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Durham Research Online Durham Research Online Deposited in DRO: 25 June 2021 Version of attached le: Published Version Peer-review status of attached le: Peer-reviewed Citation for published item: Porter, G. and Murphy, E. and Adamu, F. and Dayil, P.B. and De Lannoy, A. and Han, S. and Mansour, H. and Dungey, C. and Ahmad, H. and Maskiti, B. and Clark, S. and Van der Weidje, K. (2021) 'Women's mobility and transport in the peripheries of three African cities: Reecting on early impacts of COVID-19.', Transport Policy, 110 . pp. 181-190. Further information on publisher's website: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.05.025 Publisher's copyright statement: c 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. Durham University Library, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LY, United Kingdom Tel : +44 (0)191 334 3042 | Fax : +44 (0)191 334 2971 https://dro.dur.ac.uk Transport Policy 110 (2021) 181–190 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Transport Policy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tranpol Women’s mobility and transport in the peripheries of three African cities: Reflecting on early impacts of COVID-19 G. Porter a,*, E. Murphy a, F. Adamu b, P.B. Dayil c, A. De Lannoy d, S. Han a, H. Mansour e, C. Dungey a, H. Ahmad f, B. Maskiti d, Clark S g, K. Van der Weidje g a Durham University, UK b Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria c University of Jos, Nigeria d University of Cape Town, South Africa e Al HOSN Consulting, Tunisia f University of Abuja, Nigeria g Transaid, UK ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: This paper reflects on the mobility experiences of women in African cities in COVID-19, based on research Lockdown conducted both prior to and following entry into the COVID-19 ‘moment’. It draws on material collected during Mobility an ongoing action research study aimed at addressing the everyday transport and mobility challenges faced by City periphery young women living in poor peripheral communities of three African cities – Abuja, Cape Town and Tunis. The Risk project has the specific objective of supporting young women’s improved access to employment opportunities Vulnerability through trialling various mobility/transport-related skills interventions (based on prior in-depth analysis of mobility constraints). With the onset of COVID-19 some readjustments to the research focus and planned in­ terventions became necessary. The research teams, together with an NGO partner, are now working to chart how young women’s everyday experiences of mobility and transport - both as transport users and as transport sector workers - are changing as processes of lockdown and their relaxation evolve. The paper covers the period from early 2019 through to March 2021, and offers reflections regarding ‘lived experiences’ of mobility practice pre- pandemic, during the pandemic, and the potential longer-term mobility-related impacts for women resident in low-income neighbourhoods in a post-COVID-19 era. This leads to consideration of key policy lessons. There is potential for prioritisation of Non-Motorised Transport interventions towards a green restart that would benefit women (for instance through promoting women’s cycling), and for growing women’s participation as transport operators, even perhaps the usage of drones to aid women’s safer pedestrian travel. But such interventions will require far greater representation of women in COVID-19 and wider transport decision-making entities than has hitherto been the case. 1. Introduction the COVID-19 crisis.’ In the absence of widespread access to vaccines, careful control of mobility and transport is still perceived as central to Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in mid-March 2020, early defeat of the disease. Lockdown has become a key term in the COVID-19 fears regarding the severity of potential impacts on the poorest pop­ lexicon: it implies and imposes stasis. Lockdown in the firstphase of the ulations, especially women, are being confirmed (de Paz et al., 2020). pandemic in most African countries was imposed with little warning - Mobility and transportation have played a central role in spread of the plans for release in this phase, and in subsequent lockdowns, have disease across Africa, from its arrival along with (many elite) travelers proved more difficult to craft, especially amidst public protests against flying into major African transport hubs from Europe or Asia, to its lockdown policing and associated political wrangling. remarkably rapid pace of transmission within crowded city environ­ For the vulnerable women that are the focus of this paper, transport ments. As Dalkmann et al. (2020) observe, ‘transport is at the heart of and mobility challenges are nothing new: COVID-19, however, has * Corresponding author. Department of Anthropology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH13LE, UK. E-mail address: [email protected] (G. Porter). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.05.025 Received 19 February 2021; Received in revised form 21 May 2021; Accepted 24 May 2021 Available online 1 June 2021 0967-070X/© 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). G. Porter et al. Transport Policy 110 (2021) 181–190 generated further, previously unimaginable complexities. The paper million women actively participating in its labour markets, with po- draws on work conducted during an ambitious, ongoing action research tential GDP gains from 1% in Senegal to 50% in Niger. Africa’s highly project in poor peripheral communities of three cities: Abuja, Cape gendered transport arena is a major travel deterrent for a majority of Town and Tunis. The wider project aims not only to understand the women: men not only still dominate all types of vehicle ownership and everyday transport and mobility challenges faced by young women operation but set the ‘atmosphere’ within which women must negotiate living in these locations, but also to pilot interventions to improve their their journeys (Fernando and Porter 2002; Porter 2008, 2011; Peters skills in engaging with the transport sector, whether as users or workers/ 2013; Pedersen 2020). Discrimination against women is also a key employees. Our focus extends beyond transportation per se (the act of feature of employment within the transport sector in Africa (Porter moving goods or people), to encompass reflections concerning mobil- 2008; Wright 2018). The two elements are inter-related since women’s ities (the ability to freely move or be moved), following an approach that lack of visibility as workers in the sector contributes to male dominance has been widely adopted by researchers working at the intersection of of transport and travel operations as well as both perceived and real transport science and social science (Grieco and Urry 2011:1). The women’s safety. This also partly accounts for transport planning which approach is particularly appropriate for research centred around the is both gender blind and gender-biased (Priya Uteng 2011; Priya Uteng challenges to free movement experienced by many young women in the and Turner 2019). Additionally, it is important to note that some young study locations. women face family/society-imposed constraints on their mobility, being Research was well underway with in-depth qualitative baseline seen as highly vulnerable and needing protection (Porter 2011). The studies (essential to developing potential interventions for piloting) overall impact is to discriminate against women both as transport users when COVID-19 intervened. Consequently, the research focus has had to and sector employees. be readjusted: face-to-face fieldresearch is no longer feasible with ‘social In African cities, women are discriminated against widely with distancing’ and travel bans in place; online interviewing meanwhile regards to access to safe spaces, not least at transport hubs and on public raises significantethical challenges given the study focus on particularly transport (UNWomen 2017; Porter et al., 2017). Detailed analyses of the vulnerable people. The research teams are now working together to challenges faced by women in individual African cities are still relatively chart how young women’s everyday experiences of mobility and rare (Porter, Abane and Lucas 2020): for low-income areas, early work transport are changing as processes of lockdown and its relaxation by Venter et al. in Durban (2007) and by Salon and Gulyani in Nairobi evolve. Rajan et al. (2020) observe that information and evidence (2010) is particularly notable. For the cities considered in this paper regarding the lived experiences and everyday challenges faced by social there are a few studies pointing to the vulnerability of women, partic- groups during enforced isolation tend to be overlooked. This paper aims ularly on public transport (ActionAid 2016 for Abuja; Vanderschuren to help address this evidence gap. It encompasses consideration of et al., 2019 for Cape Town; Martin 2017 for Tunis). This paper takes women as (actual or potential) transport users and also women who are these studies forward through its specific focus on the challenges faced transport sector workers. Looking beyond current exigencies, the au- by young women (prior to, and in the pandemic) in some of the lowest thors also tentatively reflect on how current experiences could reshape income areas of each city periphery.
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