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Resource Guide on Good Practices in the Investigation of Match-Fixing

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Resource Guide on Good Practices in the Investigation of Match-Fixing Resource Guide on Good Practices in the Investigation of Match-Fixing UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna Resource Guide on Good Practices in the Investigation of Match-Fixing UNITED NATIONS New York, 2016 Acknowledgements This Resource Guide is a product of the Corruption and Economic Crime Branch of UNODC, in cooperation with the International Centre for Sports Security (ICSS). UNODC and ICSS wish to thank Mr. Paul Scotney for his substantive contributions to the drafting of this Resource Guide. UNODC and ICSS also acknowledge with profound gratitude those who have contributed their expertise, experience and time at various stages of the development of this Resource Guide: Mr. Paolo Bertaccini Bonoli, Alta Scuola Università Cattolica; Mr. Hassan Haider, Mr. James Kitching, Mr. Benoit Pasquier, Asian Football Confederation; Mr. Adam Brickell, British Horseracing Authority; Mr. Kevin Carpenter, Captivate Legal & Sports Solutions; Dr. Roger Koranteng, Commonwealth Secretariat; Ms. Cassandra Fernandes, Council of Europe; Mr. George Patterson, European Commission; Mr. Norbert Rubicsek, Europol; Mr. Ralf Mutschke, Ms. Geraldine Noone, Mr. Nicholas Raudenski, FIFA; Mr. Nicholas John Tofiluk, Gambling Commission; Mr. Douglas Robinson, Hong Kong Jockey Club; Ms. Léa Cléret, Mr. Stuart Page, Mr. Werner Schuller, Mr. Will Shand, ICSS; Ms. Ingrid Beutler, International Olympic Committee; Mr. Wayne Snell, Mr. Stanley Ude, INTERPOL; Ms. Lauren Baum, Mr. Pierre Berthet, Mr. Pascal Faget, Mr. Sylvain Nogues, Ms. Xavière Simeoni, Ministry of Justice of France; Mr. Seong Kyu Heo, Mr. Hyung Won Kim, Mr. Kyung Soo Kim, Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Korea; Mr. Jack Anderson, Queens University; Mr. Oscar Brodkin, Mr. James Watson, Sportradar; Prof. Mike McNamee, Swansea University; Mr. Urs Kluser, UEFA; Ms. Clair Ashley, Ms. Amelia Fisher-Starzynski, VERO Communications; Ms. Susan Ahern, Mr. Ben Rutherford, World Rugby; Mr. Nigel Mawer, World Snooker and Darts; and Mr. Francis Montil. UNODC and ICSS also wish to acknowledge the contributions of the following UNODC staff members who were responsible for the development of this Resource Guide: Candice Welsch, Ronan O’Laoire, Gemma Norman and Chadia Afkir, and of those who provided their expertise and comments: Dimitri Vlassis, Dimosthenis Chrysikos, Julia Pilgrim and Constanze Von Soehnen. © United Nations, August 2016. All rights reserved, worldwide. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Publishing production: English, Publishing and Library Section, United Nations Office at Vienna. Foreword Sports bring out the best of us. Honour and fair play are integral to the conduct of sporting events, and to our enjoyment of them. But the joy that sports bring to billions of fans around the world can so easily be marred by crooked practices such as match-fixing. Corruption and the involvement of trans- national organized crime in sport undermine confidence in results and tarnish reputations. Added to this, the huge profits generated by match-fixing can be channelled into other illegal activities. The best way to tackle these threats is through a multi stakeholder approach. Combined with a focus that increases the capacities of law enforcement agencies and sports organi- zations, this allows for the considerable expertise of a variety of actors, including inter- national organizations and private sector bodies, to be harnessed. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is committed to widening efforts to promote integrity and good governance in sport. We have developed this Resource Guide, in partnership with the International Center for Sport Security (ICSS), as a practical resource designed to help officials detect and inves- tigate match-fixing. It uses as its basis the United Nations Convention against Corruption and the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, which provide the legal framework for law enforcement agencies to combat match-fixing, and serve as universally acceptedreference points for sports organizations and other stakeholders to support this fight. The case studies and practical investigation techniques contained in this Resource Guide offer important and useful support for those looking to enhance their knowledge and investigative skills within this relatively new but increasingly important area. By demonstrating resolve and ability to tackle this threat, States and sports organizations can protect both integrity in sport and the integrity of sport. I hope this Resource Guide will further advance these efforts. Yury Fedotov Executive Director United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime iii Foreword Sport must be protected in order for us to continue to provide this special vehicle for the education of future generations. Sadly, corruption, bribery, cheating, lying and violence are becoming commonplace. One serious issue sport now faces is match-fixing. This is occurring in order to make criminals richer, often at the expense of vulnerable athletes or match officials. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is one organization that has taken a stand against the threat of match-fixing and I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge its admirable work in this area. By combining our strengths and expertise, the International Centre for Sport Security (ICSS) and UNODC are working towards creating a future of sport free from crime. We are proud to present you with the first realization of our partnership: the UNODC – ICSS Resource Guide on Good Practices in the Investigation of Match-Fixing. What this precious resource will do is serve as the mentor, the friend, the helping hand for all those who find themselves confronted by crime in sport. It will assist those who have to show extraordinary levels of courage and bravery to help catch the cheaters. This resource guide is a gift to sport and hopes to guide international federations and law enforcement and other international organizations to better detect, investigate and prosecute match-fixing. By carefully explaining investigations into match-fixing from A to Z, we are proud to say that this UNODC-ICSS resource is a vital contribution to a stronger future for integrity in sport. Through our continuing partnership with UNODC, we are happy to support a truly global fight against match-fixing in sport and see this resource being used across all continents. This is only the beginning of a journey and we hope you will all join us. Mohammed Hanzab President International Centre for Sport Security iv Contents I. Overview of match-fixing ................................................. 1 A. Introduction ......................................................... 1 B. What is match-fixing? ................................................ 3 1. Definition approach ............................................... 3 2. Typical circumstances ............................................ 5 3. Sports organizations and law enforcement approaches ................. 9 4. Evolution of match-fixing: eSports .................................. 9 C. Why is it important to investigate match-fixing? ........................... 11 1. The attraction of match-fixing to criminals ........................... 12 2. Sporting impact .................................................. 14 3. Societal impact .................................................. 15 4. Economic impact ................................................. 15 D. How is match-fixing an international issue? .............................. 16 1. Overview of the transnational/cross-border nature of match-fixing ....... 16 2. Factors affecting who will investigate a case of transnational match-fixing . 18 3. Scope and applicability of the United Nations conventions and other ­international legal and sports instruments ........................... 20 II. Investigating cases of match-fixing ........................................ 25 A. Common approaches to a match-fixing investigation ....................... 25 B. Cooperation between law enforcement agencies and sport investigators ...... 26 C. Sequence of events in a typical investigation .............................. 28 D. Sources of information, allegations, intelligence and evidence ............... 30 1. Information from betting-related sources ............................ 30 2. Information from reporting mechanisms ............................. 30 E. Avenues for investigation .............................................. 31 F. Evidence ........................................................... 32 1. Burden and standard of proof ...................................... 32 2. Following the evidence ............................................ 33 3. Identifying the betting evidence. 33 4. Analysis of the betting evidence. 34 5. Deducing evidence from footage of the match-fixing incident ............ 37 v 6. Establishing early links using call data records ........................ 38 7. Analysis of call data records ....................................... 39 8. Linking the evidence—charts and timelines .......................... 40 9. Open-source intelligence options ................................... 42 10. Use of experts ................................................... 43 G. Interviewing.
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