Memoriesweb-7Th International Conference.Pdf

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Memoriesweb-7Th International Conference.Pdf Compendium Innovation in Science Education INNOVEC San Francisco 1626-205, Colonia del Valle. C.P. 03100, Mexico City. Print in Mexico. 2014. www.innovec.org.mx 55 PANEL DISCUSSION 3 INQUIRY BASED SCIENCE EDUCATION ASSESSMENT PROCESSES IN NORTH AND LATIN AMERICA Speakers: Hubert Dyasi. Emeritus Professor of the City College, City University of New York. United States. Raymundo Edgar Martínez Carbajal. *Represented by: Jorge Alejandro Neyra. Subsecretary of Basic and Normal Education Index of the State of Mexico. Mexico Panelists: 6 INTRODUCTION Cristina Aguilar Ibarra. Subdirector of Mathemathics and Natural Sciences Tests of the National Institute for the Assessment of Education (INEE). Mexico. 8 OPENING CEREMONY María Figueroa. Dean of Education of Externado University of Colombia. Colombia. Jaime Lomelín Guillén. President of the Board of INNOVEC. Mexico. Patricia Rowell. Emeritus Professor in Science Education, University of Alberta. Canada. Mario Molina. Vice President of the Board of INNOVEC. Mexico. Moderator: José Narro Robles. Rector of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. Mexico. Reyes Tamez Guerra. Autonomous University of Nuevo León. Mexico. 14 KEYNOTE CONFERENCE Conclusions DEVELOPING AN EVALUATION CULTURE - WHAT FOR? Sylvia Schmelkes. President of the Board of Governors, National Institute for the Assessment of 75 PANEL DISCUSSION 4 Education (INEE). Mexico. EDUCATIONAL POLICY AND INQUIRY-BASED SCIENCE EDUCATION LEARNING ASSESSMENT Speakers: 23 PANEL DISCUSSION 1 Armando Loera Varela. Heurística Educativa. México. HOW IS SCIENCE LEARNING BEING ASSESSED IN BOTH NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL CONTEXTS Lee Yee Cheong. President of the Council of the Science Education Program, IAP. Speakers: Malasia. Eduardo Backhoff Escudero. Member of the Board of Governors, National Institute for the Panelist: Assessment of Education (INEE). Mexico. Ubaldo Ávila Ávila. Subsecretary of Basic and Normal Education of Zacatecas Shelley Peers. Director of the Primary Connections Project. Australia. Mexico. Panelists: Moderator: Alejanda González. Science at your School, Program of the Mexican Academy of Sciences. Mexico. Arturo M. Fernández Pérez. Rector of the Autonomous Technological Institute of Ulrika Johansson. Director of the Science and Technology for Everybody Program (NTA). Sweden. Mexico (ITAM). Mexico. Louise Hayward. Glasgow University. United Kingdom. Moderator: Conclusions Carlos Mancera. Valora Consultores, S.C. Mexico. 89 PANEL DISCUSSION 5 Conclusions TRENDS IN INQUIRY-BASED SCIENCE EDUCATION AND ITS ASSESSMENT MODELS Speakers: 39 PANEL DISCUSSION 2 Jon K.Price. Director of INTEL's Research and Assessment Program. United States. STRATEGIES FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF SCIENCE LEARNING OUTCOMES ACCORDING TO THE INQUIRY Daniel Alcázar Román. Smithsonian Science Education Center. United States. BASED SCIENCE EDUCATION Panelists: Speakers: Leopoldo Rodríguez. Member of the Board of INNOVEC. Mexico. Wynne Harlen. University of Bristol. United Kingdom. Anders Hedberg. President of Hedberg Consulting, LLC. United States. Rosa Devés. Vice President of the University of Chile in Santiago. Chile. Moderator: Panelists: Guillermo Fernández de la Garza. Chief Executive Officer of FUMEC, Member of the Guillermo Solano. University of Colorado, Boulder. United States. Board of INNOVEC Mexico. Anne Goube. La main à la Pâte Program. France. Petra Skiebe-Correte. Director of Pollen Program. Germany. Conclusions Moderator: Norma Sbarbati Nudelman. President of the Program of Education in Sciences of 110 OTHER ACTIVITIES the Inter-American Network of Academies of Sciences. Argentina. Welcome Dinner Workshops Conclusions 112 BIOGRAPHIES Introduction n the last decade, the application of attending elementary and secondary and new proposals for assessing, among Ithe Inquiry Based Science Education schools should both understand other things, the level of understanding System (IBSE-SEVIC) in Mexico has been natural phenomena and develop the and creativity achieved by students; the made possible by the collaborative scientific attitudes and skills needed development of their critical thinking; work of the Mexican Ministry of Educa- to successfully perform in the 21st their ability to apply acquired knowledge tion, state governments and Innova- century. Therefore, these educational in problem solving; their ability to work tion in Science Education (INNOVEC), programs are considered a valuable collaboratively, their skills for addressing a nonprofit organization. As a result of tools for achieving a quality education scientific oriented questions, their this joint effort, there have been many that reinforces not only academics but ability to design and conduct research opportunities for teachers, educational also civic values in students, enabling and to interpret evidence and draw a authorities and specialists, to discuss them to make decisions that will help scientific conclusion. In other words, within a national and international pers- improve their individual and social well an assessment that encourages their pective, the formative value of Inquiry being. academic development without Based Science Education. Within this framework, it is important detracting from their joy for learning or to design new assessment models negatively impacting their self-esteem. One outcome of the discussion has that are able to measure the level of been a shared consensus on the need to understanding of concepts as well Therefore, those who work with IBSE- analyze the new educational assessment as the development of the students' SEVIC programs are sure that the Seventh trends and paradigms, the challenges skills and attitudes. This trend has International Conference, presented they face and the procedures required become a priority to both Mexican here, will greatly contribute to the to determine how they contribute to and International educational systems. creation of better assessment processes students’ formative processes under aligned with quality education. the inquiry approach. The 7th International Conference "Science Learning Assessment: Trends Inquiry Based Science Education and Challenges” will be a forum for the Systems emphasize that students discussion and analysis of experiences 8 SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE SCIENCE LEARNING ASSESSMENT: TRENDS AND CHALLENGES 9 Jaime Lomelín Guillén President of the Board of INNOVEC Opening Ceremony “INNOVEC believes that the evaluation of education should be conceived as a common and routine process in schools. As a part of society we are especially interested in the assessment of learning as a way to improve teaching” n behalf of the Board of Directors Education, Ms. Alba Martínez Olivé, Therefore, INNOVEC believes that the In assessment we need other models, our educational diversity, but we must Oof Innovación en la Enseñanza de who very favorably responded to our assessment of education should be of course, because we are educating to establish minimal standards to track la Ciencia (INNOVEC, Innovation in request for institutional support from conceived as a common and routine provide conditions that are optimal for our progress. Science Teaching), I am very pleased the SEP (Ministry of Education), not process in schools. As a part of society human development; conditions where to welcome you most cordially to our only to organize this Conference, but we are especially interested in the knowledge in and of itself is held by our I wish a very pleasant stay in our country 7th International Conference on Inquiry- also with funding that will allow us to assessment of learning as a way to civilization as a precious value, and where to our colleagues from abroad. With Based Science Education. This year the continue working on our program in improve teaching through the work science, technology, art and humanism that, I encourage us all to have a very title of the event is "Science Learning several states of the country. Thank you of teachers and by designing and come together to attract every man and productive meeting. Assessment: Trends and Challenges”. indeed for your support. improving educational systems. woman because they are all entitled to Businesses, for example, value proactive a good education. INNOVEC educates to Thank you very much!* Now, I wish to recognize the members For more than ten years the efforts of involvement of their human capital promote an education that will provide of the Board of Governors of the INNOVEC in Mexico and the world have to identify faults, recognize mistakes Mexicans with more opportunities for National Institute for the Assessment of been devoted to fulfilling children’s and suggest solutions to make right employment and development. Education and its chairperson, Ms. Sylvia legitimate right to quality scientific whatever isn’t working well or does Schmelkes del Valle, for her enthusiasm education; and assessment is key to not satisfy client needs. Measuring To accomplish this we need effective and commitment to our initiative to INNOVEC, not only because it is always our performance and effectiveness is assessment processes that will account discuss this important topic. important to pause and assess the part of our daily activities in any part for what we’ve learned while recognizing impact, results and scope of our work, of the productive chain. As consumers the great diversity of circumstances, I also want to recognize our Minister but also because science itself should this is why we prefer quality products contexts and challenges we face as of Education,
Recommended publications
  • Download File
    Columbia University Graduate School of Arts & Sciences Human Rights Studies Master of Arts Program Translating Intercultural Bilingual Education into Practice: The Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Mexico City Marial Quezada Thesis Adviser: Elsa Stamatopoulou Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts May 2018 © 2018 Marial Quezada All rights reserved Abstract Translating Intercultural Bilingual Education into Practice: The Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Mexico City Marial Quezada Historically, education has been used as a tool of assimilation towards Indigenous Peoples. Representing a shift away from this, in recent years, many countries in Latin America have adopted Intercultural Bilingual Education, promoting Indigenous Peoples’ rights to education in their languages and respective to their cultures. Mexico in particular, establishes Intercultural Bilingual Education as a right of all Indigenous Peoples in various laws and the Constitution of Mexico City protects this right for its Indigenous population. This study investigates the extent to which Indigenous Peoples’ rights to education, as outlined in international human rights instruments and reinforced in Mexican law, are implemented in Mexico City, accounting for its growing urban Indigenous population. Through semi-structured interviews with government officials as well as with directors and teachers from a public primary school in Mexico City, this study illustrates the role the state and educators play in the implementation of Intercultural Bilingual Education. The findings presented in the study suggest the significance of Indigenous Peoples and educators in this process, in comparison with the Mexican government, whose improved measures can help increase urban Indigenous students’ access to their education rights.
    [Show full text]
  • Toward an Intercultural Approach to Evaluation: a Perspective from the National Institute for Educational Evaluation in Mexico (INEE)
    SPECIAL ISSUE Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Educational Evaluation education policy analysis archives A peer-reviewed, independent, open access, multilingual journal Arizona State University Volume 26 Number 52 April 16, 2018 ISSN 1068-2341 Toward an Intercultural Approach to Evaluation: A Perspective from the National Institute for Educational Evaluation in Mexico (INEE) Silvia Schmelkes National Institute for Educational Evaluation (INEE) Mexico Citation: Schmelkes, S. (2018). Toward an intercultural approach to evaluation: A perspective from INEE in Mexico. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 26(52). http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.26.3818 This article is part of the Special Issue, Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Educational Evaluation: Dialogues with the International Academy of Education, guest edited by Lorin W. Anderson, Maria de Ibarrola, and D. C. Phillips. Abstract: The National Institute for the Evaluation of Education (INEE) in Mexico has begun to meet the challenges in evaluating indigenous children and teachers and the educational programs and policies targeted to them. Several evaluation projects are described in this paper. One is the “Previous, Free and Informed Consultation of Indigenous People,” which focuses on quality of education they receive. A second is the design of a protocol for reducing cultural and linguistic bias in standardized tests, which requires oversampling of indigenous students and the involvement of anthropologists, linguists and indigenous teachers in item development. A third is an indigenous language evaluation for candidates for entry into the teaching profession, which they must pass Journal website: http://epaa.asu.edu/ojs/ Manuscript received: 1/15/2018 Facebook: /EPAAA Revisions received: 2/18/2018 Twitter: @epaa_aape Accepted: 2/18/2018 Education Policy Analysis Archives Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • The Value of TRUTH a Third of the Way
    The value of TRUTH A third of the way MARCH 2021 THE VALUE OF TRUTH :: 1 https://www.elmundo.es/america/2013/01/08/mexico/1357679051html Is a non-profit, non governmental organization thats is structured by a Council built up of people with an outstanding track record, with high ethical and pro- fessional level, which have national and international recognition and with a firm commitment to democratic and freedom principles. The Council is structured with an Executive Committee, and Advisory Committee of Specialists and a Comunication Advisory Committee, and a Executive Director coordinates the operation of these three Committees. One of the main objectives is the collection of reliable and independent informa- tion on the key variables of our economic, political and sociocultural context in order to diagnose, with a good degree of certainty, the state where the country is located. Vital Signs intends to serve as a light to show the direction that Mexico is taking through the dissemination of quarterly reports, with a national and international scope, to alert society and the policy makers of the wide variety of problems that require special attention. Weak or absent pulse can have many causes and represents a medical emergency. The more frequent causes are the heart attack and the shock condition. Heart attack occurs when the heart stops beating. The shock condition occurs when the organism suffers a considerable deterioration, wich causes a weak pulse, fast heartbeat, shallow, breathing and loss of consciousness. It can be caused by different factors. Vital Signs weaken and you have to be constantly taking the pulse.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 Spring and Fall Hon Docs
    WELCOME TO OUR 2019 Honorary Degree Recipients concordia.ca 1 Message from our president It’s truly an exciting time to be part of the Concordia community. Ranked as Canada’s top university under 50 years old and one of the most international universities in the world, we recently climbed 144 spots in the World University Rankings, the biggest surge of any Canadian university. These encouraging results reflect our efforts to differentiate Concordia as a next-generation university. We’re positioning Concordia as a flagship for exciting research in breakthrough fields, and as a destination of choice for students seeking transformational learning opportunities in one of the world’s most dynamic, cosmopolitan cities. Concordians are achieving incredible things. In the past year alone, members of our community have: changed public policy through research on contaminants in local drinking water; been nominated for best short film at the Oscars; competed in national championships for men’s rugby, and men’s and women’s basketball. The university’s foundation became the first in Canada to commit to a portfolio of 100 per cent sustainable investments by 2025, and one of our graduates — Lino A. Saputo Jr. — was named the country’s top CEO of the year. We’re ambitious to expand our impact as innovation leaders in higher education and are eager to keep you engaged and supportive of the progress we’re making. As a recipient of a Concordia honorary doctorate, you represent the values, talent and contributions to society we celebrate as a next-generation university. With this booklet, I’m thrilled to present our 14 newest honorary doctorates who have joined your distinguished group.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Intercultural Universities in Mexico
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Apollo INTERCULTURAL UNIVERSITIES IN MEXICO: IDENTITY AND INCLUSION David Lehmann* Introduction During the Fox sexenio (2000-2006) the Mexican state embarked on an initiative in the then quite new field of intercultural higher education which marked a radical departure in state-sponsored attempts to overcome the social and cultural exclusion of indigenous peoples in Latin America. While other state initiatives have tended to focus on institutional pluralism, as in the establishment of usos y costumbres in local government in Oaxaca† or of legal pluralism in the Bolivian and Colombian Constitutions,‡ and on bilingual education in primary schooling, as in Bolivia and Ecuador§, the Intercultural Universities (Universidades Interculturales – henceforth UIs) created a new type of institution from the ground up for a new type of student – mature and post- secondary - together with new buildings, newly recruited teaching bodies, AND new untried course content and structure. And given Mexico’s notorious sexenio political and budgetary cycle, it had to be done fast, so that they would be ‘up and running’ with students and staff in place and an established budgetary item, before the end of the sexenio, and before the end of the tenure of the various state governors involved. This experiment will eventually be the subject of educational evaluations, but at this formative stage, in which many issues are under discussion and systems still not set in stone, it
    [Show full text]
  • SICKENED MEXICO with Signs of a Totalitarian Regime
    SICKENED MEXICO with signs of a Totalitarian Regime October 2020 SICKENED MEXICO :: 1 SICKENED MEXICO :: 2 VITAL SIGNS (SIGNOS VITALES) is a non-profit, non governmental organization that is structured by a Council built up of people with an outstanding track record, with high ethical and professional level, which have national and international recognition and with a firm commitment to democratic and freedom principles. The Council is structured with an Executive Committee, an Advisory Committee of Specialists and a Communication Advisory Committee, and an Executive Director coordinates the operation of these three Committees. One of the main objectives is the collection of reliable and independent informa- tion on the key variables of our economic, political and sociocultural context in order to diagnose, with a good degree of certainty, the state where the country is located. Vital Signs intends to serve as a light to show the direction that Mexico is taking through the dissemination of quarterly reports, with a national and international scope, to alert society and the policy makers of the wide variety of problems that require special attention. Weak or absent pulse can have many causes and represents a medical emergency. The more frequent causes are the heart attack and the shock condition. Heart attack occurs when the heart stops beating. The shock condition occurs when the organism suffers a considerable deterioration, which causes a weak pulse, fast heartbeat, shallow, breathing and loss of consciousness. It can be caused by different
    [Show full text]
  • Tomorrow's Schools in Mexico: Three Scenarios
    CICE Hiroshima University, Journal of International Cooperation in Education, Vol.11 No.1 (2008) pp.97 ~ 112 Tomorrow’s Schools in Mexico: Three Scenarios Sylvia Schmelkes Universidad Iberoamericana, Mexico Abstract The article begins with a description of Mexico’s education in the greater context and describes its main problems with reference to the Millennium Development Goals and beyond. It identifies lack of equity and deficient quality as the two strongly related main problems in Mexican Education. It goes on to explain the causes of these problems: the way the educational system was expanded, from the more urban and developed regions to the more rural and indigenous; the importance given to coverage over quality during many years; the political nature of the power of the teachers’ union; the strive towards cultural homogeneity and the assimilation of indigenous peoples to mainstream society, among others. It then describes three possible scenarios for the development of education: The first is more of the same; the second is improving equity as a priory in educational development, and the third is including, together with the purpose of increasing equity that of improving quality. This last scenario implies new ways of defining and operating the educational system, the teachers, the Mexican population, and the question of teaching. In each case, conditions, requirements and consequences are considered. It proposes that the desired future of the country is what should determine the role of education and its contribution to making it feasible. Introduction Mexico is the southernmost country in North America. It is a Federal country, made up of 31 states and one federal district.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Intercultural Universities in Mexico
    INTERCULTURAL UNIVERSITIES IN MEXICO: IDENTITY AND INCLUSION David Lehmann* Introduction During the Fox sexenio (2000-2006) the Mexican state embarked on an initiative in the then quite new field of intercultural higher education which marked a radical departure in state-sponsored attempts to overcome the social and cultural exclusion of indigenous peoples in Latin America. While other state initiatives have tended to focus on institutional pluralism, as in the establishment of usos y costumbres in local government in Oaxaca† or of legal pluralism in the Bolivian and Colombian Constitutions,‡ and on bilingual education in primary schooling, as in Bolivia and Ecuador§, the Intercultural Universities (Universidades Interculturales – henceforth UIs) created a new type of institution from the ground up for a new type of student – mature and post- secondary - together with new buildings, newly recruited teaching bodies, AND new untried course content and structure. And given Mexico’s notorious sexenio political and budgetary cycle, it had to be done fast, so that they would be ‘up and running’ with students and staff in place and an established budgetary item, before the end of the sexenio, and before the end of the tenure of the various state governors involved. This experiment will eventually be the subject of educational evaluations, but at this formative stage, in which many issues are under discussion and systems still not set in stone, it offers a unique opportunity to explore what is meant by a concept, interculturalidad, which has become steadily more prominent in Latin America, coming almost to replace, for reasons which we shall discuss in the conclusions, that of multiculturalism.** Following on the important work of Luis Enrique López in defining intercultural education and of Joanne Rappaport in * This research for this paper was funded by a British Academy large grant entitled ‘Multiculturalism in Latin America: a study in the diffusion of ideas’ which lasted from 2006 to 2011, for which I am extremely grateful.
    [Show full text]
  • The Concept of Quality in Education: Its Structure, Dimensions and Evaluation
    NATIONAL EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION POLICY GACETA GAZETTE IN MEXICO TRAVELING, LEARNING ALONG THE WAY, AND ARRIVING YEAR 4. NO. 10 / MARCH-JUNE, 2018 WWW.INEE.COM.MX PUBLISHED EACH FOUR MONTHS WITH THE AIM OF FOSTERING THE DIALOGUE OF THE NATIONAL EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION SYSTEM The concept of quality in education: its structure, dimensions and evaluation Progress in Mexico Ministry of Public Education, Puebla PEEME liaisons in Hidalgo, Guanajuato, Veracruz, Baja California and Durango Educational actors in Mexico City, Tlaxcala, and Baja California Evaluation of the educational system José Luis Gutiérrez Marcela Gajardo Department for the Evaluation of Educational Policies and Programs, INEE Voices from INEE Sylvia Schmelkes Teresa Bracho Francisco Miranda Harvey Spencer Sánchez International experiences Chilean Agency for Educational Quality Costa Rican Ministry of Public Education Cuban Central Institute of Pedagogical Sciences LLECE-UNESCO Com textos traduzidos para o português The logbook National Educational Evaluation Policy Gazette in Mexico Year 4, no. 10 / March-June 2018 EDITORIAL The origin, evolution and How educational quality achievements of the State of is conceived of in the states 17 Puebla’s Attendance-Continuance- 38 of Hidalgo, Guanajuato, Veracruz, and-Learning Educational Model Baja California and Durango 2 Patricia Vázquez del Mercado Equity: the focal point IN OUR OWN HAND of educational quality ROADMAP 42 Harvey Spencer Sánchez Restrepo Quality education in Mexico Board of Directors of the inee Problems and challenges in the The components of high-quality 3 use of educational evaluations education 20 José Luis Gutiérrez Espíndola 45 NAUTICAL LETTER DOSSIER: THE EVALUATION OF Dissemination and use QUALITY IN LATIN AMERICA Strengthening institutions so that of evaluation and study results: they can implement the 2016-2020 25 a key policy for improvement Evaluation and educational 4 Medium-Term Program of the in educational quality quality in Costa Rica and Cuba.
    [Show full text]
  • Intercultural Universities in Mexico: Identity and Inclusion
    INTERCULTURAL UNIVERSITIES IN MEXICO: IDENTITY AND INCLUSION Introduction During the Fox sexenio (2000-2006) the Mexican state embarked on an initiative in the then quite new field of intercultural higher education which marked a radical departure in state-sponsored attempts to overcome the social and cultural exclusion of indigenous peoples in Latin America. While other state initiatives have tended to focus on institutional pluralism, as in the establishment of usos y costumbres in local government in Oaxaca1 or of legal pluralism in the Bolivian and Colombian Constitutions,2 and on bilingual education in primary schooling, as in Bolivia and Ecuador3, the Intercultural Universities (Universidades Interculturales – henceforth UIs) created a new type of institution from the ground up for a new type of student – mature and post- secondary - together with new buildings, newly recruited teaching bodies, AND new untried course content and structure. And given Mexico’s notorious sexenio political and budgetary cycle, it had to be done fast, so that they would be ‘up and running’ with students and staff in place and an established budgetary item, before the end of the sexenio, and before the end of the tenure of the various state governors involved. This experiment will eventually be the subject of educational evaluations, but at this formative stage, in which many issues are under discussion and systems still not set in stone, it offers a unique opportunity to explore what is meant by a concept, interculturalidad, which has become steadily more prominent in Latin America, coming almost to replace, for reasons which we shall discuss in the conclusions, that of multiculturalism.4 Following on the important work of Luis Enrique López in defining intercultural education and of Joanne Rappaport in analysing the debates of Colombian indigenous intellectuals and sympathetic scholars linked to the CRIC (the Consejo Regional Indígena del Cauca) about what it means,5 this Mexican initiative offers an insight into the meanings of the 1 David Recondo, La Política del Gatopardo.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pandemic in Mexico
    July 2020 THE PANDEMIC IN MEXICO The Scope of the Tragedy VITAL SIGNS (SIGNOS VITALES) is a non-profit, non governmental organization that is structured by a Council built up of people with an outstanding track record, with high ethical and professional level, which have national and international recognition and with a firm commitment to democratic and freedom principles. The Council is structured with an Executive Committee, an Advisory Committee of Specialists and a Communication Advisory Committee, and an Executive Director coordinates the operation of these three Committees. One of the main objectives is the collection of reliable and independent informa- tion on the key variables of our economic, political and sociocultural context in order to diagnose, with a good degree of certainty, the state where the country is located. Vital Signs intends to serve as a light to show the direction that Mexico is taking through the dissemination of quarterly reports, with a national and international scope, to alert society and the policy makers of the wide variety of problems that require special attention. Weak or absent pulse can have many causes and represents a medical emergency. The more frequent causes are the heart attack and the shock condition. Heart attack occurs when the heart stops beating. The shock condition occurs when the organism suffers a considerable deterioration, which causes a weak pulse, fast heartbeat, shallow breathing and loss of consciousness. It can be caused by different factors. Vital signs weaken and you have to
    [Show full text]