bay of San Montano. and were concentrated in the area of the Bay, in the 2nd century the 4 Hesnard et al. 1989; Arthur 1991. 16 Olcese et al. 1996; Olcese – Hiener production fragmented, and in- 1999; Heilmeyer 2001; Olcese 2004. cluded different areas of the Tyr- 5 Vandermersch 1994, 145. rhenian coast (for example Lazio, 17 Buchner 1994. but also Etruria), an indication 6 It is maintained here that the study of of a changed economic situation. Greco-Italic amphorae should be un- 18 The study, which will be published in There were also numerous pro- dertaken by area of production, instead the volume currently in preparation, was duction centres which also made of aiming to create a general typology conducted by M. Martini and E. Sibilia Dressel 1 amphorae: Torre Astura, of the vessels, valid for all of the areas; of the Department of Physics of the Uni- Fondi, Formia (?) Minturno as such a typology helps little in defining versity of Milan Bicocca. well as some others, concentrated the diverse productions of Republican in southern Lazio and Campania Italy. The studies conducted on the pos- 19 For the stamps of Ischia, see Buchner (fig. 7)112. sible production areas are fundamental or 1997; Olcese 2004. where archaeological research has allowed The distribution of Greco-Italic the identification of workshops. 20 Olcese 2004. amphorae is now much wider and includes an increasing number of 7 For Corsica, see the material from the 21 De Caro – Giampaola 2004; Giam- shipwrecks, amongst which, for necropolis of Aleria, Jehasse 1973. For paola 2005; Febbraro – Olcese 2005. example, the Filicudi A, which has Sicily, see for example the finds from the amphorae whose characteristics of necropolis of Lilibeo, Bechtold 1999, 93. 22 De Caro 2005, 661; Giampaola 2005. the fabric can probably be traced For northern Africa, the phenomenon This building, according to the excava- to Campania (although it is still emerged from the study of the black-gloss tors, was replaced in the 2nd cent. BC by unclear from which area). ware from Carthage, Chelbi 1992. a colonnade, which in the Roman period held the list of the victors of the Sebastà. Notes 8 Even Morel, in his synthesis of maritime trade in the Hellenistic-Roman period, 23 There still exists the problem of the 1 Will 1982; Tchernia 1986; Manacorda gives limited weight to the trade net- supply of clay to the workshops of Naples. 1986; Empereur – Hesnard 1987; He- work prior to the Second Punic War, J. P. Whilst those on Ischia could make use of snard et al. 1989; Vandermersch 1994, Morel, Les trafics maritimes de la Grand the numerous outcrops of good quality 2001; Olcese 2004. Grèce à l’époque hellénistico-romaine, clay, Naples, as far as we know, was not The fundamental work of C. Vanderm- in: F. Prontera (ed.), La Magna Grecia e in possession of any sedimentary clay out- ersch, which since 1994 has drawn the il mare, Studi di storia marittima (1996) crops of the sort used in the production attention of scholars studying amphorae 145-173, in particular pages 147-150. of amphorae. Buchner maintains that the (MGS III – VI) and the possibilities of clay used in the workshops of Naples was their origins, has posed the problem of 9 The research is conducted within the brought from Ischia (Buchner – Rittman the production and circulation of wine framework of a project financed by the 1948, 45). In fact, the recent discoveries in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC in the Ministry for Italian Research (FIRB: in Naples, combined with those already central southern area of the Tyrrhenian. Fondi Italiani Ricerca di Base) which obtained at Cuma, suggest the presence These ideas have been continued and in- aims to study the principal areas of the of a clay used by local workshops or, pos- tegrated into an article in 2001 in which production of pottery in central southern sibly, a mixture of clays (for further dis- the author maintains that together with Tyrrhenian Italy and their circulation, cussion of this argument, see Olcese et al. the production of Magna Graecia and with the objective being a better recon- 1996, 25 note 62). Sicily, existed further parallel productions struction of the economy and trade in which are defined as Romaines Médio- antiquity. www.immensaaequora.org. 24 There have been large numbers of pub- Républicaines (= RMR). lications on Pithekoussai; in this article, 10 Lepore 1952. reference is made to the principal publi- 2 The data has emerged from a recent cation, Buchner – Ridgway 1993. survey in the various storerooms of the 11 Frederiksen 1984, 225. Soprintendenza Archeologica di Napoli e 25 A joint work is currently being under- Caserta in southern Lazio and Campania, 12 De Caro – Giampaola 2004; De Caro taken in order to build a better interpre- and refers to a necropolis of the period 2005, 658. tation from the data available. 72 The production and circulation of Greco-Italic amphorae of Campania, G. Olcese

26 For this reason, a series of tests are cur- Pugliese, coordinated by D. Giampaola to this first phase, but the amphorae re­ rently being undertaken in the laboratory, of the Soprintendenza Archeologica di covered were much fewer The cargo of considering that the pottery from the bay Napoli e Caserta. this ship is now being reviewed thanks to has distinctive composition characteris- the kind permission of R. Gullo, Director tics. 35 In some examples the amphorae appear of the Museum of Lipari. to be to a passage type between the 3rd 27 Ricq de Bouard – Meille et al. 1989, and 4th centuries BC. 54 Vandermersch 1994, 74-75 suggests 257. T. Mannoni, for example, has for Sicily and/or Magna Graecia, also on the some time highlighted that in the area 36 The large type is clearly identifiable basis of the names on the stamps and the between southern Toscany and north- due to the finds from the Filicudi F. dialect characteristics. ern Campania there are many areas of quaternary volcanic origins and the clay 37 The amphorae are currently being 55 The reading of the sections was con- is characterised by the presence of the studied by Pugliese. ducted by G. Montana. same minerals (augite, idiomorphic sani- dine, biotite, glassy lapilli, fragments of 38 The analysis of the amphorae from 56 Blanck 1978, 108. trachytic rocks). However, the following Bon Capò, the results of which are cur- research seems to provide interesting sug- rently being processed, has been possible 57 Gualtieri – Fracchia 1990, 258, fig. gestions for a better characterisation and due to the collaboration of D. Asensio, 183, n. 76. identification of pottery of some areas those of the Tour Fondue due to Bernard (Thierrin − Michael 1992). Undoubtedly, Dangréaux. 58 Lamboglia − Pallarés 1983; Bernabò in the absence of any information on pro- Brea − Cavalier in: AA.VV. 1985; Parker duction centres, it is only the cross-corre- 39 Bechtold 1999, 93 ff. 1992. The date has been proposed on the lation of different data – historical, typo- basis of the black-gloss ware, Morel 1981, logical, epigraphical and archaeometrical 40 For the black-gloss ware of Carthage, 62 ; Vandermersch 1994, 74 agrees with – that allows the definition of the zone see Chelbi 1992. this late date. of origin of the amphorae that have been exported. 41 Orlandini 1956, 352, fig. 11, n. 2; 59 Cavalier − Livadie in: AA.VV. 1985, 1958, 361, fig. 5. 89-91. On the basis of a recent verifica- 28 For further information about the tion conducted at Lipari, there are 54 project, coordinated by the author and in 42 Adamesteanu − Orlandini 1956, 348, amphorae on display. which participates various research bodies n. 3. and scholars, see the preliminary internet 60 All the amphorae are Greco-Italic, site www.immensaaequora.org. 43 Adamesteanu − Orlandini 1956, 361, with one exception which is Punic. fig. 5. 29 See note 6. 61 From the data currently being proc- 44 Adamesteanu 1958. essed by the group from Naples, we know 30 In the volume, currently being pre- that amphorae very similar to that of the pared for publication, have contributed, 45 De Miro 1958, 281, fig. 50, n. 13. Filicudi F with the same stamp have been for the archeometric section, Valerie recorded in Naples, together with coins of Thirion Merle, M. Picon (for the chemi- 46 Salinas 1984, 328, n. 142. 326 BC. cal section) and G.Montana who substi- tuted G. Thierrin Michael (who analysed 47 From a survey made in the storeroom 62 Gualtieri – Fracchia 1990, fig. 179 the initial sections) for the mineralogical of the Museum of Licata. nn.75 and 76, approximately dated to the section. period between the second half of the 4th 48 Lindhagen 2006, 53 and the following cent. and 300-280 BC. 31 The site is currently the focus of work pages. The author informs that Greco- by a team directed by E. Gailledrat: Italic amphorae of Campanian origin 63 The stamp in question on the exam- Gailledrat 2002, with previous publica- are attested in Morgantina and Termini ples from Naples is being studied by L. tions. Imerese. Pugliese.

32 The cluster chart or dendrogram (tree 49 Wolff 1986, 148, fig. 9. 64 See Livadie in: AA.VV. 1985, 91, read diagram), undertaken on a sample of 17 as PAOM. chemical elements, allows the identifica- 50 Jehasse 1973, table 143 no. 357 (type tion of the groups of objects from their V), 1261 and 1355 (type IV). 65 It is a rectangular frame in which the analogous composition. first letters are erased, apart from the fi- 51 Material displayed in the Museum of nal M, typical of this sort of stamp (from 33 Thierrin in: Olcese et al. 1996. Ensérune. a comparison made directly at the Muse- um of Licata). Barra Bagnasco 1989, table 34 The amphorae from Naples are cur- 52 www.immensaaequora.org. XXXVII, n. 24. rently being studied, together with the rest of the contexts, by S. Febbraro and L. 53 The Roghi shipwreck also belongs 66 On the basis of the examples from 7. Jahrgang 2005/06 · Heft 1 - 2 73

Ischia, it is not clear if the first letter is 82 Adamesteanu − Orlandini 1956, 361, 103 The comparison has been based upon a P or a Γ, but the examples from the fig. 5. published material, as so far it has not shipwreck appear to confirm the hypoth- been possible to conduct a direct com- esis that this is a Γ and not a Ρ, as previ- 83 Fraser − Matthews 1997, 171. parison. ously proposed by Vandermersch 1994, 174. The other example is the stamp 84 Buchner – Ridgway 1993, table 45 104 Bargagliotti − Cibecchini 1998, fig. ΧΑΡΜΕΟ, followed by kantharos/small tomb n. 48, Hellenistic. 3.4, ΔI, probably incorrectly indicated as amphora. ΔA in the text on page 168. 85 Adamesteanu − Orlandini 1956, 352, 67 Beloch 1890, 57. fig. 11.1, with an I at the end. 105 Cibecchini 2002, on the basis of the mineralogical analysis conducted by T. 68 Statius, Silv. III 5, 80 and IV 8, 45-54; 86 From the dump of Gosetti. Mannoni and C. Capelli, Genova. Velleius I, 4. 87 For details about the current project, 106 Fraser − Matthews 1997, III A, 395. 69 Valavanis 1986. see the preliminary website www.immen- saaequora.org. 107 Febbraro, S., in a paper at the “Con- 70 Fraser − Matthews 1997, 380. vegno di Lattes, Itineraires des vins ro- 88 The volume of Parker 1992 is an im- mains en Gaule”, January 2007. 71 In Sicily, at the Museum of Licata from portant source for a first identification of Poggio Marcato di Agnone, on a MGS the shipwrecks, several of which are now 108 This is unpublished material. A simi- III amphora, is the stamp ME in ligature; the subject of investigation. lar oval frame is documented amongst the however, this could have nothing to do amphorae of Marseille, Bertucchi 1992, with the stamp from the shipwreck. 89 Parker 1992, 281; Corsi 1998. fig. 80, 24/73, read as PY, but possibly legible as ΣIM. 72 Buchner 1951, 4 and the following 90 Bargagliotti − Cibecchini 1997; Bar- pages. gagliotti − Cibecchini − Gambogi 1997; 109 Currently being studied by Stefania Cibecchini 2002. Febbraro. 73 Aristaeus was the god of the flocks and the bees which lived amongst the Eubea 91 Joncheray 1989; Dangréaux 1993- 110 On a type VI amphora, from tomb Mountains and protected the trees and 1995, 1996. 124 from the necropolis of San Montano. the olives. 92 Asensio − Martin 1998. 111 Tomb 31 of the necropolis of San 74 Buchner 1951, 9, n. 1. In fact Fraser Montano. − Matthews 1997, III A, 290 record the 93 Parker 1992, 80, together with earlier presence of this name also at , in publications; Ramon 1994, 27 (amphorae 112 Hesnard et al. 1989; Arthur 1991. Lucania and in Sicily. dated to the end of the 3rd cent. BC). Bibliography 75 Buchner 1951, 10, note 1. 94 Parker 1992, 90, together with earlier publications; Bernard − Cibecchini 2003. AA.VV. 1985: (autori vari) Archeologia 76 At Ischia, the stamps ZOIΛ are also subacquea, 2. Isole Eolie, Boll. d’arte 29, recorded. 95 Alfonsi − Gandolfo 1987. Suppl.

77 Frey et al. 1978; Blanck 1978: Livadie 96 Parker 1992, 422 together with earlier Adamesteanu, D. – Orlandini, P. 1956: − Cavalier − Vandermersch in: AA.VV. publications. Gela, Notizie degli Scavi 10, 203-401. 1985, 53 and the following pages; Parker 1992, 396. 97 Pomey et al. 1992. Adamesteanu, D. 1958: Manfria (Gela). Scavo di una fattoria-officina, Notizie 78 Vandermersch 1985, 64. 98 Alfonsi − Gandolfo 1997. degli Scavi 12, 290-334.

79 Vandermersch 1985. The list of the 99 Joncheray 1989; Dangréaux 1993- Alfonsi, H. – Gandolfo, P. 1997: L’épave stamps from the shipwreck, with their 1995, 1996. Sanguinaires A, Cahiers d’Archéologie respective analyses, will be published in Subaquatique, 35-55. the work currently being prepared for 100 Long 1990. publication. Arthur, P. 1991: Romans in Northern 101 The analysis of the thin section was Campania. Archaeol. Monographs of the 80 Bechtold 1999, 93. conducted by G. Montana; the complete Brit. School at Rome. dataset will be published in the volume 81 Amongst the finds from the dump on currently in preparation. Asensio i Vilaro, D. – Martin i Menéndez, the Gosetti property, preserved in the A. 1998: El derelicte de Bon Capo storeroom of Mezzavia at Lacco Ameno, 102 Bargagliotti − Cibecchini 1997; Bar- (L’Ametlla de Mar): l’inici de l’expansio Ischia. gagliotti − Cibecchini − Gambogi 1997. de vi itàlic a la Peninsula Ibèrica, in: El 74 The production and circulation of Greco-Italic amphorae of Campania, G. Olcese

vi a l’antiguitat. Economia, Produccio i locale in età recente, in: Quaderno del Frederiksen, M. 1984: Campania (ed. comerç al Mediterrani occidental, Actes Centro studi per la storia della ceramica with additions by N. Purcell, London Badalona 1998 (Badalona) 138-182. meridionale, 17-45. 1984).

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