Indonesia: the Macroprudential Framework and the Central Bank's Policy
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U.S Trade Policy-Making in the Eighties
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: Politics and Economics in the Eighties Volume Author/Editor: Alberto Alesina and Geoffrey Carliner, editors Volume Publisher: University of Chicago Press Volume ISBN: 0-226-01280-8 Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/ales91-1 Conference Date: May 14-15, 1990 Publication Date: January 1991 Chapter Title: U.S Trade Policy-making in the Eighties Chapter Author: I. M. Destler Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c5420 Chapter pages in book: (p. 251 - 284) 8 U. S. Trade Policy-making in the Eighties I. M. Destler 8.1 Introduction As the 1970s wound to a close, Robert Strauss, President Jimmy Carter’s Special Trade Representative, won overwhelming congressional approval of the Tokyo Round agreements. This was a triumph of both substance and polit- ical process: an important set of trade liberalizing agreements, endorsed through an innovative “fast-track” process that balanced the executive need for negotiating leeway with congressional determination to act explicitly on the results. And it was accompanied by substantial improvement in the nonoil merchandise trade balance. Both the substance of trade policy and the process of executive- congressional collaboration would be sorely tested in the 1980s. During the first Reagan administration, a mix of tight money and loose budgets drove the dollar skyward and sent international balances awry. The merchandise trade deficit rose above $100 billion in 1984, there to remain through the decade (see table 8.1). The ratio of U.S. imports to exports peaked at 1.64 in 1986, a disproportion not seen since the War between the States. -
Sustainability Strategy
Serving the Country, Pride the Nation SUSTAINABILITY REPORT 2019 DIGITALIZATION EMBRACING NATION PT Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk Sustainability Report Overview of Sustainability Digitalization Sustainability Performance Governance for the Nation PT Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk Sustainability Report Services that My Nature, Independent Cover the Country My Country Assurance Statement BNI is reinventing itself and transforming into a “digital banking entity. Through digitalization, BNI embraces the nation and provides leading services to SMEs. BNI’s concrete steps to form a digital-based financial ecosystem are aimed at MSMEs engaged in the“ manufacturing, fisheries, agriculture and trade sectors. PT Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk Sustainability Report Overview of Sustainability Digitalization Sustainability Performance Governance for the Nation TABLE OF CONTENTS 03 SUSTAINABILITY STRATEGY 05 BNI SUPPORT TOWARDS SDGs 06 OVERVIEW OF SUSTAINABILITY PERFORMANCE 10 MESSAGE FROM THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS 14 STATEMENT OF RESPONSIBILITY OF THE BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS AND BOARD OF DIRECTORS 16 PROFILE IN BRIEF 21 ABOUT THE REPORT 24 SUSTAINABILITY GOVERNANCE 36 DIGITALIZATION FOR THE NATION 40 Superior Products and Services in Digital Banking 42 Obligation to Develop Products and Services on Sustainable Finance 45 SERVING THE WHOLE COUNTRY 46 Equality in Service Provision 52 Employment 60 Guaranteeing Customer Satisfaction 62 Inclusive Finance and Empowering the Community 67 MY ENVIRONMENT, MY COUNTRY 68 Disclosure on Climate Change -
How Does a Surplus Affect the Formulation and Conduct of Monetary Policy?”
Mr Meyer answers the question “How does a surplus affect the formulation and conduct of monetary policy?” Speech by Mr Laurence H Meyer, Member of the Board of Governors of the US Federal Reserve System, before the 16th Annual Policy Conference, National Association for Business Economics, Washington, D.C. on 23 February 2000. * * * This is a conference on fiscal policy, specifically on how to allocate any potential future surpluses among debt reduction, tax cuts, and spending increases. The question you and I might be asking right now is: what is a monetary policymaker doing here? You know, of course, that I always enjoy visiting with my fellow NABE members. But what contribution can I make to this important topic? My assignment is to answer this question: How do the prevailing surplus and, especially, decisions about the allocation of future potential surpluses affect the formulation and conduct of monetary policy? The best way to understand the issues involved, in my view, is through the concept of the policy mix. Using this concept will allow us to focus on the implications of alternative combinations of monetary and fiscal policies - yielding the same level of aggregate demand - for the real interest rate, the composition of output, and the current account balance. And it also will help us understand the key source of the interdependence of monetary and fiscal policy decisions. In planning my remarks today, I intended first to discuss the analytics and the politics of the policy mix and then to illustrate the power of the analysis by using it to explain some of the important features of our current experience. -
PERANCANGAN CORPORATE IDENTITY PERPUSTAKAAN BANK INDONESIA SURABAYA SEBAGAI UPAYA MENINGKATKAN BRAND AWARENESS Anisa Ayu Ratna1) Muh
PERANCANGAN CORPORATE IDENTITY PERPUSTAKAAN BANK INDONESIA SURABAYA SEBAGAI UPAYA MENINGKATKAN BRAND AWARENESS Anisa Ayu Ratna1) Muh. Bahruddin 2) Thomas Hanandry Dewanto 3) S1 Desain Komunikasi Visual Institut Bisnis dan Informatika STIKOM Surabaya Jl. Raya Kedung Baruk 98 Surabaya, 60298 Email : 1) [email protected], 2) [email protected], 3) [email protected] Abstract: Perpustakaan Bank Indonesia Surabaya is a growing library company in Surabaya. The problem is, a lot of competitors threaten the sales position of Perpustakaan Bank Indonesia Surabaya. During this, media campaign that used by Perpustakaan Bank Indonesia Surabaya does not have concept design. The low awareness of the importance the media campaign, create a high probability of customers moving to another library. Media campaigns are very important to build brand equity. Therefore, it is necessary to increase customer aware by doing branding and maintenance customers through the media campaign to maintain the position of Perpustakaan Bank Indonesia Surabaya from the competitors. The design is done by observation, interviews, depth interviews, and literature studies using qualitative-descriptive analysis and supported by existing analysis, SWOT and STP obtained brilliant concept that is used in overall design. The concept of brilliant implemented using product photo illustration of Perpustakaan Bank Indonesia Surabaya. Unique concept realized by unique form of media, while the brilliant concept realized from the arrangement of layout and color selection. The concept was subsequently applied in corporate identity and promotional media like Graphics Standart Manual that can be able to increase customer awareness. Keywords: : Design, Corporate Identity, Perpustakaan Bank Indonesia Surabaya, Graphics Standart Manual, Brand Awareness, Brilliant. -
D Quantifying the Policy Mix in a Monetary Union with National Macroprudential Policies186
D Quantifying the policy mix in a monetary union with 186 national macroprudential policies In a monetary union, targeted national macroprudential policies can be necessary to address asymmetric financial developments that are outside the scope of the single monetary policy. This special feature discusses and, using a two-country structural model, provides some model-based illustrations of the strategic interactions between a single monetary policy and jurisdiction-specific macroprudential policies. Counter- cyclical macroprudential interventions are found to be supportive to monetary policy conduct through the cycle. This complementarity is significantly reinforced when there are asymmetric financial cycles across the monetary union. Introduction Macroprudential policy in the euro area is primarily conducted by designated national macroprudential authorities, with a central coordinating and horizontal role for the ECB – especially since the establishment of the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) which granted the ECB some macroprudential powers.187 The predominantly decentralised organisation of macroprudential policy-making in the euro area reflects inter alia the still incomplete integration of national banking sectors and heterogeneous financial cycles across euro area countries. In addition, as the single monetary policy mandate is to deliver price stability over the medium term for the euro area as a whole, monetary policy may actually look through financial stability risks building up in specific market segments, jurisdictions or individual countries. Such risks could also have implications for financial stability at the area-wide level. Hence, in a monetary union setting such as the euro area, nationally oriented macroprudential policies have a role to play in ensuring financial stability for all jurisdictions and supporting monetary policy conduct through the cycle. -
Intermediate Macroeconomics (Econ 300) – Spring 200 8 – Ilan Noy Practice Midterm
INTERMEDIATE MACROECONOMICS (ECON 300) – SPRING 200 8 – ILAN NOY PRACTICE MIDTERM USE GRAPHS WHENEVER THAT IS POSSIBLE!!! 1) Based on your understanding of the AS-AD model and the IS-LM model, graphically illustrate and explain what effect an increase in government expenditures will have on the economy. a) Graph everything. In your graphs, clearly illustrate the short-run and medium-run equilibria. b) Explain (in words) why the medium-run equilibrium is different from the short-run. c) Was this increase in government expenditures neutral in the medium run? Explain. 2) Explain in detail what short run effect(s) a Fed sale of bonds will have on: (a) The money market diagram; (b) The LM curve; and (c) the IS curve. 3) Explain how the unemployment rate is calculated. In your answer, include an explanation of each of the variables used to calculate the unemployment rate. 4) Increases in the budget deficit are believed to cause reductions in investment (crowding out). Based on your understanding of the IS-LM model, will a tax cut cause a reduction in investment? Explain using a graph. 5) Use the IS-LM model to answer this question. Suppose there is a simultaneous increase in government spending and increase in the money supply. Explain what effect this particular policy mix will have on output and the interest rate. Based on your analysis, do we know with certainty what effect this policy mix will have on output? Explain using a graph. 6) Explain the difference between the GDP deflator and the CPI. Which one is a better indicator of inflation? Why? 7) Based on your understanding of the AS-AD model and the IS-LM model, graphically illustrate and explain what effect an increase in taxes will have on the economy. -
Iran: US Concerns and Policy Responses
Order Code RL32048 Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses Updated March 13, 2007 Kenneth Katzman Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses Summary According to the Administration’s “National Security Strategy” document released on March 16, 2006, the United States “may face no greater challenge from a single country than Iran.” That perception, generated first and foremost by Iran’s developing nuclear program, intensified following the military confrontation between Iranian-armed and assisted Lebanese Hezbollah and Israel in July-August 2006. To date, the Bush Administration has pursued several avenues to attempt to contain the potential threat posed by Iran, but the Administration’s focus on preventing an Iranian nuclear weapons breakthrough — as well as on stabilizing Iraq — has brought diplomatic strategy to the forefront. The Bush Administration announced May 31, 2006, it would negotiate with Iran in concert with U.S. allies if Iran suspends uranium enrichment. However, Iran did not comply with an August 31, 2006, deadline to cease uranium enrichment, contained in U.N. Security Council Resolution 1696 (July 31, 2006). After almost four months of negotiations during which Russia and, to a lesser extent, China, argued that diplomacy with Iran would yield greater results than would sanctions, the Security Council imposed modest sanctions on trade with Iran’s nuclear infrastructure and a freeze on trade with and the assets of related entities and personalities. (Resolution 1737, passed unanimously on December 23, 2006). Iran remains out of compliance, and the international community is discussing further sanctions against Iran. -
Implications of Trends Toward Protectionism
IMPLICATIONS OF TRENDS TOWARD PROTECTIONISM Vernon L. Sorenson Professor, AgriculturalPolicy and Trade Michigan State University Introduction Recent literature on trade policy suggests that the world has come full circle. Much is made of "the new mercantilism." The implication is that the economic liberalism which provided the basis for British leadership in trade policy during the 19th century and U.S. leader- ship during the post World War II period has come to an end. There is some truth in this assessment. But it falls short of representing a complete characterization of today's situation. In its original form mercantilism was oriented toward enhancing state wealth and power. The increasing protectionism of today, on the other hand, derives from at least two different conditions. One is through producer-oriented pressure groups within individual countries. Protectionism in this context is aimed at the welfare of groups that are affected by competition in the international market- place and who seek to influence policy to serve their own ends. This form of pressure has existed throughout history, but for a number of reasons has become more intense during the 1970s. A second condition that leads to greater protection is the search by governments for ways to deal with problems of national interest that stem from greatly expanded levels of interdependence and the increasingly direct linkages between domestic and international policy issues. Some of these issues generate a competitive relation- ship among countries as, for example, when nations unilaterally implement policies aimed at improved balance of payments, ex- pand exports to enhance economic growth, or they seek other national goals irrespective of their impact on the international trad- ing order. -
Building a Modern and Advanced Money Market in a Digital Era Bank Indonesia: Building a Modern and Advanced Mone
Blueprint for Money Market Development 2025 Bank Indonesia: Building a Modern and Advanced Money Market in a Digital Era Bank Indonesia: Blueprint for Money Market Development 2025 1 Blueprint for Money Market Development 2025 Bank Indonesia: Building a Modern and Advanced Money Market in a Digital Era BANK INDONESIA Jalan M.H. Thamrin No. 2 Jakarta – 10350 Indonesia This publication is available on BI’s website (www.bi.go.id). Jakarta, December 14th, 2020 © Bank Indonesia 2020. All rights reserved. Bank Indonesia: Blueprint for Money Market Development 2025 Blueprint for Money Market Development 2025 BANK INDONESIA: BUILDING A MODERN AND ADVANCED MONEY MARKET IN A DIGITAL ERA Bank Indonesia: Blueprint for Money Market Development 2025 Table of Contents Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................i List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ii List of Charts .............................................................................................................................ii List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................iii Foreword by the Governor of Bank Indonesia .......................................................................v Foreword by Senior Deputy Governor ..................................................................................vi -
Chapter Iv Results and Discussions
CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Research Result 4.1.1 Description of the General Data 4.1.1.1 History of BRI BRI is one of the leading Indonesian commercial banks and the oldest bank in Indonesia tracing back since December, 6th 1895 during the Dutch colonial period when Raden Bei Aria Wirjaatmadja founded a small financial institution with the name of De Poerwokertosche Hulp en Spaarbank der Inlandsche Hoofden (Help and Savings Bank for Purwokerto's Aristocrats) in Purwokerto, Central Java. The institution was a mosque-based association, which function was to manage and disburse trusted fund to community in a simple scheme. Over the years, the institution went through name changes and evolve with the surrounding condition. In 1912, its name changed to Centrale Kas Voor Volkscredietwezen, and in 1942 by Japanese ruling it was changed to Syomin Ginko. In the independence era, was replaced by the name of Bank Rakyat Indonesia. Still going through some name changes, finally in 1992 the official name of the institution was PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero), and being one of the state-owned enterprises that always consistent with service to small communities by focusing giving credit facilities to small entrepreneurs group. 66 On November 2003, BRI became a publicly listed with 30% of its share listed in Jakarta Stock Exchange (now Indonesia Stock Exchange/IDX) then became public company with official name PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. In April 2014, BRI contracted with Space Systems/Loral and Arianespace to, respectively, build and launch their first satellite, a 3,500 lb (1,600 kg) C- and Ku-band spacecraft dubbed BRIsat, and on June 18th, 2016 Ariane 5 has successfully launched BRIsat as the first satellite owned and operated by a bank in the world to link the bank's geographically isolated branches which is hoped to deliver huge savings in operating costs in the future. -
The Dollar and the Policy Mix: 1971
ESSAYS IN INTERNATIONAL FINANCE NO. 85, May 1971 IIMMINIMIMINNEM THE DOLLAR AND THE POLICY MIX: 1971 ROBERT A. MUNDELL INTERNATIONAL FINANCE SECTION DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS PRINCETON UNIVERSITY Princeton, New Jersey This is the eighty-fifth number in the series ESSAYS IN IN- TERNATIONAL FINANCE, published from time to time by the International Finance Section of the Department of Eco- nomics of Princeton University. The author, Robert A. Mundell, is Professor of Eco- nomics at the University of Chicago. He has written many articles in the field of international finance and several books,including most recently, Man and Economics( 1968), International Economics (1968), Monetary Problems of the International Economy (with A. Swoboda, 1969), and Monetary Theory: Inflation, Interest and Growth in the World Economy (ii). The Section sponsors the essays in this series but takes no further responsibility for the opinions expressed in them. The writers are free to develop their topics as they wish. Their ideas may or may not be shared by the editorial com- mittee of the Section or the members of the Department. FRITZ MACHLUP, Director International Finance Section ESSAYS IN INTERNATIONAL FINANCE NO. 85, May 1971 111:LE:ME.MEMMII THE DOLLAR AND THE POLICY MIX: 1971 IIMEMINCOMENI ROBERT A. MUNDELL INTERNATIONAL FINANCE SECTION DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS PRINCETON UNIVERSITY Princeton, New Jersey Copyright © 1971, by International Finance Section Department of Economics Princeton University L.C. Card No. 70-165467 Printed in the United States of America by Princeton University Press at Princeton, New Jersey THE DOLLAR AND THE POLICY MIX: 1971 THE DEFICIT AND THE DOLLAR • A decade ago Professor Rueff characterized the American balance-of- payments deficit as a "deficit without tears." He meant that the United States could buy expensive-to-make( European) resources with cheap-to- print dollars. -
1 WHY the BANK RAKYAT INDONESIA HAS the WORLD's LARGEST SUSTAINABLE MICROBANKING SYSTEM and What Commercial Microfinance
WHY THE BANK RAKYAT INDONESIA HAS THE WORLD’S LARGEST SUSTAINABLE MICROBANKING SYSTEM And what commercial microfinance means for development by Marguerite S. Robinson Paper presented at BRI’s International Seminar on BRI’s Microbanking System Bank Rakyat Indonesia Bali, Indonesia 1 December 2004 [Updated April 2005] 1 WHY BRI HAS THE WORLD’S LARGEST SUSTAINABLE MICROBANKING SYSTEM And what commercial microfinance means for development by Marguerite S. Robinson I INTRODUCTION 3 II WHAT IS COMMERCIAL MICROFINANCE? 4 III WHAT WENT WRONG AT BRI’S UNITS FROM 1970 TO 1983? 5 IV HOW DID BRI’S COMMERCIAL MICROBANKING TRANSFORMATION OCCUR? 6 V MICROBANKING AT BRI: 1984-2004 9 VI THE EMERGING GLOBAL COMMERCIAL MICROFINANCE INDUSTRY 15 VII MICROBANKING CHALLENGES FOR INDONESIA AND BRI 19 VIII DOING GOOD BY DOING WELL: THE DOUBLE BOTTOM 25 LINE REFERENCES CITED 27 TABLES 1. Number of Outstanding KUPEDES Loans, 1984-2004 10 2. Value of Outstanding KUPEDES Loans, 1984-2004 10 3. Number of Unit Savings Accounts, 1984-2004 11 4. Value of Unit Savings Accounts, 1984-2004 12 5. Microfinance in Asia 17 6. BRI’s Microbanking Profits, 1984-2004 25 2 I. INTRODUCTION Today we celebrate the twentieth anniversary of the turnaround of BRI’s microbanking system—from a massive, failed subsidized rural credit program begun in 1970, to the largest commercial microbanking system in the world.1 A great many people contributed over the years to this extraordinary achievement: the Indonesian government’s remarkable economics team, BRI itself – from its head office to its thousands of units at subdistrict level nationwide, scores of Indonesian researchers, and many others.