HUMANIORA

VOLUME 29 Number 2 June 2017 Page 150–158

Waterschappen (Irrigation Agencies) Management in and , 1900-1942

Machmoed Effendhie Universitas Gadjah Mada Email: [email protected]

Arif Rahman Bramantya Graduate Student, Universitas Gadjah Mada Email: [email protected]

AbStrAct The purpose of this study is to track the introduction of the irrigation agency (Watershappen) in the Vorstenlanden area Surakarta and Yogyakarta as well as effects on the relationship between farmers, farmers and plantation owners. In addition, this study aims to understand the patterns of institutional change and the water distribution system in the Vorstenlanden region and consequently on agriculture and plantation. State involvement in the problem of water distribution in the Vorstenlanden area causing a collision between a proportional system that has been done by the traditional farmers with absolute system applied state. As a result, irrigation conflicts arise between plantations because of the use of a watershed point for some plantations. Conflicts between plantations and farmers because of water scarcity due to the autonomy of the estate in the distribution of water to agricultural land and conflicts between farmers as water encroachment without the knowledge of other farmers.

Keywords: Watershappen, Vorstenlanden, proportional system, absolute system, conflicts

IntroductIon Waterschaap Kantoor voor Vorstenlanden is a unit Vorstenlanden is a king territory covering an area of of irrigation from the Office of Inspector of the (Kasunanan Surakarta), Duchy Bureau of Technical Administration Surakarta and of (Kadipaten Mangkunegaran), Yogyakarta (Technische Zeljbestuurdiensten in (Kasultanan Yogyakarta), Vorstenlanden) that serves as a technical advisor and Duchy of (Kadipaten services agencies in the autonomous governments Pakualaman). Institutions that take care in Surakarta and Yogyakarta (MVO Helsdingen, of irrigation in the Vorstenlanden region is 1929: 93). Waterschap Centraal Kantoor voor Vorstenlanden Waterschapp Dengkeng and Bengawan and it is under the Department van Verkeer en in Surakarta and Waterschapp Opak Progo in Waterstaat. Waterschap Centraal Kantoor voor Yogyakarta, responsible for structuring technical Vorstenlanden, or better known Waterschappen, and administrative irrigation. Waterschapp as legal based in Yogyakarta. The Institute is a technical entities are expected to act neutral in resolving institution and supervision of irrigation in conflicts of interest betweenonderneming Surakarta and Yogyakarta. Structurally, Centraal owners and farmers. This research tries to trace

150 Machmoed Effendhie - Waterschappen in Vorstenlanden, 1900-1942 the development of modern irrigation agency In addition, this study aims to un derstand the (Waterschappen) in the Vorstenlanden region patterns of institutional change a nd the water Surakarta and Yogyakarta and consequences distribution system in the Vorsten landen region thereof. For a century, since the opening and consequently on agriculture an d plantation Vorstenlanden regions for plantation areas, sector. In order to answer the afo rementioned the owners have enjoyed the right to use water research questions, I will analyse information resources for operational plantations purposes. gathered from primary and secondar y sources. Meanwhile, plantations and agricultural interests This study mostly uses the primary source in of the people who wear the same land for plantation the form of archives. Information from archival crops and food crops, and also require the same sources will be sought from offici al sources of water, has raised the issue of water distribution. the colonial government, especially reports stored That is because there is no application of the rules at Library and regional archives in Yogyakarta, of fair and neutral irrigation for farmers, for the Pakualaman, and Mangkunegaran. Se condary autonomous government and for plantations in sources are obtained from nationa l libraries in the distribution of water for agricultural purposes and several libraries in Yogyakarta. (Rouffaer, 1921: 380). The involvement of the state in matters of orgAnIzAtIonAl And operAtIonAl water distribution in the Vorstenlanden area have AreA WAtERschAp cEntRAAl KAntooR caused collision between a proportional system vooR voRstEnlAndEn and absolute system. Proportional system have Waterschapp Centraal Kantoor voor Vorstenlanden been long established by the traditional farmers founded in 1917. The operations area includes based on the size of the area of land to be drained. the Waterschapp Opak Progo (Yogyakarta), Meanwhile, the absolute system applied state, the Waterschapp Dengkeng and Waterschapp drainage of water on agricultural land are based on Bengawan (Surakarta). Meanwhile, units of agronomic considerations such as the need for water irrigation in the region of Yogyakarta (Bestuur on each plant. Absolute system have been based van Het Waterschapp Opak-Progo) there is an on the consideration of technical and agronomic Advisory Board (Raad van Waterschapp Opak- standard, based on the condition of plants in an Progo) whose members consist of several agencies, agricultural area. (Ravesteijn, 1998: 105.). At the among others planter (Beheerder Onderneming), turn of the 20th century began to change because of Assistant Resident, municipal inspectors increased concern for the welfare of the indigenous (Controleur Binenlands Bestuur), Regent, Head of population and the strong political influence of the subdistrict (Wedana), and the Head Office of land sugar industry. Irrigation agencies converted into affairs. Irrigation Unit in Surakarta (Waterschapp an independent organization with a technocratic Dengkeng and Bengawan) contained Irrigation ideology by linking irrigation wit h prosperity, Council whose members include elements of progress, and civilization. Technocratic ideology is the duke as a representative of the autonomous what eventually became a very important element governments, official representative of the in the policy of ethical politics. residents, and representatives from the company’s Based on the above, the main issues that arises plantations. (Article 10 Vorstenlandsche is why the modern irrigation once established Waterschapp Ordonance (VWO) in NI Gazette, institutions in the Vorstenlanden region it raises No. 722 , 1922). new issues of the institutional aspects and farmers For the technical implementation is done relationships with farmers, farmer relations with by the Technical OfficeTechnische ( Dienst). plantation owners. The purpose of this study is The Technical Service employee is employed to investigate the process of esta blishment of Waterschapp Centraal Kantoor personnel from modern irrigation in the Vorstenla nden region the Technical Office. Meanwhile, underTecnische and its consequences on relations between Dienst there Technische Amtenaren which is the farmers, farmers and plantation ow ners, and the technical officers consisting of two natives. Under relationship between the owners of the plantation. the Technische Amtenaren there are three sections:

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South Section (Sectie Zuid), West Section (Sectie damming permanently. The task of irrigation West), and Eastern Section (Sectie Oost). Sections orderly conduct supervision of foreman. Foreman supervised some onderneming. Head section is and foreman assistant in charge of overseeing the held by indigenous and assisted in their duties irrigation channel. Foreman assistant is the lowest by Irrigation Foreman (Mandor Water Beheer). echelon in irrigation agencies. Across the regions Irrigation Foreman appointed by Bestuur van Surakarta and Yogyakarta, the number of orderlies het Waterschapp-Opak Progo and given a salary personnel about 50 people and the amount of and salary increases each year over the proposed irrigation foreman 300 (Joon, 1940: 5). Section Head with the approval of Chief Technical Technical and administrative arrangement Office. Irrigation Foremen assisted in their duties by of irrigation has been conducted in Waterschapp some employees maid (Hulppersoneel) consisting Dengkeng and Bengawan (Surakarta) and Staff foreman (Hulpmandoer), Doorman water Waterschapp Opak Progo (Yogyakarta). All (Sluiwachter), Guard Dam (Damwachter), and matters relating to the operation and maintenance Guard Sijphon (Sjiphonwaker). In addition there is of irrigation facilities, are handled by a semi- also a Mantri Oeloe-Oeloe (Archive Waterschapp autonomous agency. The legal consequences of Opak-Progo 1929-1942, Collection number 2228 the establishment of semi-autonomous agency / H Bd. 1170). of irrigation is the revocation of the right to By hierarchical, Waterschappen based on development and exploitation of irrigation the unity of irrigation sections and in afdeeling facilities previously held by plantation owners level headed by an engineer. Section chief in (Joon, 1940: 2). Some of the irrigation department charge of irrigation orderlies (mantri) and under in the autonomous region Vorstenlanden melted. irrigation orderly contained foreman (mandor) In Mangkunegaran, for example, in 1926 the positions. Section chief duties include organizing irrigation department Karanganyar merged into and planning the technical aspects such as Waterschapp Bengawan. Section of Sragen region

Figure 1 Organizational Structure Institute of irrigation in Vorstenlanden

Sources: Inventaris Arsip Vorstenlandensche Waterschappen, p. 16.

152 Machmoed Effendhie - Waterschappen in Vorstenlanden, 1900-1942 network operation (section of Karanganyar) and Figure 2 Solo (section of Colomadu) previously included Operational areas of irrigation Institutions in Kring Pepe irrigation merged into the operating Vorstenlanden area of Waterschapp Bengawan (Angenent, 1933: 34). Operational area of Waterschapp Opak Progo covers an area measuring 64,200 bau that includes 25 estates, mostly located in the Region of Yogyakarta. Scope of exploitation is Afdeeling of Yogyakarta, Kulon Progo and Afdeeling of Klaten in Surakarta. Borders of Waterschapp Opak Progo region covering northern regions, ranging from the Krasak river that disgorge at Merapi mountains until the estuary of Opak river in the Indian Ocean. On the Eastern border is the Opak river, in the southern part includes the , Krasak, and Serang. Meanwhile, the scope of work Waterschapp Dengkeng covering 64,200 bau, includes 27 estates. Scope exploitation of the northern regions, ranging from the mountains of Merapi, Kadipiro River basin and Pusur river, Brambang river, until the border Afdeeling of Klaten and Boyolali. The southern border areas ranging from Nglumbe river basin in Baderan to Brambang river. In the eastern area ranging from Sources: Angenent, 1933. Bengawan river basin, Dengkeng, to the south of the border between the residency of Surakarta and developMent of Modern IrrIgAtIon Yogyakarta. While the western border up in the And IntereStS of plAntAtIon catchment Opak area (Angenent, 1933: 15). InduStrIeS Scope of work area Waterschapp Bengawan The development of irrigation semi-modern measuring 68,000 bau, including the two facilities in the Vorstenlanden had started onderneming. Coverage of exploitation in the north almost simultaneously with the development of began bordering near the village of Pepe river in plantation sector. Private planters in Surakarta, Nganti, the border river flow Cemoro up towards for example, has allocated millions of guilders for the Bengawan Solo. In the eastern part until the the construction of irrigation facilities to support Sawur river tipped over Lawu mountain peaks. the operation and expansion of the plantation In the southern part of the border streams start sector in Surakarta. (Joon, 1940: 4.) The criteria Jlantah river until bridge near Tlobo village until for selection was based on the availability of land to Jatipuro. At the Eastern start of Baboon river for plantations adequate water supply and the (area Jatipuro) Bengawan river, the Gandul river, possibility of increasing the area of land to be the border area south of the river flow Nglumbi in planted. Once that is done the construction of dams Baderan, until the border Afdeeling of Klaten and and water channels before starting the cultivation Boyolali. In the west to the border of the western of the soil (Houben, 1994: 293). Meanwh i le, part of the Pepe river flow. until the year 1910, growers in Yogyakar ta has built several irrigation facilities, wh i ch are then integrated into the modern irrigation s y stem.

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Figure 3 12,000 bau (MVO J. van der Marel, 1924: 79) and Means of onderneming Irrigation until 1910 8515 ha of sugarcane area in Tasikmadu can be fed throughout the year. Building In 1923 completed the construction of the main No Onderneming Building Type Name channel in the city of Solo, which cost up to f 86 Medari Aqueducts 237 which partly contributed by Mangkunegaran 1 Sempoe II aqueduct Channel amount 29 387 Gulden (MVO van der Marel, Large 1924: 80). In 1924 began a program launched by Channels 2 Sendang Pitoe Irrigation the improvement of irrigation facilities in the Jetu Van der Wijk Channels area in Afdeeling of Karanganyar. The program Dam aims to improve conditions for agricultural Dam 3 Padokan Permanent irrigation in the area, especially around the area Permanent Tandjong of Tasikmadu sugarcane. The program in the Dam 4 Randoegunting Dam improvement of receiver channel, floodgates, and Kringinan the means of draining the main divider 1000 bau, Dam Kali help s supply and distribution in the region and 5 Medari Dam Bedok surrounding territories Trani in Triagan Afdeeling of Karanganyar (MVO van der Marel, 1924: 80). Sources: Adapted from J.J Tichelaar, De The improvement of irrigation facilities spent of Suikerindustrie en hare beteekenis voor Land en Volk f 60 , 000 most of which are owned plantations (Published by the Joint Syndicate of Sugar Factory and contributing Mangkunegaran . In 1924 Nederland Indie, nd), p. 9, 23, and 31. built irrigation facilities in Sugihan river, Wiroko river basin, in Afdeeling of Wonogiri with funds In 1920 was constructed Larangan irrigation f 60,000. Irrigation facilities is a means of prime channels in Mangkunegaran. With the completion divi s ors of aqueducts Sugihan river. In 1926 of the construction of irrigation facilities is very buil t another irrigation facilities in Kalongan, useful to prevent flooding of villages in Karathe n ganyar, which is part of the general plan surrounding villages (MVO J. van der Marel, for t he improvement of irrigation reservoir in 1924: 78). In 1921 the dam was built in Jlantah Delingan. This development such as construction river in Jombor, Afdeeling of Klaten and in 1922 of K a longan kanal along the 3000 meter, 5000 built a dam in Bajran to spend f 67,000. In 1922 mete r long secondary channel in Jogopaten, as began the construction of Delingan reservoirs in well as the improvement of means of increasing Tirtomarto and execution completed in September water discharge from Singit river. In April 1926 1922. The reservoir is very useful for irrigation completed the construction of Jombor reservoirs facilities around the Tasikmadu Sugar Factory in in K l aten. This reservoir is needed because the Afdeeling of Karanganyar. The funds needed for population in the Jombor area at the dry season the construction of the entire reservoir totaled f. is a l ways a shortage of water, especially for 614,000. A quarter of the funds contributed by agriculture (MVO van der Marel, 1924: 81). Mangkunegaran palace and 3/4 of contributions In 1927 the dam was completed in Ngancar Tasikmadu Sugar Factory. Delingan reservoir in Baturetno. This reservoir has an intake capacity the form of a large water reservoir or reservoir of 1 , 500,000 cubic meters and managed to by damming the upstream Jirak river. The dam is irri g ate the rice paddies of 4000 bau. The total the extent of 500,000 cubic meters and contains construction cost of f 150,000 of which were borne 4,000,000 cubic meters of water discharge. With by Mangkunegaran. In 1927 also resolved tapper the construction of the irrigation water shortage chan n el reservoirs Batal in Wiroko Afdeeling can be overcome (A.K. Pringgodigdo, 1950: 196). of W o nogiri. Construction of irrigation system With the Delingan construction of reservoirs, for i rrigating the area 400 bau and spend f. water supply in the dry and rainy season from 250, 0 00. (Rijksblaad Mangkunegaran 1927: 35- the area around the reservoir can be increased by 40). For the purposes of plantation expansion

154 Machmoed Effendhie - Waterschappen in Vorstenlanden, 1900-1942 project in the north Klodran of the Pepe river built of Pakualaman, Surakarta Sunanate and duchy of also Cengklik reservoir at a cost of f. 637,000. Mangkunegaran. Irrigation bureaucratic apparatus Cons t ruction of irrigation facilities is intended in S i ndumarto, Mangkunegaran, for example, to s u pply water to the expansion of the plant the number of personnel being phased including and increase the milling capacity PG Tasikmadu oper a tional funds. After 1933 Mangkunegara n (Rijksblaad Mangkunegaran 1927: 45-46) In 1927 irrigation department merged with the Department also resolved tapper channel reservoirs in Wiroko of P u blic Works of Mangkunegaran. Previous Afdeeling of Wonogiri. Construction of irrigation inst i tutions melting process begins with t he system for irrigating the area 400 bau that spent integration of the operating area in Sindumerto, f 250,000. (Rijksblaad Mangkunegaran 1927: 35 Krin g Waterschapp Bengawan in 1927 (MVO 40.) Helsdingen, 1929: 102). Implementation of Nederlansche Waterschapp Vorstenlanden Ordonantie in fact the same as the probleMS of IrrIgAtIon: growerS implementation of the principle of law for the lease And fArMerS of l a nd (Vorstenlandsche Grondhuurreglement). Auto n omous right of Onderneming to manage Both set of legal certainty for European plantation the d evelopment and exploitation of irrigation acti v ity. Aspects of soil and water as one facilities reserved leasing the land (Article 12 b comp o nent of the production process aimed at Vors t enlanden Grondhuureglement, Staatblad integrating plantation soils were scattered and cut Nede r lands Indie no. 20, 1918). The plantation pieces into a vast estate. The formation of a block comp a ny as a tenant has the right to determine plantations, easy management from the standpoint the distribution of water for agriculture, industry, of m a nagement, irrigation, transport, lay of the and t he need others. As the excesses of the land and reduce the cost of labor exploitation natu r e of an autonomous and privileges owned (Suh a rtono, 1992: 97). According to reports plan t ation companies and the absence of legal Helsdingen’s resident, in 1929 has been converted authority owned autonomous government in the appanages area of 93240 bau throughout Surakarta regu l ation and management of the problem of (MVO Helsdingen, 1929: 68). Another factor that irrigation, often leads to the issue of dividing the supports the centralized location of the estate is the allocation of water among the entrepreneurs. One impact of agrarian reorganization. In the opinion of of the consequences of the problem is the conflict the Nieuwenhuijs’s resident linkages between land division and the use of a watershed in Klaten in reorganization and reorganization of the irrigation 1919 by the three estates in Gedaren, Ngupit and sector is a cornerstone of the implementation of Keta n dan. The occurrence of misappropriation comp r ehensive land r eorganization program in of implementation of irrigation systems day and the Vorstenlanden region (MvO Nieuiwenhuijs., night also accomplished by plantation companies. Memo r i Serah Terima Jabatan Jawa Timur dan The m anipulation is done by flowing water into Tana h Kerajaan, Jak a rta: ANRI, 1978, hlm. the plantation areas during the day and night by cclxii.). tapping the river. The actions of these plantations With the establishment of Waterschapp Opak caus e dissatisfaction among the population Progo, Dengkeng and Bengawan, the role of the (Ritveld, 1927: 6). civi l bureaucracy and the plantation owners in The same thing also happened in Yogyakarta. mana g ing the distribution of water began to be Distribution Policy of water day and night which reduced. It was due to the strengthening of the role was i mplemented in 1841, continues to be and authority of the engineer in making the supply applied when the institution was founded modern and distribution of water in the area of plantations irrigation. Regulation of water sharing thoroughly in Vorstenlanden (Ravesteijn, 1998: 105). On the and u niformly throughout is other hand, with the strengthening of the authority not i mplemented by the colonial government of the engineer in the control of the water supply is in the Yogyakarta area. This issue submitted for also accompanied by reduced government authority each area or region with an agreement between of the autonomous Yogyakarta Sultanate, duchy onderneming and local farmers. During the day,

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water flowed in sugar cane crops and crop farmers dry season cultivation Gadu rice only allowed in in the dry state. At night, the water diverted from certain areas. In connection with these regulations, plantation crops to farmers’ crops. In practice this the Head of Waterschaap kantoor voor Centraal system of day and night, it onderneming a lot of Vors t enlanden, Ir. Numans, exp l ained that the cheating. Often at night crop farmers who should nati v es are not forbidden to p l ant Gadu rice in get a share of the water but the water remained tech n ical irrigated (sawah ile n an) in the dry deta i ned by onderneming. It is then often lead season, but farmers are still planting rice must be to theft of a water allocation and dispute among prepared to accept the risk of water shortages, and farmers to get water (Selosoemardjan, 1991: 226 will lead to crop failure. (Supomo, 1927: 88 89). 227). Irri g ation conflict between th e plantation The occurrence of water shortages in the dry which happened in Klaten in 1919 for having used season is actually a natural thing, given the scarcity one point watershed in Dengkeng by three estates of water resources is a natural phenomenon that in G e daren, Ngupit and Ketand a n. The conflict cannot be avoided. Water scarcity can be seen as arises because the plantation owners did not reach a la c k of quantity of natural resources but also agreement on a neutral point of water delivery. The as l i mited access to water itself (Downing and conflict is also fueled by the autonomous nature Gibson, 1974: X). However, as a result of limited of the estate to the ownership of water resources. access and differences in water requirements for As a result of the conflict, the threeonderneming growers and farmers that finally lead to a conflict ofis continuing with the closure of access roads to interest between farmers and plantations. In some plan tations by their respec t ive owners (Joon, cases, conflicts are caused by lack of water supply 1940 : 5). Irrigation confli c t between farmers due to the dry season occurs between farmers with and plantation companies a r e also common, estates. In the dry season, especially in May and espe cially in the area of sugarcane plantations. November, the water supply is divided between Water manipulation practices done by sugarcane watering to plant sugarcane and pulses (Deventer, plantations have been detrimental to farmers and 1914 : 205.) Rotation planting sugarcane, pulses result in dissatisfaction among farmers (Rietveld, and r ice lasts almost all year round. Sugar cane 1927: 4). Conflict between growers and farmers crop was planted in early April that the next dry often arise because farmers do theft of water by seas o n water allocation prioritized for breeding making a hole in the trench ditch water distribution seed cane. Often the day and night watering rules (MVO van Wijck, 1914: 77). On 10 March 1937, are n ot complied with by the grower (Rapport in the village of Kedungpring, afdeeling Kulon van Suikeir Enqquete, 1928: 28). Farmers along Prog o, had been conflicts b etween farmers and the stream of Opak Progo, for example, in 1937 farmers as a matter of water dues (Pakualaman protests on the estates because a large part of the Archives, code 014.5.1.2.3667). rive r water used to fill the tanks of immersion Ross e la growers (Archive of Vorstenlandsche concluSIonS Wate r schappen, BPAD DIY, inventory number: With the establishment of Waterschapp then 43-46) applied the principle of centralized management In t h e region of Vorstenlanden, from June and irrigation institutions. Irrigation plantation, to September, farmers grow crops such as beans Sult anate, Pakualaman, Mangkunegaran, and soy. In these months if there are farmers who Kasu nanan and the agricultural community, grow Gadu rice in areas that should be planted inte grated into a technical body. Legally, the with crops, the Irrigation Department will regard lega l consequences of the establishment of as crops plant and irrigation quota equal to crops mode rn irrigation agency is revocation of the as many as 1 1/2 parts water. In the rainy season, righ t to autonomy onderneming in irrigation farmers will plant Dalem rice, 5-6 months old who mana gement in their own areas. But in reality, usually start planting in January. Meanwhile, in onde rneming retains the right of autonomous the r egion of Waterschapp Opak Progo applied wate r management with take cover behind the the rule that in the area of technical irrigation, the Hire Act land in Vorstenlanden (Vorstenlanden

156 Machmoed Effendhie - Waterschappen in Vorstenlanden, 1900-1942

Gron dhuureglement). Leiden: KITLV. Stat e involvement in irrigation in Effendi Pasndaran (2010) “Historical Perspective Vors tenlanden, through modern irrigation of Irrigation Management in agencies, led to the collision of the proportional toward a New Wave of Development”, Paper system which have been long established by the Presented at ICID – CIID Seminar on “History trad itional farmers with absolute system which of Irrigation in Eastern Asia” 13 October, appl ied state. As a result, conflicts of interest Yogyakarta, Indonesia arise between farmers and growers, farmers and Ersten, Mourits (2006). “Aspects of Irrigation plantation, plantation and the plantation. Irrigation Developmentin the Netherland East Indies”, conflict between plantation to appear because of The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern the use of the watershed point for some plantations. Africa, vol. 2., no. 1. The conflict arises because the plantation owners ------, (2010). Locales of Happiness: Colonial did not reach agreement on a neutral point of Irrigation in the East Indies and water delivery. The conflict is also fueled by the it is Remains, 1830-1980. Amsterdam: VSSD. autonomous nature of the estate to the ownership Houben, Vincent C. (1994). and Kumpeni, of water resources is still maintained by the Surakarta and Yogyakarta 1830 – 1870, plantation. Leiden:KITLV Press. Conflicts between farmers and the farmers Joon, P.L.E. (1940). “Eenige Bijzonderheden aangande also occur, especially in the area of sugarcane Vorstenlandsche Watershappen”, De Ingenieur plantations. water manipulation practice performed in Nederlandsch Indie, no. 7e January by a sugar cane plantation has hurt many farmers Kop Jan, at al. (2015). Irrigation Revisited: An Anthology and consequently appears discontent among of Indonesia-Dutch Cooperation. farmers. In the conflict between growers Delft:and Eburon. farmers often occur because farmers stealing Memori Serah Terima Jabatan Jawa Timur dan Tanah water. Scarcity of water during the dry season also Kerajaan. Nieuwenhuys G. V. Surakarta 15 sparked conflict among farmers, especially in the Mei 1927 (Jakarta:ANRI,1978) area of sugarcane plantations. The conflict occurs Memorie van Overgave van Wijck Resident Soerakarta because the seizure of water by farmers who turn van 4 April 1914. film 7 Koleksi Arsip Nasional makes aqueduct itself without being noticed by Indonesia Jakarta. other farmers. Muhlenfeld, Monografi van Onderafdeeling Wonogiri (Surakarta: Koleksi Perpustakaan Rekso referenceS Pustoko Mangkunegaran) no.863, Arsip Vorstenlandsche Waterschappen (2013). BPAD MvO J.J. van Helsdingen, G. V Soerakarta van DIY, No, Inventaris 43-46. 10 Oktober 1929. Yogyakarta: koleksi Arsip Waterschap Opak-Progo Gubernemen Jogjakarta Perpustakaan Kantor Gubenur DIY 1929-1942, Koleksi Kantor Arsip Propinsi MvO Treur, G. V Soerakarta van 26 Januari 1937. film DIY, No. 2228/H Bd. 1170 8, Jakarta: ANRI, 1937. Assainerringswerken (1937). Arsip Pakualaman Code MvO J.J van der Marel Resident Soerakarta van 13 014.51.2.3667. Maret 1924. film 7, Jakarta: ANRI 1924. Pringgodigdo, A.K (1950). Geschiedenis d e r Metzelaar, J. Th. (1948). “Irrigatie”, dalam C.J.J. van Onderneming van het Mangkunegorosche Hall en C. van de Koppel, De Landbouw in Rijks. s’Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff. de Indische Archipel. Ia. ‘s-Gravenhage: N.V. Angenent, P.H. (1933). De Vorstenlandche Waterschapp Uitgeverij Ordonantie Toegelicht. GroningenBatavia: P. Rapport van Suikeir Enqquete (1928). Surabaya: Noordhoff N.V. Soerabajasche Handelsblad. Bijblad op het Staatblad van Nederlansch-Indie (1936). Ravesteijn, Wim., 1998 . “Irigasi dan Negara Kolonial Batavia: Landrukerij. 18321940” Visi Irigasi Indonesia, no. 14 Boomgard, Peter (ed.) (2007). A World of Water: Rain, March. Rivers and Seas in Southest Asian Histories.

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------(2002). “Dutch Engineering Soemardjan, Selo (1991). Perubahan Sosial di overseas: The Creation of Modern Irrigation Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada System in Colonial Java”, Knowledge, University Press. Technology&Policy, vol. 14. Staatblad NI , no 722 tahun 1922 Rijksblad Soerakarta 1917 N0. 39 (Yogyakarta: Koleksi Staatsblad 1918 no.469 Perpustakaan Kantor Gubenur DIY, 1917) Suhartono (1992). Apanage dan Bekel, Perubahan Rijksblaad Mangkunegaran 1927, (Yogyakarta: Koleksi Sosial di Pedesaan Surakarta 18301920, Perpustakaan Kantor Gubemur DIY,1927) Yogyakarta: TiaraWacana. Rietveld, J. Th. (1927). “De Inwengide Organisatie Soepomo.(1927). De Reorganisatie van het Agrarische van de Vorstenlandsche Waterschappen”, De Stelsel in Het Gewest Surakarta, s’Gravenhage: Waterstaat Ingenieur no.7. L.Gerretzen. Rouffaer, (1921). Adatrechtbundell XIX Java en Madoera, seri D (‘sGravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff.

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