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University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan MASTER'S THESIS M -5 5 5 HOLSTINE, Jon David. AN EXAMINATION OF RECENT OUTER MONGOLIAN INTERNATIONAL R E L A T IO N S . The American University, M.A., 1964 ' Political Science, international law and relations University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Copyright by JON DAVID HOLSTINE 1965 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. AN EXAMINATION OF RECENT OUTER MONGOLIAN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS py Jon Dt Holstine Submitted to the Faculty of the School of International Service of The American University in partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS Signatures of Committee: Chairman, j V W ] ^ Date: Dean oi t /'wViC.’i.ürtiNI U i'liV tiiO Jl X Date* LIBRARY i jDÊC 1 !i!S!63 WAarilWGION. D. C. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. / TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. THE HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS............... 1 II. THE MONGOLIANS AND THE SOVIET UNION.......... ^ 33 III. THE MONGOLIANS AND THE CHINESE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC.......... 77 IV. RELATIONS WITH OTHER NATIONS..................... 123 V. OUTER MONGOLIA AND THE UNITED NATIONS............... lU2 VI. THE FUTURE OF OUTER MONGOLIA .............. 1^6 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................... 172 APPENDIX....................................... 178 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER I THE HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS After the decline and deposition of the Mongol Dynasty in China, the Mongols returned to their native steppes and reverted to their ancient nomadic way of life. Unified Mongols were dangerous to China, and Mongol unity was something to be avoided. ■ The Ming Dynasty divided the war-like nomads into east and west wings, with smaller subdivisions in each wing.^ Since the Mongol tribes were constantly involved in petty warfare, control for the Ming became a matter of intervening from time to time and preventing the accrual of too much power in the hands 2 of any one chieftain. This established a system which was to serve as the framework, with refinements and modifications, for Sino-Mongol rela­ tions fraa that time until the last years of the Manchu Dynasty. During the height of the Ming Dynasty’s power, control of the Mongols was relatively successful, and no tribe seriously threatened the marches of the Central Kingdom. Tvice during the early fifteenth cen­ tury, the western oirats Mongols almost succeeded in defeating the eastern Mongols, only to fail on the brink of s u c c e s s .3 m l i i 2 5 , Ming military support enabled the eastern Mongols to defeat the Oirats. In lL$3, the oirats rose again under Esen and had actually defeated the eastern tribesmen in spite of Ming support, only to have victory turn to ashes when Esen was killed in a struggle arising among the conquerors for the throne of Mongolia.^ Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 After lkS3f the eastern tribes retained dominance among the Mongols, but no leader succeeded in unifying the nomads until Dayan Khan came into power. Dayan brought about unity, but then proceeded to destroy it through appanage. His kingdom was divided equally among his eleven sons upon his death in l$k3*^ The next important phase in Mongolian affairs began when the Grand Lama of the Yellow Church in Tibet, sonam Qyatso, visited the ruler of the Ordos tribes, Anda or Altin Khan, in 1576 or 1577. The visit, marked by great pomp and ceremony, resulted in the adoption by Anda of Tibetan Buddhism, and was the first apparent contact of the Mongols with the religion of Tibet since the days of Khublai Khan, indeed, it was described by the Lama as the meeting of the reincarna­ tions of Khublai Khan and Drogon phagspa, the great Khan's Tibetan tutor. The Lama was given the title of Dalai (Tale in Mongolian, meaning "ocean," for "Ocean of Merit") which title subsequently was applied to Sonam Gyatso's two predecessors.^ The meeting of Sonam Gyatso and the Altin Khan had an extremely important effect; it brought about the linking of two of China's border peoples. The import of that link can scarcely be overemphasized. It provided a union of peoples in a great arc from the Himalayan kingdoms of Bhutan and Nepal to Siberia, encircling the Central Kingdom and Jeopardizing Chinese control over the Western Land— Sinkiang. The extension of the Yellow sect of Lamaism to Mongolia . bad a bearing not only on the status of Tibet but also upon the whole picture of that part of the world . it had always been the high policy of the Chinese Government to prevent the Hiung-Nu (Mongolians) and the chilang (Tibetans) from Joining hands. The policy had been inaugurated by Han-wu-Ti (reigned lüo-6Ôb.c.) when he set up command posts and garrison forts in Dansu to drive a wedge between these two warlike neighbors.7 Reproducedwith permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3. The link between the Tibetans and the Mongols was further cemented when sonam Gyatso returned to Mongolia upon the death of Anda in 1587 or 1588 and died there. The Dalai Lama was re-bom not in Tibet, but in g Mongolia. This turn of events gave the Mongols greater purchase in Tibet and marked the initiation of an involvement in Tibetan affairs which was to continue in varying degree until the latter part of the eighteenth century. It should also be pointed out that the Mongo 1- Tibetan involvement broadened the framework of Chinese relations with their border regions. Instead of two more or less separate and distinct areas with'which the Chinese must deal, they had one long and complex area with even more difficult problems. This became increasingly apparent in the early seventeenth cen­ tury. During the last few years of the Ming Dynasty, the rise of the western Mongol Dzungars drove the Khoshotes eastward into the Kokonor region of China. From 1635 to l6H3, the Khoshotes under Qushi Khan attacked various parts of Tibet, ultimately seizing that country This is reported to have been at the behest of the fifth Dalai Lama, who was faced with defeat at the hands of the old Red Sect of Lamaism, still o strong ahd dangerous.^ Li Tieh-tseng has quoted Das as saying that "from I6ii3 on Tibet was a dependency of Mongolia." The period during tdiich Gushi Khan was gaining control in Tibet was an eventful one for China and the Mongols. The Manchus were gaining control of the northeast gate to China, and soon were to sweep into Peking and found their dynasty, in l6U0, a conference was held in northern Mongolia in an atten^t to devise by peaceful means some sort of unity to counterbalance the growing power of the Manchus.About 1636, Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. h the Russians made their first successful bid to gain some influence among the tribes of Mongolia. The Manchus achieved the conquest of China in a traditional manner. They were a border people who, unified under Kurhachi in I616, obtained, sufficient dominance in their homeland to attract and marshal further support. The Manchus used Chahar Mongol auxiliaries to turn the flank of the Chinese positions guarding the apprqaches from Manchuria to Peking. Then, as the eastern Mongols in turn received protection from the Manchus, a sphere of influence was formed in what is now Inner Mongolia. The Manchus had control from the western plains of what are now the provinces of Hsilungchiang, Kirin, and Lianoning, across jehol. Char, and guiyuan to the desert of Hinghsia.^^ in léltU, the Manchus were requested to aid the Ming Government, which was reeling under the impact of civil war, against the bandit Li Tzu-ch'eng. Seizing upon this opportunity, the Manchus attacked Peking and deposed the Mings in 161^.1^ in the farther reaches of Northern and Western Mongolia, the growth of Manchu power apparently did not go unheeded, in the year 16LO, a conference was called by Batur Khan, an Oirat prince. A common code was drawn up and agreed to by the whole of the oirats, and the Khalkas. in this code was strongly apparent the influence of the Lamaist Church, for extensive privileges were set forth for the Lamas. Any cohesive force which Lamaism may have exerted, however, was sub­ sequently proven to be insufficient to overcome the traditional patterns of inter-tribal warfare.^^ Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 5 The development of Russian relations with the Mongols took place over a period of years from I616 to l63U before any results were ob­ tained. The Russians contacted the chieftain Altyn Khan who ruled in the western part of Khalka and whose capitol was near the upper Yonisee. The purpose was the obtaining of the help of the tribe of Altyn Khan against the Kyrgyz. However, it required the passing of several years and the efforts of two more missions by the Russians before the Altyn Khans were willing to accept the Czar as their ruler. This state of affairs was reportedly agreed upon in l63U.^7 Russian rule over the Altyn Khan tribe was short lived, however. Two years after the rise of the Manchu Dynasty," Altyn died, and his son abandoned his campaign against the Russian Kyrgyz. Thereafter, the best relationship that the Russians could obtain with the tribe was that of alliance, not their allegiance to the Czar. The tribe of Altyn's son, Lobdzan, was to receive help against the Dzunghars with whom the Russians are reported to have been on excellent terms.
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