John Calvin and the Genevan Reformation , As Give

jO HN CALVI N

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The Ge nevan Refo rm atio n

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, M TH O M A S CA R Y O H N SO N J ,

J O HN CALVI N

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A S k e tc h .

z/ TH O M A S CA R Y O H N SO N J ,

FES S O R O F EC C LES I A S TI CA L HI STO R Y A N D PO LI TY I N UN I O N TH EO LO G I CA L EM I N A R Y R I C H M N D VA S , O , . C O PYRIGHTED

N e t A S . ". H A ZE S cre ar o P u li a ti n J , y f b c o ,

1 900 . my fatherand

AN D TO

IN Sister,

O GO D " WH M HATH TA EN,

O F O O F S IN EACH WH M MUCH THE PURITY, STRENGTH AND WEETNES S

O F C S WAS O O ALVINI M INC RP RATED ,

THIS LITTLE ACC O UNT O F

’ CALVIN S GREAT S ERVICES TO GENEVA AND THE W O RLD

I S AFFECTIO NATELY DEDICATED .

C O N TEN TS .

B B OG I LI RAPHY,

AP E I CH T R .

’ GENERAL S TATEMENT — Divi s io ns o f Calvin s Life — O rigin o f the enevan R e o ma o n — I ts P o es s G f r ti r gr ,

A CH PTER II .

’ CALVIN S CHILDHOOD AND YO UTH : TH E PERIOD OF HIS TRAIN ING UNDER THE PARENTAL R OOF AND IN S CHOOLS TILL HIS S UDDEN CONVERSIO N IN 1 532 AND DETERMINATIO N To THE — B n P n — H i F . a a s S ERVICE O CHRISTIANITY irth a d re t ge.

u n — His o n e s o n and Fu he Edu a n — Hi Ed catio . C v r i rt r c tio s — — Firs t Literary Venture — Determinatio n to the S ervice o f Chri s tianity

A P ER I I I CH T .

’ TH E PERIOD OF CALVIN S ELABORATIO N OF THE DOCTRINES O F THE O Y“ S E BO O H L CRIPTURES, M DIED CHIEFLY IN HIS IM M RTAL

— — 1 2 1 I . O en B ea h the hu ch f INSTITUTES , 53 54 p r k wit C r o R o me — A Wande n Ev an e s in ance 1 ri g g li t Fr , 533 I n E le in B asle Th P u n u xi : e ro d ctio O f the I ns tit tes . Travelling in Italy and France un der th e N ame O f Charles ’ E e ill 1 — 1 — Th m n n n d s v e 6 . e R e o a o i Ge eva P o p , 53 5 53 f r ti ri r ’ ’ to al n m n 1 2— 1 — 1 n F s e n v s o 6. Ca v s P o d i C i C i g, 53 5 3 i ir t ri

- — — n 1 in u . ll Ge eva 6 1 8 . a v n S as S the ead , 53 53 C l i tr b rg ti H O f the Genevan hu ch 1 8— 1 1 C r , 53 54 ,

AP CH TER IV.

TH E P O OF E B DE OF A s S ERI D HIS STA LISHMENT AND FENSE , CRIP OF O R OF E PO O O TURAL, AN DER CCLESIASTICAL LITY, C RRESP ND I N G To S OF F " O P HIS YSTEM AITH , WHICH IS N WN AS RES ’ — - B Y TER I A N I S M 1 l n i d . 1 1 . a v s a o s n h s e o , 54 549 C i L b r t i P ri ’ D n l l -His is ti ctive Principles O f Calvin s Ecc es ias tical Po ity . S truggles With the Patrio ts and Lib ertines in B ehalf o f Dis ci lin — Th De f i in 1 e. W e p e ath O H s if 549 , 4 CONTENTS .

A P E C R V . A H T P GE ,

’ TH E PERIOD OF CALVIN S GREAT CO NTROVERSIES WAGED WITH THE PURPO SE OF ADVANCING UNIO N A M ONGST BODIES OF EVANGELICAL CHRISTIANS AND MAINTAINING THE TRUTH OF ’ - — l n men s S 1 6 . a v s a o s a d Ach eve HIS YSTEM, I 549 5 4 C in L b r i t , — — The A eem en h h u h s o n th e 1549 1 564 . gr t wit t e Z ric er ’ ’ Lo rd s S upp er : An I ns tance O f Calvin s Irenical Effo rts . ’ he o n o ve s h S e ve us an lus a o n O f alv n s T C tr r y wit r t , Il tr ti C i ’ H o no r to Go d s Wo rd as H e Unders to o d and to the Unity ’ — a v n s Dea h — S o me f Hi ha c e o f the Church . C l i t O s C ra t r i ics st ,

A P CH TER VI .

H E F — I m s T INFLUENCE O JO HN CALVIN . N o t Perp etuated b y po m — i n n n H s ue ce n v nd R l u e . i g To b . I ﬂ o Ci il a e igio s Lib rty Th e Co nserving Po w er O f Calvini sm in Pro tes tant Church e — o nclus o n Lif C i , PR EFA C E.

WE ff O er to the public , in the present form , our lectures

n on John Calvin and the Genevan Reformation , as give

— 1 i 1 8 00 . n during the present session , 99 9 They were

c - tended to serve as a supplement to lass book instructions ,

co we mis re res enta to rrect , as see things , some current p

’ to c O f tions , and give emphasis to ertain features Calvin s teaching and life adj udged by us to be O f special value as means to the enlargement O f Christian manhood and the

c O f . produ tion holy living Nevertheless , it is hoped that it may be granted that we have fairly called it a sketch O f

’ Calvin s life and O f the movement in Geneva O f which he

as w the heart . While the lectures were designed to meet the needs O f

c c our students as we on eive them , designed through them to f c O f in a fe t the life our Southern Zion , we hope that telli ent c c g men in our hur h generally, and in other Calvin istic c who o chur hes have not time to read l ng biographies , “ ” “ Will ﬁnd in our Sketch a c lear outline O f the Great Jo hn ” O f Geneva and his work ; and we are perfectly assured that the men O f our day ought to a c quaint themselves with

o c c the character O f Calvin . A thor ugh a quaintan e with Calvin would prove a p o werful uplifting fo rce in all who

fo r love God , and would fill with veneration and awe the

’ maj esty O f Calvin s character a large porti o n O f the unre 6 PREFACE .

O f generate multitude, and that , too , the nobler portion that multitude . It is hoped by so me O f our wide-awake pastors that his tory classes may be formed amongst their young men and f‘ women for the common study O the past of our own faith ,

O f po lity , worship and life and thus the life the present church be deepened and broadened by close contact with those great epochs in the Reformed faith in whi ch God Opened the windows O f heaven and poured out his bless

' b een able ings upon his waiting church . We have not to throttle the wish that this little book might come to be SO

we used ; and if that should happen , would undertake , with

O f c the blessing God , to follow it soon with similar sket hes

O n in the Reformation in the Netherlands , in England , and

c . Scotland , and in Fran e

we c who Finally, pray to the God of all gra e, gave John

o Calvin to Geneva and to the w rld , to use these pages in creating in every o ne who shall read them that supreme

O f co m love to God, that sense personal responsibility, that

O f the bination purity, strength and sweetness which Cal vinistic system , beyond any other, has been creating in the past . T . C . J .

U O O O S NI N THE L GICAL EMINARY, R i hm nd D 2 c o Va. ecember 1 . , , 5 , 899 BI BLI O GR A PH Y .

O I . S URCES .

O : I ns itu te th h i i n R li i ansla ed J HN CALVIN t s of e C r s t a e g on. Tr t ’ from the o riginal Latin and co llated with the autho r s las t m an n ed o n in F ench . B o hn Allen . h d A e c ed o iti r y J T ir ri iti , I n l me P l e se an o e . 8VO . h ade h a r vi d d c rr cted two vo u s . il p i P P l n me R u ll Pu l h n es e an B o a d O f u ca o . a s sse s r byt ri r b i ti J , b i i g A gent .

JOHN CALVIN AND THEODORE B Ez A : Tracts R elating to the R e ormati n ith H i i h B z ansla ed f o ; W s L fe by T eo dore e a. Tr t l I . . o m the o nal a n b en B ev e d e Es . o s . fr rigi L ti y H ry ri g , q V , II , I I E n u l l O V . d h : P n ed f r th a v n ns a o n I . 8 O i b rg ri t o e C i Tra ti S i D M X . c ety . CCC LIV

O BO e t r o o m iled rom the O ri inal J HN CALVIN ( NNET) L t e s f. C p f g M anus i n E i wi h i ri l o B D r u les cr pts a d d ted t H s to ca N tes . y . J B t l I n l m h nal a n o nne . o s . . . . a s a ed o t e o V , II , III Tr t fr rigi L ti

n h Ph adel h a : P s e an B o a f Pu l ca o n. a d Frenc . il p i re byt ri rd O b i ti

N O 821 hes nu S ee . . C t t tr t

men ri Ed n u h : P n ed fo r the alv n J OHN CALVIN : Co m ta es . i b rg ri t C i

Translation S o ciety .

B OG O . II . I RAPHIES, HIST RIES, ETC

D D : The i e and imes o o hn alvin the P . . AUL HENRY, L f T f J C , R e rm er ansla ed o m the Ge man O f Paul en Great fo . Tr t fr r H ry, - D n e and s em na ns ec o in B e l n. B en D. m s . , i i t r i ry i p t r r i y H ry is o r o the hurch S e n . D . . R . S . A u ho O f H C t bbi g, D , F t r t y f ’ and the R e o rma io n in a dne s Enc clo aed a is or o f t , L r r y p i ; H t y f the Church of Chris t fro m th e Diet of A ugs b urg ; Lives of the m o : R o e I tali P I n wo vo lu es . 8vo . N ew an o e s etc . t t , Y rk b rt

B o ad a . 18 1 . a e B o he s N o . 28 C rt r r t r , 5 r w y 5 B 8 BI LIOGRAPHY .

no t Very valuable for materials , but well organized and s written in invo lved and prolix style . The writer admire

c th e o c o f . Calvin , but depre iates great d trine predestination ’ o ut cath o He does no t understand it . He brings Calvin s licit O f s O f his y Spirit , Shows the earne tness desires for the s a O f o uni o n O f Protestantism , but mi st tes the basis uni n as ’ o w O f Calvin saw it . He d es not understand Calvin s vie ’ th O f s e Lord s Supper , makes the kinship Calvini m and ” Lutheranism greater than it was , turns his history into a plea for the suppo rt O f th e state-uni o n O f the Lutheran and c o o h Reformed Chur hes in Prussia br ught ab ut in " t e ﬁrst c quarter of our entury . He does not understand and value aright true Presbyterian or representative Church polity .

F X B UN GEN ER : alvin H is i e H is ab ors nd H i ritin a s W s . ELI C , L f , L , g ans a e o m th F ench f l B un n r A u ho o f Tr l t d fr e r o Fe ix ge e . t r is tor h ou il r nt E o t e nc o e . d n u h : and . H y f C f T i b rg T . T

la 8 Geo e S ee . o ndo n : am o n A dam s CO . C rk, 3 rg tr t L H ilt , u l n n MD X R o e so O . . D b i : J . b rt C CCCL III

o . This is a p pular , but trustworthy , work in the main It must be said O f this autho r also that he is out O f sympa O f c c O f thy with some the distin tive do trines Calvinism , c O f cc o he parti ularly that predestination , and that o asi nally makes statements which rest at best on no mo re than re s ectable p tradition .

M h i i F t i a alvin . ZO r t r r ou s nd . GUI T : G ea C s t ans of ance : S . L C B M Guiz t M m r o th I ns ti u n e nd n . o e b e e e o Fra c . o o y , f t t f L M cm ll n 1 a i a CO . 879 .

in h o . T is is a Short , p pular , readable work It is not h o o tended to be mo re t an a sketch . This auth r r undly says that Calvin made two great mistakes in his teaching which he wo uld not have made had he lived in o ur more en ’

i . lightened age . One O these mistakes he says was Calvin s teaching the do ctrine O f the verbal inspirati o n O f the sc rip

o . e tures , and the other his teaching predestinati n We hav ’ iz Gu o t s c . always admired M . style as mu h as his j udgment c O f h e We believe that John Calvin , by the gra e God , if B BI LIOGRAPHY . 9 were to appear on earth again in the blaze O f nineteenth century civilization wo uld ho nor the word o f God as much c as ever, and would be forced by fa ts evident to his dis cernment and intelligenc e to teach his doctrine O f predesti nation .

D i l O . : The e o ohn a vin o ndo n ur TH MAS H YER L f fJ C . L : John M

ray. 1850.

A valuable and impartial work .

O S : alvin and H is Enemie Ph ladel h a P e TH MAS MYTHE C s . i p i : r s b eri n B a f Educa n yt a o rd O tio .

c c . Dr. An ex ellent Sket h Smythe, however , commits c o himself to ertain sub rdinate views ; for example , that Calvin was ordained in the usual manner as a Protestant c O f minister or teaching elder , whi h many the profoundest O f O f students the history the times do not feel free to do .

ELIJ AH WATERMAN : M emoirs of the Life and Writing of Jo hn alvin o ether with a S elec io n o etters Writ en b H im C , T g t f L t y and O ther Dis in uis h d R e ormers e a d . 1 1 t g f . H rtfo r 8 3 .

O MC RI E D D T E C . . : he arl Y ears o ohn alvin. A TH MAS , y f J C Fra m en . 1 0 Ed n u h . 1 0 g t 5 9 i b rg 88 .

A fragment, but valuable as far as it goes .

ri l e . : a erv tus I n Pres terian and R CHARLES W S HIELDS T ofS e . by rm R e i w l fo ed v e . Ju y, 1893 .

“ F hin ham rans latio n : o hn alvin in tudies in E. R ro S ENAN ( t g T ) J C , ” R eli i u i t r i s m 1 6 . o s o nd ri t i N ew o . 8 g H y a C c s . Y rk 4

A brilliant study .

A O F O : alvinis m an Address Delivered to the JAMES NTH NY R UDE C , S tudents t nd ws Marc 1 1 1 in His hort tudies ofS . A re , h 7, 87 , S S

8 . o n r t S ub ec s eco nd s e es . N ew o . 1 G ea j t . S ri Y rk 73 WILLIAM CUNNINGHAM : The R eformers and the Theology of the

R e orma i n Ed n u h . 1 862. f t o . i b rg

h 18 . d n u . JO HN TULLOCH : L eaders of the R eformatio n. E i b rg 39

’ O : The B rittanica o hnso n s Un ve sal S chaﬁ ENCYCL PEDIAS , J i r , Mc linto ck S on all h ave o o d a cles o n Cal Herz og, C tr g ; g rti

v in . B I O BI LIOGRAPHY .

l i i i n r P S : o hn a v n H s e a d harac e . I n Th HILIP CHAFF J C , L f C t e h m l I . . 21 e reed o ri ndo . o . s s e V et s . N ew C f C t , p 4 , q Yo rk

1 . H arp er Bro thers . 884

i tor o the hris tian hur h B Ph l PHILIP S CHAFF : H s y f C C c . y i ip

D . P o ss f hu h n n D. . e o O c s o in o S ch aif . U , D , LL , r f r C r Hi t ry i m n N e Y o rk l M o dern hris heo lo cal S e a w ﬁ Vo . . T gi i ry, VII C tianit m i e h l y ; The S wis s R efor at o n. N w Yo rk : C ar es S erib ’

n n 18 2 . er s S o s . 9

R e N o t as sympathetic as the Vol . VI . on the German

“ th e formation , in which the author deals at length with life and character O f Luther ; but still a mo st helpful and in ’ c i Dr h O . c aff s forming work , with the usual characteristi s S style and method .

’ MERLE D A UB IGNE : His tory of the R eformation in Europe in the ime lv n T of Ca i .

O f O f re By a great admirer Calvin , a true disciple the f a O f . o O formers , man brilliant literary gifts It is the w rk instruc a great advocate , very fraught with interest and - tion , though at times one sided .

O P G . F . D i . : s tor o th R ati n E RGE ISHER, D H y f e eform o . N ew ’ o : ha les S c ne s n Y rk C r rib r S o s .

O f c im A work accura y, Cool j udgment, and prevalent partiality .

‘ G The P erio d o the R e orm tion LUDWI HAUSSER f f a ,

— 1 16 8. N ew o : R o e a e B h 5 77 4 Y rk b rt C rt r ro t ers . Remarkable for insight into the contemporary politi c s ; but marked by want O f sympathetic appreciation in the O f treatment Calvin and Calvinism . JO HN CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN E MA I N R FO R T O .

CHAPTER I .

GENERAL STATEMENT .

Di i l ’ Li 2 v s ions o Ca vin s e. . f f JOHN CALVIN was the great constructive genius O f the Reformation period ; he was the father and head O f the Reformation movement in the second generation O f re formers ; and he gave, by the good help of God , solidity and enduring persistence to the movement . Fir t . s His life falls naturally into four periods , viz , , that O f O f his childhood and youth , the period his training under “ o c o the parental roof and in vari us s h ols , until his sudden ” ’ conversion under the incitement O f God s word and the 1 0 — 1 2 s econd O f Operation of the Holy Ghost , 5 9 53 , that O f d octrine O f hO l his elaboration the the y scriptures , chieﬂy “ ” 1 2— 1 1 third embodied in his immortal Institutes , 53 54 ; , that O f his establishment in Geneva and vindication from the scriptures O f an order O f ecclesiastical government cor O f responding to his system faith, which is known as Pres b terianism 1 1— 1 o urth O f y , 54 549 ; f , that his great contro O f versies waged with the hope , not Only preserving the O f o truths in his system faith and p lity, but of favoring

— o 1 1 6 . Christian uni n among evangelical Christians , 549 5 4

h s da e is no t e ec l ce a n. is ce a n ho eve T i t p rf t y rt i It rt i , w r, that a little after th e middl e o f the year 1 533 Calvi n was an advo cate o f the e secu e me p r ted r fo r rs . 1 2 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION .

h Genevan R e ormation its P ro res s ri in o t e . 3 . O g f f ; g Calvin has not the honor indeed O f having begun the

Reform movement in Geneva . His labors there did not 1 6 begin until 53 , at which time the city had already form c f ally adopted the Reformation . The redit O instituting the movement for refo rm in Geneva must be given to the o impulsive , rash , but ingenuous and n ble , William Farel and his helpers between 1 532 and 1 536 ; but the work of c n o securing, maintaining and perfe ti g the Ref rmation called for a man O f larger gi fts than tho se po ssessed by - aS ' the Farel or any of his earlier co workers . Calvin w man O f needed . Pressed with all the stern zeal an Old Testa ment prophet by Farel into the conduct O f the struggle in c c O f Geneva , Calvin at on e be ame the real head and heart c o the movement . Hen ef rth , while he lived , even through O f c his period exile, the history of John Calvin in ludes the as history O f Geneva . He w at once the embodiment and o c highest exp nent of its ex ellences and the inveterate foe , warring ever against its evils . He was also much more . O f His history is , in a large sense , the history Reformed o O f day i o Christend m his , in all its relig ous , moral and p li i l f r h u i t ca o t p tt ngs .

14 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION . thirteenth year ( with the reservation that he should not put on the insignia O f his dignity nor discharge the duties ffi c was O f his o e till he sixteen ) , besides being canon in three cathedrals , rector in six parishes , prior in three con O f vents , abbot in thirteen additional abbeys , and bishop m lfi t ” A a . s , deriving revenues from hem all Gérard wa , ’ therefore , doing the regular irregular thing when in John s twelfth year he secured for him a part O f the revenue O f a ’ cha lainc c O f p v in the athedral Noyon , and when in his son s eighteenth year he secured for him the additional c harge O f Mart ill f . ev e . was O c S Martin de True he not canoni al age , ’ he O fli ciate had to hire a priest to in his place , but he had c re eived the tonsure, looked toward the priesthood, and on the income O f these places he could pursue his studies pre paratory thereto .

H i Edu ti n s ca o . 5 .

His early education was with the children O f the noble O Mo mmo r O f family f . With the younger members the Mom as O f mor family also he w sent to Paris at the age fourteen , o r 1 2 o in the year 5 3 , to study the classics and philos phy in f the colleges O La Marche and Montaigu . In La Marche was b Maturinus o rderius he helpfully impressed y C , a man O f ho O f genuine worth , w became a helper Calvin in Geneva f years later . In the College O Mont Aigu he distinguished himself by his acquisitions in the grammar course and in dialecti cs . He had as his master here a Spaniard O f con s iderable attainments . Four years were spent in these col

. was leges They were years O f earnest study . Calvin equally distinguished already as a scholar and as a youth O f O f severe morals . He was a stri ct censor everything c vi ious in himself and in his companions . Hence he was c The c alled by his fellows , without reproach , Ac usative ” Case . During this period he had been a Romanist O f the R 0

S chaff Hi t 1 s h hur l . 0 . : or o t hri i h . . y f e C s t an C c , Vo VII , p 3 AN D 1 CALVIN THE GENEVAN REFORMATION . 5

manists and strongly drawn toward the priesthood ; but

his father, discerning his wonderful talents and seeing that as the law w a surer road to wealth and honor, had changed

his former purpose and now directed his son to study law . To this change John seems to have himself been driven by c ld a dissatisfa tion with the O theology. He had been led f to f O late the study O the scriptures by Peter Robert Olivet . TO study law Calvin went ﬁrst to Orleans to S it at the f f O c O . feet Petrus Stella , the ﬁrst Fren h lawyer his time Thence he removed to Bourges and studied under the - Al i world famous c at. At Orleans he had studied very

hard , working late at night , and going over everything, meditating on and digesting it , after awaking in the morn ing befo re arising . He had been regarded rather as a . “ f c o . teacher than a pupil , Often O ﬁ iating as a profess r On ’ his departure he was presented with a doctor s degree free O f expense and with the unanimo us c onsent O f all the peo fes so rs as a return for the servi c es whi ch he had rendered ”

c . c to the a ademy At Bourges , while not negle ting law , c o he formed a friendship with Mel hi r Wolmar , from whom he learned Greek . These three great pro fessors were naturally adversaries c c c O f c c to the hur h . They knew that mu h what the hur h no c taught had historical basis , and Fren h j urists to that time and long after were the hereditary antagonists O f ’ Rome . They would naturally give an impetus to Calvin s - anti Romeward movement .

6 His ver i n F urth r ducatio . Co n s on a d e E n .

c was Though oc upied with law and Greek, Calvin irre s istibly drawn toward the study O f theology while at o B urges . He studied the Bible with great earnestness and thoroughness . Here he seems to have been converted . In “ o f speaking himself at this time he says , My conscience was very far from being in a condition of certain peace .

B ’ I e a : i l Vol. . e o o hn a vin . . in alv n s ac s z L f fJ C , p xxiii C i Tr t , 1 6 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION .

Every time that I looked down into myself or lifted my o d c O f heart up to G , su h a supreme horror took possession me that there was no purification or expiation which could have cured me ; and the more closely I considered my own c was c c nature, so mu h the more my onscien e goaded with c fierce stings , so that there remained no other omfort ex h c . w o o o cept to de eive myself But God , t k pity upon me , c onquered my heart and subdued it to docility by a sudden conversion . Having then received some taste and knowledge of true piety, so great a desire was incontinently to o kindled in me pr fit by it that , although I did not entirely c renoun e all other studies , yet I paid but little attention to ” them . His residence at Orleans seems to have been interrupted 1 1 by a visit to Noyon in the summer of 53 , on the death of his father, and by a soj ourn at Paris in the same year .

H F r Literar ntur is i s t Ve e . 7 . y

2 c In April , I 53 , Calvin ventured before the publi with his first literary work— his co mmentary on the treatise on Clemency by Seneca — the publication of whi ch re duced him to temp o rary financial embarrassment . In this work Calvin appears as a brilliant humanist . Henry , Gui z o t c o o , and others , attempt to dis over in it the ap l gist for the Reformatio n ; they would have us believe that the real mo v fa ti e of the work was to induce Francis I . to take a more vo rable B un ener attitude toward the reformers ; but , as g “ o o c n says , The auth r in his m st onfidential letters says o o f no r thing the kind , is there anything in his later works , in which he might so O ften have fo und an opportunity of t e c f o O . c at alling the true intenti n this In fa t , the idea o s tributed to him d e not belong to his age, and is one fro m no cl en f which man is further than he . To ask em cy O a o king for the friends of the ref rmed faith would , in his

uo ed in Gu o i n alvin 1 : t. u P c S o s a d . . e a e Q t iz t L C , p 59 Cf. r f to h Ps alm t e s . 1 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION . 7

c c c eyes , have been to ask lemen y and ompassion for truth fo r the gospel— and to ascribe to the king authority over ” God himself . Calvin appears in his commentary on Seneca as a H u — a manist . He appears there as a very high one moral o c zeal t , punctual , orderly and onscientious in regard to

— little things as well as great things a Saul o f Tarsus . He f o o began his literary e f rt, with this bo k , as a Humanist ; o o to he was s n to Show himself as a Christian . He was c ome to love the religion set forth by Old Te stament prophets and New Testament apostles more than he lo ved c f letters . In this respe t his experience was like that O c Zwingli and that of Melan hthon . While they walked in intellectual light— the intellectual light of the word of God — God begot them unto life by the power of the Holy

Gho st . No wonder that Rome hates the Open Bible and that

Protestantism loves the open Bible . God by his word Spoke peace to the tortured soul of Luther ; ﬁlled the cultured souls of Zwingli and Melanchthon with bloo d earnestness ; turned the reﬁned , penetrating , profound , but Pharisaic, o genius , J hn Calvin , into the greatest Christian of his day , c the bulwark of his truth against all omers , its propagator to the ends of the earth .

D ter in ti h i hris tianit e m a on t t er c . 8 . o e S v e ofC y

o . Calvin had the world bef re him As a humanist , a c c o r fo r hur hman , a lawyer , he might have made himself a “ ” c o career O f surpassing splendor . His sudden onversi n diverte d his energies into an humbler and grander ave t e nue . It was thus made his o be the greatest interpret r and expo nent of the religio n O f Jesus Ch rist sinc e the days of the apo stles . It was impossible that a man of his gifts and grace s should no t become the head and leader O f the mo vement

B un ener : i e o alvin . 2 . g L f f C , p 4 18 CALVIN A N D THE GENEVAN REFORMATION .

. H e for reform . People saw that he could serve them says of himself and the period immediately subsequent to “ c S h e his onversion , Being of a y and solitary nature, I hav i b e an there f0re always loved retirement and tranquill ty ; I g , , to seek out some hiding place and some means O f with drawing myself from my fellows ; but, so far from attain ing my desire, it seemed on the contrary , as if every retreat I cho se in a remote spot was at once converted into a publi c o c school . In short, alth ugh it has always been my hief to o h s desire live in private with ut being known , yet God a S O direc led me hither and thither , and turned me in many tions by different changes that he never left me at peace in c o n any pla e until , in Spite of my w desires , he made me ” c o o ome f rward and br ught me into public life . ’ One of the ﬁrst servi c es whi ch the churc h o f Calvin s day needed was a reco nstructio n o f the system of sc ripture teaching . Luther and the early refo rmers had thrown into c o a e f o to co onfusi n the Medi eval f rts nstrue this teaching . The wo rld was waiting fo r so me man to pick the ele ments of truth o ut of the old beliefs ; and out of them and the new truths bro ught to light by the now open Bible give co th it a nnected system of Bible teaching . Calvin heard e c r f y o need . In the next chapter we shall sketch his his tory as he attempts to supply the need .

Gu o : t ui l S . o s and o h a i n v n . 1 . P e ace to the iz t L J C , p 59 Cf. r f P lm s a s . CHAPTER III .

’ T H E PERIOD OF CALVIN S ELABORATION OF THE DOCTRINES OF THE HOLY S CRIPTURES CHIEFLY EM BODIED IN H I S

’ R 1 2— I I M MO TAL I NSTITUTES, 53 4 .

B i h u . O en re k w th t h rch 9 p a e C ofR ome.

’ FO R a little While after Calvin s conversi o n there ap ’ p eared to be some probability o f the French court s favor ’

. o ing reform The king s sister , Margaret, was a patr ness o f n c h the ew movement . Several prea hers w o favored a o moderate ref rmation were heard in the Paris pulpits . The k o f ing , from political motives and out regard to his sister , was so conciliatory as to inc ur the suspi ci o n of favoring the Refo rmation . He even invited Melanchthon to Paris

a s o o . a c uncill r Hence Calvin , along with others , seems , a t fo r o this date , to have looked ref rm from within the

c . o to hurch These h pes were not destined fulﬁllment, and C s alvin him elf helped to discover their groundles s ness . His friend Nico las Cop had been elected rector of the to o ra University of Paris , and was deliver his inaugural ’ t 1 ion on All Saints day, November I , 533 . At his request s c Calvin prepared his o rati o n . This oration wa at on e an a tta ck on the s cholasti c theo logians of the day as sophists c s fo r o o n and obs uranti ts , and a plea a reformati n a New

Testament ba s is . Both the S o rbonne and the Parliament r egarded this academi c o rati o n as an atta ck o n the church .

In co nsequence both Cop and Calvin were fo rc ed to ﬂee . C alvin is said to have es caped in the garb of a vine — dresser ho e o with a on his shoulder , after having been let down fr m a windo w by the use of sheets .

A i E an elis in F r nce 1 . Wander n v t a I O g g , 533

’ Calvin s ﬂight fro m Paris turned o ut to the furtheranc e o f the gospel in Southern France . He passed a large part 20 CALVIN A N D TH E GENEVAN REFORMATION . of this peri o d under the protection of "ueen Margaret of

Navarre in her native city O f Angouleme . Calvin lived in du who Ango uleme with a wealthy friend , Louis Tillet, c who was canon of the athedral , and had acquired a very

c . ﬁne library , ontaining many rare and valuable works He h c o f taug t Tillet Greek , ultivated the friendship eminent o co re men , aided Peter R bert Olivet in the mpletion and c was vision of the Fren h translation of the Bible, which publi s hed at Neuchatel in 1 535 with a prefac e by Calvin . o e c o Fr m Angoul me he made ex ursi ns to Paris , Orleans , ’ c— e d Eta les Nera where he met Le F vre p , the father of

h o Po ictierS — m co n Frenc Pr testantism , to where he ade o f o o f c c verts several pers ns eminen e , and elebrated the ’ co mmuni o n O f the Lo rd s Supper fo r the ﬁrst time after the Pro testant c o o f o o n Toward the l se his stay at Ang uleme Calvin , a to fo r c venturesome visit Paris , met the ﬁrst time Mi hael

Servetus . He was so impressed with the impiety and dan ger of his views that he was ready to incur the risk of a - fo semi public disputation with him . A time and place r

o was . o the disputati n fixed Calvin kept his app intment , but Servetus did not appear, as Calvin reminded him twenty years later . Calvin had resigned his ecclesiasti cal b enefices at Noyon ’ o l Eve ue 1 and P nt q May 4 , 534 ; he had thus formally c o co c i l sed his nne tion with the Church of Rome . In th s year he wro te at Orleans his first boo k in behalf o f Protes o S lee t ul c o he S o . tant the logy , entitled the p f On s riptural grounds he overturns the Anabaptist conceit of the Sleep and of the Soul between death and the resurrection , main co c f tains the nscious ommunion o saints . His purpose was to pro tect evangelical Pro testantism from the charges of heresy and vagary . The outbreak o f persecution in the fall o f 1 534 was the ’ cc ac o asion of Calvin s leaving his native land . He was

h s es n m n T i r ts o a so ewhat uncertain traditio .

22 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION .

preface to the Psalms , published years later, enlarges on “ was o c c . this apologeti aim He says , This the casion ‘ ’ whi ch led to the publi cation of the Institutes . My ﬁrst c c o obj e t was to free my brethren , whose death is pre i us in the sight of God , from a shameful Slander ; my next was , as manv of our unhappy people were threatened with simi c lar ruelties , to excite at least some feeling of pity and compassi o n for their sufferings in other natio ns . “ With the succeeding editions of the Institutes the pri as mary aim became more and more c ontrolling . It w de signed to be a book of instructi o n in the essential do ctrines o it Was o f the gospel for the pe ple , but mediately , as de

’ signed to be used immediately by candidates for the min c t is try in their training . In the prefa e to the S rasburg edition of 1 539 Calvin tells us that the design of the work “ was s o to prepare theological students for the reading of ’ ” God s word , that they might easily commence their labors . c He had therefore arranged the subj ects in su h order , and had so explained them , that the reader might comprehend Without difﬁculty what he was to ﬁnd in the holy scrip tures , and to what end he was to use all that which they “ o taught him . In his expositi ns "of the books of the Bible" therefore he had intro duced no long dogmatical investiga tio ns . The pious reader wo uld accordingly be spared great anno yance i f he undertook the reading of this work with ” “ o to j udgment . He adds , My c mmentary on the Epistle ” the Romans will explain my meaning better than words . “ we s ec Here learn that the Institutes , as issued in the o to o ond editi n , was intended serve as an intr duction to the study of the holy scriptures o n the part o f theologi cal stu

c O f c . dents , whi h is ever the great end systemati theology Just here we come on the m os t co ns picu ous feature of “ ” the great system embodied in the Institutes , its thorough ar - going biblical character . Much w is made to day on “ ” c o c o systemati theol gy . Bibli al theol gy is contrasted with c c systematic as if systemati were not thoroughly bibli al , a and some such systems are not biblical . The Medi eval 2 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION . 3 system builders were guilty of doing what present decriers o f systematic theology charge all systematic theo logians with having done . They made large use of occasi o nal and detached passages of scripture interpreted without much c regard to ontext or to historical meaning . They set out no t to co nstruct out of the contents of Bible teaching a - c well knit system of truth , but to prove by deta hed passages the several parts of a system derived from other than ’

c ff . s riptural sources . Calvin s system is quite di erent He s wa thoroughly saturated with Bible teaching . There was no man O f his day who made less of human philo sophy or ecc lesiasti cal tradition as a s o urce of authority in religion . cc He made no thing O f them . He a epted the Bible as the o f in inspired word of God . He put it in the place the c f fallible church . It was to him the one sour e O authority “ ” o — in religion . His systematic theol gy the Institutes was an attempt to organize in one comprehensive who le the several teachings of the Bible as he saw them . In par ticular , he would give place in this system to those great c c do trines of sovereign election , salvation by gra e , and j us tiﬁcatio n by faith which the refo rmers had di s covered

fo r s c . anew , or the ﬁrst time as taught in the riptures Cal to o vin did not , indeed , try write a history of the unf lding e O f doctrine in the ages o f inspiration . In that s nse his “ theo lo gy is no t bibli cal theology but he did try to take c o o the Bible tea hings and arrange them , and them nly , int a comprehensive system ; and no other man sinc e the days o f the apostles has done so mu ch to gi ve us a systematic 0 can view of purely s criptural truth . N man say with ’ “ ” truth that Calvin s Institutes were not intended to be such an attempt at the systematic exhibition of sc ripture truth ; for he professedly tried to give such a work in the “ Institutes he taught that in its light the Bible sho uld c o s t o o f be studied , and therein invited the l se comparis n the to tality of scripture truth with the teachings of his ’ Sa f o book . N o r can any one y that Calvin s e f rt was not o c proximately successful . His was the m st bibli al syste I 24 CALV N AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION .

c o o o f - o mati the l gy his day, j ust as the Calvino C venant theo lo gy is the mo s t bibli cal systemati c theo logy o f our c s o -c c day . It is far more bibli al than any alled bibli al ” “

o et c . o o o the logy y produ ed Guiz t says , His b k is only the develo pment and co mmentary of the great Christian c ce c truths , fa ts , dogmas and pre pts with whi h the holy c c f His s riptures furnished Philip S ha f says , o c c o c whole theol gy is s riptural rather than s h lasti , and dis tinguished fo r th e skillful and comprehensive working up c n o f o o f of the tea hi g the Bible , as the only pure f untain ” t revealed tru h and the infallible rule of the Christian faith . He could assert with truth on his deathbed that he never kno wingly twisted or misinterpreted a Single passage f ‘ O the s criptures . r The ﬁrst edition o f the Institutes was a Short hand c Dec book containing six hapters , entitled severally, of the ’ ’ the t e o f alogue , of Apos l s Creed , of the Lord s Prayer , ’ o - Baptism , and the Lord s Supper, of the Other S Called c Sa raments , of Christian Liberty , Church Government and “

D c . c is ipline The se ond edition has seventeen , the third ’ - f 1 twenty one chapters . In the author s last edition o 559 to o o r o it grew f ur ﬁve times its riginal size , and was o c o o o cha divided into f ur books , ea h bo k int a number f p to -ﬁve c o ters ( from seventeen twenty ) , and ea h chapter int

c . o o o o c c se tions It f ll ws in the main , like every g d ate hism, ’ o f o c the order the Ap stles Creed , whi h is the order of ’ o Th e o o . G d s revelati n as Father , Son and H ly Spirit ﬁrst book dis cus s es the kno wledge of God the Creator ( theo l o gy o co pr per) the se nd , the knowledge of God the Redeemer o o h o a li ( Christ l gy ) the t ird , of the H ly Spirit and the pp catio n o i the saving wo rk of Christ ( S o teri o logy) ; the c c the fourth , the means of gra e , namely , the hurch and ” sacraments . i

Gu o t : S . o ui n l i 0 s a d o hn a v n . 18 . iz t L J C , p haif r S c : e d hri t l . T C e s o C s end om Vo . I . , p . 58 f , 4

i h f s t S c a i or hri i hu l . . . t f H o the s an rch Vo . y f C t C , VII , p 334 2 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION . 5

It is commo nly agreed that the work was greatly im o it h o o pr ved as passed t r ugh its numerous editi ns , and the autho r himself tells u s that he was never satisﬁed with it

o f 1 . till in the ﬁnal revision and edition 559 Nevertheless , it is as commo nly agreed that in the ﬁrs t edition the ele s ment of the entire system appeared . The later additions were really expansions . The following elements are fo und in the Institutes c o f ( I ) The ecumeni al , or the doctrines the Trinity and of Christo logy elaborated by the great ec umenical c ouncils of “ ” the fo urth c entury and held by the orthodo x Greek and

c s o . 2 Latin Chur he , as well as by evangelical Pr testants ( ) o r c c The Augustinian element , those do trines whi h the c c great Bishop of Hippo had dedu ed from the s riptures , ’ especially from the writings of Paul— man s o riginal up o o f rightness , the fall , the c nsequent total depravity all ’ Adam s natural posterity , their moral inability to help them O f th e c o f selves , the servitude their wills to sin , ne essity o c salvati n by gra e i f men are to be saved at all , and , as corollaries , the doctrines of predestination and the ﬁnal perseveranc e of the saints . Calvin too k a c learer View of these Bible doctrines than s o Augustine wa able to get . Augustine was in b ndage to c c the sa ramentalism of his age . He believed in the ne essity o of water baptism in rder to salvation , and he believed in the ex op ere op erato theo ry as to the efﬁciency o f the s acra ments ; he believed that water baptism is so tied to Spirit ual regenerative grace that every o ne really baptized with o water is regenerated . He knew only too well , h wever , that manv Who have been baptized give the mo st solid evi dence afterwards of being in a lost estate . He could not hold to the doctrine of the perseverance of the s aints there o fore . Instead he taught that certain regenerate pers ns o ce c o f fall fr m gra , and taught only the perseveran e the elect o . Calvin had shaken himself so far free fr m the trammels o f sacramentalism that he could teach the Bible

c . do trine of the perseverance of saints , or the regenerate 2 6 CALVIN A N D TH E GENEVAN REFORMATION .

A ns elmic- sub sti ( 3 ) Third , the Aquinas element , or the tutio nar y theory of the atonement , which Anselm set forth in the form of equivalence and whi ch Tho mas Aquinas de el ed so -c v op and modified , giving us the alled substitution c o ary theo ry of the ato nement . ( 4 ) The omm n Protestant c element , including the do trine of j ustification by faith , the c c o s riptures the sole sour e of auth rity in religion , the o f c o fo r analogy faith the great an n their interpretation , o c s anctificatio n the d trine of progressive , of immediate o o f passage , at death , int glory , the denial purgatory , the doctrine of the final j udgment with eternal rewards and - punishments , the definition of the church as two fold visible and invi s ible ; affirmation of the right of infant c chur h membership , notwithstanding inability to give o c proper gr unds for administering baptism to hildren , as sertio n o f the duty of the state to upho ld and protect the ins ufli cient church , abolition of all holy days save Sabbath , c o o vindi ati n of Sabbath , denial of transubstantiati n , of c o f c c o o f sa rament penan e , of extreme un ti n , marriage as

etc . c o to a sacrament , ( 5 ) The element omm n Calvin and * — o c Luther the verbal inspirati n of the s riptures , our j us ’ tiﬁcatio n on the ground O f Christ s righteo us ness imputed to c 6 c - us and re eived by faith . ( ) The Zuri h Genevan ’ Angli can element— the do ctrine o f the Lord s Supper as o ns u Ti uri u ultram n set f rth in the Co ens s g n s . ( 7) The o tane View of pro per relation of c hurc h and s tate held in o c c mmon with Ro man Church . ( 8 ) The distin tive Cal vinistic element— the Presbyterian form of e cclesiastical c n o polity , and the emphasis laid on certain ardi al d ctrines O f o o o o fo r o the l gy , anthrop l gy , soteriology taught the m st c o s o c part by Augustine , and by him and his s ho l lely , sin e o f iti n l electi n ar o s . u nco nd o a o the days the ap tles , viz , , p ticular redem tio n to tal de ravit efﬁcacio us race and p , p y, g , ers everance o th ain s p f e s t .

* S chaf m s e s u o se th e o f i r pres ents Calvin here . We pp D cto r was under the inﬂ uence o f th e time-gho s t o f Unio n Theo lo gical S em na N e w o . i ry , Y rk 2 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION . 7

These doctrines are often spoken of as distinctive of ’ f o c . o Calvin s teaching . This is not c rre t Every one them had been taught by devo ut Bible students prior to Calvin ; ’ but the emphasis laid on them in Calvin s system does co n to stitute one of its distinctive features . N O man had given

predestination its pro per place in theolo gy before . Calvin s aw c learly that it was involved in the s criptural doctrine of o God and nec essary to the honor of God . He als realized quite as fully as Augustine the comfo rt o f the doctrine to a Christian and its necessity if salvatio n be realized in any ’ S o case . Calvin s great grasp of Bible truth enabled him co o to deﬁne the s pe of the redemptive w rk , the estate of o c c the moral helplessness int whi h man ame by fall , and ’ c o c the need and fa t of salvati n by gra e , and man s assur c o f o o c e an e salvati n n e he believes , as they had n ver been o c deﬁned before . They are all Vital d trines and funda mental in the Bible teaching ; and it is at o nce a great merit ’ and a distinctive feature O f Calvin s system that he brings c c these doctrines into be o ming pro minen e . ’ We shall say s o mething further abo ut Calvin s church

polity in a succ eeding lecture . It Sho uld also be said in this connecti o n that Jo hn Cal ’ Vin s Calvinism was pro bably bro ad eno ugh to include bo th s s sublapsariani m and supralap arianism . It is said , with “ o c s d ubtful j usti e , that in the In titutes he speaks as a c s supralapsarian , but in his ommentarie as a sublapsarian n he do es o t seem to have cared to make the distinctio n .

It is unj ust therefore to him to align him with either Side . Dr D o o ur o wn . Perhaps he w uld have said , as abney has c s said , that the distin tion is one that hould never have been To c made . us it seems ertain that he regarded himself as o h lding the very ground o f Augustine o n this subj ect . Historians generally call Augustine a sub— o r an infra la sari n — o r p a . I f Calvin is to be called sub supra then

* ’ R lla u the D n D D . . D . : b s and o tes o . a e . S N L . b y , , LL y f ur S s l heol o s e o ematic and P o emic o . 2 . C f y t T gy, p 33 2 8 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION .

e he must be called sub ; but, w repeat, it appears that he would have preferred to bear neither title . The gist of his “ o s c a view in his own w rd is , Man falls a cording to the p pointment of divine providence ; but he falls by his own ” fault .

2 Travellin in I tal and Franc under th N ame I . g y e e ’ h l Es evill 1 — 1 o C ar es d e 6 . f p , 535 53

o Calvin , after c mpleting his work on the Institutes in

1 . e 535 , made his way to Italy He was probably mov d by a desire to preach the gospel in the very strongholds of fo r the Romish Church . He may have been looking an c so opening for a more a tive life work, albeit he was dis inclined to break into his habits of study . He spent some i I I c R enee O f X . time at the ourt of , daughter Lou s of f D o . France, uchess Ferrara He won many admirers there The and some earnest disciples . most important of these was the Duchess herself . Calvin remained her pastor from this time till his death

6 . o in I 5 4 He gave her n ble rebukes when she needed them , as in 1 555 when her hu sband forced her to conform to the c c Romish eremonial ; noble ommendation, as when she

' o c c S h e pened her astle of Montargis in Fran e , whither had o 1 62 S h e returned , to the ref rmers in 5 , and when gave her haughty refusal to the summo ns o f the Duke de Guise that she sho uld give them up ; and the noblest conso lation pos sible under th e circ umstances after the death of her son in — D . law , this same uke de Guise ’ c o After a few months stay in Ferrara , perse uti n arising , o Calvin travelled to several other points in N rth Italy , ever where c v talking and prea hing, that the truth might be 1 6 Spread . In 53 he stayed some weeks with a family of distincti o n in the vi c inity of A o sti ; but alarm was given c to the ivil and ecc lesiasti cal authorities . Measures were f o . c taken for the arrest the disturber He es aped , but with f c di ﬁ ulty, having to traverse dangerous Alpine passes .

I ns ti u e B n ha . . S ec . 8. Calvi : t t s , o o k III . , C p xxiii ,

0 3 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION . had to acc ept the situation and continued to rule ten years longer ( till “ c B erthelier This politi al movement , of which is the o chief her , had no connection with the Reformation , but

wa , was prepared the y for it and , followed by the evangeli cal labors o f Farel and Viret and the organization of the ” Refo rmed Church under Calvin . Even during the struggle for civil liberty oppositio n to the Romish Churc h and to the Genevan c lergy had begun o to gro w . This pposition was fed by reports of the Luth t eran and Zwinglian movements , and by the establishmen 1 28 of the Reformation in Bern in 5 . But the pioneer of Protestantism in Geneva was William l Farel . He was one of the spiritual sons of Jaques e Fevre ’ d Eta les o f c o ne o f o o p Fran e, the m st el quent and forceful c c o f o Go d evangeli al prea hers his day , a dev ted servant of ’ ff n ready to do or su er anythi g in Christ s cause ; bold , fearless , a born ﬁghter ; ingenuous , noble , but somewhat

o c . rash , impetuous and Vi lent in spee h His preaching was s o radi cal that he was driven o ut of c c 1 2 o Fran e toward the lose of 5 3 . He spent s me time in Basle and Strasburg ; taught s chool in Switzerland in va ’ rio us places after 1 526 ; was made one of Bern s mission H aries when that c ity adopted the Reformation in 1 528 . e preached with great energy in mo st o f the distri cts under 1 2 o Bernese control . In 5 9 he established the Ref rmation c a to c o f in Neu h tel , He helped se ure the adoption the 1 2 reformed do ctrines by the Waldenses in Piedmont in 53 . As Farel was returning from this visit he stopped in

Geneva . He explained to distinguished representatives of c c the party of patriots the Protestant d o ctrines . The oun il was alarmed and ordered Farel to leave the city . He was summo ned to the Episcopal Council in the house of Abbé - . was de Beaumont , the vicar general of the diocese He

i I 2 ch f H s t u h l I . . S a f : ory of the Chris tian Ch rc , Vo . V , pp 33 , CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION . 3 1 treated there in the most contemptuo us and contumelious manner . He responded to this treatment with great dig m was ity , answering that he ready to dispute with them and to give an account of his faith and ministry . He was c ordered to leave the c ity in three hours . He es aped with f c di ﬁculty , covered with spittle and bruises inﬂi ted by the infuriated priests . 1 His next appearance in Geneva was in January, 534 , c o dis u when , under the prote ti n of Bern , he held a public p tatio n with Furb ity in the presence of the Great and Small ’ h Farel s Councils and t e delegates of Bern . This time stay f in Geneva was o lo nger duration . 2 th 1 c O f On the 7 of August, 535 , the Great Coun il the c Two Hundred issued an edi t of the Reformation . This

was o 2 1 6 . was followed by an ther May , I 53 It stated as follows to the inhabitants o f Geneva assembled in the f “ f c o . c O o c Chur h St Peter, By a de ree the C un il of Two s o Hundred you are as embled here , that it may be kn wn if there are any among you who have anything to say against the word of God and the doctrine whi ch is preached to us

c . in this ity I f so , let them Speak so that we may know if there be any who are no t willing to live according to the gospel which has been proclaimed to us sinc e the “ abo liti o n o f the mass and of the papal sacriﬁce . Upon ” “ c i o o whi h , says the reg ster, With ut one single opp sing c o to c voi e, it was unanim usly agreed , and arried by the o o holding up of hands , and a pr mise and an ath taken to God that all the peo ple would live according to this holy evangeli cal law and the word o f God which has been made c known to them , forsaking all masses and other papal ere o o monies and frauds , images and id ls and living t gether in ” unity and in obedience to law . This was the birthday of the Reformation in Geneva ; but the child that day brought forth was born into a difﬁ

* l i 12 2 1 H e uo es Gu o : t ui an ohn a v n . 2 . iz t S . L o s d J C , pp , 3 q t a the p ssages . 32 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION .

c c ult and untoward environment . It needed most areful

a c . ttendance , wise guidance and strong defen e Though

was . Farel had done much , he felt that he not competent to e make the mo vement a success . He was not pre minently

c . c a man of thought , of ta t , of organizing ability He ould f wage ef ective war on error . He fought as boldly as any man could and with might fo r what was right ; but there was need now of a great co nstructive genius . Farel felt o this himself . He was ingenuous and n ble in an unusual d o egree . He was willing that his own reputati n might be

— fo r c eclipsed by that of an abler man . He sought su h a man for Geneva . Just at this time he was informed that Calvin was in the city for a single night ; he hastened to the presenc e of the “ author of the Institutes . He endeavored to persuade him to undertake with him the work of c arrying o n the re as c formatio n in Geneva . Calvin w strongly disin lined to fo r undertake work of this sort . He yearned leisure in c whi h to study and set forth the truth . He could not but be conscious of his great capacities as a thinker and writer . c co n He was constitutionally timid . He shrank from su h ﬂicts as he saw inevitably before the leaders of the R e fo r

— mati o n in Geneva a city noto rious for its mo ral laxity . “ A S Calvin hesitated Farel became insistent . When he co saw , says Calvin , that he uld gain nothing by prayer , c Go d he tried impre ation , demanding that it might please to c urse my retirement and the tranquillity whi ch I was fo r c seeking my studies , if I held ba k and refused to give cc c f o su or and aid at su h a time o need . And these w rds terrified and shoo k me as if Go d from on high had stretched ut o o c o his hand up n me to stop me , so that I ren un ed the j ourney whi ch I had undertaken ; but conscious of my diffi c m self den e and timidity , I refused to bind v to undertake f ” any definite o fice .

"" t i l i . 2 1 . u ed m Gu o : S . o u s and o hn a v n o o iz t L J C , p 4 Q t fr ’ al n P h mm h l C vi s reface to t e Co entary o n t e Psa ms . CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION . 33

c Go d Nevertheless , re ognizing in this call the voice of , this Shrinking youth was so on to turn himself into a man c o f stee l . Turbulent and li entious Geneva was to become “ c the s ene of every crisis and every problem , great or small , an s whi ch c agitate human society . It wa a tottering ” “ c c c ch republi with a wavering faith and a nas ent hur . Calvin knew that li cense and anarchy were wo rse than the o tyranny of Sav y and the servitude to the Po pe . He saw the nece s sity of a positive faith and government in order to the salvation of the city and the peo ple . He determined to secure both the adoption o f a confession of faith and the appli cati o n of a fo rm of disc ipline— a Bible c reed and a Bible fo rm o f church go vernment ; he determined to apply tru th o d nd th w r d in Geneva the f Go a e p o e of Go .

’ l irs P ri i 1 — 1 Ca vin s F t e d Gen v 6 8 . 1 . o n e a 4 , 53 53 Calvin began his labors as teacher on the 5th of Septem ’ 1 6 c ber, 53 , with expository le tures on Paul s epistles and c o ther parts of the New Testament . These le tures were c re eived with the greatest favor . They were delivered in the afternoons in the Cathedral of St . Peter to great f thro ngs o enthusiasti c listeners . The people seemed hun r f r f o a g y o the word O God . Calvin exp unded it with p haS proximate mastery . He perhaps never been equalled as an expo sitor of the word o f God . His ideal o f an expositor is set fo rth in the preface of his commentary o n the Epistle to the Romans and is worthy o f the careful study of every o ne who wo uld ever succ ess “ o fully expo und the word of Go d . In his view the m st exc ellent quality in an expo s itor is clearne ss combined with c h brevity , it being his parti ular duty to ex ibit the spirit of the writ er ; whenc e he errs fro m his pro per line in propo r ti o n as he turns the attention of the r eader fro m the writer ” “ o o n whi ch he is emplo yed . We theref re wished that ” “ o c o o e who s me one might arise , he ontinues , am ng th s de m to ch o f o who o vote the selves this bran the logy , w uld undertake to facilitate the study o f s criptures witho ut 34 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION . carrying the student through too great a mass of commem cc taries . How far I have su eeded in this attempt I leave ” you and my readers to j udge . Toward the latter part of September a disputation b e * tween the Protestants and Roman Catholics was held at c c Lausanne . To this onferen e Calvin went as the young c lieutenant of Farel . Farel condu ted the debate on the f r Pro testant side o the first five days . Then Calvin made c a couple of short speeches . They made lear his know ledge both of the fathers and the s criptures and the Romish ff misunderstanding and misuse of each . Their e ect was o o s tremendous . The Ref rmati n wa adopted in the Pays de Vaud as it had been in Geneva . Calvin returned to Geneva with augmented honors ; he was s o c s o l o n after ele ted pastor , and under this title was l emn c o f . c y installed in the Chur h St Peter . His prea hing h o o c was eard with l ud expressi ns of satisfa tion . c o o f Farel and he drew up a onfessi n faith , a brief ” “ o o c o f rmula of belief and d trine , as Beza says , to give s me ” Shape to the newly established church . Calvin wrote also c s o o f o a atechism , not at fir t in its later f rm questi ns and “ c answers , but onsisting of brief summaries of all the ” f ur principal tenets o o religi o n . This confessi o n co nsists o f twenty-o ne articles in which the chief do ctrines o f the reformed faith are c learly and c Simply stated , and that faith sharply dis riminated from c im that o f Rome . The do trine of predestination is only

e no t o . c c pli d , stated , h wever They tea h brieﬂy the prin i o f cc o f o ples e lesiastical organization , the duty beying civil s tatutes and decrees which are not in oppositio n to the ” “ co mmandments of God . They establish the punishment “ co c o c of ex mmuni ati n , whi h they hold to be a sacred O f and salutary weapon in the hands believers , so that the wi cked by their evil conversation may no t corrupt the good ” “ and dishonor Christ . They hold that it is expedient and

uo ed in en : i e o alvin Vo l. I . . 2 18. Q t H ry L f f C , , p ' A EN EVA N EF R M ATI C LVIN AND THE G R O O N . 35 a cc o o ording to the rdinance of God that all open id laters , h it blasp emers , murderers , thieves , adulterers and false w s s s nes e , all editious and quarrelsome persons , slanderers , s no t p ugili ts , drunkards and Spendthrifts , if they do amend their lives after they have been duly admonished , Shall be c ut o ff from co mmuni o n with believers until they have ” g iven satisfactory proof of repentance . During this period Calvin had engaged in disputes with Anabaptist intruders and had waged a controversy with the u c c c nprin ipled theologi al adventurer , and turn oat , the vain o o who and quarrels me , the vagarious and unmanly Car li , e a ccused the Genevese r fo rmers of being Arians . ’ Such were Calvin s early labo rs in Geneva as a teacher . Meanwhile he had been trying to apply his principles o f l e cc o . Co rau t lesiastical g vernment Farel , Calvin and had presented to the co uncil a memo rial co nc erning the future f re o rganizatio n and disc ipline o the church . They had c c quested , in particular, the coun il to ele t a certain number o f citizens to act with the ministers in the appli cation of “ ” dis cipline . They wished to bring the power of God as well as the truth of Go d to bear on the lives of the Gene f the ves e . Under their inﬂuenc e the Great Co unc il o Two 1 6 1 o f o Hundred , on January , 537, issued a series rders “ o o o o f rbidding imm ral habits , fo lish s ngs , gambling, dese ’ ” c o o f rati n the Lord s day, baptism by midwives , and d irecting that all ido latro us images sh o uld be burned . They were not ready to sancti o n the po wer of exco mmu m c o c 2 th i ati n , whi h the ministers wanted ; but on the 9 of 1 o c o July , 537, the C un il of the Two Hundred rdered all c to s co n the itizens , male and female , give their as ent to the f i f es s o n c . of faith in the Chur h o St . Peter A large num b er co o 1 mplied ; many refused . In N vember, 537, the c o unc il passed a measure that all who wo uld no t receive the co nfes sio n Sho uld be banished— a decree that co uld c never be arried into fo rce . There is mu ch in this inﬂuence of the Genevan refo rmers we c that have to ondemn . Having freed the Genevese 6 3 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION .

from the bondage of Rome , they would reduce them by c for e to a bondage to their c onfession . They had failed to see that God alone is Lord of the consc ience . They neither gave no r expected religious to leration ; they did no t regard it as right . c o in Calvin , in his pra tical w rk Geneva , had had a three f f . c o c c o fold end in View , viz , the independen e the hur h co n c s en state trol , the government of the chur h by it elf fo rced by penalties including that O f excommuni cation o c o o f c fr m the sealing ordinan es , the ref rm so iety, both c civil and religious , by the united powers of chur h and state . ’ In this practi cal aim of Calvin s was the co mplex occa r sion fo struggle . The frivolous and libidinous people of c was Geneva were disin lined to moral reform . The state s disinclined to allow the autonomy of the church . It wa unwilli ng for a long time to concede to the presbytery the f o c b e right o excommuni catio n . An harmoni us allian e c c s s tween hur h and state is a Utopian dream , impo ible of realization ; for how can two walk together except they be agreed " s Impatient of rigid discipline , the people set themselve o against the c ounc il . In this oppositi n they were aided in b was excom part y Bern , which opposed to the tenet of muni ti c " o ca o n . The radi alism of Fare and Calvin was al s s displeasing to the peo ple . Farel had early aboli hed all s c th e holiday ex ept Sunday , the use of unleavened bread in

co o . mmunion , and the baptismal f nts Here , too , Bern sup o o f o p rted the opponents the Genevese ref rmers , being itself less radi cal in its reforms and having some political aspirati o ns touching the ac quisition of inﬂuence in Geneva . In the February elections of I 538 the party of o ppo sition elected the four syndics and a maj ority of the members of

o c . the Great Council . The new rulers m ved with pruden e They instituted some measures furthering the work of t e o c o f rm ; but they enfor ed the Bernese cust ms , and they c s did nothing to suppress the popular vices . The prea her

38 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION .

formers of the place . The council appointed him assistant o o c c professor of the l gy , in which apa ity he lectured on the Gospel of John and the Epistle of Paul to the Romans to gro wing c lasses of admiring pupils . He was Soon made “ ” o f c o f c pastor also the Chur h the Strangers , his hurch

r “ c onsisting fo the mo st part of French refugees . In this co c he attempted again , and this time with nsiderable suc ess , to apply the discipline of the church fo r which he had been s expelled fro m Geneva . He regarded di cipline as of hardly

c c . c c less importan e than do trine He gave to this hur h , too , a liturgy in pro ximate correspo ndence with New Testa c e c o ae ad ment tea hing, and r j e ting alm st entirely Medi val ff juncts . Philip S cha nobly says of it : He substituted in “ the place of Mediaeval worship that Simple and spiritual mode of worship which is well adapted fo r intelligent de vo tio n c , if it be animated by the qui kening presence and th e o f Go d co power of Spirit , but be mes j ej une , barren , cold and chilly i f that power is wanting . He made the o f instruc sermon the central part worship , and substituted tion in the vernacular for the reading of the mass in Latin .

He magnified the pulpit , as the throne of the preacher , above the altar of the sacrificing priest . He Opened the inexhaustible fountain of free prayer in public worship , with its endless po ssibilities of application to varying c i r umstanc c c c es and wants . He restored to the hur h like the o Luther inestimable blessing of c ngregational singing, whi ch is the true po pular ' liturgy and more effective than ” the reading of written forms O fp rayer . The rites of baptism and the Lord ’ s Supper were entirely stripped of later adj uncts and performed in the gospel simpli city . This liturgy became the model of that subsequently es tab lis hed o c in Geneva , th ugh with modifi ations , and of those in the Reformed French Church and O f British Pres ri ni e byte a sm . By the introducti o n of the Psalt r in the ver nacular c , Calvin comforted and inspired the perse uted

French Protestants in all later years .

i hu cha H s t r th h i ti r h l . . . S ff o y of e C r s an C c , Vo . VII , p 379 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION . 39

But these years at Strasburg were ﬁlled not only with professio nal and pasto ral work . Calvin here was pro liﬁc h 1 as an aut or . He sent forth in 539 his matured theologi cal views in a carefully revised edition of the “ Institutes and in the same year his valuable c ommentary on the Epis D tle to the Romans . uring this period he wrote also a ’ c Fren h treatise on the Lord s Supper , and an overwhelming l ’ answer to Bishop S ado et s letter to the Genevese . o c o o f o Calvin als served , as at the oll quies Frankf rt , co o Worms and Regensberg , as a mmissi ner of Strasburg

D f — f n a nd the ukes o Luneberg o o e or bo th . At these c o c - nferen es , which were among German speaking peoples , Calvin was at something of a di s advantage — an admired t h lin adviser rather than a public protago nist . S a e thus “ d e c ﬁnes his position at these conferen es , The young c Fren hman , with his reserved and rather shy manners , must have been a singular appariti o n amo ng the princes and most eminent men of learning in the German empire amo ngst whom he was suddenly thro wn . As they o ften spo ke in German he did not always understand what was being discussed , and his position was rather that of a learned and reliable man who m his friends had summo ned to give them valuable advice than that of one who to o k an ” active part in o fﬁcial debates . Calvin soo n came to expect little good from the co l l uies no t co o . o q . He was of the kind that mpr mises truth Protestants and Romanists canno t co me to gether except upon compromise or utter abandonment o f po sition on the nta part of one party or the other . There is a radical a go ’ nism between them . Calvin s presence furthered no sort of uni o n between the two great wings of Christendo m . His presence in these co llo quies and his exile in Stras c o f o burg, indeed , were produ tive good in the f rmation of pure , noble and enduring friendships , the broadening of

i t o uis d n u o : . ah li l I 2 . u e G S S t e n Vo . . . o , p 33 Q t iz t L nd o h l i a n a v n . 2 0. J C , p 4 0 A Le 4 C AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION . his understanding of the Lutheran and Zwinglian wings of his Protestantism and the widening of sympathies . h c c T ese friendships , espe ially that with Melan hthon , Show that Calvin po ssessed a strong and fervid affectional co n nature , and that his friendships could easily bridge s iderab le v chasms in the faith , pro ided only he believed in o o f the genuine Christianity of the man . The expressi ns ff c fo r c no twith a e tion of these two great men ea h other , h o o c ff c standing t eir the l gi al di eren es , occurring in their co o c c to o rresp nden e , strike a man in our superﬁ ial age as ’ fervid ; but they and much matter besides in Calvin s lit erary remains effectually o verthro w the somewhat c urrent i no . s View that Calvin was a man all head and heart " He shown to have been a man o f inclusive and generous affec i c o c c t ons , whi h , h wever , were urbed and dire ted by the ff c h r o . fo dominant a e ti n of his being, viz , t at God his Sav io ur s c o . These friendship lent a harm to his life , as did als

c o c 1 0 . his marriage , whi h to k pla e in August , 54 The co urtship o f John Calvin strikes a man with a less high sense of duty and less devotion to God as unnatural . c With Calvin God was first and all the world , in luding co every woman , was se nd to that first love . His devotion was c h to God su h t at he would probably hardly . have o o th ught seri usly of taking a wife had not his friends , out o f consideratio n for his co mfort and prolonged usefulness o f his urged him incessantly to do so . The exhortations o c o f o friends , reinf r ed by his feelings l neliness and his f - o c o cc . need are , finally asioned his seeking a help meet A help — meet was what he sought— o ne to aid him in his work d Go c . for , not a hindran e What he tho ught o f his future wife and the View which he then to o k of marriage we may learn from his letter to “ n o f 1 1 Farel beari g the date May 9 , 539 , Remember what c h I expe t from one w o is to be a companio n thro ugh life . no t o c o f o I do bel ng to the lass loving f ols , who , blinded by f c n f o . passion , are ready to expend their a e tion vice itself Do yo u wish to kno w what kind of beauty alone can win A N D CALVIN THE GENEVAN REFORMATION . 4 1

" c c my soul It is that in whi h gra e and virtue , contented ness and suavity are united with Simpli c ity ; and I can ho pe that a wo man with these qualities would no t be negligent ” - of my general well being . It amuses us that he was apparently willing to submit c c o f fo r the hoi e a Wife himself largely to his friends . o f c o n c After a good deal prospe ting their part, he ame to c I delette o the con lusion that in de Bure , widow of J hn ’ S tOrder who o co , had been one of Calvin s pr minent nverts o fr m Anabaptism , a woman of education and dignity of c c c e c hara ter , he had found that lust r of qualities for whi h was o he looked in a wife , albeit her health p or and she had several small children . Thev were married with a good deal of public so lemnity o c and p mp , and lived in in reasing happiness for nine years , was o when , after a lingering illness , she taken fr m his ’ a Side . Calvin s wi fe w s an exalted Christian . Calvin esteemed her as a woman and loved her as a wife . o f c o His admirati n , a fe ti n and devotion to his wife are often incidentally expressed o r implied in his co rrespond o f ence . The severity grief upon her death is also nobly

to 1 . indicated in his letter Viret , April 7, 549 The letter runs as fo llows : “ ’ o Alth ugh my wife s death has pressed hard upon me , I c o to c e and seek as mu h as p ssible onqu r my sorrow , my friends c ontend with each other to afford me co nso lation ; but in truth neith er their no r my effo rts can acco mplish

we . o what wish Useless , h wever , as it may be , it is a Y u o greater co mfo rt to me than I can describe . o kn w the o tenderness , or far rather ught I to say the weakness , of o my heart , and you are well aware theref re that i f I had not exerc ised the whole fo rce of my spirit to soften my co o c agony , I uld not have b rne it ; and indeed the ause of my distress is not a triﬂing one . I am separated from the o f c ho best ompanions , w , if anything harder could have

l 6 . uo ed in en : i e o o hn a vin Vo l. I . . 2 Q t H ry L f fJ C , , p 4 2 4 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION .

c happened to me , would willingly have been my ompanion , h no t . S e only in exile and in want , but in death itself was a true help to me in her life in the duties of my office . She A S S h e never opposed me in the slightest matter . had no fo r s o o er c Sh e anxiety herself, thr ugh h whole si kness avoided telling me that she had any for her children . But as I feared this silence might uselessly inc rease her c to are , I began myself , three days before her death , Speak o n c o c the subj e t , and pr mised to do for her hildren what in ever lay my po wer . She immediately answered that she had already co mmend e d them to Go d ; and on my replying sh e an that this would not hinder my caring for them , ‘ s wered wh o , I am sure you will not forsake the children ’ are commended to Go d . But yesterday I learnt that when a friend requested her to speak with me respecting the neces children , she answered her briefly that the one thing sary was that they sho uld be God-fearing and pious people : ‘ It is not nec essary to make my husband promise to bring o them up in holiness and the fear of God . I f they be pi us he will be to them an unsought father ; if they be not, they ’ t do not deserve that I should pray for them . And his greatness of soul will indeed influence me mo re powerfully h ” than all the directions S e co uld have given . His family life no do ubt helped Calvin to be a better pas c tor and gave reach to his sympathies . What ould be ’ ’ sweeter in any man s letters than this referenc e to Viret s o little girl in a letter to the father , I sympathize with y ur little daughter ; but S he will fo rgive her mother when S he has a sister or bro ther born to her . The weaning I hope is ” an o f o well over . The man that c pass from matters imp r tance to the griefs of a child as Calvin here does is quite human in the best sense . Both in his references to his own ho me life and in his intimations of the View whi ch his

* i l I 2 6 2 . uo ed in en : i e o alv n Vo . . . 6 6 . Q t H ry L f f C , , pp , 7 Cf ’ B une lvi ter l 2 1 2 1 f r nsla o n n . 6 o a a o t : a s e t s Vo . . C L , II , pp , 7, tr ti u i s p erio r n s o me resp ects . M CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFOR ATION . 43 friends should take of wife and children we ﬁnd ample - c o . 2 8 eviden e that Calvin , in c mmenting on Ephesians v 33 , “

as . w also writing out of his own heart He says , It is a o ne thing against nature that any should not love his wife , for Go d has ordained marriage that two may be made one person— a result whi ch certainly no other allianc e can f bring about . When M o ses says that a man shall leave a c n ther and mother and leave u to his wife, he shows that a o o man ought to prefer marriage to every ther uni n , as

o . being the holiest of all . It reﬂects our uni n to Christ c From these attra tive , but too little understood , features ’ of Calvin s character and life we must return to the co ns id eratio n o of a part of his literary utput while at Geneva , a work that showed that the exile was still the pastor of the

— l t Genevese his answer to the overture of Bishop S ado e . ’ The confusi o n co nsequent o n Calvin s banishment fro m Geneva seemed to Ro me the occasi o n for winning to herself h do l t t e c . S a e allegian e of Geneva , Bishop of Carpentras in hi Dau n . p y, seemed to be the man for the enterprise He c o o f was of highly respe table m rals , amiable qualities heart , f o s o to and a man o letters . He had sh wn him elf pposed the bitterer forms of persecution employed by the Ro man i t o c c s s against the Pro testants . By reas n of his hara ter o as fo r and history, theref re , he w particularly well ﬁtted s to the task of recon c iling the Geneve e . His letter the Gen o c o evese was a s phisti al , but plausible , plea wheref re the people of Geneva sho uld abandon the new-fangled teach ings and cult of the reformers and co me back and walk again in the old path tried and ” approved of all everywhere ” Di niﬁed and in all times . g as his letter was , it basely o f o c aspersed , to the damage the impressi n whi h the writer s o wi hed to make, the motives of the ref rmers . The letter was in Latin and therefo re did less damage than if it had been in French ; but it did damage . There was no man in Geneva to answer it . The great pastor of the Genevese was in exile . He took up the cudgels there his answer to S ado let was exhaustive of the points made by 44 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION .

cc c the amiable , but wily , e lesiasti , an indignant , but tem c o f as c o f Go d pered , vindi ation his ministry one alled and

— o o not in s pire d by ambitio n or self seeking . As a dem liti n ’ ’ o f S ado let s argument Calvin s reply was co mplete ; but his ’ reply was more than a demolition o f his adversary s argu ment ; it was an attack on Ro me and her deviations from : truth . Hear a part of his impeachment in his own words “ S ado let c I will not permit you , , by ins ribing the name o s o to of church on such abominati n , b th defame her against c c all law and j usti e , and prej udi e the ignorant against us , as if we were determined to wage war against the c hurc h ; fo r o o f , th ugh we admit that in ancient times some seeds o superstiti n were sown , which detracted somewhat from o f o u no t s o the purity the gospel , still y know that it is long ago sinc e those monsters of impiety with whi ch we war

~ to c . at were born or , at least , grew su h a size Indeed , in o o o tacking, breaking down and destr ying y ur kingd m we no t are armed only with the energy of the divine word , but with the aid of the ho ly fathers also . “ That I may altogether disarm you of the authority of c c c o u the hur h , whi h , as your Shield of Ajax , y ever and o o to s o o an n Opp se us , I will h w by some additi nal exam ples ho w widely yo u differ from that ho ly antiquity . “ cc o u o f o c We a use y verthrowing the ministry , of whi h the empty name remains with yo u witho ut the reality . As o f c o f o c ce th e far as the fi e feeding the pe ple is on rned , very c hildren perceive that bisho ps and presbyters are dumb n n c statues , while men of all ra ks k ow by experien e that in th ey are active o nly in robbing and devouring . We are dignant that in the ro om of the sac red supper has been substitute d a s ac rific e by whi ch the death o f Chri s t is i c ec empti ed o f ts virtues . We ex laim against the ex rable f c s s co h o f tra fi in ma es , and we mplain t at the Supper the o to o ne o e o L rd , as of its halves , has been st l n fr m the cc Christian p eo ple . We inveigh against the a ursed wor o c e ship o f images . We Sh w that the sa ram nts are vitiated ho w c c by many profane no ti o ns . We tell indulgen es rept

6 I 4 CALV N AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION .

1 0 c 2 1 1 0 February , 54 , and de ided upon September , 54 . From that time on inc reasingly earnest measures were ’ c f taken to get him . The syndi s letter bearing date o O cto “ 22 d co c h ber n ludes , On be alf of our Little , Great and Gen eral Co uncils ( all o f whi ch have strongly urge d us to take o u f c o this step ) , we pray y very a fe ti nately that you will be c to to to pleased to ome over us , and return your former ’ post and ministry ; and we ho pe that by Go d s help this co urse will be a great advantage fo r th e furtheranc e o f the o o ur o c holy g spel , seeing that pe ple very mu h desire you , and we will so deal with yo u that yo u shall have r ea s on to ” “ s s s l nd Aft r . e e e be ati fied The eal of the letter bore the g , darkness I hope for light . c Calvin loved Geneva , but had borne bitter experien es h c there . He knew t at Titani struggles awaited him should o o he return . The the l gians at Strasburg c ontended that his place was there at the head o f the French Churc h and a h f s o teac er o theolo gy in the eminary . After a time b th his e o to co n Calvin and fri nds , h wever , swung around the o c as elusi n that his pla e w in Geneva . He yearned over h Geneva w ile he dreaded to return . There is no place ” “ c can under heaven , he writes to Viret , of whi h I have a c c greater dread , not be ause I have hated it, but be ause I see so many difficulties presented in that quarter whi ch I do ” ‘ e h e f el myself far from being able to surmount . r But remembered that in this matter he was not his own master . He pre s ented his heart as a s acrific e and offered it up to 1 1 God . He returned to Geneva in early September , 54 .

uo ed in S chaf is tor o the hris tian hurch Vo l. . Q t f H y f C C , VII , 1 p . 43 . l i ’ a v n s etters Vol. I . . 2 1 . TC L , , p 3 CHAPTER IV .

TH E R H I S B D E PE IOD OF ESTA LISH MENT, AND EFENC OF AS

I I SCR PTURAL, OF AN ORDER OF ECCLES ASTICAL GOVERN

I H I S T I MENT, CORRESPOND NG TO SYS EM OF FA TH .

" A B R M — s 1 1 1 . WHICH IS NOWN PRES YTE IANIS , 54 549

’ 1 Calvin La r h i P ri b o s in t s o d . 6 . s e

’ UPON Calvin s return to Geneva he entered into labo rs f h o . was o o o o c m re abundant He profess r the l gy, prea er, the c c co o pastor , member of hur h urt , head of sch ols , author , co o o e rrespondent with all Pr testant Eur p , head of the o co o n Reformation m vement , ﬁghting ntroversies every side in behalf of the truth — th e protagoni st of Protestantism against the papacy and the pro tagonist O f biblical Protes n i s ta t sm against the rati o nalist . Beza says of the ordinary ” “ D labors of Calvin at this time, uring the week he preached every alternate and lectured every third day ; on Thursday he presided in the meetings o f presbytery ( co n sisto r c y) , and on Friday he attended the ordinary s ripture c co o meeting alled the ngregati n , where he had his full f o c o n Share o duty . He also wrote m st learned ommentaries c several of the books of s ripture, besides answering the co enemies of religion , and maintaining an extensive rres n e h po dence on matt rs of great impo rtance . Any one w o reads these attentively will be astonished ho w one man ” c o o ould be ﬁt for lab rs so numer us and great . He was a preeminently labo rious and faithful man in every one of o c c his church relations . It may t u h a sympathetic hord in the breasts of some of our c ity wo rkers to learn that Cal “ ‘ vin proposed the establishment O f clubs Open only to

l i ’ l B i a n in a v n a s . I e a : e o v s c Vo . . . z L f f C , C l i Tr t , , p xxxix 8 4 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION .

O f s o c o c fa members the as iati n , in whi h young men and thers of families co uld meet and dis cuss matters relating to the war and o th er things useful to the co mmon ’

o c c . wealth , and that f ur su h lubs were established Thus this busy man too k meas ures to break up the resort to taverns . h N o r . o is t is all He was app inted , together with three of n c o f e 1 to c the sy di s Gen va , in I 54 draw up a new ode of H e s laws fo r Geneva . went into thi wo rk with his usual “ h s e o energy and fait fulne s , giving att nti n to the minutest s c o c o s c c detail n erning the administrati n of j u ti e , the ity c t poli e , the mili ary , the ﬁremen , the watchmen on the ” ‘ towers and the like . r c o o n o t f o f His advi e was s ught all imp rtan a fairs state , o was no t c 1 c alth ugh he a itizen of Geneva until 559 , whi h h t was eig teen years af er his seco nd return to the c ity . He was th e m o ral h ead o f Refo rmed Geneva— o f state as well c ch o he e c o f c as hur , th ugh n ver held a ivil ﬁ e and was never a member o f a co unc il and never appeared b e fo re one of co c c h e s o r the un ils ex ept w n a ked , when some religious questio n was being d ebated . That part o f his labo rs whi c h co st him mos t o f trials in this pe ri o d and was m o st impo rtant to the city o f Geneva was the intro du ctio n o f his form o f e cc lesiasti cal go vern

T ce . ment . o this he gave himself at on on his return

’ 1 Dis tinctive Princi les o Calvin s Eccles ias tical 7 . p f Po li ty.

On his arrival in Geneva Calvin had no soon er paid his respects to the magi s trates than he requested them at o n ce to appo int a co mmi s s i o n to draw up an ecc lesiasti cal co nsti tutio n and discipline in accord with the word o f Go d and the prim itive ch urch . A fo rtnight later th is commi s si o n had drawn up a hun

i l n . 2 i an o hn a v 66 . t. ou s d Guiz o t : S L J C , p

“ "

6 . l . . h ff Vo . l S c a : VII , p 4 4 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION . 49 d red and sixty-eight arti cles which contained a co mplete s e s cheme o f churc h go vernment . Thi sch me was presented h 26th 1 1 c t e . f to the coun il on of September , 54 It su fered m o c o o diﬁ ati ns prior to its ad ption by the several councils . “ F o n 2d 1 2 cc c inally the of January , 54 , the e lesiasti al ordi n cc s ances were a epted by the General A sembly , consisting o f citiz ens so that Calvin could write as he did M c 1 2 c ar h 4 , I 54 , We at length possess a presbyterial ourt c o f c c su h as it is , and a form dis ipline su h as these dis ” jointed times will permit . 1 He had won so much o nly by th e c . greatest ta t , wisdom and persistence The distinctive principles of this system of government were 1 - o . The self g vernment of the church under the head s s hip of Chri t . 2 cc c c f . E lesiasti al dis ipline of all the members o the c hurch fro m the greatest to the smallest to be exerci s ed by a parliamentary court consisting of mini s ters of the go spel n a d ruling elders .

. co o c 3 A nsist ry , or parliamentary ourt , consisting of

e c s c s c . lders of two lasse , to exer i e this dis ipline

4 . The reco gniti o n and reinstitution of the New Testa m s ent ruling elder hip . Even in a Sketch such as this these principle s o f church polity de s erve mo re partic ular illu stration

1 . n c c Calvin distinguished Sharply betwee hur h and state , b ut he saw no pro priety in their separati o n ; h eld that they were independent o f one another each in its own d o main ; b ut that they o ught in a ction to combine and mutually sup H e to o f c c port one anoth e r . held the duty the hur h to maintain r elatio ns o f abso lute independenc e and separation fro m the state o nly when it is necessary in order to her own - Go d is self go vernment . He believed that in Christ head

o ne o f . o f both church and state . Here lay his mistakes

l i t u is and o hn a v n . 2 . Gu o : S . o iz t L J C , p 39 ’ “ l in ter 16 . T a v I . . s e s Vol. l C L t , , p 3 0 5 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION .

o o God , viewed as Creat r and moral Govern r of the uni o verse, is head of the state . God , viewed as Redeemer als , is head o f the Churc h . Calvin thought every state ought as co nce to acknowledge Christ as its head . This w the p ff c to . tion of his age . He was not able Shake it o Hen e not unnaturally he tho ught that two such in s titutions under h to c one divine head oug t be in allian e here below . The logic of such a position is persecutio n by the state on the grounds of religious heresy . If the state has any right to o o pr fess Christ as its head and to propagate his religi n , then it must vindi cate the laws of Christ ; it must punish heresy with the fo rc es at its c ommand . Thus naturally we shall ﬁnd the Genevan state punishing with ﬁne , ban i h s s ment c C o . and death su h men as ruet , B l ee and Servetus Go d never gave the state as such the right to profess Chris tianit r y o to push it . Calvin was wrong in holding that the state could pro p erly be Christian in any such sense ; it was a commo n erro r o of his age . He was wr ng in holding the propriety of a o c c uni n between hur h and state , and thus making the state profess and enforce th e laws o f bo th tables of the Deca o s o f c l gue . He tended , however , in this fal e union chur h and state to make the church the superior m emb ero f the c allian e . co He was right in ntending for the autonomy of the.

c — - c o f chur h her free self government, even at the ost ’ breaking the allianc e of church and state and the church s e as no entire suppo rt of hers lf . This w small service to c Protestant Christendom wherein generally too mu h power , in the rebound from papal tyranny , had been given to the o temp ral princes .

2 o . . Calvin valued discipline as sec nd only to teaching The effo rt to introduce disc ipline had been the primary o c c c asion of his expulsi o n from Geneva . He introdu ed it u full s cces s v in the French congregation at Strasburg . The need of it was one rea s o n for his recall to Geneva . It is o ne of the greatest factors in his inﬂuence to this day . I CALV N AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION . 5 1

c c This stern dis ipline , based on his noble reed , has fo rmed o c c D c co c - the her i Fren h , ut h , English , S t h Irish and Amer c to i an and Australian Puritans this day . o o to s o o Calvin pr p sed realize, far as p ssible , the ideal of “ ” c c o ch the hur h without sp t or wrinkle , whi Paul sets o 2 f rth in the Epistle to the Ephesians v . 7 . He so ught the glo riﬁcation of God by the do minion of his wo rd in the life f n o Christia s . In his do ctrine o f the church he pro vided fo r the appli cati o n I n the church o f the po wer of Christ as c . . o well as the tea hing of Christ He knew , h wever, that the ideal o f a perfect churc h c ould o nly be imperfectly

. c c realized He tea hes , as in his ommentary on Matthew

. c c o n xiii 47, that the hur h while earth is mixed with good and bad and will never be free from all impurity . o who Go d o f o c s to Alth ugh God , is a rder , ommand us ex e rcis e c o fo r to o c c dis ipline , he all ws a time hyp rites a pla e amo ng b eli evers until he s hall s et up his kingdom in perfec

o o n s . as c c ti n the la t day As far we are on erned , we must to co c c s to the c c strive rre t Vi e and purge hur h of impurity, although she will no t be free fro m all stain and blemish till e h Christ shall separat the Sheep from t e goats . Th e impo rtanc e of dis cipline Calvin fo rmally sets fo rth “ in his intro duc tio n to the discussi o n o f The Discipli ne of ” “ ”

c co e o . the Chur h ntained in the Institut s , Bo k IV , Chap “ A s s . s o c c ter xii He say , me have su h a hatred of dis ipline to o o as abh r the very name , they sh uld attend to the fol c o : no o c no o lowing onsiderati n that if s iety and even h use , c s can se though ontaining only a mall family , be pre rved in a o o c c pr per state with ut dis ipline , this is far more ne essary c c o f c o to th e o r in the hur h , the state whi h ught be most d rl A S n o c r o e y of all . the savi g d trine of Ch ist is the s ul of c S O c o s c co c the chur h , dis ipline f rm the ligaments whi h nne t the members to gether and keep each in its pro per plac e . D c as to c is ipline , therefore, serves a bridle urb and c ho o c o f o r restrain the refra tory w resist the d trine Christ , to c s as as a Spur stimulate the ina tive , and ometimes a ’ father s rod with whi ch tho se who have grievo u s ly fallen 2 5 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION . may be c hastised in mercy and with the gentleness of the c c spirit of Christ . Now , when we see the approa h of ertain the ch ch c beginnings of a dreadful desolation in ur , sin e there is no solicitude or means to keep the peo ple in obedi c o c o f en e to our L rd , necessity itself pro laims the want a remedy ; and this is the only remedy whi ch has been com manded by Christ or which has ever been adopted among ” believers . c o c e In a c rdan e with the teaching of Christ , Calvin mad dm o c . a three degrees of dis ipline , viz , private admonition , nitio n c o r o t e c in the presen e of witnesses bef re h hurch , c c to and excommunic atio n . Ex ommuni ation is be em “ o nl fo r co o f o c c as ployed y the rrecting atroci us rimes , su h o adultery, fornication , theft , robbery , sediti n , perj ury , and c ob sti false witness , other similar rimes , together with o ho s o f nate pers ns , w after having been admoni hed even ” Admo ni co Go d . smaller faults , ntemn and his j udgment ti o n in the presenc e of witnesses is to be employed against “ ” public Offence s of less heino usness and against private ff o f has o ences inferior sort , when private admonition o o failed . Private adm niti n is to be employed universally “ o cc whenever asion Shall require . Pastors and presbyters , o s c s beyond all thers , should be vigilant in the di harge of thi ffi c c the duty, being called by their o e , not only to prea h to o o o congregation , but als to adm nish and exh rt in private s e c c c ma hou s , if in any instan es their publi instru tions v no t f c f c c c s have been su ﬁ iently e ﬁca ious , as Paul in ul ate ‘ when he says that he taught pub liclv and from ho use to ’ ‘ s o hou e , and protests himself to be pure from the bl od of ’ ‘ c o n all men , having eased not to warn every e night and ’ day with tears . j

The ends of discipline are , First , that those who lead ﬂa itiou s to scandalous and g lives may not , the dishonor of

* I ns itu es . P es e an B o a d o f Pu ca o n Ph ladel h a t t r byt ri r bli ti , i p i ,

184 1 .

l ns tit l utes Vo . I I . 1 1 12 T , , pp . 4 , 4 .

54 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION .

o and c nsequently from Christ , but this only as long as they ” remain in a state of exclusio n .

Anathema , or the devotion of a person to eternal perdi o tion , he th ught, ought never be resorted to , or, at least , very rarely. Calvin would make the discipline of the ministers of the A S ensam go spel only mo re rigid than that of the people . ples to the ﬂock they were under special o bligations to live th e an approvable life . Against Romish Church he vindi ’ cated s e o ne the mini t r s right to marriage , on the hand , and on the other denied his right to exemption from the civil f c courts , and taught that they Should be a ﬂi ted with the same punishments as laymen for misdemeanors . ’ Little j ust c riticism can be passed against Calvin s views c o f o to of the importan e discipline , its pr per ends , and as c c the spirit with whi h it should be exer ised . Owing to the ’ unhappy unio n o f church and state which all Calvin s age was s o o c o o f believed in , he not happy in l ating the p wer disc ipline ; but this brings us to the third distinctive fea ture of his po lity .

3 . Church discipline should be exercised by a presbytery

c o co c — ( onsist ry) , nsisting of elders of two lasses minis s e s ters of the go p l and ruling elder . co c c This is a rre t , bibli al principle in cases where the ofﬁcers are duly elected by the c hurch members in full to o o f c communion ; but in Geneva , owing the uni n chur h s o c th e and state , this presbytery ( con ist ry ) embra ed , in o f c o ec e time Calvin , ﬁve ity past rs and twelve elders , sel t d two from the Les se r Co uncil and ten from the Council o f

o r . c o Sixty , that of Two Hundred The elders were h sen h s o c c c s . by the Le ser C un il , but onfirmed by the prea er The preache rs were always elected firs t by the bo dy of preachers already in existenc e ; but their electio n had to be further co nfirmed b y approval on the part of the Lesser c co to O h Coun il . Lastly, if the ngregation had anything

l I ns ti ut 1 1 a v n : es l. . . 8. C i t , Vo II , pp 4 7, 4 I CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMAT ON . 55 ject it was made its duty to state its o bj ectio n to the syndi cs c t hat all might be satisfied with the choi e . c o Thus it appears that the state , as su h , had a g od deal to d o o f c with the appointment of the members the onsistory . ’ c c i s This ame of the state s having the chur h as t church . ’ The co urt O f the church was really the state s co urt to at ’ “ s tend to its c hurch s business . This co n istory was never to assume any of the rights of civil power . If the infliction c c s to was to of "orporal"punishment seemed ne es ary it , it la c c c o e o y the ir umstan e bef re the governm nt , it bel nging ” unto God to determine the powers o f bo th . This presbytery was the co ntro lling po we r in the church exc m o f Geneva . Its severest punishment was that of o muni i n c c o to cat o . The oun il was disp sed deny the con s isto ry this right ; and it only granted the undisputed f 1 power o exco mmuni cati o n after the year 555 . Before t c o the hat , excommuni ated pers ns were ever appealing to fl c o unc . Co nfused readers o ften malign the co nsisto ry of the Ge c co c — nevan Chur h , nfusing it with the coun il the Little

— a c o c co Gruet B o ls ec Council ivil rgan whi h ndemned , and “ o do re Servetus , wh se names not even appear in the ” c s s ord of the con istory . The formal president of the co nsisto ry was one of the c o c syndics . Calvin exer ised a c ntrolling inﬂuen e in its de h c is io ns c . , but only by his moral and intelle tual weig t A sort of subsidiary organ of ecclesia s tic al rule was the Venerable Com an c c s s p y, whi h onsi ted of all the minister o o O f the c ity and district of Geneva . It t k the general c cc s c f s c supervision of all stri tly e lesia ti al a fairs , e pe ially e o o o f ducation , ordinati n and installati n ministers of the o we no o ne c to g spel ; but , as have seen , ould be admitted the ministry and installed without th e c o Operatio n of the c ivil government and the assent o f the people .

alvin 86. en : i e o . H ry L f f C , p 3

82. TS chaff : Vo l. VII . , p . 4 6 5 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION .

The great fault with the appli cation of this feature o f ’ Calvin s po li cy in Geneva was that the communi cants had too little po wer in the cho i c e o f the rul ers ; that the state had o h c any p wer in the case , and t at the onsistory recog niz s o s f ed that it wa in s me sense an in trument o state . Had Calv in but go tten rid o f the idea o f the pro prietv o f o n c an h e the uni between hurch d state , or had been o c to c c th e f r ed separate the hur h from state , he would have deserved unqualiﬁed approval for re s urrecting the bibli cal o rgan of church go vernment— a presbytery co mpo sed of o f c who o t c elders two lasses , elders b h rule and tea h , and h elders w o rule o nly .

Calvin saw clearly that in the New Te s tament the bishop ' m s o . o e co is an elder and the elder a bi h p He , theref r , in m o n with the reformers generally taught the parity o f the ministry ; but he saw als o that amo ng these New Testa o f c c f o ment ﬁ ers , alled indi ferently elders or bish ps , there s were two clas s e s . Thus we co me to the fo urth di tinctive princ iple of Calvinism . co n 4 . The re g ition and reinstitution of the New Testa

' h n o n o n o . 8 ment ruling elders ip . C mme ti g R mans xii and ‘ ’

1 . 28 o o a re Corinthians xii , Calvin says , G vern rs I pp o c s o hend to have been pers ns of advan ed years , elected fr m o to n sho o the pe ple , u ite with the bi ps in giving admoniti ns Fo r no o can and exercising disc ipline . ther interpretation ‘ e c u do be giv n of that inj un tion , He that r leth , let him it h ’ c . o wit diligen e Theref re , from the beginning , every c h c n o r co u c co o o f ur h has had its se ate n il , mp sed pious , uris dic grave and holy men , who were invested with that j h e co c c c we o . tion in the rre tion of vi es , of whi h S all s on tr at o ex eri Now , that this regulati n was not of a single age , p n f f o e c e itself demonstrates . This o ﬁc e o g vernment is ” c ne essary , therefore , in every age . Presbyterians to-day may see the New Testament ruling " o elder more accurately . They may pr ve his existence and

I i t B . a v n : ns tu s o . ha . S ec . 8 . C l i t e o k IV , C p iii , , V CAL IN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION . 57

prerogatives more conclusively ; but Calvin deserves credit fo r having discerned the o fficer more clearly than any other

man o f his time . s It may be noted also , in pa sing, that Calvin reinstituted f c the New Testament o ﬁ e of the deacon . They were elected

. e two in the same manner as the elders They w re of kinds , who l ﬁrst, those were to administer the alms regularly co lected co wh o c th , and , se nd , those were to take are of e c si k and to provide food for the poor .

’ 1 Calvin s S tru l it th Patri t an Liber 8 . gg e w h e o s d tines in B ehal o Dis ci line f f p .

Calvin infused the spirit o f Puritanism by degrees into , t O f e S O c the church and s ate G neva ; that dan ing, gam n u o o bli g, drunkenness , the freq entati n of taverns , pr fanity , c c c luxury, ex esses at publi entertainments , extravagan e o e c o o s and imm d sty in dress , li entious or irreligi us s ng , o h c o were f rbidden , punis ed by ensure or ﬁne or impris n ” ment ; and so that the reading of immo ral boo ks and as o bad novels w prohibited . Heresy , id latry and blas phemy and adultery after the seco nd O ffenc e were punished by the state o f Geneva with the death penalty . Even the stri ctly ecclesiastical dis cipline introduc ed by C to o o alvin was perhaps rigid , th ugh it helped to make en Geneva the greatest s choo l of Christ o n earth . The deavo r on the part of the s tate to discipline for eccles iasti cal offenc es was an usurpation and a deprivation of reli

— io us a to o o h . g liberty thing be forever depl red , th ug a ’ thing found in Calvin s day in every Pro te s tant and Ro man h un h Catholic c ountry under t e s . It must be admitted t at c c Calvin inspired state as well as hur h with his spirit , tho ugh at times they went beyo nd him— became more rigid m h h and ste t an e was . It was some time befo re the state came into full sym s b e pathy with his system . For years there were struggle

h ff l S c a : o . . . 0 V VII pp 8 . , 4 9 , 49 8 5 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION .

c the tween the onsistory , or the Venerable Company , and

c c co c o c O f c . oun il , the un il esp using the ause lax dis ipline c f o The party of stern dis ipline , therefore , in their e f rts at discipline during the ﬁrst ten years often found thems elves withstood by the council . Individuals kno wing of this dif ference of the powers were bo lder and more contemptuo us ; and at least two considerable parties maintained a bitter c onﬂict with Calvin for years . These were the Patriots and the Libertines : f 1 . o o r o c The Patri ts , Children Geneva , as they alled c o themselves , in luded many of the ldest Genevese families , Am x r h li r eau B e t e e . Fabri , Perrin , and Vandel They had d helped to win the freedo m of Geneva . They ha even helped to introduce the Reformation as a so rt o f bulwark s o ld again t their enemies ; but they were wild , wayward ,

c . li entious folk , impatient of all law and restraint They ’ d o c s . esired not freed m , but li en e They hated Calvin s dis ’ i lin e o o o f c c p e . They w re furi us at the th ught the ity s e f as c oming und r the c ontro l o his party . His party w o g rowing . Refugees from all quarters of Eur pe , especially

c c — who from Fran e , were ﬂo king to him men had left b e home and pro perty for religi o n . They were ready to h c o me c itizens of the c ity in whi c Calvin ministered . They cc o ne s trengthened his po wer . The Patriots su eeded at o c o f time in pr hibiting the arrying arms by the refugees,

c s . o and their admission to itizen hip This , h wever, was o nly a temporary Vi cto ry . The refugees were of that very ad stuff o f whi ch go od c itizens were made . They were mitted c i in great numbers to itizensh p , at times when the g o vernment was favorable . 2 o r ~ . The Libertines , Spiritualists , as they called them ’ o o selves , were the bitterest pp nents of Calvin s system of discipline .

They were pantheists and antinomians . They said , ”

do o . o What I G d does What God d es we do , for he is ”

o . c in us . Sin is a mere phantasy or illusi n It eases to be in a s soon as we get rid of the notion that it exists . They N I CALVIN AND THE GE EVAN REFORMAT ON . 59

e dulged in the gro ssest li c ntio usness . The wife of Ameaux j ustified her li centiousness by the doctrine o f the co mmu nio n of saints . They taught that legal marriage is carnal and not binding . They magnified Spiritual marriage . h the o T ey parodied g spel , blasphemed God and Christ , e c wer , in short , moral swine , heats and liars . ’ o These parties were constant th rns in Calvin s Side , o r prodding him on every turn . -They, singly in union , availed themselves o f every adverse turn in the relations i c e . ad of the consistory to the Civil Coun il , . , of every ’ verse turn in Calvin s relation to the council . In reference to the struggle between himself and these parties he says in the prefac e to his co mmentary on the “ P s alms If I Should desc ribe the co urse of my struggles by whi ch the Lo rd has exercised me from this o m peri d , it would ake a long story, but a brief reference f o no c may suffice . It a f rds me Slight onsolati o n that David prec eded me in these co nfli cts fo r as the Philistines and o h co other foreign f es vexed t is holy king by ntinual wars , and as wi ckedness and treachery of the faithless O f his own o o so h use grieved him still m re , was I on all sides assailed , ’ and had scarc ely a moment s rest fro m outward or inward struggles ; but when Satan had made so many efforts to c c c un ar destroy our hur h , it ame at length to this , that I , w o co s like and timid as I am , f und myself mpelled to oppo e n o t my o w body to the murder us assault and o ward it o ff. Five years lo ng had we to struggle Without ceasing fo r the upholding of dis cipline ; fo r these evil-doers were endowed with too great a degree of po wer to be easily overco me ; o and a portion of the pe ple , perverted by their means , wished only fo r an unbridled freedo m . To such worthless o c men , despisers of the h ly law , the ruin of the hurch was f c c a matter of utter indi feren e , ould they but Obtain the liberty to do whatever they desired . Many were induced c o by ne essity and hunger , s me by ambition or by a shame to ful desire of gain , to attempt a general overthrow , and risk their own ruin as well as ours rather than be subj ect to c the laws . Scar ely a single thing, I believe , was left unat E 6 0 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN R FORMATION . tempted by them during this long perio d whi ch we might not suppo se to have been prepared in the workshop of S a c o tan . Their wret hed design could nly be attended with c a shameful disappo intment . A melan ho ly drama was thus presented to me ; fo r much as they deserved all po ssible n o c s s punishment , I Should have bee rej i ed to see them pa s c c ing their live in pea e and respe tability, which might have been the c ase had they not wholly rej ected every kind of ” prudent admo nitio n . t Calvin is no the man to magnify his own experienc es . no t o to o o Our limits do all w us f ll w him in these struggles , to see the contumely and insult heaped upo n him o n his wa - o s s y to his lecture r om , to hear hot fired before his bed o c to e ro m door , to hear him alled Cain , h ar the dogs called a th e fter him , to see him threatened in the pulpit , to see men with a vow o n them to thro w him in th e Rhone ; but we shall take the liberty o f re-presenting o ne incident in t h as no t is struggle , and , we Shall take this side of his his e we tory up in the n xt period , shall go beyond the year

1 549 to that of 1 5 53 fo r this incident . co o In the year I 553 , the old struggle between the nsist ry and the co unc il was being go ne over again— the struggle as to whi ch Sho uld exerc ise the right o f exco mmunicatio n . The Libertines availed them s elves o f thi s di s agreement b e h “ t ween t e council and the co nsistory . They ranged them : s s o f c o B erthelier o ne o f h e elve on the Side the uncil , and , t ir m o st violent partisan s — a man whose unbelief and imm o r ’ ality were known to all— pre s ented himself at the Lord s

co c the c o . Supper , and was ex mmuni ated by onsist ry He co co nc c c mplained to the u il , whi h de lared it would not ‘ c h B erth elier ratify the senten e , and t at if had no impedi ment in his o wn co n s cienc e whic h hindere d him fro m ap ro achin o f o co c o p g the table the L rd , the un il auth rized him ’ ‘ ’ ‘ to do . s SO Gentlemen , aid Calvin , as for me I would rather suffer death than all o w the table o f my Lord to be ’ p ro faned in su ch a manner .

80. is nd o hn alvin . 2 Gu o : S t. o u a iz t L J C , p

62 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION .

I desire to depart from this spot and to give up the author ity which I hold ; but I take that which has been do ne to c s c signi fy that Geneva will re eive my ervi es no longer , and will seek to compel me to do what God do es not permit . S o long as I am free to preach and to serve yo u I will do it in the name of the Lo rd ; but if I am forced into an into ler o s able positi n , I will not resist the constituted authoritie ” and I must go . c c His ondu t had been determined . His language is o c guarded . He Sh wed himself respe tful of authority ; but c laimed the right of acting in ac cord with the dictates o f his own c onscienc e . Geneva had tried the experiment of getting on without Calvin before . The Libertines even c drew back . The magistrates hesitated and dared not arry c D out their de ision . ebates as to where the power of ex c c h o ommuni ation oug t to be l dged , whether with the con i s sto r o r co c c two . 1 y the un il , ontinued for years In 555 the councils of Geneva agreed that the power belo nged of right to the co nsisto ry . We remember that the period of this struggle over dis i i h c pl ne was one prolific o f books . We wonder t at in the o c midst of commotions as numer us , ontinued and great as c o those experienced by any politi al agitat r , Calvin showed o c unruffled all his stupend us power for alm , , penetrating c and profound thought . We see some eviden e in the cause o f our wonder , however , that through all these struggles c c co n Calvin maintained a onsciousness of re titude, a ’ s cio usnes s of his fighting the Lord s battles . One element of strength with him was the belief of his enemies in this ’ co nsciousness of duty on Calvin s part . The maj esty of his character helped to o verawe them .

Th D ath o His Wi e in 1 . 19 . e e f f 549 We have had occasion to speak o f the circumstances of ’

c o . Mrs . Calvin s death in another onnecti n We take up

o uis and o hn alvin . 281 282. Q uo ted in Guizo t : S t. L J C , pp , CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION . the subj ect here to speak more partic ularly of the effect o f B un ner her death on Calvin . ge says : “ The remembranc e of her who m he had lost was never ff c e a ed from his heart ; though still young, he never formed h c th e I delette ot er ties , and never pronoun ed name of but with pro found regard for her virtues and with tender re spect for her memo ry . “ was o o Never h mage m re legitimate, never regrets more I delett n . o e o t deserved In l sing de Bure , Calvin only lost f c o o o . the ompani n his ministry and life , he also l st a virtue I f the missi o n of the Ch ristian woman is to console and

s s to — ble , remind men of the rights of charity too much neglected in the ages of revolution— none were wo rthier ’ than I delette to c arry out this missio n at the reformer s c o o o the c Side . O ften Si k and m r se and s ured by resistan e of men and things whi ch bend but Slo wly to the designs of o f o genius , Calvin l st too early those domestic a fecti ns for whi ch he was so well calc ulate d and o f which he experih n n e ced the salutary influe c e only for nine years . Many a time doubtless during tho se years o f hero i c co nfli ct and o f c o c c co s o c se ret desp nden y , of whi h his rre p nden e repro ce his c o f du s the phases , he regained almness by the side the courageo us and gentle wo man who made no co mpro h s mise wit duty . Many a time , perhap , he was tempered and s o ftened by o ne o f tho s e wo rds whi ch co me fro m the heart and o f which woman poss esses the s ecret "And when at co o s o length , in gloomier days , the ntr ver ies of pinions c o c o f o ommingled with the sh k parties , raised up B lsee , who can s a ho w c o Servetus and Gentilis , y mu h the ref rmer was in want of the co unsels and kindly influence of I delette de Bure P” B ungener pro bably overstates her influence ; but it was o f great . Calvin was lo nely the rest his life, and not cared for as he o ught to have been . S o o n after the death of his wife he began those efforts in behalf of the uni o n o f the Protestant world which charac t riz e e d the last period of his o wn life . * B un ener : i e o alvin . 2 2 . g L f f C , pp 33 , 34 CHAPTER V .

’ TH E PERIOD OF CALVIN S GREAT CONTROVERSIES WAGED WITH THE PURPOSE OF ADVANCING UNION AMONG BODIES OF EVANGELICAL CHRISTIANS AND MAINTAIN

— T H I S S 1 1 6 . ING THE RUTHS OF YSTEM , 549 5 4

’ Calvin L hi — 20 ments 1 1 . . s abors and A c eve 6 , 549 5 4 ’ CALVIN S labors during this period were in considerable part controversial and polemical , but with the double end of the conservation of the truth and the union of all Protestant o o f bodies . He sent f rth many works , indeed , a positive 1 and constructive sort . In 559 he completed the last edi “ “ tion of the Institutes . In we have from his pen “ or tongue , commentaries on the Epistle to Titus , and that

1 0 . to the Hebrews ; in 55 , the Epistle of St James , and the 1 1 two to the Thessalonians ; in 55 , the Epistles of St . John ’

o O f . and St . Jude , and a new editi n all St Paul s Epistles ;

1 2 1 . . in 55 , the Acts ; in 553 , St Matthew , St Mark, and

St . Luke , which were arranged as a harmony and supplied n with a parallel commentary , followed by a commentary o 1 1 1 St . John in 55 , a commentary on Isaiah ; in 554 , c 1 a commentary on Genesis . Afterwards ame , in 557, the o o 1 Psalms , and the same year the Pr phet H sea ; in 5 59 , o o 1 6 1 D 1 6 the twelve min r pr phets ; in 5 , aniel ; in 5 3 , Ex D o odus , Leviticus , Numbers , euter nomy and Jeremiah , h f 1 6 o s ua . o and in 5 4 , J f Several and extended series 1 0 sermons appeared between 1 552 and 1 564 . In 55 a trea c tise on Eternal Predestination and Providen e of God , and another on The Christian Life appeared, and many other

B un ener : i e o alvin . 282. g L f f C , p ‘ i i B un ener : e o alv n . 26. 1 g L f f C , p 3 M CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFOR ATION . 65 works in the course of the peri o d o f whi ch space fails us s e to tell . He wa also inﬂu ncing as before the c ivil and in u ri l d s t a li fe of Geneva . Not a law was passed witho ut the c f onsultation o Mr . Calvin . N o new business enterprise ’ o was permitted with ut Mr . Calvin s advi ce . Robert c s Stephens onsult Mr . Calvin o n printing and receives co c help . The un il asks Mr . Calvin to be present at the ex a o minati n of a surgeon who will practice in Geneva . A d o f entist , with the new art repairing and preserving the teeth will ply his new art in Geneva . He is sent to Mr .

. o Calvin Calvin puts himself int the hands of the dentist , o c appr ves his work , and re ommends him to the magis * trates . ’ Calvin s labo rs as the head of the Reformation mo vement in Western Christendo m entailed on him at this time vast f e xpenditure o energy. Luther was dead . Calvin was the s to o nly great leader living . He made it his bu iness fur o o ther the m vement in Great Britain , Poland , H lland , all

c c . Switzerland , South Germany , and espe ially in Fran e He wro te long letters to S o merset and did much to forward refo rm in th e kingdo m o f the young Edward ; co rres po nded with the king o f Poland in the intere s t of refo rm h c e o c o s t ere , dire t d the m vement in Fran e , sending h ts of preachers and giving them a fo rm of po lity and a co nfes 1 o c o sion . In 559 he f unded the A ademy and C llege of

Geneva . But o ver and abo ve these paciﬁc labors Calvin po ured himself out in efforts fo r the unio n o f Pro testantism . f o o c o o These e fo rts at times t k ireni al f rms , but at ther ‘ O o e o fo r times assumed that of po lemic s . N man l ng d m re th e uni o n o f the Pro testant wo rld than John Calvin ; but he nc de s ired union on the bas is o f the truth . He e in part his two intense animosity to ward radi cal error . There were in s pi ri ng causes o f his hatred of erro r : erro r to o k th e place f e o e th e o o f o truth and Calvin loved truth , and rr r r nt b dy

B un ener : i e o alvin . 0. g L f f C , p 33 66 CALVI N AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION .

c c S O o Christ, the hur h , and dishon red the Redeemer God , and Calvin lo ved Go d with all his heart . This was the period of his great co ntroversies against errors in Protestantism . The peri o d was ushered in by his struggle in behalf of church unio n resulting in the agree ment with the Zuri chers . In it occurred the ﬁrst great con tro vers — h co c — B o ls ec y t at n erning predestination with , and

c co s — o n — 1 the se ond great ntrover y the Trinity 553 , with o o co s h e Servetus . Then f ll wed smaller ntrover ies on t h Grib aldi Blandrata Trinity with Matt aeus , , Gentilis and h D 1 o t ers . uring this period also ( 556 and following) o c curred the co ntroversies with Westphal and H esShu s on the o c f d trine of the sac rament . In the co urse o these years so al , as has been Shown , the final struggle with the Liber o o c tines t k pla e . In the remaining portion o f this Sketch we Shall describe ’ briefly the Zuri ch Co n fession as an example of Calvin s c h c co s ireni al wo rk . We S all sket h the ntrover y with Ser ’ to e his vetus illustrate Calvin s t mper in this part of labors , than whi ch no more difficult illustratio n can be taken ; and e e f c w shall finally attempt an stimate o his chara ter .

’ 2 1 Th A reement with th Zuri her th Lord . e g e c s o n e s ’ S u er an I ns tance o alvin s I r nic l E rts pp ; f C e a ffo . Luther had reo pened the sac ramental controversy again had in the year 1 54 5 by an attack o n the Zwinglians . They h defend e d t em s elves by a Sharp reply . Calvin was dis e co c pleased with bo th parti s . He entered into rresponden e ’ o n s ec o n B ullin er s o the ubj t with Bullinger , and g invitati n

h e o to 1 . , t gether with Farel , went Zurich in May , 549 B o th parties went into the wo rk o f forming a c reed with an admirable spirit o f frankne ss and fo rb earance . They “ ” o ce S o -c Ti urinus c pr du d the alled Consensus g , in whi h the View o f Calvin and the devel o ped View of Zwingli are “ ”

o . o s stated in harm ny , so far as stated at all The C n ensus s 1 1 wa published in 55 . It was adopted by all the reformed c c o co nfes antons ex ept Bern . It passed into the ref rmed CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION . 67 s ions , and remains to this day the confessional statement o f “ Dr c . ff . c c c the Reformed Chur hes S ha says , In pra ti e , o o o h wever, it has am ng Presbyterians , C ngregationalists a nd e Baptists largely giv n way to the Zwinglian View , c m sti whi h is more plain and intelligible , but ignores the y ” c al element in the holy communion . ’ To us Calvin s view seems to have differed fro m that D taught by our o wn Dr. abney only by magnifying the wo rk o f the H o ly Spirit in communion and bringing the s ac rament into more pro minent co nnectio n with o ur in D f grafting into Christ . Not that abney makes no thing o

b ut o . these , that Calvin made m re ’ Calvin s View o f the mystical unio n between Christ and e o to the b liever was a very high one . He l ved dwell on ’ those s criptures which set forth the believer s relati o n to “ o Christ We are members of his b dy , his ﬂesh and his “

c . bones . I am the Vine , ye are the bran hes , etc Calvin held that this union is produced by the Holy Spirit with instru whom Christ baptizes , the Holy Spirit using as his m no t ents the word and sac raments . Calvin did explain c this union . He tea hes that Paul himself wondered at rather than explained it . 1 ’ Calvin s View of the mysti cal unio n has often been mis r - o epresented as a kind of Christo Pantheism , inv lving a transfu s ion of the substanc e of Christ into the believer . as o But Calvin was no pantheist . No man w farther fr m o o o c s c it . M reover , m re than n e he di tin tly repudiates the Fo r o . idea of transfusi n of substance example , both in the “ ” Co nsensus Tigurinu s and in the expo sition of it . In the “ o o s o f Exp siti n he ays , But here again , as the minds men always conceive gro s s ly of the heavenly mysteries of h Go d c to o o . , it was ne essary bviate deliri us dreams Wit this view we laid d o wn the deﬁnitio n that what we say of ’ the partaking of Christ s ﬂesh must no t be understo o d as

* ha l. . . S c : Vo . ff VII , p 593 " if S ecs . . ha . v . l I ns itu es . 1 Ca v in : t t , Bo o k IV , C p x ii , 7, 68 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION .

c o c c if any ommingling or transfusi n of substan e took pla e , but that we draw life fro m th e flesh once Offered in sac ri fi ce . o If any one is displeased with this explanati n , I say , o c o f c no first, that he has s me fi tion his own brain whi h is c co where taught in s ripture , and by no means ac rds with o o f s co to o the anal gy faith ; and I say , e nd , that it is pre sumptuous , after taking up a meaning at random , to lay s down the law to others . If they insist that the sub tance of the flesh of Christ is commingled with th e soul o f m an in how many absurdities will they invo lve themselves We a ckno wledge that the sac red union whi ch we have o with Christ is inco mprehensible to carnal sense . His j in s o no t o ing us with him as only to instill his life int us , but we to too to make us one with himself, grant be a mystery fo r o ur co c his sublime mprehension , ex ept in so far as wo rds reveal it ; but are we therefore to dream that his sub s tance is transferred into us o r that he is defiled by o ur impurities "”

We might co llect a world of proofs . Calvin was no pan ’ theist either in his doctrine of the Lord s Supper or of the c mysti cal union . He occasionally used figures whi h might c to he be unduly pressed ontrary his meaning, but in this his had inspired precedent . His figures were good for pur pose to set forth the c loseness and intimacy o f the relatio n and ship between Christ and the believer . He frankly humbly confessed his inability to co mprehend this uni o n . c o c He ontemned , in the most outsp ken way , any pantheisti h explanatio n as to t e mode . ’ Calvin s no tion of the mystical union and his notion that the sacrament is an in s trumentality of the Spirit in in creasing the union gave him a sympathy with the Lutheran denials that the sacraments should be regarded as mere external marks of profession and not also badges and sym o f c h o bols divine gra e ; t at they are mere empty symb ls , and that God does not truly testify in them what he figures ,

* ’ l i r t l 2 . a v n s ac s Vo . . . C T , II , p 39

70 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION .

2 A rue "nowled e o the S acramen s ro m the "nowled e . T g f t f g o hris t f C .

A S the s ac am en s are a enda es o f the o s el h e o nl can r t pp g g p , y d sco u se a l and use ull o f he na u e v ue o fﬁce an d b en i r pt y f y t ir t r , irt , eﬁt who e ns h h s and ha no t b adve n cu so l to b gi wit C ri t, t t y rti g r ri y the nam e o f h s b ut b ul ho ldi n fo r ha end he was ven C ri t, y tr y g w t gi us the Fa he and ha les s n s h n u u by t r w t b i g e has co ferred po n s .

N atur th "n wl d o h i . r 3 e of e o e ge f C s t.

We m us ho ld he e o e ha h s e n the e e nal S o n o f t t r f r t t C ri t, b i g t r Go d and o f the s am e es s ence and lo h th e a he as sumed , g ry wit F t r, o ur ﬂ es h to co mmunicate to u s b y right o f ado ptio n that which he s se n u n m l T n o s sed b a e a e to ma e us s o ns o f Go d. h s is do e p y t r , y , k i hen n a ed b a h n o the o d o f h s an d h a b the w i gr ft y f it i t b y C ri t , t t y

' agency o f the Ho ly S pirit we are ﬁrs t c o unted righteo us by a free m u a o n o f h eo us ness and hen e ene a ed to a new l e i p t ti rig t t r g r t if , he e e n o med a a n in the ma e o f o ur h eav en Fa he w r by, b i g f r g i i g ly t r, n un th l m n we re o ce e o d a .

hris t Pri t nd in 4 . C a es a " g . Thus Chris t in his human nature is to b e co nsidered as o ur es who e a ed o ur s ns b the o ne s ac ce o f his dea h ut pri t, xpi t i y riﬁ t , p a a all o ur ans es s o ns b his o ed ence o v ded a e ec w y tr gr i y b i , pr i p rf t h eo usnes s fo r us and no w n e cedes fo r us ha we m a hav e rig t , i t r , t t y H e i to b e co ns de e d a a e a who b th e acces s to Go d . s s e i r r p ir r, y agency o f his S pirit re fo rm s whatever is Vicio us in us that we may ceas e to live to the w o rld and the ﬂ esh and Go d hims elf may live in u H e is to b e co ns de ed as a n who en ches us h all s . i r ki g ri wit nds o f less n s o ve ns and de ends us b his o e o v des ki b i g , g r f y p w r, pr i u s h r ual ea o ns del ve s us o m all h a m and ules and Wit Spi it w p , i r fr r , r guides us b y the s ceptre o f his mo uth ; and he is to b e s o co n s idered ha h e m a a se us to h m sel th e ue Go d and to th e , t t y r i i f, tr ,

Fa he un l the ul lm en o f ha is nall to a e lace viz . t r, ti f ﬁ t w t ﬁ y t k p , ,

Go d b e all and in all.

i t l H o w hris t o mmun ca es ims e to Us . 5 . C C H f

Mo eo ve ha h s m a hus e h h m s el to us and ro r r, t t C ri t y t x ibit i f p duce hese e fec s in us he mus b e m ade o ne h u s and we mus t f t , t wit , t H e do es no t n us e his l e n o u s b e ingrafted into his bo dy . i f if i t unles s he is o ur head and o m him th e ho le o d ﬁtl o ned , fr W b y , y j i

o e he h o u h ev e o n o f s u l acco d n to his o n t g t r, t r g ry j i t pp y r i g w rki g,

maketh i ncreas e o f the b o dy in the prop o rtio n o f each member. CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION . 7 1

— 6 . S iritual o mmunion I ns itu io n o the S acra men p C t t f ts . Th e s piritual co mmunio n which we have with the S o n o f Go d a es ace h en h e d e n in us b his S i ma es all h t k pl w , w lli g y pir t , k w o

e eve ca a le o f all the les s n s h ch e s de in hi I n e b li p b b i g w i r i m . o rd r to testif h s o h the each n o f the o s el was a n n y t i , b t pr i g g p ppo i ted a d ' the use o f the sac am en s co mm ed to us namel the s ac amen s r t itt , y, r t o f ho l a s m and the hol s u e y b pti y pp r.

The Ends o th acr me 7 . f e S a nts . The ends o f the s acramen ts are to b e mark s and b adges o f Chris an o es s o n and e o sh o r a e n to b e nc em en s to ti pr f i f ll w ip fr t r ity , i it t a ude and e e c ses o f a h and a o d e in s ho to b e gr tit x r i f it g ly lif ; rt , n m n h c o tracts binding us to thi s . B ut a o g o t er ends the princip al o ne is ha Go d m a b m eans o f hem es e es en and s eal t t y, y t , t tify , r pr t , h i F r u s ace to us . o al ho h he s n no h n else han is gr , t g t y ig ify t i g t anno unced to us b the o d sel et is a ea m a e firs t y w r it f, y it gr t tt r, , that there is submitted to o ur eye a kind o f living im ages whi ch m a e a dee e m es s o n o n the s enses b n n the o ec in k p r i pr i , y bri gi g bj t a manne d ec l e o e hem h e he n th e dea h o f h s r ir t y b f r t , w il t y bri g t C ri t and all his ene s to o ur emem anc e ha a h m a b e e e b fit r br , t t f it y b tt r e e c sed and s econdl ha ha the m o u h o f Go d had an x r i ; , y, t t W t t l n o unced is as e e co n med an d a e d b s ea s . , it w r , fir r tifi y

i u d Gra e. 8 . t t

N o w s ee n ha hese h n s h ch the o d has ven as , i g t t t t i g w i L r gi n nd s ea s o f his ace are ue h e undo u ed ul tes timo ies a l gr tr , bt ly tr y p erfo rms i nw ardly b y his S pirit th at whi ch the sacram ents ﬁgure t ur an d o he s ens es in o h e o ds we o a n o s s es s o n o o eyes t r ; t r w r , bt i p i f s the o un a n o f all ess n s o h in o de ha we o Chris t a f t i bl i g , b t r r t t m n l d to Go d b means o f his dea h b e ene e d b his ay b e reco ci e y t , r w y

‘ ho l nes s o f l e in s ho o a n h eo usnes s and s alva S pirit to i if ; rt , bt i rig t tio n and also in o rder that we m ay give th ank s fo r the bl ess ings nce e h ed o n the c o s s and h ch we da l ece ve whi ch w ere o x ibit r , w i i y r i h b y fait .

The i ns and the hin s S i nified no t Dis oined b ut Dis 9 . S g T g g j , tin ct. he efo e tho u h we di s tin ui sh b etween the s igns an d the W r r , g g u h et we do no t d s o n the ea o m thin s s igniﬁed as we o g t , i j i lity f g , y r r the s i ns b ut acknowledge that all who in faith emb ace the p o m g , r r

h s s ua h his s ual s , ises there o ffered receive C ri t pirit lly, wit pirit gift h s co n nue whil e tho s e Who had lo ng been made p artakers o f C ri t ti

and renew that co mm unio n . 2 7 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION .

10 . Th e P ro mis e P rinci all to b e o o k ed to in the acraments p y L S .

A nd is o e to o o no t to the a e s ns b ut a he to th e it pr p r l k b r ig , r t r o m s e he e nn A f r o a e ed . s a he e o e as o ur a h in th e pr i t r t x , t r f r , f it

o m s e he e o ffe ed eva ls so far h a v ue n pr i t r r pr i , will t t irt a d efﬁcacy o f h ch we s ea la d s s el . hus th e s u s ance o f a e w i p k i p y it f T b t w t r, ' ead and ne b no m eans O ffers Christ to u s no r ma e s u s br wi y , k c a l f hi u Th p ab e o s S pirit al gifts . e pro mi se rather is to b e lo o ked to ho se o f ce is to lead u s to h s b the d e , w ﬁ it C ri t y ir ct way o f faith a h h ch ma es us a a e s f h f it w i k p rt k r o C ri s t .

1 1 We are no t t tan z i . o S d Ga n o n th El ments g e e .

h s e u es the e o o f ho se who s and a n o n the elem en s T i r f t rr r t t g zi g t , and attach their co nﬁdence o f salvatio n to th em ; s eei ng that the sac am en s s e a a ed o m h s are b ut em sho s and a r t p r t fr C ri t pty w , v o ice is di s tinctly heard thro ugho ut pro cl aiming th at we m us t adh ere to no ne b ut Chri s t al o ne and s eek the gift o f s alvatio n from i no ne b ut h m .

12 Th a r en t E i . e S c am s ffect N o th n h m lv g by T e s e es .

B es des an o o d is co n e ed u o n us b the sac amen s i , if y g f rr p y r t , is no t o n to an o e v ue in hem even ho u h in h s it wi g y pr p r irt t , t g t i yo u sho ul d include the pro mis e b y which th ey are di s tingui shed ; r i hen h u s es the in fo it is Go d al o ne who act s by h s S pirit . W e s trumentalit o f th e s ac am en s he ne he n us es his o wn v ue y r t , it r i f irt into them no r dero gates in any resp ect fro m the effectual w orking o f his S b ut in ada a o n to o ur ea nes s us es em as pirit, , pt ti w k , th h el s in s uch manne ho eve ha the ho le o e o f ac n p ; r, w r, t t W p w r ti g i l n rem ains with h m a o e .

t h 1 . d s es th I ns rumen u t All t e irtue is is . 3 Go U e t, b V H

Whe e o e as Paul em nds us ha ne he he ha lan e h no r r f r , r i , t t it r t t p t t h e ha a e e h is an h n b ut Go d alo ne ha ve h th e nc ease t t w t r t yt i g , t t gi t i r , s o al s o it is to b e Said o f the sacram ents that th ey are no thing b e cau se they will pro ﬁt no thing unl es s Go d in all things m ake them ’ ff u l he are ndeed ns umen s b h ch Go d ac s eﬁi ca e ect a . T y i i tr t y w i t cio usl hen he eas es et s o h a the ho le o o f o ur s a va y w pl , y t t w w rk l l e tio n m us t b e ascribed to him a o n .

Th h A lis h hris t e W o le cco m d b . 14 . p e y C

We co nclude hen ha is h s a o ne wh o in u h a es , t , t t it C ri t l tr t b ptiz n a dl who in th e S u e m a es us a a e s o f h m s e who i w r y, pp r k p rt k r i lf, , in sho ul ls h a the s ac amen s u e and u s es he aid in rt , f ﬁ w t r t ﬁg r , t ir nn i s uch ma er that th e Who le effect res ides in h s S pirit . CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION . 73

m nt nﬁ 1 . H ow th S acra e s o rm 5 e C .

hus the s ac am en s are s o m e m es called seals and are s a d T r t ti , i to no u sh co n m and advance a h and et the S l n ri , ﬁr f it , y pirit a o e is o e l the seal and a so the e nne and n she o f a h Fo r pr p r y , l b gi r ﬁ i r f it . all h es e a u es o f the s ac am en s s n do n to a lo e lace t ttrib t r t i k w w r p , s o that no t even the smalles t po rtio n o f o ur s alvatio n is trans ferred r lem n to creatures o e e ts .

A ll h Pa t k th 16 . W o r a e of e S acraments do no t P artak e of the R ealit y .

B es des we ca e ull each ha Go d do es no t e e his o e i , r f y t t t x rt p w r nd s c m na el in all who ece ve the s ac am en s b ut o nl in the i i ri i t y r i r t , y e l ec t ; fo r as he enlightens unto faith no ne b ut tho se who m he h ath

o eo da ned to e so b the s ec e a enc o f his S he ma es f r r i lif , y r t g y pirit k the lec e e ve ha th a amen ff e t r c i w t e s cr ts o er.

The a m n 1 . S cra e s d no t n r rac 7 t o Co fe G e . By thi s do ctrine is o verthro wn that ﬁctio n o f the S o phi s ts which teaches that th e s acraments co n fer grace o n all who do no t inter po se the o b s tacl e o f mo rtal S in ; fo r b es ides that in the sacram ents no h n is ec e ved e ce b a h we m us als o hold ha the t i g r i x pt y f it , t t t grace o f Go d is by no m eans so anne xed to them that who so re c eives the S ign also gains p o s s es s io n o f the thi ng fo r the s igns are adm n s e ed al e to e o a e and elec b ut the eal each es the i i t r ik r pr b t t, r ity r l e o nl att r y . l 1 Th i All ut R e eived b B elievers O n . 8. e G fts o ffered to , b c y y It is true indeed that Chri s t with his gift s is o ffered to all in co mmo n and ha the un e e o f man no t o ve h o n the u h , t t b li f rt r wi g tr t o f Go d the s ac am en s al a s e a n he ef cac b ut all are , r t w y r t i t ir ﬁ y ; he e o e no h n no t cap able o f receiving Chri s t and his gifts . W r f r t i g is chan ed o n the a o f Go d b ut in e a d to man each ece ves g p rt , r g r r i acco rding to the meas ure o f his faith .

B elievers B e ore and Wi ho ut the Us e o the S acraments 19 . f t f i C o mmunica te with Chr s t. , A s the u s e o f the s acraments will co nfer no thing mo re o n un l n he had a s a ned om na is o nl des uc ve be ievers tha if t y b t i fr it, y, y tr ti to hem so ho u he use el eve s ece ve the ea h ch t , wit t t ir b i r r i r lity w i hu the s ns o f aul e e ashed a a b b a is th ere ﬁgured. T s i P w r w w y y p tism ho u h h e had een ev o usl ash ed a a . S o l e s e , t g t y b pr i y w w y ik wi ne a o n to o ne us ho u h he had bapti sm was th e laver o f rege r ti C r li , t g in the S u e h s co mma already received the Ho ly S pirit . S o pp r C ri t 74 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION .

nicates h m s el to us ho u h i f , t g he had p evio usl imp a ted him s elf r y r , and e e uall ema ns in u s fo r s ee n ha ea h i p rp t y r i ; , i g t t c s enj o ined to e am ne h m sel o lo s h a a h i x i i f, it f l w t t f it s re quired o f each b efo re c o m n t th i g o e s acrament . Faith is no t witho ut Chri s t ; b ut inas much as faith is co nﬁ med and inc eas ed b the s ac aments th e r r y r , s o f Go d are co n m ed in us and hu gift ﬁr , t s Chris t in a manner o s in us n i i gr w a d we n h m .

2 The B en fit o lw s R i 0. e n t A ay ece ved in the A ct of C o mmunicat

The advantage Which we receive fro m the s acram ents o ught b y no m eans to b e res tricted to th e tim e at which they are admin is tered to us us as the v s le n h , j t if i ib S ig , at t e mo ment when it is

' o u h o a d o u h the ace o f Go d a o n h f r th br g t f rw r , br g t gr l g wit it o o se who w ere b aptiz ed when m ere infants Go d regenerates in child ho o d o r ado les cence o cca o na l n i ld a u h l s eve n o e . h s t e u , i l y g T ti ity o f a sm is O en to the ho e e o d o f l e ecau s e the o m se b pti p w l p ri if , b pr i co ntained in it is p erp etually in fo rce ; and it may so m e times ha en ha the use o f the ho l S u e h ch o m ho u h less pp t t y pp r, w i , fr t g t nes s o r slo ness o f hea do es l e o o d at the me a e a ds w rt, ittl g ti , ft rw r ea u b rs its fr it .

2 1 N o c l P s M u t ma in 0 a re ence s I ed . . L b e g We mus t guard p articularly ag ains t the idea o f any local pres ence fo r h le the s ns are esen in h s o ld are seen b ; w i ig pr t t i w r , y the e es and handled b the hands h s e a ded as man m us y y , C ri t, r g r ; t b e s o u h no he e else han in h eaven and no t o he se h an g t w r t , t rwi t n n f h he e o e is a e ve s e and with the mi d a d eye o fait . W r f r it p r r impio us ins titutio n to enclo s e him under the elem ents o f thi s l w o r d .

E l nati n the rds his is M B o d . 22 . x a o o Wo p f , T y y

h e wh ns ha the o mal o ds o f the S u e h s is m T o s o i i s t t t f r w r pp r, T i y r n in ha he ca the re bo dy ; this is my blo o d, a e to b e take w t t y ll p c isely literal s ens e we rep udiate as prep o s tero us in terpreters ; fo r we ho ld it o ut o f co ntro versy that they are to b e taken ﬁguratively — the bread and wine recei ving th e nam e o f th at whi ch they s ig if r h ul e ho u h a new o r un o n ed h n to n y . N o S o d it b t g t w t t i g

ans e the name o f h n s u ed b m e o n m to the s n as tr f r t i g ﬁg r y t y y ig , m l m des f e es s o n o ccu h o u ho u the s c u es and Si i ar o o xpr i r t r g t ript r , we b y s o s aying as s ert no thing b ut Wh at is fo und in the mo s t an c ient and m o s t appro ved writers o f the church . CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION . 75

he E in h B 2 . O t at o t o d 3 f g f e y .

When is s a d ha h s b o ur ea n o f hi it i t t C ri t , y ti g s fl esh and drink in o f his lo o d h ch are he e u ed eeds o ur s u g b , w i r fig r , f o l s thro ugh a h b the a enc o f th e o l S we are no t un f it y g y H y pirit , to ders tand it as if any mingling o r t an s fus io n o f s ub s tance to o k pl ace b ut r , th at we draw life fro m the fl esh o nce o ffered in s acrifice and the bl o o d shed in expiatio n .

bs anti ti n th 2 . rans u a o n a d e F lli 4 T t O r o es . I n thi s way are refuted no t o nly th e ﬁctio n o f the p apis ts co n ce n n ansu s an a o n b ut all th e o s s ﬁ ments and u le r i g tr b t ti ti , gr g f ti quibbles which either dero gate fro m his cel es ti al glo ry o r are in s o me degree repugnant to the reality o f his human nature ; fo r we deem it no l es s ab surd to pl ace Chris t under the bread o r co upl e him h h ead h an t ans u s an wit t e br t o tr b t tiate the bread into his bo dy .

Th B hri o c l i eav n e o d o s t al n e . 25 . y f C L y H A nd th at no ambiguity m ay remain when we s ay that Chri s t is to b e s o u h in heav en th e e es s o n m l es and is unde s o o d b g t , xpr i i p i r t y n n l f r h u h h h a a u s to i timate di s ta c e o f p ace ; o t o g , p il o so p ic lly sp e k in he e is no lace a o ve the S es et as the o d o f h s g, t r p b ki , y b y C ri t, ea n th e na u e an d mo de o f a h um an o d is n e and is co n b ri g t r b y , ﬁ it tained in heaven as its lace is nece ssa d s an o m us in p , it rily i t t fr h p o int o f s p ace as heaven is fro m eart .

i th B a hri n t t b A dored n e re d. 26 . C s t o o e If it is no t lawful to afﬁx Chris t in o ur im aginatio n to the bread and ne much les s is la ul to o sh him in th e ead fo r wi , it wf w r ip br ; altho ugh the bread is h eld fo rth to u s as a symbo l and pl edge o f m mun n h ch we hav e h h s et as is a S n and the co io w i wit C ri t , y it ig n the h n sel and has no t the h n e h e ncluded in o r o t t i g it f, t i g it r i it ed to ho s e who u n he m nds o a ds h th e e o f ﬁx it, t t r t ir i t w r it wit Vi w w o rshipping Chri s t make an i do l o f it .

In this document Calvin made no compro mise ; nor can o f the Zuri chers be said to have made any . One element ’ their past c reed o n the Lord s Supper— the activity o f th e Holy Gho st in o rder to proﬁtable co mmuni o n— received ’ was c . new emphasis . That Calvin s distin tive element There is a deal of confusi o n in the minds of mo dern the ’ o lo gians as to Calvin s View of the Supper . It is commonly supposed that his earlier view was closer akin to the Luth 6 7 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION . eran View ; that in the Consensus Tigurinus he draws o nearer the Zwinglian . S me even ho ld that later he tended toward the Lutheran view again . They tell us that on this subj ect he was swayed by his great desires for union , now with the Lutherans and again with the Swiss ; but such men can know neither Calvin nor his teaching . Calvin did deplore the divisions in the Protestant camp greatly . He would have healed all divisions in the Protes tant ranks by the general inculcati o n o f the truth ; but to get Zuri ch and Geneva together Calvin would never have “ compromised an iota of truth . In the preface to the Ex . ” “ ” position o f the Consensus he says We are all agreed that peace is not to be purchased by the sacriﬁc e of truth ; and hence I acknowledge that better were heaven co n founded with earth than that the defence o f sound doctrine should be abandoned . Whosoever heartily and strenuously c opposes Sophistical quibbles , which con iliate by giving a o gl ss to erroneous doctrine, I blame not ; nay , rather , I c fo r c c in laim myself this praise, that there is s ar ely an dividual who can take more pleasure than I do in a candid ” confessio n o f the truth . Had Calvin and the Zuri chers not both honestly accepted “ ” o 1 c the C nsensus of 549 , he ould not have written them “

1 . was as he did in 554 , viz , But assume that there formerly co c c o some dis rdan e , be ause the thing c uld not be cleared up c at ﬁrst glan e and disposed of, what humanity is there in " reopening a so re whi ch was closed up and cured In order that the faithful might no t be distracted by disputes whi ch o e have nly too much prevailed , w proposed to them our h l o s aw agreement by which t e co u d h o ld . This good zeal t y v clearly that all whom he styles Sacramentarians have one c o same faith and onfess it as with one same m uth , and even two c o c o Zwin lius ( Eco lam adius i f the ex ellent d t rs , g and p , who were known to be faithful servants of Jesus Christ , o were still alive, they w uld not change one word of our

’

in ra l . 222 al s . v s c Vo . . C T t , II , p

8 7 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION .

There is in the Institutes some ﬁgurative language o o f empl yed our union with Christ and of the Supper . He “ sets his do ctrine fo rth with great plainness in the Con ”

. o c sensus He sets the same d trine forth everywhere . He c taught the same do trine always . That do ctrine is also the

' do c trine of our standards ; and it is the do ctrine of the c c s great tea hers of our chur h , ave that Calvin made more o f the need of the Holy Spirit in o rder to our getting any o o ut o f o c go d the rdinan e , in order to the deepening of our c union with Christ our Head . Calvin made mu h of the o H ly Spirit . Fo r a time he ho ped that this Co nsensus would prevail f also in Germany ; but the stricter Lutherans took o fence .

Th nt ve u u r i 22 . e Co ro rsy with S ervet s; an I ll s t at on ’ ’ of Calvin s H onor to Go d s Word and the Unity of the hur h C c .

Calvin stoo d fo r a pure do ctrine and a pure dis cipline . “ o f c o R illiet Under pain abdi ati n , says , Calvin must do everything rather than suffer by his Side in Geneva a man who m he co nsidered the greatest enemy o f th e Refo rma o c c o o h c th e ti n , and the riti al p siti n in w i h he saw it in o o o f c o ne o o b s m the republi was m tive more to rem ve , if was o e o f o c it p ssible , the new elem nt diss lution whi h the free s o j o urn o f Servetus would have created To tolerate Servetus with impunity in Geneva would have been fo r Calvin to exile himself He had no alternative . The man who m a Calvinist accu s ation had c aused to be c o to c co arrested , tried and ndemned the ﬂames in Fran e uld no t ﬁnd an a s ylum in the city from wh i ch that accusation ” ’ had issued . This was no doubt Calvin s j udgment . The c c ch o f unity , nay, the very existen e of the hur Geneva , as o o f well as the h nor God and his word , seemed to Calvin to demand O f him all he did in the case of Servetus . But of the case of Servetus more in detail

* u in ha f l . 6 66. o ed S c : Vo . . Q t f VII , pp 7 5 , 7 I CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMAT ON . 79

c was Mi hael Servetus born at Villanueva , a city of Ara

1 0 . c c gon , in the year 5 9 He re eived his early edu ation in

c . to a Do mini can onvent Later, being destined the law by

o . b e his father , he studied at T ulouse He at one time o o f longed to the househ ld of "uintana , father confessor

m V. o the E peror Charles , and so derived his supp rt from

c c . cco o the hur h Even then , a rding to his own testim ny , he regarded the Roman Church as a harlot and murderess .

I n 1 530 he appeared at Basle and wo rried the reformers . ( Eco lam adius B ucer who was p , Capito and , and Zwingli , “ o n th e o a visit there at time , by his vain , presumptu us and argumentative c haracter and subversive doctrines co n D 1 1 1 2 c erning Christ . uring 53 and 53 he was frequently h s t e . was in Basle , sometimes in the uite of emperor He

e o . very ambitio us . He r garded himself as the true ref rmer In 1 53 1 h e brought out his firs t work on the Erro rs of th e o Trinity , putting his real name on the title page . The w rk was c c a bitter atta k on the do trine of the Trinity, not with o ut a c and ertain dash and plausibility , but vague super fi i l o c a . It made a great stir . The ref rmers were univer B ucer c o sally indignant . de lared fr m the pulpit that the t writer deserved o be to rn limb fro m limb . The go vern The o c o o e . ment of Basle aused the b k to be seiz d auth r , ho s o c wever , soon publi hed an ther work in whi h he ex o r c no t o n plained away retra ted most of the first , as wr g, co c but as immature . This se nd work repeated the atta ks i s o . on the Trinity , and betrayed a wild and imp us panthei m o f co nsid It made little stir, and Servetus , despairing any erab le c o r su cess in Germany Switzerland, betook himself to France . was 1 o He in Paris in 534 both as profess r and student , c c c o re eiving instruction in medi ine , mathemati s and astr n m o . c fo r c c o y He be ame distinguished his a ute per epti n , o c Vivid imagination and great p wers of a quisition , and c o o o exuberan e in theories , s me ingeni us and w rthy , others ’ absurd . He conj ectured the mode of the blood s circula tion . His lectures on astronomy and mathematics were 80 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION .

mixtures of science and fancies . While his gifts of mind re and speech drew students to his rooms , his character ll as e ed . w p them He exacting, and arrogant , and self “ ” c f complacent . He be ame o fensive to the Parliament of c Paris , and they forbade him to tea h astrology or to predict c fo r from the stars . In onsequence he left Paris , resided 1 2 short periods at Lyons , Avignon and Charlieu . In 54 u hin he settled at Vienne in D p e . There he lived twelve o years under the name of Villanueva , conformed utwardly o c was to the R man Catholi Church , and in high repute as a physician . But he continued to busy himself in schemes for the reform of Christianity . He gave himself to the c c c study of Revelation , and on luded that the time was ome c to for a great struggle in the chur h , and that he was play a o big part in that struggle . He set f rth his multitudinous “ ” fanc ies in a new work called Restoration of Christianity . S tahelin c gives this ac ount of the teaching of the book , “ The fundamental principle of the Whole bo ok is the asser s tion of the one absolute and indivi ible God . It would be impo ssible to imagine any direct action of God upon the world ; he is separated from it by an immeasurable abyss . c The instruments which he uses , the links whi h unite the inﬁnite and the ﬁnite , are found in the world of thought . Every tho ught or idea must be contemplated as a perso nal o reality , having its rigin in the being of God , and itself an f c c image o his eternal essence . Perfe tly distin t and yet o not separate fr m God , these ideas animate matter , and

to . o o thus unite it God There are , theref re , three w rlds , o wn c o each of which has its separate existen e , alth ugh they

o — are all cl sely united one to the other God , ideas , and co things or beings . All beings are ntained in ideas , all ” ideas in God ; God is all things , and all things are God . Some modern apologists for Servetus attempt to deny that Servetus was a pantheist ; but their denial does not h “ . o can seem well founded The author w say, As the word

l in i u : t o ui nd o hn a v . 2 . uo ed n G o S . s a C Q t iz t L J , p 99 8 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION . 1

o d Go of G is essentially man , so the Spirit of d is essentially o f c the Spirit of man . By the power the resurre tion all the primitive elements of the body and spirit have been re o s co m newed , gloriﬁed and imm rtalized , and all the e are ’ municated to us by Christ in baptism and the Lord s Sup o o h per . The Holy Spirit is the breath fr m the m ut of

Christ ( John xx . As God breathes into man the so ul o with the air , so Christ breathes into his disciples the H ly The Spirit with the air . deity in the stone is the o o o cco stone , in gold it is g ld , in the wo d it is w od , a rding to the proper idea of things . In a mo re exc ellent way the ” deity in man is man , in the spirit it is spirit . We say the man who could talk so gave Jo hn Calvin go od ground for h c . calling him a pantheist, whi he did

In his anthropology Servetus was a Pelagian . He held to baptismal regeneratio n with the Roman Catholi c s ; but he rej ected infant baptism as an invention of the devil and c o o c c the se ond r t of all the orruptions of the chur h . 1 Calvin and Servetus had been in Paris together in 534 .

The antago nism broke out there . They were to meet in c o publi disputation , but Servetus failed to keep the app int c ment . Nevertheless , owing to his it h to come into rela so o tions with great a man as Calvin , Servetus wr te him 1 0 1 many letters between 54 and 546 . Calvin answered his was c o c c letters , but areful to av id the appearan e of intima y

. was c o with him He not hopeless of his onversi n , knowing ’ e the power of God s Spirit . This is shown in a lett r of his t 1 o c a o Frello n . But in the year 548 the corresp nden e p h pears to ave who lly c eased . In that year Calvin writes to “ o u c Viret , I suppose y have read the answer whi h I sent Servetus ; it was my wish to have nothing more to do with

c — c c c this in urably hard ne ked , hereti al man , and ertainly it ” ‘ was well to follow in this case the precept o f the apo stle . r c Servetus subsequently sent to Calvin , however , a opy

* R es 1 i h f l. . . 6 . 82 . uo ed n S c a : Vo t, Q t f VII , p 74 H nr i l i 2 : n 8 . e e o a v Vo l. . . 1 T y L f f C , II , p 82 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION . of the Institutes full of marginal notes in which he at c tacked the do ctrines the work ontained . “ c o b e The publi ation of his Restituti n of Christianity, I 2 1 o tween September , 55 , and January , 553 , with ut name o au of auth r or printer, but with the initial letters of the ’ ' — — c M . . thor s name and ountry at the end S . V Michael was o cc o Servetus , Villanueva , the asi n of a storm both at

o o e . Ly ns , a seat of Roman Catholic p w r , and at Geneva A refugee at Geneva twitted a Ro manist relative at Lyo ns with indifferenti s m on the part o f the Papal Church f c e s c es c c o Lyo ns to li n e . He instan ed and d ribed the ase e o r o f Servetus and his works . He ev n sent the first f u “ ” pages o f the Restitutio n of Christianity to pro ve what h Servetus ad done . The Catho li c autho rities at Lyons at o nce to o k the mat e to o ut o s ter in hand . S rvetus tried lie of the auth r hip ; To c o o to but thi s was impo s s ible . o many indi ati ns p inted ho s o f Servetus . The refugee w had sent the fir t leaves the ” “ t Restituti o n was appealed o . This man ( William de n o s c Trie ) a swered as foll w , When I wrote the letter whi h yo u co mmuni cate d to tho s e who were in it acc u s e d of in f c no t h o o e di feren e , I did think t at the matter w uld have g n S o e o to o u th e O far . My nly int nti n was let y see fine zeal and devo ti o n o f tho s e who c all themselves the pillars O f the c h c et o s c to ur h , and y all w u h evils exist among them , whil s t they har s hly pers ec ute po o r Christian s who desire c no thing mo re than to s e rve Go d in simpli ity . I f th e e o o was c o print d b k pla ed bef re him , he might deny it , but h e c annot deny his o wn writing . But I must co nfes s that I have had great difficulty in o btaini ng from M o nsieur Calvin that whi ch I send yo u ; no t that he is unwilli ng that such execrable blasphemy Sho uld be pun ished to c o no t , but that it seems him that , sin e he d es wield s o o f c d to co s the w rd j usti e , it is his uty nfute here y by s ound doctrine rather than to seek to extirpate it by any o ho s o ther met d ; but I have importuned him greatly , rep resenting that I s hould be charged with making reckless CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION . 83 a c ssertions unless he ome to my aid , that at length he has ” c o nsented to give up that whi ch I send you . The matter whi ch DeTrie thou ght so important were “ ” ’ c ertain pages of the In s titutes anno tated in Servetus o n - o o w hand writing , and certain aut graph letters fr m Ser vetus to Calvin in whi ch he maintained the very notio ns “ ” maintained in the Restitution . Servetus was utterly unable to defend himself against m s t c . o his new eviden e After so e pitiful tergiver ati n , he “ i s said to have burst into tears and uttered the mos t um “ e c xpe ted lie , denying that he was Servetus I will tell ” “ h — fi a o u e o . ve o y , said , the wh le truth Twenty years g w was o o c hen I in Germany , a b k by a ertain Servetus , a was h Spaniard , publis ed at Hagenau ; I do not know as whence he came . At that time I w in correspo ndence with Calvin ; he addressed me as Servetus on acco unt of the similarity of our views , and after that I assumed the ” c haracter of Servetus . 1 After this exhibition of himself severer measures were as undertaken against him . He w arrested and imprisoned ; but was aided apparently by the jailo r and o ther friends to

e c . 1 s ape His whereabouts between this date , April 5 , 553 ,

a nd y 1 . 1 Jul , 553 , are unknown Meanwhile , on the 7th of o o c June , his R man Cath li j udges had condemned him to be burnt alive o ver a slow ﬁre at the plac e of public execu o so o c to n ti n , that his b dy should be redu ed Ci ders as well a s his books . On the I 7th of July Servetus too k up his abode in a little ho s telrie o n o f the banks the Rhone , in Geneva , where he - l e . o c ingered for tw nty seven days To his h st , whose uri “ ” o s it as c y w greatly ex ited about him , he replied , No "I “ o f o am not married". There are plenty w men in the ” world without marrying . It seems probable that he had

* 8 uo i u t ui and o hn alvin . 0 0 ed n G o : S . o s Q t iz t L J C , pp 3 7, 3 , f o m R evu e des D eux M o ndes 18 8 r , 4 ,

H nr i l i 1 e : e o a v n . 18 0 . T y L f f C , pp 9 , 9 84 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION .

come to Geneva relying on the aid of the Libertines , who were j ust at this time gathering thems elves fo r another struggle with Calvin ; but Jo hn Calvin was more than a f r o ne c to match o both . He requested of the syndi s arrest c s was o o n 1 Servetus , and ac ordingly thi d ne the 3th of i

f rmal c o . 1 . a o August, 553 He provided prose ut r In a 8th 1 letter to Sulzer , dated September , 553 , Calvin says , “ Fo r do no t c I disguise it , that I onsidered it my duty to c c so c o put a he k , far as I ould , up n this most obstinate and o co o no t ung vernable man , that his ntagi n might spread ” f further . The ﬁrst examinati o n o Servetus too k place o n the 1 5th of August ; thence the trial dragged its slow c c length along for two months . The Little Coun il , whi h was the chief legislative and j udic ial organ of the little c c c o co n republi , before whi h the trial took pla e , was s on ’ in v ced of the substantial correctness of Calvin s charges . Calvin had really beco me the pro sec uto r after the opening of the trial ; but such Libertines as were members of the co c c un il did What they o uld to stay pro c eedings . On the l gth o f September the c o uncil determined to apply o fﬁcially s to the pastors and magi trates of the four cantons of Bern , c c ff the Zuri h , S ha hausen and Basle for their opinion of 8 . 1 c trial On the th of O tober their messengers returned , c bringing the answers . While autious , guarded and sor ro wful in tone , they Were unanimous in recommending c severity in dealing with the a cused . o n 26th c o c c At length, the of O t ber , the oun il passed a resolution co ndemning him to be burnt alive for his great o s err rs and bla phemies . During the trial Calvin had Shown great sternness and ’ horro r o f Servetus views and character ; but in vituperaé tive denunciation he was far surpassed by Servetus . H e had never conc ealed his feelings that the penalty ought to c c be apital , but he used all his endeavors to hange the manner of death from burning to so me milder form .

’ l in ett l a v 8 . s ers Vo . . . 2 C L , II , p 4

86 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION .

they were Lutherans , Reformed , or Papists , as the case c B ucer might be . Melan hthon , Martin , the Swiss reform c ers , without ex eption , living at the time , and Cranmer o approved of the executi n of Servetus , and many of them in so many wo rds . The o nly dissentient voices heard in the age were those - of a few free thinkers , whom fellow feeling made wondrous o kind . Tolerati n and liberty of religious belief came only after long ages of persecution and after persecution was seen to be utterly impotent to accomplish its end . Tolera tion and liberty of belief were involved in the Reformation ; but the germ developed Slowly . The world had been so long used to unio n of church and state . who Now , are we to blame Calvin , saw so much of truth , above all the wo rld because he saw not the truth on this " point Miserable pigmies "we survey the life of Calvin in the light of the torch which he alone held up and see c this one onsiderable failure of his and dec ry him . He can made Geneva a city set on a hill indeed . Men see clearly in her light . They have seen this relatively small blo tch on her great luminary ; they would persuade us that this luminary was a monster of darkness . Calvin was a man . He erred in this case as all the rest of Christendom

was . D erring oing so , he was still the greatest and best man in Christendom on the day he did it . Ernest Renan i s right when he says that Calvin succeeded in his work as “ refo rmer because he was the most Christian man of his ” age . He did here what he thought he ought to do for the f ’ honor o Go d s truth and the safety of his church .

’ al in t 2 . v D 3 C s ea h .

’ 1 Calvin s struggles were not over with 553 . The Liber

ff t . tines made some further , but feeble , e or s against him

1 . After 555 , however , he had peace in Geneva The ene

u in B un n r i in 0 o ed e e : e o alv . . Q t g L f f C , p 4 8 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION . 7

mies of the word and the church were cowed , if not anni hil ated . Thence for nine years he co ntinued his great

o . c c lab rs He wrote , he prea hed , he le tured , he attended the meetings o f the co nsistory and of the Venerable Co m

o . pany of Past rs He did this in spite of growing maladies , c o heada hes and dyspepsia , gravel and g ut , fever and c asthma . He arried on his Shoulder s the burdens o f R e c inﬁrmi formed Christendom , even after his own physi al c ties had redu ed him to a state o f the greatest exhau s tio n . c o n 6th He prea hed for the last time the of February , 1 564 ; he was carried to church and partoo k o f the co m muni o n for the last time on the 2 d of April ; he made his 2 th c last will and testament on the 5 of April , in whi h he ’ acknowledged his own unworthines s and his trust in Go d s free election o f grace and the ab o unding merits of Christ ; he was visited by the fo ur syndi c s and the who le Little c c 2 th s Coun il of the republi on the 7 of April , and addre sed h o o them as a father , thanking them for t eir dev ti n , begging o to pardon for his gusts of temper , and exh rting them pre serve in Geneva the pure d o ctrine and government of the go spel ; he made a similar address to all the ministers o f Geneva on the 28th and too k an affectionate leave of them ; he had these ministers to dine in his house on the 19th of c May , was himself arried to the table, ate a little with them and to co o tried nverse , but gr wing weary had to be taken “ to his chamber , leaving with the words , This wall will not e o u o hinder my b ing present with y in spirit , th ugh absent ” in body . Farel ( in his eightieth year) walked all the way to Geneva fro m Neuchatel to take leave o f the man who m h e c o had ompelled to work in Geneva , and whose gl rious c areer he had watched without th e least shado w o f envy . o c o With the preci us word of God , whi h he had d ne so c e mu h to make plain to his own and all subsequent ag s , in o n 2 th his heart and his tongue , he died on the 7 of May ,

1 564 . 88 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION .

’ 2 S o l in h r cteri i s 4 . me of Ca v s C a a s t c “

1 c . . Physi ally a man all bone and nerve He was of co medium height , dark mplexion , thin , pale , in feeble health . His best features were flaming eyes , a lofty fore a - his head , prominent nose , a well formed mouth ; but o c was cut o wh le fa e finely and indicative of res lution , pene r i n t at o and intelligence . h 2 . N o t wit out admiration for beauty in nature , though c s it is harged that he wa wanting in this trait . The four “ ” teenth o f chapter the first book of the Institutes , on

Creation , is full of admiration for the beauty of the uni verse . Calvin do es no t indeed go into laudations of the Alps ; it is a remarkable fact that one has to search far in the works o f his co ntempo raries for expressions of admira ’ as tion of these wonders of Euro pe . Calvin s life w so busy a s that e thetics ought to have been pushed aside . There was c fo r all the exercise of no bler faculties .

. c o c c 3 He loved poetry and musi , c uld ompose corre tly at c th e least , and gave ea h its proper place in worship of the Refo rmed Church . Luther is usually held in happy c o c ontrast to Calvin as a p et and musi ian , and so he may be ; but Calvin had real and j ust appreciatio n of these arts . f . was o ff c 4 Calvin a man warm and intense a e tions , o o c um th ugh reserved . He is ften misj udged as old and

o o c c c . em ti nal , as an intelle tual , logi al ma hine This is far f from true . The history o his do mestic life and his cor o c c o resp nden e with Melan hth n , Viret , Farel and many o o thers prove this gr ssly unj ust . His friendships were ff c o . intense , his a e ti ns passionate His onerous duties , his c deli ate health , his reserve of temperament modiﬁed the s expre sions of his regards ; but he felt intensely . His feelings were o ne of the big parts of him .

5 . A man of the greatest courage . He tells us that he was c o o onstituti nally timid . S he seems to have been ; but co c his urage always rose with the o ccasio n . In the presen e hi of the greatest dangers s very daring annihilated danger .

6 . ir ill . He was a man of on w . He was always resolute I CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMAT ON . 89

In exile or the ho nored moral head of Geneva alike this o as resoluti n w one of his marked traits . This explains his co urage . That was never insensibility to danger . It was the resolute doing of what he tho ught he ought in Spite of f the clearest perception o danger .

7 . He was a man of extrao rdinary intellectual powers accute o o s c observati n , retentive mem ry, con tru tive imagi the c c nation , great elaborative power , logi al fa ulty of an “ R Aristotle . He has been called the Aristo tle o f the e ” “ ” “ the th eo lo ian formation , g , and the Thomas Aquinas ” co o o of the Reformed Church , in nsiderati n of his p wers and achievements . We are amazed at his clearness and o pr fundity . Passing no w to his qualities as a Christian

— — i 8 . o no t c O The fear reverent and h ly , raven fear God and zeal for his glory was the do minant characteristi c of o Go d his life . He felt that he bel nged to God ; that had put him into this world to glorify himself in him , and that God would at onc e graciously help him meet his re s ponsi iliti him was b es and hold to account . His business to “ s I n glorify God . In the preface to the la t edition of his ” “ s titutes o wn he writes , I have the testimony of my con c fﬁc c science . that sin e I undertook the o e of tea her I have had no other obj ect in view than to pro ﬁt the church c by maintaining the pure do ctrine o f go dliness . Hen e the ” c c o maj esty of his haracter , of whi h the Genevese sp ke h and by whi ch t ey were so much impressed . He was de voted to Go d and conscio us of it . c His li fe was hid with Christ in Go d . No man ared less ff c o for the things of this life . N0 man had his a e tions m re o c c o set on things above . He l ved and pra ti ed apost lic “ c poverty . He ould say with Paul , We are poor , but make ” many ri ch . o 9 . He was a good hater of things evil . He is s metimes c o c o im harged with having been passi nate , ensori us and o f co c o f patient ntradi tions , and perhaps with a degree j ustic e ; but his passi o n was usually directed against moral 90 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION .

o c c f lly , against wi kedness , and so his ensoriousness and

— impatience of co ntradi ction not against mere stupidity . e was Ind ed , he remarkable for his patience and kindly Christian spirit in dealing with those who were weak as o rather than wicked . I f he w s metimes impatient of co to ntradiction , it is pertinent observe that the eagle might ’ be impatient of a snail s attempt to instruct him ho w to o no to c ﬂy . S me men have right expe t a patient hearing

e . o of th ir Opinions They have not thought en ugh , maybe o c o f c fr m la k diligence or Opportunity , maybe from la k of capacity .

10 . f Calvin was intolerant o error . S O every man should o be , and that , too , whether the err r be one of theory or f r practi c e ; o theo ry soo n expresses itself in life . We ought to be as into lerant of error as Calvin was ; but we o o c ought not to use s me weap ns against it whi h Calvin , under the inﬂuence of the spirit of his age , used .

1 1 . He was a man of catholic Spirit . Lutherans , Angli cans and Po lish Protestants were all really Christians to

f — h him . Presbyterians o to day are remarkable for cat o li i c t o f . y spirit They get it legitimately . Calvin was a big,

— broad man bigger than Luther . He undervalued no c c truth , but he ould make the distin tion between essential truths and truths of less impo rtance . 1 2 - . Calvin was the mo st father like man of the Reforma tion peri o d in his attitude toward Christendom . The as mighty and Splendid Luther w a big, warlike elder o o o o f br ther, bragging gl ri usly ever what he was ever “

o o o . to gl ri usly d ing Listen him as he begins his will , I o am well kn wn in heaven , on earth and in hell , and as he “ c s o o lose it, This wr te the n tary of God and the witness of ” Dr o e . his g spel , . Martin Luth r Calvin , though later born , co mes into the place o f earthly father to all Protestant o c Christendom ; he thinks for it , t ils for it , omforts it , c e fo r arries it through dang rs , ﬁghts it , but says little of o c — he his lab rs ex ept when attacked . He was the Paul , not

— f Luther o the Refo rmatio n perio d . John Calvin seems to have been the most Christlike man of his age . CHAPTER VI .

INFLUENCE OF JOHN CALVIN . N 2 . o t P er etuated b I m os in T mb 5 p y p g o . So Moses the servant of theLord died there in the land of Moab , according to the word of the Lord ; and he buried

in the o f o — him a valley in land M ab , over against Beth peor : no o A c but man knoweth of his sepulchre unt this day . ’ c cording to Calvin s inj un tion , that everything should be “ c c done after the ustomary fashion , the earth alone overed o f c he c his remains , and the nly of i ial epitaph re eived was th e co s that inscribed beside his name in nsistorial regi ter, “ ”

2 th . H o o n Went to God , Saturday the 7 w l g his dust was left undisturbed no man can say ; but his grave has f r been dug over again and again o more than two centuries . Toward the middle of our c entury a s mall black sto ne was set to mark the place where his remains were supposed to have been laid ; but there is no c ertainty that the spot has c e been orrectly identiﬁ d . “ ” B un ener e who Strangers , says g , have been s en are indignant at that small sto ne ; but o thers co ntemplate it with mo re emo tion than would have been called fo rth by a o o s o Splendid maus leum , even th ugh it unque ti nably pointed c o h out the spo t . Su h an aband nment of the peris able being c c h th e h o brings you fa e to fa e wit t inking, living , imm rtal being in another world— already immortal o n earth by the pro fo und and ineffaceable trac es whi ch Go d has gi ven him to Y o u c o leave upon it . ontemplate him in his w rk ; you fo llow him through three centuries whi ch have seen him so o s o f who mighty ver so many ouls , even those have been trained to hate him ; and there you understand how the city c reated in his image sho uld have felt no mo re than he did the need of marking o ut his last resting plac e . Cal 2 9 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION .

vin was going to carry on , when absent in the body, that o reign whi ch his genius and faith had f unded . Thus tho ught the Genevese and all those who already peo pled his o to o vast empire and all th se who were yet pe ple it , and death in causing the man to disappear did but exalt the ” reformer .

Calvin had his only worthy monument in his works , which speak o f a candor and manly honesty which never f c c c evaded a di fi ulty , and whi h revealed a learness , a thor o u hnes s co c g and a n iseness without a parallel , in those ” I nstitutes and o n immortal in those c mmentaries , i what he had taught and the church whi ch he had fashio ned . We can no c who name other man sin e the apostles , has ex erted b eneficent o n so great and an influence history , and that in so many directi o ns . He has specially helped educa

c o . tion , politi s , religi n and family life We will illustrate by a brief consideration of one or two of these lines of inﬂuence .

i I u 2 H nfl enc ivi Li r . 6 . s e o n C l and R eligio us be ty We shall not point to the historical proofs of this influ c ence . The most respe table writers on modern history, ’ c ch c influ irrespe tive of their s ools , tea h us that Calvin s enc e on civil and religious liberty has been vast . They tell us parti cularly that the c ivil and religio us liberty of the

D c o — ut h , the British and the N rth Americans of to day is the fruitage of Calvinistic teaching ; and they trace these c o f c o hannels inﬂuen e in no uncertain way . We prop se here to indi cate merely how Calvinisti c teaching must beget f the spirit o liberty bo th c ivil and religious . ’ o Calvin s form of church g vernment was the purest ,

o c c o o n . manliest , n blest type of hur h g vernment earth It was a high type o f representative government . It co uld no t fail to suggest the right of suffrage in those c itizens of c ivil go ve rnments who were po s s essed o f the proper c c c o f b hara ter and intelligen e , and the rule the state only y f c c he v c f o ﬁ ers so hosen by t free oi es o the citizens . As it

* i l i e o a v n . 8 . L f f C , pp 34 , 349

94 CALVIN AND THE GENEVAN REFORMATION .

and taught some glo rious truths with great clearness . Cal vin rounded out their teaching, gave it systematic form c b and permanen e . It may be seriously dou ted whether Protestantism wo uld have been more than a temporary phase in the history of Western Christendom without John ’ fo r Calvin s work . He built up it an impregnable fortress “ ” o f co truth in his Institutes and mmentaries , and by his discipline mo ulded the life by the appli cation thereto of the power of God . c c - a The Calvinisti chur hes in the world to day rem in , as was to Calvin , the great expounders of the gospel the world by word and life, and the steadying power for all Protes o h c the tant Christend m , without w i h rest of Protestantism

o no t . c c uld do its work They have been the tea hers and , within certain limits , the guides and the support of the whole Protestant world .

Th nclusio n 28 . e Co .

My fello w -students fo r the gospel ministry in Unio n s c Seminary , thi rough sket h of the Genevan Reformation and its great leader has been set befo re you not simply with o the ho pe o f i n fo rming yo ur mind s . We have h ped that by dwelling o n the character o f Calvin as God made him yo u might be led to fo llow him as he followed Christ ; c c that you might at h something of his great spirit , might ’ co me to ho no r Go d s wo rd as he ho no red it and to il for ’ o c c o fo r c Go d G d s hur h as he t iled it , ome to fear and him Go d o f alone as he feared ; might be led , by the example his o fo r o to assiduity in the years of preparati n his great w rk , c ultivate the same spirit of devo tion now and here in your selves . I warn you that the truth about such a man as Calvin canno t be bro ught to yo ur attention without yo ur thereby n Y o u o becoming respo sible for it . are under a m ral obli gatio n to use his great example as a means for your o wn

Spiritual as well as intellectual growth . I D X N E .

Am ux C a v n h ea 8 . o n . , , 5 l i , J

A na hem a . 22 t , 54 ; imp o ved A ugus tini ani sm r , A n o u em e 20 l , . 2 a v n sm o ad 2 Cal g 5 ; C l i i br , 7 ;

A ns e m 26 . v in in a an l , It ly d France under ’ A o sti 28 . th e nam e d Es eville 28 , p , , 29 ;

A u na h m a 2 — q i s , o s , 6, 89 . s e o d in eneva T ﬁr t p ri G , 3 3 37 ;

A s o e 8 . ac ca ends in ri t tl , 9 pr ti l Vi ew at thi s m A u us ne 2 2 . e 6 e g ti , 5 , 7 ti , 3 ; xil e f o m Genev a r , B u m l a e e e de a 2 . ca l to and e s den in , Pi rr , 9 3 7 ; l r i ce — B eaumo n A e de 0 . S as u 6 o es s o o f t, bb , 3 tr b rg , 37 4 ; pr f r B e n : A do ed R e o ma o n 0 heo lo he e and as o o f r pt f r ti , 3 ; t gy t r p t r cu s o m s o f in Geneva 6 hu ch o f h t , , 3 ; t e S an e s 8 C r tr g r , 3 ; n uence o f in Geneva 6 e o f d s c ne i ﬂ , , 3 , Vi w i ipli , 38 ; at co l lo uies o f an o o m s 37 , 45 q Fr kf rt , W r , d R n B erth eli e r 2 0 8 60 6 1 . an e e s e end , 9 , 3 , 5 , , g b rg , 39 ; fri B e a I s h s o m e d at h s m e z , 7, s, 34, 47 ip f r t i ti , 39 , 0 co u sh n Blan datra 66. 4 ; t ip a d m a i age , r rr ,

1 ff. f 0 66 . v e o a e 1 B o lse c , 6 , 4 , ; i w wi 0 ; , 5 , 55 3 f , 4 , 4 ’ an l B ni r an o s 2 . s e to S ado ets e e o v a d F , 9 w l tt , , r c i r r, 44 eca ed t n 6 B uce r 2 1 86 . o e ev a . . 37 , 77, 79 , 45 ; r ll G , 4 ; his e e a d B u n e 66 . cc s s ca an c v lli g r, l i ti l i il B un ener e uo ed o r re a o s 1 I 8 chu ch g , F lix , q t l b r , 54 47, 4 ; r I 6 6 o es a s hed 8 if dis fere rd to 8 1 6 , , 4 , p lity t bli , 4 , ; , , , 7 3 tinc tiv e nc e s o f his 86 1 2 . p i ipl 9 , 9 r ff u B u e I delette de 1 h er cha ch u ch o . s e r , 4 ; r r p lity , 49 , tr ggl ac e 1 2 h er dea h and its with the at i o ts and ibe t r, 4 , 4 ; t P r L r

f r c n e ff. n 2 . ne s o d s c o ns e u enc es to alv 6 , 6 ti i ip li , 57, ; q C i , 4 o s es his e 62 6 6 hn d v s o n s o f his l o wi , , 3 , 4 ; Cal vin Jo , i i i f , a o s and ach ev emen s 1 e 1 1 ela o n to th e R e fo r l b i t , 549 lif , ; r ti r 1 6 6 — 6 6 es o ns ens us m atio n 1 1 12 ; bi th and p a 5 4 , 4 ; writ C , , r Ti urinus o r Zu ch o nies en a e 1 1 e duc a o n h g , ri C t g , 4 ; ti wit r , 3 t v a s o n 66 ff co n o ve s h family o f Mo mmo r and a i , , ; tr r y wit S e ve us 8 ff am e in co n rio ns co ll eg es an d u nivers iti es r t , 7 , ; bl nv e s o n 1 16 nec tio n with th e death o f S er 1 1 16 ; c o i , 5 , , 4 , 5 , r ff dea h o f 86 e us 8 . n u e 16 1 v t , ; t , , v e , 4 firs t literary t r , , 7 ; influ ~ f cha ac e s cs 88 ff. ; d eterminatio n to th e s erv i ce o r t ri ti , , ua ed 1 2 1 8 ea ence h o w p e p et t , 9 , 9 ; h s an 1 , r C i ti it , ; b k r y, 7 r n re h R o m e 1 ande n his i nfl uenc e o n c iv il a d wit , 9 ; w ri g 2 co ns erv in ance 1 2 1 li io u s libe ty , 9 , 93 ; ev angeli s t Fr , 9 , ; g r — f a v n s m o duce s ns u e s 2 1 28 ; in p o w e o C l i i , 93 , pr i tit t , g r

ca . Calv ini s ti c theo l o gy , bibli l 94 6 X 9 INDE .

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