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Regional Oral History Office University of California the Bancroft Library Berkeley, California Regional Oral History Office University of California The Bancroft Library Berkeley, California David Blackwell AN ORAL HISTORY WITH DAVID BLACKWELL Interviews conducted by Nadine Wilmot in 2002 and 2003 Copyright © 2003 by The Regents of the University of California Since 1954 the Regional Oral History Office has been interviewing leading participants in or well-placed witnesses to major events in the development of Northern California, the West, and the nation. Oral History is a method of collecting historical information through tape-recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. The tape recording is transcribed, lightly edited for continuity and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewee. The corrected manuscript is indexed, bound with photographs and illustrative materials, and placed in The Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley, and in other research collections for scholarly use. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account, offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is reflective, partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ********************************* All uses of this manuscript are covered by a legal agreement between The Regents of the University of California and David Blackwell, dated April 11, 2002. The manuscript is thereby made available for research purposes. All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to The Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley. No part of the manuscript may be quoted for publication without the written permission of the Director of The Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley. Requests for permission to quote for publication should be addressed to the Regional Oral History Office, The Bancroft Library, Mail Code 6000, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-6000, and should include identification of the specific passages to be quoted, anticipated use of the passages, and identification of the user. It is recommended that this oral history be cited as follows: David Blackwell, “An Oral History with David Blackwell,” conducted by Nadine Wilmot in 2002 and 2003, Regional Oral History Office, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 2003. Copy No. _______ TABLE OF CONTENTS—DAVID BLACKWELL Introduction by Albert H. Bowker i Interview History iii Interview 1: April 11, 2002 1 [Minidisc 1] 1 Early years and family in Centralia, Illinois 1 College years at University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana 8 Interview 2: April 18, 2002 17 [Minidisc 2] 17 More on early years in Centralia and undergraduate education 17 Graduate school with dissertation advisor Joseph Doob 22 Obtaining a Rosenwald fellowship and going to the Institute for Advanced Study 25 What is the meaning of denied access? 33 Looking for work 34 Teaching at Southern University and Clark Atlanta University 36 Interview 3: April 25, 2002 41 [Minidisc 3] 41 More on the Institute for Advanced Study 41 Howard University 43 Teaching and mathematics department faculty 46 Marriage and family 53 Interview 4: May 2, 2002 57 [Minidisc 4] 57 Howard University, curriculm and environment 57 Meeting Abe Girshick 62 Community of statisticians 66 Rao-Blackwell theorem 67 Bayesian approach 69 Summers at the Rand Corporation 72 More on Bayesian approach 75 Reviewing papers for favorites 77 Interview 5: May 9, 2002 81 [Minidisc 5] 81 The mathematical mind 81 An approach to mathematical activity 81 Dynamic programming and information theory 84 Lester Dubins 86 Working on information theory with Leo Breiman 88 Reviewing papers for favorites 90 Government funded research 95 Applied math versus pure math 97 Using computers in his work 97 Hugo Steinhaus 99 Interview 6: May 16, 2002 101 [Minidisc 6] 101 Playing games at Rand 101 Stanford statistical community in the early 1950s 102 Coming to Berkeley 106 Friendship with Jerzy Newman 108 Living in Berkeley 109 Berkeley’s department of statistics 110 Summer Statistics Program for Disadvantaged Students 114 Involvement in the Academic Senate 117 Afro-American Studies Committee Chair for two weeks 119 Free Speech Movement protests on campus 120 Military work 121 Family and social change 123 Living in London as director of the Study Aboard Program 123 Rouse Ball Lecture in London 124 Interview 7: May 23, 2002 127 [Minidisc 7] 127 Coming to Berkeley, education of children in Berkeley 127 Brown v. Board of Education 128 Other African American faculty at Berkeley in 1954 130 Perception of teaching as a profession in the African American community 132 Professional organizations for African American mathematicians 132 Changing race relations and identity 133 Friendship with Al Bowker 134 Photo and interactions with William Shockley 135 Awards and honors 137 Visiting Europe, ancestral math sites, Bayes and Doblin 138 Intuition and math 140 Graduate students 142 Music and math 144 More on Centralia and family 145 Northtown and Southtown 147 Grandchildren 149 Civil Rights Movement 150 Interview 8: September 11, 2002 153 [Minidisc 8] 153 Affirmative action at UC Berkeley 153 Howard versus UC Berkeley, a teaching institution versus a research institution 154 The roots of being anti-war 155 How having a family and children impacted professional choices 156 Interview 9: November 13, 2003, and Interview 10: January 29, 2003 inserted in text [Minidisc 9] i INTRODUCTION—David Blackwell It is a pleasure to be asked to write an introduction to David Blackwell’s oral history. I suppose I owe this invitation to the fact that I have known him longer than anyone else in the Berkeley community. During World War II, I worked with Abe Girshick in a military research group, and it was Abe who had interested David in mathematical statistics after his graduate work with J. L. Doob and his early papers in probability. Through Girshick I came to know of David. When we met in 1946, David was living in Washington D.C., where my parents also lived. My frequent visits to the city often included a meal at the Blackwell home, and I still remember in those early days driving with him from Washington to an Institute of Mathematical Statistics meeting at Cornell in 1946. In January of 1947 I accepted a position at Stanford, where I started to organize a separate department of statistics. (The mathematics department at Stanford, unlike the one in Berkeley, did not want to include statistics.) Girshick joined the department, and David became a frequent short-term visitor and also spent the 1950-1951 academic year in residence. During the 1950s he spent several summers at the Rand Corporation, and became acquainted with Kenneth Arrow, another early star in statistics at Stanford. His Berkeley connection was established when, in 1954, he came to Berkeley from Howard University as a visiting professor. The following year he accepted a position as Professor of Statistics. I had become chancellor at Berkeley in 1971, and this was a wonderful opportunity to renew our friendship. David has been an ideal faculty member. First and foremost, he is an excellent classroom performer. His classes have been both rigorous and popular, and he is also listed as the supervisor of nearly fifty PhD dissertations. He has done his share of administrative and committee work: a term as department chair, Director of California Study Abroad Center, Faculty Research Lecturer and chair of the committee to select others, and member of the committee that recommended my own appointment as chancellor. David’s recognition is not limited to his work as a teacher. He has done fundamental work in game theory, Bayesian inference, and information theory. He was a principal developer of Bellman’s dynamic programming ideas. He founded the theory of comparison of experiments, later developed by his colleague Lucien Le Cam to become one of the central tenets of mathematical statistics. With Arrow and Girshick he developed the backward induction method of solving sequential decision problems to solve the problem of determining Bayes solutions to such problems. He is the author of the classic book, Theory of Games and Statistical Decisions, along with some eighty papers in professional journals. Although I do not want to wander too far from his academic and scholarly contributions, I cannot refrain from mentioning at this point that in many ways in his career was deeply influenced by the fact that he is an African American who had to overcome great educational and professional obstacles. He grew up in modest circumstances in Centralia, Illinois, a home town of railroad employees. It is to the credit of his family and his teachers that they recognized his remarkable ability and encouraged him to seek higher education. He was accepted by the University of Illinois, although there was some reluctance to have him pursue advanced study there. After obtaining his doctorate and spending a year at the Institute for Advanced Study, he applied to traditionally black universities, teaching first at Southern University and Clark, before going to Howard and only much later to Berkeley. In fact, the first proposal to hire him at Berkeley was defeated on racist grounds. Despite the limitations that some tried to place on him, David has constantly forged ahead. I note that we are the same age, and he completed his PhD in 1941, the year that I graduated from college with all the ii privileges and encouragement that I accepted as a matter of course! Recognition has come to him over the years. He has served as president of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, the Bernoulli Society, and the International Association for Statistics in the Physical Sciences. He has given a number of prestigious named lectures, and has a dozen honorary degrees.
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