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Konferansen for Sikkerhet Og Samarbeid I Europa Og Britisk Politikk

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Konferansen for Sikkerhet Og Samarbeid I Europa Og Britisk Politikk Konferansen for Sikkerhet og Samarbeid i Europa og britisk politikk. - Status quo eller forandring? Eirik Løkke Masteroppgave Historisk institutt Universitetet i Bergen November 2010 Forord History will be kind to me because I intend to write it. Winston Churchill Utenriksminister Jonas Gahr Støre uttalte til Aftenposten i august 2009 at Storbritannia var et forbilde. Ikke først og fremst på grunn av politikken, men for deres evne til systematisk å velge ut hva som er viktig. Det er en betraktning jeg etter en måned på Public Records Office i Kew, London, må si meg helt enig i. Den vennlighet og service som de ansatte ved statsarkivene viste meg er jeg evig takknemlig for. Når denne oppgave nå ferdigstilles er det mange som fortjener en takk. Noen mer enn andre. Knut Tornes, Sjur Haga Bringeland og Ola Roth Johnsen fortjener alle en stor takk for verdifull korrekturlesning. Jeg vil særlig få trekke frem multitalentet Gard Vaaler, hvis språkkyndighet, datakompetanse og generell kunnskap har bidratt til at denne oppgave er betydelig bedre enn hva den ellers ville ha vært. Sist, men ikke minst, vil jeg få trekke frem min veileder, Astrid Forland, som til tross for at jeg altfor ofte ikke rakk mine egne tidsfrister utviste stor tålmodighet. Til tross for alle disse verdifulle innspill, bidrag og faglige råd er naturligvis de mangler som fremdeles gjenstår fullt og helt mine egne. Eirik Løkke Bergen 22. November 2010 Summary The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), with its Final Act in Helsinki in August 1975 also comprising the non-aligned and neutral states in Europe, led to rapprochement between East and West. As a result, the Eastern Bloc obtained its primary goal: recognition of the territorial status quo in Europe through the principle of inviolability of frontiers. However, the Soviet Union was forced to accept the principle of peaceful change of frontiers, chiefly pursued by West Germany, which refused to accept any provision which would hinder the possibility of reunification of Germany. Moreover, the Soviets also had to accept, as a part of signing the Final Act, human rights as a legitimate part of international relations. A decisive precondition for this multilateral phase of Détente was the fact that the Federal Republic of Germany with her Ostpolitik had established new and constructive relations with her neighbours in Eastern Europe and Soviet. Simultaneously, Nixon and Kissinger sought to improve the US relationship with the USSR based on “cooperation, not confrontation.” Together with Brandt’s Ostpolitik, Nixon’s Linkage politics laid the foundations for the CSCE. In this Masters thesis I examine the driving forces behind the CSCE, with a main focus on the British policy towards the signing of the Final Act. Britain, in concert with West Germany and France, formed a powerful partnership through the European Political Cooperation (EPC). Taking the lead from NATO, EPC shaped the CSCE agenda by extracting important concessions from the Soviet Union. Thorough preparations, willingness to coordinate and strong unity constituted the main factors for Western success. British policy was very effective in keeping the alliance together, out of which came a clear advantage for the West. Forkortelser ABM – Anti-Ballistic Missile CBM – Confidence Building Measures (Tillitsskapende mekanismer) CDU – Christlich Demokratische Union (Det tyske konservative parti) CFE – Conventional Forces Europe (Konvensjonelle styrker i Europa) EEC – European Economic Community (senere EF og EU) EESD - East European and Soviet Department EMU – European Monetary Union (Den europeiske monetære union) EPC – European Political Cooperation FCO – Foreign and Commonwealth Office (Utenriksdepartementet) FDP – Freie Demokratische Partei (De tyske fridemokratene) FN – Forente Nasjoner KSSE – Konferansen for Sikkerhet og Samarbeid i Europa MBFR – Multi Balanced Force Reductions MPT – Multilateral Preparatory Talks (Multilaterale forberedende samtaler) NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NNA – Neutral and Non-aligned (nøytrale og alliansefrie land) NPT – Nonproliferation Treaty (Ikke-spredningsavtalen) SALT – Strategic Arms Limitation Talks SPD – Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (Det tyske sosialdemokratiske parti) WOD - Western Organisations Department WP – Warszawapakten Masteroppgave, Eirik Løkke Innholdsfortegnelse Forord ........................................................................................................................................ 2 Summary .................................................................................................................................. 3 Forkortelser ............................................................................................................................... 4 1 Innledning................................................................................................................................ 8 1.0 Innledning...................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Presentasjon av tema og problemstilling....................................................................... 8 1.2 Hvorfor er et slikt arbeid viktig og hvorfor er britenes rolle særlig interessant? .......... 9 1.3 Forskningsstatus ............................................................................................................ 12 1.4 Historisk metode ........................................................................................................... 14 1.5 Primærkilder .................................................................................................................. 14 1.6 Sekundærkilder.............................................................................................................. 14 1.7 Avgrensning i tid og rom............................................................................................... 16 1.8 Skisse over fremstillingen ............................................................................................. 16 2 Fra verdensmakt til regional makt......................................................................................... 18 2.0 Innledning ..................................................................................................................... 18 2.1 Britisk tilbakegang......................................................................................................... 18 2.2 Suez-krisen .................................................................................................................... 19 2.3 Storbritannia og USA: «The Special Relationship»...................................................... 21 2.4 Storbritannias EEC-politikk ......................................................................................... 23 2.5 NATO ............................................................................................................................ 25 2.6 Harmelrapporten og Storbritannias reaksjon................................................................. 27 2.7 Oppsummering .............................................................................................................. 27 3 Détente ................................................................................................................................. 29 3.0 Innledning ..................................................................................................................... 29 3.1 Hva var Détente? .......................................................................................................... 29 3.2 Nixon/Kissinger............................................................................................................. 31 3.3 Linkage og triangulært diplomati ................................................................................. 32 3.4 Kritikk av Kissinger....................................................................................................... 35 3.5 Menneskerettigheter som del av Détente ...................................................................... 37 3.6 Storbritannias forhold til Détente og Nixon-administrasjonen ..................................... 38 3.7 Utviklingen mot KSSE .................................................................................................. 39 3.8 USAs tilnærming til KSSE............................................................................................ 41 3.9 Oppsummering ............................................................................................................. 42 4 Ostpolitik............................................................................................................................... 44 4.0 Innledning ..................................................................................................................... 44 4.1 Det tyske spørsmål......................................................................................................... 44 4.2 Ostpolitiks opprinnelse.................................................................................................. 45 4.2.1 Fase 1: «De små skritts politikk»...................................................................... .... 46 4.2.2 Fase 2 av Ostpolitik ......................................................................................... .... 48 4.2.3 Brandts initiativ østover.................................................................................... .... 48 4.3 Drivkreftene bak Ostpolitik
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