BSFG News 359 August 2001

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

BSFG News 359 August 2001 AUGUST 2001 ISSUE 359 Brum Honorary Presidents: BRIAN W ALDISS Group HARRY HARRISON Com m ittee: News Vernon Brown (Chairman) Vicky Cook (Secretary) Alan Woodford (Treasurer) The Free Monthly Newsletter of the BIRMINGHAM Rog Peyton (Newsletter Editor) + Steve Jones & William McCabe SCIENCE FICTION GROUP NOVACON 31 Chairman: Tony Berry Friday IOth August In-Group Discussion “Is There a Future in SF?” Do you have an opinion on the above? City, probably around the Christmas 2001 Is Science Fiction as we know it declining to period. Obviously the vast majority of films the point where it will be virtually to be shown will be the ultra-popular ones - non-existent in not too many years? Are the STAR TREK, STAR WARS, 2001, CE3K. chain bookshops dictating to publishers and ET, and the rest of the stuff that will put killing off the genre we love? Or do you bums on seats. But what of the lesser known believe that SF is on the comeback trail? ones? Make a short list of three The above title is just one of the subjects lesser-known films that you think should be w e’ll be discussing on Friday. This will be shown and we’ll see if we can come up with an excellent chance for you to air your the Big Three. RGP views on SF and allied subjects or to just sit back and listen to other members’ views. The meeting will take place in the Lichfield Knowing how vocal some members can be, room on the second floor of the Britannia it should prove to be a very interesting Hotel, New Street (entrance in Union evening. Passageway opposite the Odeon). It will SCI-FI MOVIES ANYONE? commence at 7.45pm so please arrive early, We have also been invited for input into a get your drinks from the bar and be seated Science Fiction Film Festival here in in plenty of time. Non-members always Birmingham. It'll be taking place at Star welcome. SEPTEMBER 14th MEETING - ex-Brummie and one-time SF fan DAVID PRINGLE is-now editing the UK's premier SF Magazine, INTERZONE. He'll be giving an illustrated talk on the history of the magazine and show how a magazine like INTERZONE is viable. the streets, at bars and just about any other Question" DID WE LAND ON THE place where people could gather and talk. MOON IN 1969? Answer: No! by The result has been a growing belief that the Vernon Brown. That was last month's Moon landings were a Hollywood stunt — article - we had this response from Dave the most expensive movie ever made - Hardy... filmed at Area 51. If the space race could I think Vernon's answer was really not be won with technology, we did what we 'YES!!!!', and quite rightly. It's a pity we do best - faked it on film. have to dignify this sort of stupid With so many of today's movies programme, made only for sensationalism, containing astounding special effects, it isn't with a serious reply. But sadly, a lot of much of a stretch to believe a young mind people watching it will actually believe it, so might assume that the ability to fake such an we have to refute it at any opportunity. I event as a Moon landing has always been was in Zambia for the eclipse when this possible. It’s equally hard to fault their programme was on. but yes. I did tape it, reasoning - since we can't make it to the and still have it, though only in LP form. I Moon today, how could we have done so could easily write my own reply, but Kim long ago? The program raises a host of Poor (owner of the Novaspace gallery in questions that to non-scientific types with a Tucson. Arizona) has an article entitled "National Enquirer" mentality sound like a 'One small show, one giant danger' at logical examination of the facts. Even my collectspace.com, addressing the possible kids expressed concern because of repercussions of that show. It’s at: schoolyard taunts related to the alleged hoax. Each of the questions can be http://www. collectspace.com/resources/moo explained, but many will take some study nhoax.html and guidance for a cogent and convincing argument. But for those who don't have access to the I submit that all "true believers" must web, here it is: go forth and spread the truth (do I sound like an evangelist?). If we do not, in another ONE SMALL SHOW; generation the "Moon Hoax" could cast (at ONE GIANT DANGER the very least) a strong shadow of doubt on the accomplishments of the early space by Kim Poor program. There will be no one left who was present, and certainly no Apollo astronauts. Conspiracy theorists have claimed for Your autograph collections could become years that the Moon landings were faked. It worthless, or worth less. used to be their ramblings were little more Sure, that sounds like an alarmist, than an annoyance, given as much credence worst-case scenario, but look at what's as flat-earthers. happening now. If you haven't already been Today however, their claims have confronted by a hoax believer (HB), it is begun to spread like a cancer, mostly due to only a matter of time. At minimum, it takes the repeated airing of the FOX Network's a noble exercise to debunk the major points "Conspiracy Theory: Did We Go to the that seem to comprise the cornerstones of an Moon?". No longer limited to the ravings of HB's arguments. The more people armed loonies, support has gathered among with facts, the more prepared for an HB housewives, children and those you thought encounter, then, to coin a phrase, that's one knew better. small step. We must be as focused and The broadcast of this program fanatic as they are. triggered wide scale debate inside offices, on 2 We have the ability to inspire a whole This is not possible. Personally, I new generation to understand the wonder believe Dave Scott's "hammer and feather" and glory of what we accomplished over experiment proves it all. thirty years ago. Born-again space geeks! Of Jim Lovell was asked about the HB course there are those who will never profiled on the FOX show, Bill Kaysing and submit. Evolution will take care of their in response called him a "kook." Lovell was kind. Of course, there will eventually come quickly sued for slander by Kaysing, but a time when people will be living on the the case was dismissed, as Kaysing couldn't Moon, and this whole debate will be moot, afford a lawyer (he was being evicted from but that may be a long time in the future. his trailer park). We will probably have people living on Conspiracy theorists are everywhere! Mars long before. They look just like you and me. It's them or The foremost HB argument seems to us. The future of the world is in your hands! be "Why can't you see stars in any of the KP pictures?" My simple answer was "You A few final comments of my own: can't see stars in the daytime." Just because the sky is black doesn't mean it's night. Those flags were wire-sprung to make them There is still a glaringly bright Sun, look as if they were being blown out by a Earthlight, and the landscape lit in every wind. Obviously, as the astronauts moved direction. Cameras cannot capture bright them about, they appeared to 'flap' (like and dim objects in the same shot. Even on NASA wouldn't have thought of that if they Earth at night, you need a long exposure to were faking it!) The graticules or cross-hairs photograph stars. in the cameras only appear to vanish Of the 20-odd HB arguments, some 'behind' an object where that object (like a are based on bad science, some on bad flag, rock, or part of the spacecraft) is a photography (even though they often quote glaring white. i.e. it's just 'washed out'. Oh photographic "experts"), but most are just dear, there's no exhaust plume when the an ignorance of the truly alien environment Ascent Stage takes off from the Moon. of an airless Moon and how things behave Again, obviously NASA would forget there. Some astronauts report no something like that, wouldn't they? In fact, confrontations, but others, like Neil it's just another pointer to the shot being Armstrong are called upon to "prove" they genuine (every artist, including yours truly, went to the Moon. Armstrong had a good showed some sort of exhaust flame. Though retort: laser beams are regularly bounced off 2001 got it right.). But the gases just expand special reflectors on the Moon to accurately outward in the near-vacuum, and vanish. measure its distance from the Earth. "I put Not only are there the well-known photos, one of those there," counters Armstrong. "If film and TV footage, but there are thousands we didn't go to the Moon, how did those get of wonderful shots of both sides of the there?" Moon, taken from orbit. Obviously all those Ironically, many of the HB's have to be faked too. I could go on, and I arguments can be used against them. They just wish I could confront those idiots on the speculate that details were "forgotten" by programme, point by point. I just hope I'm NASA's cinematographers, such as the lack preaching to the converted in this group; but of lunar dust billowing upon landing or the at the eclipse, a chap there told me he flags flapping "in the wind." However, for believed it was all a fake! Hopefully, he either of these not to have occurred, the doesn't any longer.
Recommended publications
  • North American Artists' Groups, 1968–1978 by Kirsten Fleur Olds A
    Networked Collectivities: North American Artists’ Groups, 1968–1978 by Kirsten Fleur Olds A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History of Art) in The University of Michigan 2009 Doctoral Committee: Professor Alexander D. Potts, Chair Professor Matthew N. Biro Associate Professor Rebecca Zurier Assistant Professor Kristin A. Hass © Kirsten Fleur Olds All rights reserved 2009 To Jeremy ii Acknowledgments This dissertatin truly resembles a “third mind” that assumed its own properties through collaborations at every stage. Thus the thanks I owe are many and not insignificant. First I must recognize my chair Alex Potts, whose erudition, endless patience, and omnivorous intellectual curiosity I deeply admire. The rich conversations we have had over the years have not only shaped this project, but my approach to scholarship more broadly. Moreover, his generosity with his students—encouraging our collaboration, relishing in our projects, supporting our individual pursuits, and celebrating our particular strengths—exemplifies the type of mentor I strive to be. I would also like to acknowledge the tremendous support and mentorship provided by my committee members. As I wrote, I was challenged by Rebecca Zurier’s incisive questions—ones she had asked and those I merely imagined by channeling her voice; I hope this dissertation reveals even a small measure of her nuanced and vivid historicity. Matt Biro has been a supportive and encouraging intellectual mentor from my very first days of graduate school, and Kristin Hass’sscholarship and guidance have expanded my approaches to visual culture and the concept of artistic medium, two themes that structure this project.
    [Show full text]
  • Jonathan Machado Professor Perera Our Moon 10/9/2019 We Never
    Jonathan Machado Professor Perera Our Moon 10/9/2019 We Never Went to the Moon by Bill Kaysing, Book Review and Summary Bill Kaysing, author of “We Never Went to the Moon” was a technical writer at Rocketdynes jet propulsion laboratory, a division of North American Aviation, from 1956-1963. His book was published in 1976 and he is regarded as a pioneer of the moon landing conspiracy. The organization of Kaysing’s book is a bit hard to follow, but follows a few common themes. I personally broke down his argument into 6 tenants: thought-provoking questions, the governments history of corruption, the landing was too big to fail, the pictures are fake, our science was not advanced enough, and the obscure Nevada location. Strange incidents and thought-provoking questions In the beginning of the book, Kaysing lists off a lot of unanswered questions that loosely support his conspiracy. Why were the astronauts quarantined when the moon is sterile? Why was astronaut training not publicized, when other aspects of their lives were? Why were the moonrocks rushed to Switzerland and what proof do we have that they were real? Why was the Apollo 6 mission much less polished compared to the next 6 missions? Just to name a few. Another situation brought up was the death of NASA whistleblower Thomas R Baron, an employee of North American Aviation. He did a 500-page report on issues of the program following the fire on pad 34, and shortly after he was killed when his car stalled in front of a train.
    [Show full text]
  • Expertise and Disbelief
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2015 Expertise and Disbelief: Post-1945 American Attitudes Toward the Authority of Knowledge Terry Wagner Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Wagner, Terry, "Expertise and Disbelief: Post-1945 American Attitudes Toward the Authority of Knowledge" (2015). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 1976. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/1976 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. EXPERTISE AND DISBELIEF: POST-1945 AMERICAN ATTITUDES TOWARD THE AUTHORITY OF KNOWLEDGE A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of History by Terry Wagner B.A., Rice University, 2002 M.A., Louisiana State University, 2010 August 2015 “The thunder and lightning strike us, And then we’re shocked to see the likeness Between us and the things we’ve hated for a long, long time.” The Godz “Dirty Windows” 1973 ii Acknowledgements The historians and graduate students at Louisiana State University have been, for me, a genuine community. My graduate advisor, David Culbert, told me the first time I met him that, if I came to LSU and worked with him, I would research and write about my own interests.
    [Show full text]
  • Vancouver Special 4 SUPERCONDUCTOR" Bastardson$ $14.92 Double LP/CD Chocks Or Money Orders Pay- Discorder Magazino
    MIMT/LOOKOUT MIGHT TH6 SMGGIBRS MM PANSY DIVISION 6R00VI6 0HOULI6S PUOTAM0 MAOW FRIPAY MAY 3RP ©ASTOWN MUSIC HALL ,f?**s\ I MAOWAAiV GROOVIE GHOULIES "THE IMF0R6IVIMS S0UW7S OF..." "WORt-C 40KTMT PAY" SUMMER! SPECIALLY PRICED AT THE SEYMOUR STREET AW COM VU0TM6 "THE MESSAGE" 7" AMP OTHER SURPRISES *i O U R STREET, DOWNTOV editor dylan griffith productlon manager sophle hamley May 1996 - #160 art director kevtn pendergraft graphic design/layout die-cover ken paul, dytan grifflth, kent matheso Who would ever guess that the cherubic promotion meager eophie hamley youths -gracing this month's cover are production assistant actually Vancouver's reigning kings of Sa­ krista peters tanic speed-metal? Well, it's true. Andrew miko hoffman Dennison snapped this rare shot ofthe Sparkmarker boys sans leather ware and feathered hair; Ken Paul took cane of the sophle hamley distribution graphic stylings. matt steffieh us distribution brian wieser, ben la die-contents contact:mork.phone.fax.604.872.1403.e-mail atomos&direcf.ca » quadra llnda scholten NARDWUAR vs. BILL KAYSING 6 computer savloure KEN HEGAN & TEN FOOT POLE 10 THE WEDDING PRESENT 11 *"996by*h-**Sh*- i* Radio Soci.ly of Hi* Uni- 12 sily ot British Columbia. All THE STINKIES fits r-s.rv.d. Circulation 17, SP@RKM(@RKER 15 Subscriptions, payable in ad- ice, to Canadian residents SLAY YOU! • $15 for on. year, to resi- ,fsof th. USA are SI 5 USD; $24 CON .Is.wh.r.. Singl. ON SALE THIS MONTH: $2.00 (to covor post- ago, of courso). Ploaso mak. Vancouver special 4 SUPERCONDUCTOR" Bastardson$ $14.92 double LP/CD chocks or money orders pay- DiSCORDER Magazino.
    [Show full text]
  • The Conspiratorial Mode in American Television: Politics, Public Relations, and Journalism in House of Cards and Scandal
    The Conspiratorial Mode in American Television: Politics, Public Relations, and Journalism in House of Cards and Scandal Patrick Jones, Gretchen Soderlund American Quarterly, Volume 69, Number 4, December 2017, pp. 833-856 (Article) Published by Johns Hopkins University Press For additional information about this article https://muse.jhu.edu/article/680488 Access provided by University of Hawaii @ Manoa (21 Dec 2017 15:45 GMT) The Conspiratorial Mode in American Television | 833 The Conspiratorial Mode in American Television: Politics, Public Relations, and Journalism in House of Cards and Scandal Patrick Jones and Gretchen Soderlund irty little secrets always come out.” So says Olivia Pope, the beleaguered protagonist of ABC’s Scandal, and so says a 2015 “Dposter from the conservative student group Turning Point USA, which made news after the 2016 election for its “Professor Watchlist” of left-leaning, activist professors.1 In this poster, a close-up of Pope hovers above Turning Point USA’s signature slogan, “Big Government Sucks,” while smaller print references the Obama administration’s Fast and Furious and NSA scandals. Another Turning Point USA poster displays Netflix’sHouse of Cards protagonist, Frank Underwood, saying “the road to power is paved with hypocrisy and casualties.” From Scandal and House of Cards to Game of Thrones and The Hunger Games, Turning Point USA’s leaflets and posters take advantage of popular culture’s recent fascination with tyrannical leaders to drive home its libertarian message: big government cannot be trusted. The conservative group hopes there is slippage among audiences’ understanding of fictionalized dramas and the way we think about American government.
    [Show full text]
  • Bad Astronomy: Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed, from Astrology
    Bad Astronomy PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed, from Astrology to the Moon Landing “Hoax” PHILIP C. PLAIT John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Bad Astronomy PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP Bad Astronomy PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed, from Astrology to the Moon Landing “Hoax” PHILIP C. PLAIT John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Copyright © 2002 by Philip C. Plait. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York Illustrations by Tina Cash Walsh No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permis- sion of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per- copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4744. Requests to the Publisher for per- mission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008, e-mail: [email protected]. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. This title is also available in print as ISBN 0-471-40976-6. Some content that appears in the print version of this book may not be available in this electronic edition.
    [Show full text]
  • Change Waved Its Flag - a Choice to Be Celebrated Pdf, Epub, Ebook
    CHANGE WAVED ITS FLAG - A CHOICE TO BE CELEBRATED PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Betty F Thompson | 246 pages | 18 Aug 2010 | E-Booktime, LLC | 9781608622009 | English | United States Change Waved Its Flag - A Choice to Be Celebrated PDF Book Starting in , NASCAR announced they may reserve the right to move up the start of the race one hour to beat inclement weather heavy rain and lightning on road courses. In spite of the legislation, tobacco sponsorship continues in the sports through electronic cigarettes , with companies such as Green Smoke, blu owned by R. He wrote about a bicycle trip he took with his wife and two friends from Pittsburgh to Cumberland, Md. Sports Business Digest. The change is long overdue, as Mississippi was the last state in the Union to feature overt Confederate symbols on its state flag. Speeding on pit road will see that time reduced by 15 seconds per infraction. Never touched. Report a problem or mistake on this page. Teams are permitted five crew members over the wall at the start of the race; that consists of two tire changers, one tire carrier, a jackman, and a gas man. Flags for other Gender Identities Agender, Genderqueer and Genderfuid people, as well as Nonbinary people, have their own flags as well. It is not uncommon to hear things like "maybe we should split the LGB from the T" among other queer people, who don't fully grasp the implications of this. There are more. The session results from single car qualifying set the starting lineups for the Can-Am Duel races on Thursday.
    [Show full text]
  • +50 Anniversary of the Moon Landing
    SKEPTICISM . SCIENCE . SOCIETY Vol 39, No 2. June 2019 TheCost of FREE Speech +50th Anniversary of The Moon Landing Australian Skeptics . www.skeptics.com.au Skeptic_Cover_Mar19.indd 1 3/06/2019 9:50 pm The Skeptic June 19 Skeptical Groups in Australia NSW VIC Australian Skeptics Inc – Eran Segev Australian Skeptics (Victorian Branch) Inc – Chris Guest www.skeptics.com.au PO Box 5166, Melbourne VIC 3001 PO Box 20, Beecroft, NSW 2119 Tel: 0403 837 339 [email protected] Tel: 02 8094 1894; Mob: 0432 713 195; Fax: (02) 8088 4735 [email protected] Skeptics’ Café – third Monday of every month, with guest speaker, at the Dan O’Connell Hotel, 225 Canning St, Carlton. Sydney Skeptics in the Pub – 6pm first Thursday of each Meal from 6pm, speaker at 8pm sharp. month at the Occidental Hotel, York Street in the city, near More details on our web site www.skeptics.com.au/vic Wynyard Park (meeting second floor) Dinner meetings are held on a regular basis. Ballarat Skeptics in the Pub http://facebook.com/groups/3978112230309544 Hunter Skeptics – John Turner Tel: (02) 4959 6286 [email protected] Gippsland Skeptics in the Pub Occasional social meetings at the Cricketers Arms Hotel, Cooks Interested parties contact Mark Guerin or Martin Christian Power Hill. Those on the contact list will be sent details in advance. via the Gippsland Skeptics page: https://www.facebook.com/ Currently meeting at 12.30 on third Sunday of each odd-numbered groups/291929110900396/?ref=bookmarks month. Melbourne Eastern Hills Skeptics in the Pub Blue Mountains Skeptics Contact: Andrew Rawlings [email protected] See Facebook for details.
    [Show full text]
  • Moon Landing Conspiracy Theories 1 Moon Landing Conspiracy Theories
    Moon landing conspiracy theories 1 Moon landing conspiracy theories Different Moon landing conspiracy theories claim that some or all elements of the Apollo Project and the associated Moon landings were falsifications staged by NASA and members of other organizations. Since the conclusion of the Apollo program, a number of related accounts espousing a belief that the landings were faked in some fashion have been advanced by various groups and individuals. Some of the more notable of these various claims include allegations that the Apollo astronauts did not set foot on the Moon; instead NASA and others intentionally deceived the public into believing the landings did occur by manufacturing, destroying, or tampering with evidence, including photos, telemetry tapes, transmissions, and rock samples. Such claims are common to most of the conspiracy theories. There is abundant third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings, and commentators have published detailed rebuttals to the hoax claims.[1] Various polls have shown that 6% to 28% of the people surveyed in Astronauts Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong in the NASA's training various locations do not think the Moon landing mockup of the Moon and lander module. Hoax proponents say that happened. the film of the missions was made using similar sets to this training mockup. Origins and history The first book dedicated to the subject, Bill Kaysing's self-published We Never Went to the Moon: America's Thirty Billion Dollar Swindle, was released in 1974, two years after the Apollo Moon flights had ceased. Folklorist Linda Degh suggests that writer-director Peter Hyams's 1978 film Capricorn One, which depicts a hoaxed journey to Mars in a spacecraft that looks identical to the Apollo craft, may have given a boost to the hoax theory's popularity in the post-Vietnam War era.
    [Show full text]
  • Write Stuff Volume 29
    1 Editor: Rachael Bancroft Editorial Board George Albert Patricia Allen Kerry Drohan Rebecca Griffin Richard Norwood Bruce Riley Thomas Schaefer Cover Artwork Sarah Austin Production Staff Cindy Pavlos Powerful Futures Start Here 2 Table of Contents Seashells on the Seashore Irina Merzlyakova...............................................................page 4 Colony Collapse Disorder Anny Abrantes......................................................................page 6 The Awakening and Feminism Kaylee Bergstrom .............................................................page 10 A Cathartic Conspiracy Tara Feldman.....................................................................page 18 Community Policing Adane Atkinson.................................................................page 24 Racism: A Time and Place from a Witness' Perspective Joe Thorpe........ ................................................................page 31 Domestic Violence Amber Tubbs ....................................................................page 38 Causes and Effects of the NFL's Concussion Crisis? Patrick Grant..... ................................................................page 43 Adult Obesity in the United States Zhivka Yancheva................................................................page 46 Colorblindness in the Age of Diversity Brianna Kauranen..............................................................page 49 Quiet Study Virginia Johnston......................................................page 58 3 Irina Merzlyakova ENL
    [Show full text]
  • Denying the Apollo Moon Landings: Conspiracy and Questioning in Modern American History
    Denying the Apollo Moon Landings: Conspiracy and Questioning in Modern American History Roger D. Launius* Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20650 I. Abstract Almost from the point of the first Apollo missions, a small group of Americans denied that it had taken place at all. It had, they argued, been faked in Hollywood by the federal government for purposes ranging—depending on the particular Apollo landing denier—from embezzlement of the public treasury to complex conspiracy theories involving international intrigue and murderous criminality. They tapped into a rich vein of distrust of government, populist critiques of society, and questions about the fundamentals of epistemology and knowledge creation. At the time of the first landings, opinion polls showed that overall less than five percent, among some communities larger percentages, ―doubted the moon voyage had taken place.‖1 For example, Andrew Chaikin commented in his massive history of the Apollo Moon expeditions that at the time of the Apollo 8 circumlunar flight in December 1968 some people thought it was not real; instead it was ―all a hoax perpetrated by the government.‖ Bill Anders, an astronaut on the mission, thought live television would help convince skeptics since watching ―three men floating inside a spaceship was as close to proof as they might get.‖2 He could not have been more wrong. Fueled by conspiracy theorists of all stripes, this number has grown over time. In a 2004 poll, while overall numbers remained about the same, among Americans between 18 and 24 years old ―27% expressed doubts that NASA went to the Moon,‖ according to pollster Mary Lynne Dittmar.
    [Show full text]
  • The Encyclopedia of Conspiracies and Conspiracy Theories
    THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CONSPIRACIES AND CONSPIRACY THEORIES Michael Newton For Harold Weisberg The Encyclopedia of Conspiracies and Conspiracy Theories Copyright © 2006 by Michael Newton All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Newton, Michael, 1951– The encyclopedia of conspiracies and conspiracy theories / by Michael Newton. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–8160–5540–8 (hc: alk. paper) 1. Conspiracies—Encyclopedias. I. Title. HV6275.N49 2004 364.1’03—dc222004004284 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Text design by Erika K. Arroyo Cover design by Nora Wertz Printed in the United States of America VB FOF 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Contents Preface iv Entries A–Z 1 Bibliography 398 Index 404 Preface Black’s Law Dictionary defines a conspiracy as “a The fact that thousands of conspiracies exist combination or confederacy between two or more and have been amply documented does not mean, of persons formed for the purpose of committing, by course, that every theoretical conspiracy is true.
    [Show full text]