DOCSLIB.ORG

Land Conflicts and the Ngobe in Bocas Del Toro, Panama

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Land Conflicts and the Ngobe in Bocas Del Toro, Panama INDIGENOUS CONTESTATIONS OF SHIFTING PROPERTY REGIMES: LAND CONFLICTS AND THE NGOBE IN BOCAS DEL TORO, PANAMA Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Gayatri Thampy, M.A. Graduate Program in Anthropology The Ohio State University 2013 Dissertation Committee: Jeffrey Cohen, Advisor Mark Moritz Kendra McSweeney Allison Fish Copyright by Gayatri Thampy 2013 Abstract This study investigates how shifting property regimes produced by global inequities in power affect indigenous groups’ access to land. Further, it explores the various means that indigenous populations use to legitimate their claims to land in a climate of shifting property regimes, when other differentially empowered claims to land may also be morally and/or legally legitimate. The study addresses these issues by using the example of the indigenous Ngobe’s experience of land conflicts produced in a context of tourism boom and neo-liberal land privatization reforms in Bocas del Toro, Panama. It showcases the pertinence of the Ngobe experience to the above questions by exploring the causes of land conflicts involving the Ngobe since the rise of the tourism industry over the last two decades, and the Ngobe responses to the stressors introduced by the tourism industry and neoliberal land reforms. It argues that Ngobe vulnerability to land loss and land conflicts stem from the combination of: legal and bureaucratic framework of the neoliberal land reforms in Panama; the political economy of information flows and Ngobe position within Bocatorenean society that limits their access to crucial information; and differing conceptions of inhabited property as opposed to ‘natural’, ‘unused’, ‘uninhabited’ land between the local Ngobe and immigrant Western ii expatriates. At the same time, the study demonstrates how the social agency of individual actors produces an individualized micro-politico-legal ecology that shapes the force-field in which the actors are embedded and displaces the intended effects of legal and institutional property constructions. In so doing, the study will problematize the usual associations between indigenous peoples and their claims to land, delineate the processes through which structural and cultural forces produce indigenous marginality and vulnerability, challenge indigenous essentialisms, demonstrate how the concrete practices of property relations may shift legal and ideological conceptualizations of property, and argue that academic research on indigenous peoples needs to include the issues faced by un-territorialized indigenous populations in urban and semi-urban regions. iii Dedication Dedicated to my Amma, Maku and Kutta In memory of my Acchan S. Sivakumaran Thampi And Special Thanks To Christopher Norton iv Acknowledgements First and foremost, I thank all the people of Bocas del Toro for participating in my study and answering a stranger’s intrusive questions on the sensitive topic of land tenure rights. This study was made possible by the trust and help extended to me by indigenous rights activist Feliciano Santos. I hope that this study will eventually benefit the Ngobe struggle for rights to land. Clyde Stevens from Bocas del Toro, Dr. Stanley Heckadon (STRI), Fernando Santos-Granero (STRI), William Laurance (STRI) and Francisco Herrera (Universidad de Panama) advised me during the course of this study and were very generous and patient with their time. I am also grateful to Javier Mateo Vegas from the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) for introducing me to participants in an Environmental Training and Leadership Initiative (ELTI) symposium. Many of these participants enabled me to obtain an institutional perspective on the land rights issue. Staff at STRI- Panama and STRI-Bocas made every effort to assist me in my research. For this, I am thankful to Adriana Bilgray, Angel Aguirre, Gabriel Jacome, Plinio Gondola, Urania Gonzalez, and Deselvia de Ortiz. I am also indebted to the owners of Restaurante Chitre and Restaurante El Lorito in Bocas. I conducted numerous interviews and meetings and ate innumerable delicious meals on my modest budget at these locations. Many other friends and colleagues in Panama helped me define this study and guided my efforts. Foremost among them is Dr. Osvaldo Jordon, whose selfless v commitment to indigenous land rights is a source of inspiration to me. Other friends and colleagues who made my stay in Panama enjoyable and useful include Kafda Vergara Esturain, Anayansi Prado, Dr. Ana Spalding, Mir Rodriguez, Yorlenis Mayela Delgado, and Carmen Schloeder. I am grateful for numerous grants that helped me fund this study. These include the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute’s short-term fellowship, the Tinker Foundation’s grant for short term field research, the Daniel Hughes Memorial Award and the Dissertation Support Grant from the Department of Anthropology at Ohio State University, the Ray Travel Award from the Council of Graduate Students at The Ohio State University, and the International Affairs Grant from the Office of International Affairs at the Ohio State University. I am indebted to my dissertation committee for their guidance through out this study and for their patience during the writing process. Thank you Dr. Jeffrey Cohen, Dr. Mark Moritz, Dr. Kendra McSweeney, and Dr. Alison Fish! I have also been fortunate to have many other professors guide my academic and intellectual growth. They include Dr. Russell Bernard, Dr. Susan Weller, Dr. Kate Gillogly, Dr. Jeff Johnson, Dr. Ricardo Godoy, Dr. Victoria Reyes Garcia, Dr. Tim White, Dr. B. Chandrasekharan, Dr. Candace Stout, Dr. Douglas Crews, Dr. Peter Lahanas, Dr. Sydney Greenfield, Dr. Lisa Cligett (for comments on my 2009 AAA paper), and Dr. Sarah Lyons (comments on 2007 AAA paper). Members of the dissertation writing groups at The Ohio State University encouraged and enabled me to regain my focus and articulate my thoughts through writing. For this, I am thankful to Lindsay Martin, Shivaji Kumar, Takeki Sunakawa, vi Bethany Vosburg-Bluem, Hyeseon Jeong, Jessica Zeller, and Robert Mitchell. My colleagues at Denison University created for me a friendly and nurturing teaching environment that allowed me to grow as an educator. For this, I am particularly thankful to Dr. Susan Diduk who has always been generously available to talk about teaching and anthropology, as well as Nancy Welu, Dr. Mary Tuominen, Dr. Anita Waters, Dr. Russell Shekha, Dr. Fareeda Griffith, Dr. John Davis and Dr. Veerendra Lele. Dr. Muge Galin has been pertinent to this writing process as she sat through brain-storming sessions and late-night writing sessions. She was also the friend in need during one of the lowest points in my life. Thank you Muge for being a caring person and for the fresh perspectives you offer! This endeavor would have been impossible without the loving support of my family. The love, sustenance and attention from my amma, Vatsala Thampy, braced me during the darkest days. My children, Sumitra (maku) and Ivan (kutta), inspire me to strive to be a good role model for them. I am becoming a better person because of them. I am thankful to my husband Chris Norton for supporting me financially and for taking over household and parenting responsibilities during the last few years. My in-laws Emily Norton and Dan Norton have never failed to come to our assistance at a moment’s notice. Not a day passes when I do not remember my acchan, Sivakumaran Thampi. I wish you were here today to witness my graduation and see my kids. I am also indebted to my chettan, Anil Sivakumaran, who inspired me to pursue intellectual endeavors and who made my early childhood so nostalgically sweet and memorable. vii My friends have allowed me to keep my sanity intact during the last fifteen years. Ruth Magtanong never failed to drive all the way to Columbus to comfort me and offer her company even in the midst of a 60-hour work week and other responsibilities. Jeevan Savant has been my close friend and confidante. I am so fortunate that he is a mature, patient and gentle listener. Nivedita Sangaj did not hesitate to visit me all the way from California. Other friends include Eric Kightley, Deborrah Pinto, RamaVarma Nandakumar, Sumitra Matlani, Revathi Ananthakrishnan, Gautam Nair, Zohra Ismail Beben, Aaron Thornburg, Katie Demps, Victoria Ramenzoni, Kate Gillogly and fellow classmates from the NSF-SIRD field school in North Carolina. Life is so much sweeter since I have known you all. viii VITA Doctoral Candidate, Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University..2007. M.A., Anthropology, The Ohio State University .................................................2004. Bachelor Of Engineering in Computer Engineering with First Class, University of Pune, India ...........................................................................................................1997. Adjunct Instructor, Department of Sociology / Anthropology, Denison University ................................................................................2012 – Present. Graduate Teaching Associate, Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University...................................................................... 2004– Present. PUBLICATIONS Moritz, M., Kyle, B R., Nolan, K C., Patrick, S., Shaffer, M., and Thampy, Gayatri. 2009. 'Too Many People and Too Few Livestock in West Africa? An Evaluation of Sandford's Thesis'. Journal of Development Studies. 45:7. pp: 1113—
Load more

Recommended publications
  • View the Floating Doctors Volunteer Handbook
    Volunteer Handbook 1 Last Update 2016_07_30 Table of Contents 1. Floating Doctors a. Mission Statement b. Goals 2. Scope of Work a. Mobile Clinics b. Mobile Imaging c. Public Health Research d. Health Education e. Professional Training f. Patient Chaperoning g. Ethnomedicine h. Asilo i. Community Projects 3. Pre-Arrival Information a. Bocas del Toro b. Packing List c. Traveling to Bocas del Toro d. Arrival in Bocas 4. Volunteer Policies a. Work Standards b. Crew Code of Ethics and Conduct 5. Health and Safety a. Purpose b. Staying Healthy c. Safety Considerations 6. Financial Guidelines a. Volunteer Contributions b. Floating Doctors Contributions c. Personal Expenses 7. On-Site Logistics a. Community Guidelines b. Curfew c. Keys d. Laundry e. Resources f. Recycling 8. Living in Bocas a. Floating Doctors Discounts b. Groceries c. Restaurants d. Internet e. Phone 9. Basic Weekly Schedule a. Typical Weekly Schedule b. What to Expect on a Clinic Day c. What to Expect on a Multi-Day Clinic 10. Phone List 2 Last Update 2016_07_30 I. Floating Doctors Mission Statement The Floating Doctors’ ongoing mission is to reduce the present and future burden of disease in the developing world, and to promote improvements in health care delivery worldwide. Goals Our goals include: 1. Providing free acute and preventative health care services and delivering donated medical supplies to isolated areas. 2. Reducing child and maternal mortality through food safety/prenatal education, nutritional counseling and clean water solutions. 3. Studying and documenting local systems of health care delivery and identifying what progress have been made, what challenges remain, and what solutions exist to improve health care delivery worldwide.
    [Show full text]
  • Religion in Panama
    Religion in Panama Country Summary Although the Republic of Panama, which is about the size of South Carolina, is now considered part of the Central American region, until 1903 the territory was a province of Colombia. The Republic of Panama forms the narrowest part of the isthmus and is located between Costa Rica to the west and Colombia to the east. The Caribbean Sea borders the northern coast of Panama, and the Pacific Ocean borders the southern coast. Panama City is the nation’s capital, which contains about 40 percent of the nation’s population. The country has an area of 30,193 square miles (75,417 square km) and a population of 3.3 million (2008). Racially, the majority of the population is considered mestizo (70 percent, mixed Amerindian and Hispanic), while the rest are West Indian (14 percent, Afro-Caribbean), Amer- indian (8 percent), Caucasian (6 percent) and Asian/other (2 percent). The Amerindian popu- lation (285,230 in 2000) includes eight ethnolinguistic groups: the Guaymí (Ngöbe-Buglé), Kuna, Choco (Emberá-Wounaan), Teribe (Naso), Bokota and Bribri. In 2000, about 80 percent of the population were Spanish-speaking, about 9 percent were speakers of Asian or Middle Eastern languages (Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Hindustani, Hebrew and Arabic), 8.3 percent were Amerindian (speakers of eight languages), and 3.7 percent were English-speaking (mainly West Indian and North American). However, many Panamanians are bilingual, especially in Spanish and English (Standard English and Western Caribbean Creole English). There is also a small population of “Negros Congos” who speak an Afro-Hispanic Creole, especially on the Caribbean coast of Colón province.
    [Show full text]
  • About Panama
    Panama The Republic of Panama is located in the center of the Western Hemisphere under the following coordinates: 7º12’07" and 9º38’46" North, 77º09’24" and 83º03’07" West. Its Borders are: to the North, the Caribbean Sea; to the East, the Republic of Colombia; to the South with the Pacific Ocean and to the West with the Republic of Costa Rica. Panama is the link between Central America and South America, constituting an isthmus of 80 km. wide in its narrower section. Official Name: Republic of Panama. Capital: Panama City. Nationality: Panamanian. Area, Population and Density: 75,517 square Km; the total population is 2,839,177, 81 persons/square mi. Age Distribution (%): 0‐14 years 37.0%, 15‐59 years 56.3%, 60+ years 6.7% Political Division: 9 provinces and 5 indigenous communities. Government: constitutional democracy, centralized Republic Legal System: based on the civilian legal system, judicial revision of legislative acts in the Supreme Court. Accepting international tribunal jurisdiction, except in some instances. Language: the official language is Spanish. However, many Panamanians speak English. Literacy Rate: 90% Weather: Panamanian weather is tropical, and uniform throughout the year. The average temperature is 27 degrees C. Religion: there is an absolute freedom of Religion in Panama. Most Panamanians are Roman Catholic. However, due to the diversity in the country, you can find all kinds of temples of worship throughout the country. Time Zone: the time in Panama all year long is the same as the EST (GMT ‐5). We do not observe Daylight Savings Time. Currency: the U.
    [Show full text]
  • Panama: Locking in Success
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized PANAMA: LOCKING IN SUCCESS A SYSTEMATIC COUNTRY DIAGNOSTIC Public Disclosure Authorized JANUARY 16, 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank the members of the Panama Country Team from all Global Practices and IFC, as well as all the partners and stakeholders in Panama, who have contributed to the preparation of this document in a strong collaborative process. (A full description of this process is found in Annex 1). We are very grateful for the generosity exhibited in providing us with substantive inputs, knowledge and advice, particularly given the time limitations. The team is co-led by Friederike (Fritzi) Koehler-Geib (Sr. Economist) and Kinnon Scott (Sr. Economist). Ayat Soliman (Program Leader) provided overall coordination. In addition, the following people provided substantive inputs and guidance: Humberto Lopez (Country Director), Frank Sader (Principal Strategy Officer), Louise J. Cord (Practice Manager), Auguste Tano Kouame (Practice Manager), Maryanne Sharp (Country Operations Adviser), Oscar Calvo- Gonzalez (Program Leader), and Kathy A. Lindert (Program Leader). Peer reviewers are: Pablo Fajnzylber, Practice Manager; David Gould, Lead Economist; and Jennifer J. Sara, Director. The table below identifies the full list of team members that have contributed their time, effort and expertise, and their affiliations. CMU/Global Practice/Cross Team Member Cutting Solution Area/IFC Agriculture Irina I. Klytchnikova, Norman Bentley Piccioni Caribbean CMU Francisco Galrao Carneiro Central America CMU Jovana Stojanovic, Kathy A. Lindert, Mary Rose Parrish, Maria del Camino Hurtado, Oscar Calvo-Gonzalez, Anabela Abreu, Sara Paredes Ponce, Meilyn Gem, Michelle Mccue, Sonia Molina, Desiree Gonzales Climate Change Luiz T.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbonate Vs Siliciclastic Depositional Systems: a Field Trip Guide to Modern Sedimentary Environments and the Geology of Bocas Del Toro, Panama
    CARBONATE VS SILICICLASTIC DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEMS: A FIELD TRIP GUIDE TO MODERN SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS AND THE GEOLOGY OF BOCAS DEL TORO, PANAMA Luis Ignacio Quiroz, Jaime Escobar, Cindy GonzalEs, Edward Salazar, Carlos Jaramillo, Camilo Montes, AlEjandro Machado, Austin HEndy INSTITUTO COLOMBIANO DEL PETROLEO-ECOPETROL FiEld trip GuidE DEcEmbEr 9 – 14 of 2011 Bocas dEl Toro Panama CARBONATE VS SILICICLASTIC DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEMS: A FIELD TRIP GUIDE TO MODERN SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS AND THE GEOLOGY OF BOCAS DEL TORO, PANAMA Luis Ignacio Quiroz University of SaskatchEwan Canada Jaime Escobar Universidad Jorge TadEo Lozano Bogotá Cindy GonzalEs Edward Salazar Carlos Jaramillo Camilo Montes AlEjandro Machado Austin HEndy Smithsonian Tropical REsEarch institute Panamá PURPOSE OF FIELD TRIP The main goal of this field trip is to study modern siliciclastic to carbonate depositional environments. The Bocas del Toro Archipelago with its protected lagoons, mangrove belts, swamps, sandy beaches and coral reef formations, provides an excellent setting to observe a wide range of modern sedimentary environments from open-water, typical Caribbean reef formations, to humid, tropical swamp environments. The research station of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, located in the middle of this archipelago, is equipped with all the laboratory space and logistical equipment to concentrate in the study of these environments. INTRODUCTION The course will take place at the Bocas del Toro Research Station. At Colon Island in Panama 's Bocas del Toro region in the Caribbean, STRI has established a site for educa- tion and research, providing scientists and students with access to an extraordinary di- versity of marine and terrestrial biota. This station is situated among areas of undisturbed forest, a remarkable coastal lagoon system, and numerous islands and reefs.
    [Show full text]
  • Financing Plan, Which Is the Origin of This Proposal
    PROJECT DEVELOPMENT FACILITY REQUEST FOR PIPELINE ENTRY AND PDF-B APPROVAL AGENCY’S PROJECT ID: RS-X1006 FINANCINGIDB PDF* PLANIndicate CO-FINANCING (US$)approval 400,000date ( estimatedof PDFA ) ** If supplemental, indicate amount and date GEFSEC PROJECT ID: GEFNational ALLOCATION Contribution 60,000 of originally approved PDF COUNTRY: Costa Rica and Panama ProjectOthers (estimated) 3,000,000 PROJECT TITLE: Integrated Ecosystem Management of ProjectSub-Total Co-financing PDF Co- 960,000 the Binational Sixaola River Basin (estimated)financing: 8,500,000 GEF AGENCY: IDB Total PDF Project 960,000 OTHER EXECUTING AGENCY(IES): Financing:PDF A* DURATION: 8 months PDF B** (estimated) 500,000 GEF FOCAL AREA: Biodiversity PDF C GEF OPERATIONAL PROGRAM: OP12 Sub-Total GEF PDF 500,000 GEF STRATEGIC PRIORITY: BD-1, BD-2, IW-1, IW-3, EM-1 ESTIMATED STARTING DATE: January 2005 ESTIMATED WP ENTRY DATE: January 2006 PIPELINE ENTRY DATE: November 2004 RECORD OF ENDORSEMENT ON BEHALF OF THE GOVERNMENT: Ricardo Ulate, GEF Operational Focal Point, 02/27/04 Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE), Costa Rica Ricardo Anguizola, General Administrator of the 01/13/04 National Environment Authority (ANAM), Panama This proposal has been prepared in accordance with GEF policies and procedures and meets the standards of the GEF Project Review Criteria for approval. IA/ExA Coordinator Henrik Franklin Janine Ferretti Project Contact Person Date: November 8, 2004 Tel. and email: 202-623-2010 1 [email protected] PART I - PROJECT CONCEPT A - SUMMARY The bi-national Sixaola river basin has an area of 2,843.3 km2, 19% of which are in Panama and 81% in Costa Rica.
    [Show full text]
  • Cuando La Vida Era Tranquila: Land Use And
    SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection SIT Study Abroad Spring 2018 Cuando la vida era tranquila: Land use and livelihood changes following the construction of the Chan 75 dam in Nance del Risco, Bocas del Toro Patrick McKenzie SIT Study Abroad Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection Part of the Earth Sciences Commons, Environmental Health and Protection Commons, Latin American Studies Commons, Natural Resource Economics Commons, and the Nature and Society Relations Commons Recommended Citation McKenzie, Patrick, "Cuando la vida era tranquila: Land use and livelihood changes following the construction of the Chan 75 dam in Nance del Risco, Bocas del Toro" (2018). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 2796. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/2796 This Unpublished Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Study Abroad at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Cuando la vida era tranquila: Land use and livelihood changes following the construction of the Chan 75 dam in Nance del Risco, Bocas del Toro Patrick McKenzie School for International Training: Panama Spring 2018 Abstract The Ngobe are Panama’s most populous indigenous group. While the Ngobe that live in the comarca have land and resource rights, those that live immediately outside of it do not. This issue has been exacerbated by the creation of Palo Seco Forest Reserve which has removed all land rights from the Ngobe living within it.
    [Show full text]
  • Panama Breached Its Obligations Under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights to Protect the Rights of Its Indigenous People
    Panama Breached its Obligations under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights to Protect the Rights of Its Indigenous People Respectfully submitted to the United Nations Human Rights Committee on the occasion of its consideration of the Third Periodic Report of Panama pursuant to Article 40 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Hearings of the United Nations Human Rights Committee New York City, United States of America 24 - 25 March 2008 Prepared and submitted by the Program in International Human Rights Law of Indiana University School of Law at Indianapolis, Indiana, and the International Human Rights Law Society of Indiana University School of Law at Indianapolis, Indiana. Principal Authors, Editors and Researchers: Ms. Megan Alvarez, J.D. candidate, Indiana University School of Law at Indianapolis Ms. Carmen Brown, J.D. candidate, Indiana University School of Law at Indianapolis Ms. Susana Mellisa Alicia Cotera Benites, LL.M International Human Rights Law (Indiana University School of Law at Indianapolis), Bachelor’s in Law (University of Lima, Law School) Ms. Vanessa Campos, Bachelor Degree in Law and Political Science (University of Panama) Ms. Monica C. Magnusson, J.D. candidate, Indiana University School of Law at Indianapolis Mr. David A. Rothenberg, J.D. candidate, Indiana University School of Law at Indianapolis Mr. Jhon Sanchez, LL.B, MFA, LL.M (International Human Rights Law), J.D. candidate, Indiana University School of Law at Indianapolis Mr. Nelson Taku, LL.B, LL.M candidate in International Human Rights Law, Indiana University School of Law at Indianapolis Ms. Eva F. Wailes, J.D. candidate, Indiana University School of Law at Indianapolis Program in International Human Rights Law Director: George E.
    [Show full text]
  • Executive Summary
    EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Final Report Baseline Study in Three Geographical Areas of Concentration in Mesomerica Project CAM - 2241 Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) The World Conservation Union (IUCN) Regional Office for Mesoamerica October 2001 INDEX OF CONTENT I. BACKGROUND II. OBJECTIVES III. METHODOLOGY 1. PRINCIPLES 2. ANALYSIS OF THE QUALITY OF PARTICIPATION IV. DATA ANALYSIS 1. PAZ RIVER GAC 2. SAN JUAN RIVER GAC 3. TALAMANCA – BOCAS DEL TORO GAC V. CONCLUSIONS 1. WORKING HYPOTHESES 2. PRIORITY SITES 3. PRIORITY THEMES 4. THE CONSORTIUM AS A WORKING MODEL VI. SELF-EVALUATION 1. ANALYSIS OS STUDY INDICATORS 2. ANALYSIS OF STUDY IMPACTS 3. LESSONS LEARNED MAP ANNEX Report elaborated by the Project Team: Coordinators: Jesús Cisneros y Guiselle Rodriguez Adviser: Alejandro Imbach Supervision: Enrique Lahmann I. BACKGROUND As a result an in-depth analysis on the experience of the Regional Office for Mesoamerica (ORMA) of The World Conservation Union (IUCN) during the last thirteen years in Mesoamerica, along with the analysis of impacts on regional sustainability and mobilization of IUCN membership in this context, in December 1999 ORMA presented a proposal to NORAD for a framework program aimed at the organization and consolidation of local conservation and sustainable development initiatives managed by consortia of local organizations in three geographic areas of concentration in Mesoamerica. This work modality, which promotes management of key ecosystems by local consortia, seeks to be a model for addressing the serious socio-environmental problems in Mesoamerica. NORAD expressed a favorable opinion of the proposal for a framework program and suggested that a preparatory phase be carried out to obtain basic secondary information.
    [Show full text]
  • Empresas Públicas De Medellín E.S.P. (An Empresa Industrial Y Comercial Del Estado Organized Under the Laws of the Republic of Colombia)
    OFFERING MEMORANDUM Ps.965,745,000,000 7.625% Senior Notes due 2024 Empresas Públicas de Medellín E.S.P. (an Empresa Industrial y Comercial del Estado organized under the laws of the Republic of Colombia) The 7.625% senior notes due 2024 (the ‘‘Notes’’) are being offered by Empresas Públicas de Medellín E.S.P., an Empresa Industrial y Comercial del Estado (industrial and commercial government-owned company) organized under the laws of the Republic of Colombia (‘‘EPM’’). The Notes will be the senior, unconditional, unsecured and unsubordinated obligations of EPM and will rank equally with all of EPM’s existing and future senior unsecured External Indebtedness (defined herein) and senior to EPM’s existing and future debt that by its terms is junior and subordinated in right of payment to the Notes. The Notes will bear interest at the rate of 7.625% per year and will be payable annually in arrears on September 10 of each year, commencing on September 10, 2015. The Notes will mature on September 10, 2024. Payment of principal, interest and any other amounts in respect of the Notes will be made in U.S. dollars, as calculated by the Calculation Agent by converting the Colombian peso amounts due into U.S. dollars at the Settlement Rate on the applicable Rate Calculation Date. See ‘‘Description of the Notes — The Notes and the Indenture.’’ EPM has applied to list the Notes on the Official List of the Luxembourg Stock Exchange and to trade the Notes on the Euro MTF Market of such exchange. Currently, there is no public market for the Notes.
    [Show full text]
  • Socioeconomic Characterization of Bocas Del Toro in Panama: an Application of Multivariate Techniques
    Revista Brasileira de Gestão e Desenvolvimento Regional G&DR. V. 16, N. 3, P. 59-71, set-dez/2020. Taubaté, SP, Brasil. ISSN: 1809-239X Received: 11/14/2019 Accepted: 04/26/2020 SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERIZATION OF BOCAS DEL TORO IN PANAMA: AN APPLICATION OF MULTIVARIATE TECHNIQUES CARACTERIZACIÓN SOCIOECONÓMICA DE BOCAS DEL TORO EN PANAMÁ: UNA APLICACIÓN DE TÉCNICAS MULTIVARIADAS Barlin Orlando Olivares1 Jacob Pitti2 Edilberto Montenegro3 Abstract The objective of this work was to identify the main socioeconomic characteristics of the villages with an agricultural vocation in the Bocas del Toro district, Panama, through multivariate techniques. The two principal components that accounted for 84.0% of the total variation were selected using the Principal Components Analysis. This allowed a classification in three strata, discriminating the populated centers of greater agricultural activity in the district. The study identified that the factors with the greatest impact on the characteristics of the population studied were: the development of agriculture in indigenous territories, the proportion of economically inactive people and economic occupation other than agriculture; This characterization serves as the first approach to the study of sustainable land management in indigenous territories. Keywords: Applied Economy, Biodiversity, Crops, Multivariate Statistics, Sustainability. Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar las principales características socioeconómicas de los poblados con vocación agrícola del distrito Bocas del Toro, Panamá, a través de técnicas multivariadas. Mediante el Análisis de Componentes Principales se seleccionaron los primeros dos componentes que explicaban el 84.0 % de la variación total. Esto permitió una clasificación en tres estratos, discriminando los centros poblados de mayor actividad agrícola en el distrito.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Bocas Del Toro Cauchero Esc
    CALENDARIO DE BECA UNIVERSAL Y PLANILLA GLOBAL TERCERA ENTREGA 2019 DIRECCIÓN PROVINCIAL DE BOCAS DEL TORO 23 DE OCTUBRE DE 2019 Nº DISTRITO CORREGIMIENTO CENTRO EDUCATIVO 1 CHIRIQUÍ GRANDE CHIRIQUÍ GRANDE DIONISIA G. DE AYARZA 2 CHIRIQUÍ GRANDE CHIRIQUÍ GRANDE LAS PIÑAS 3 CHIRIQUÍ GRANDE CHIRIQUÍ GRANDE QUEBRADA EL BAJO 4 CHIRIQUÍ GRANDE CHIRIQUÍ GRANDE QUEBRADA LIMÓN 5 CHIRIQUÍ GRANDE RAMBALA RAMBALA 6 CHIRIQUÍ GRANDE RAMBALA CHIRIQUICITO # 1 7 CHIRIQUÍ GRANDE RAMBALA CHIRIQUICITO # 2 8 CHIRIQUÍ GRANDE RAMBALA CENTRO BET-EL 9 CHIRIQUÍ GRANDE RAMBALA NUEVA ESTRELLA 10 CHIRIQUÍ GRANDE PUNTA PEÑA I.P.T CHIRIQUÍ GRANDE 11 CHIRIQUÍ GRANDE PUNTA PEÑA C.E.B.G. PUNTA PEÑA 12 CHIRIQUÍ GRANDE PUNTA PEÑA CAÑAZAS 13 CHIRIQUÍ GRANDE MIRAMAR MIRAMAR 14 CHIRIQUÍ GRANDE MIRAMAR ALTO LA GLORIA 15 CHIRIQUÍ GRANDE MIRAMAR LAS CAÑAS 16 CHIRIQUÍ GRANDE MIRAMAR LOS MOLEJONES 17 CHIRIQUÍ GRANDE MIRAMAR LOS CHIRICANOS 18 CHIRIQUÍ GRANDE PUNTA ROBALO PALMA REAL 19 CHIRIQUÍ GRANDE PUNTA ROBALO VALLE SECO 20 CHIRIQUÍ GRANDE PUNTA ROBALO PUNTA ROBALO 21 CHIRIQUÍ GRANDE PUNTA ROBALO LA CONGA 22 CHIRIQUÍ GRANDE BAJO CEDRO C.E.B.G. BAJO CEDRO 23 CHIRIQUÍ GRANDE BAJO CEDRO QUEBRADA GARZA 24 CHIRIQUÍ GRANDE BAJO CEDRO ALTO CEDRO 25 CHIRIQUÍ GRANDE BAJO CEDRO C.E.B.G. RÍO AUYAMA 26 CHIRIQUÍ GRANDE BAJO CEDRO EL ESCOBAL 24 DE OCTUBRE DE 2019 Nº DISTRITO CORREGIMIENTO CENTRO EDUCATIVO 1 BOCAS DEL TORO CAUCHERO ESC. CAUCHERO ARRIBA 2 BOCAS DEL TORO CAUCHERO ESC. LOS HIGUERONES 3 BOCAS DEL TORO CAUCHERO ESC. LOMA AZUL 4 BOCAS DEL TORO CAUCHERO ESC. LOMA ESTRELLA 5 BOCAS DEL TORO CAUCHERO ESC.
    [Show full text]