Custos Hughes T. II. Pear

Vol. 58 No. 4 APRIL 1953 Threepence

Notes of the Month Custos

Stalin

South Place Concerts Rosemary Hughes

Church and State S. K. Ratcliffe

The Left Tradition Archibald Robertson

The Functions and Duties of a Psychologist Today T. II. Pear

Conway Discussion Circle Book Reviews

South Place News Society's Activities • SOUTH PLACE ETHICAL• SOCIETY SUNDAY MORNING MEETINGS AT ELEVEN O'CLOCK

April 5—EASTER. CLOSED.

April I2—S. K. RATCLIFEE—"The Brontb Story" Violin and Piano Solo by MARGOT MAGG1BBON and FREDERIC JACKSON Sonatina in A minor, Op. 137, No. 2 .. .. Schubert . Hymn: No. 22

April 19—ARCIIIBALD ROBERTSON, M.A.—"Can We Love Our Enemies?"

Soprano Solos by STELLA LEON Is Aria from "Allegro" .. Handel Wind's \Volt Artlutr Benjandn Hymn: No 25.

April 26—JOSEPH McCABE—"Forecasts of the Future" Bass Solos by G. C. DOW MAN Sweet chance that led my steps abroad .. .. Michael Head Silent worship .. Mudd Hymn: No. 103

QUESTIONS AFTER THE LECTURE

Admission FMe Collection

SOUTH PLACE SUNDAY CONCERTS. 62nd SEASON Concerts 6.30 p.m. (Doors open 6 p.m.) Admission Is.

April 5—NO CONCERT.

April 12—ALEI`H STRING QUARTET. LEONARD CASSINI. Haydn in F, Op. 3, No. 5, "Serenade"; Bartok No. 4 String Quartets Dvorak Piano Quintet.

April 19—RONTGEN STRING QUARTET. Mozart in A. K.464; Fijper No. 4; Beethoven in A minor, Op. 132. In association with the Arts Council

April 26—MUSICIANS' BENEVOLENT FUND CONCERT. PETER GIBBS STRING QUARTET. Mozart in G. K.387; Schubert in A minor ; Beethoven in E flat, Op. 74.

Officers Hon. Treasurer: E. J. FAIRHALL Hon. Registrar: hies. T. C. LANDSAT Conway Hall, Red Lion Square, W.C.1 Secretary: DEC IOR I IAWTON

The Monthly Record is posted free to Members and Associates. The annual charge - -to- subscribers .is 4s.... 6d...Matter...for..publication. in the May issue ould reach the Editor, G. C. Dowman, Conway Hall. Red Lion Square, W.C.1 by • April 10.

The Objects of the. Society are the study and dissemination of ethical principles and the cultivation of a rational religious sentiment. Any person in sympathy with these objects is cordially invited to become a Member . (minimum annual subscription is 10s.), or Msociate (minimum annual subscription 5s.). Associates are not eligible to vote or hold office. Enquiries should be made of the Registrar to whom subScriptions should be paid. The MONTHLY RECORD

Vol. 58 No. 4 APRIL 1953 Threepence

CONTENTS

PAGE

NOTES OF I HE MONTH, Custos . 3 STALIN 6 SOUTH PLACE—A HOME OP CHAMBER MUSIC, Rosemary Hughes .. 7 CHURCH AND STATE, S. K. Ratcliffe 11 THE LEFT TRADITION, Archibald Robertson .. 13 THE FUNCTIONS AND DUTIES OE A PSYCHOLOGIST TODAY, T. H. Pear 15 CONWAY DISCUSSION CIRCLE 16 BOOK REvIEWi • .. S SOUTH l'I.ACE NEWS 20 SOCIETY'S ACT-PITIES 22

The views expressed in thls journal are not necessarily those of the Society.

Notes of the Month

In the absence of a full memoir of i. A. Hobson, the most valuable tribute to this distinguished South Place lecturer was paid by Mr. H. N. Brailsford six years ago. It was in the series of Hobson's memorial lectures, ten of which appear in a volume published by the Oxford University Press. Mr. Brailsford, writing as a long-time colleague, makes a masterly analysis of Hobson's original contribution to economic thought, follows him in the wide range of his work, and presents the man himself in his warm personal traits. His mind was never at rest; "there was no limit to his disciplined curiosity." Hobson, he recalls, was first of all a creative critic, a rationalist and humanist, bringing a courageous mind to the problems of government, of wealth and welfare. He held economics to be the science of welfare. From the time of his first book he was looked upon as a heretic, mainly because of his conviction, which he never abandoned, that capit4lism involved ruinous combination of over-saving, by the privileged classes, and under-consumption by the multitude, and that the "classical" 3 economists had erected a defensive outwork of the system. Many years had to pass before he began to make important converts. Mr. Brailsford reminds us that Hobson's Imperialism (1902) takes rank with the most influential books of the half-century. It contained an impressive forecast of the wars and of the efforts, since 1919, towards the building of world security.

The Finaly Case • Kidnapping is not entirely restricted to the other side of the Iron Curtain, as the Finaly orphans case shows. Two Jewish children were placed in the care of Mlle. Brun during the war. They were baptised and educated as Catholics; and when, subsequently, relatives in Palestine traced them, and sought their return, it is alleged that Mlle. Brun made out false identity cards with the connivance of various Catholic boarding schools to which they were sent. Lastly, to defeat the court order that the children should be restored to the surviving members of their father's family, they were smuggled across the Basque frontier into Spain. Anti-clerical opinion in France is naturally indignant; and Catholics arc perturbed by the arrest of six priests, two Mother Superiors, and three lay persons. The Cardinal Arch- bishop of Lyons, Primate of the Gauls, has solemnly called upon anyone possessing knowledge about the whereabouts of the orphans to give it to the police. The Spanish Government (as might be expected) disclaims all official knowledge and has so far taken no steps to discover where the children are now concealed. And despite the Archbishop's appeal, there is a tendency to treat the arrested nuns and priests as martyrs. • The Ethics of Ahduction As everyone knows, the Catholic Church believes that children baptised into its communion come under its jurisdiction. In the days of the Inqui- sition Jews who had been baptised were liable to receive the extreme penalty if they were found guilty of apostasy or heresy; whereas, obviously, an un- baptised person, not being a Christian, cannot be either an apostate or a heretic. According to the Dictionary of Canon Law (Vol. 11, col. 141) Bene- dict XIV declared that a newly baptised child should be taken from non- Christian parents so as to be brought up in the correct faith. The dictionary describes this separation as "absolutely indispensable ... the Church, too, is a mother—She cannot leave the baptised exposed to the danger of apostasy." The famous Mortara case, in which Pius IX ordered that a child secretly

baptised should be taken from its parents — this, in fact, being done — is mentioned with approval. In the Finaly case attempts are being made on these lines to justify the abduction. There is, of course, no doubt that Mlle. Brun, who once saved the children's lives, is now sincerely concerned to save their souls. The documents made public by the Finaly family's lawyer, Maitre Lambert, show that Mlle. Brun had obstructed the efforts of the children's relatives to recover them from 1945 onwards by every means in her power, and that she was fully aware of the desire of the family to bring them up in the Jewish religion when she had them baptised in 1948. But it would be a mistake to think that this disquieting affair has sprung merely from the obstinacy and fanaticism of a few honest but misguided individuals. Their attitude has the powerful sanction of Catholic casuists and sharply focuses the arrogant pretensions of Rome. The question is being handled at the highest level—M. Bidault has discussed it with the Pope. But it is not easy to see how the children can be recovered from the Spanish convent in which thcy are presumably hidden, or what the distracted judiciary will do about priests and nuns who would rather go to prison than allow the orphans to revert to the faith of their parents. 4 Persecution of Protestants At a time when the Catholic Press everywhere is in full cry against alleged religious persecutions in -.I tigoslavia the curious case of Pastor Caliandro exposes the hollowness of the Catholic championship of tolerance. Caliandro ran an evangelical institute near Naples for lapsed priests. He is a United States citizen, and because of his activities he has been ordered to leave Italy. He has asserted that any one moment about 10 per cent, or about 6,000 Italian priests and friars, can be considered as lapsed. All his life he has been interested in the fate of such people, and at his institute he gave a two- years' course to enable them to readjust their lives. Catholic Action has stirred up a fanaticism on this issue that is never far below the surface of the Italian scene. According to its daily paper Quotidiana, "the Protestant penetration in Italy can only be countered by a wider and deeper Christian teaching"—the implication being that Protestants do not give Christian teaching. It demands that the Government should take action against Protestants in Italy. gThe presumption that Italy can be evangelised offends Italian Catholics. The Government should know this, and if this unpopular truth causes the non-fanatical to twitch their noses, let them stuff their nostrils with Liberal-Democratic cotton waste." It is not a big step from religious to secular totalitarianism, and we have been warned.

Prayers in Russia The most surprising part of the demonstration at the death of Stalin was not the day and night march of the multitudes past the coffin, but the flock- ing of the multitude to prayer. It is fair to assume that the massive display in the Red Square was in some degree due to •Party loyalty and discipline, but there would seem to be only one explanation of the people's return to the practice of public prayer. It was clearly spontaneous, a resurgence of traditional impulse, a simple response of popular emotion in an hour of overwhelming national tension. The Tsar as Little Father was a folk-symbol making a universal appeal. His place in the heart Of the people had been taken by Comrade Stalin. It is a natural inference that his passing would evoke an unbounded expression of grief and awe, and such expression could flow only in the oldest of all familiar channels. Even so, however, the spec- tacle was strange as well as significant, since the formal exercises of religion had been banned during a full generation. And particularly interesting because Authority would appear to have been more than merely.tolerant of the gatherings and their purpose.

Concentration Camps The International Commission against Concentration Camps is an ad- mirable organisation formed by ex-internees with the object of opposing by every possible means the establishment of anything resembling the• Nazi camps. All political parties are represented except Communists. A report is being prepared on conditions in Russia, and three reports have just been issued on Spain. Greece and Tunisia. They contain no surprises and should check some exaggerations. One of the most disagreeable items is the preval- ence of brutality during interrogation. This is particularly noticeable in Spain, where seventeen prisons and five labour camps were visited. There was considerable evidence in Tunisia that the police had beaten-up prisoners in order to extract confessions. Indeed the widespread use of so-called "third-degree' methods—which at times amount to sheer torture—is an ugly legacy of a decade of "extreme situations" and is producing a literature of its own. The characteristics of the system of concentration camps within the terms of the Commission's reference are: (I) There is arbitrary deten- tion without any legal judgment. (2) Those thus detained are exploited as a 5 labour force. (3) There is no guarantee against inhuman treatment to those detained. These three evils have not afflicted this country, but unless we are vigilant they could easily become established in territories over which we have jurisdiction.

Stalin

JOSEPH STALIN was the most powerful man in the world. It could, indeed, be argued that in the whole of recorded history there has been no one to approach him in personal force, and, manifestly, no ruler of the past could approach him in range of authority. Until our own century the conditions did not exist to make possible the emergence of a ruler with power over a vast continental domain and its diverse peoples. The conquerors of the ancient world were not dictators in this sense. Even a supreme genius such as Julius Caesar could not be other than local and insecure. His enemies were ever-ready, the assassins were at hand. Moreover, throughout the fourteen centuries between the fall of Rome and the brief glory of Napoleon the greatest monarch appears, in the perspective of history, as no more than "a transient embarrassed phantom-. However commanding his mind and will, his scope was rigidly limited. There cannot be absolute power without swift communications and centralised conrol. The complete autocrat is a modern phenomenon. Stalin's twenty-five years of unchallenged leadership in the Soviet Union make an epoch for which there is no parallel. We may look upon this Georgian son of the soil as a singular favourite of fortune. He was not marked out to succeed Lenin, whose term of power was barely seven years. Stalin and Trotsky were predestined enemies. When the issue between them was decided, Trotsky could only denounce Stalin as the betrayer of the revolution. Yet, in the light of the past quarter-century, we may well wonder what would have been the fate of Russia if the headship of the State had fallen to the brilliant Jewish intellectual whose services to the Soviet Union have since been expunged from the official record. Stalin's implacable purpose is usually described as making the sharpest contrast to the genius of Lenin. Actually their methods )vere complementary, Stalin being enabled to hold his place and to carry out the large-scale plans of the Kremlin with a thoroughness not equalled in the case of any other revolutionary ruler. The implementing of that tremendous programme demanded a systematic ruthlessness in which tolerance and mercy could have no part. The maxim that revolutions always destroy their children was never more strikingly justified. One after another the Old Bolsheviks were removed, and Stalin was. surrounded by men whose central interest was the upholding of his position. This is one marvel of the Soviet system. A greater one still was the building-up of Comrade Stalin as the beloved friend and protector, the infallible guide, the demigod adored by multitudes of Russians in Europe and Asia. Here is an example of deification going far beyond the Roman invention of a divine Emperor. The resources of propaganda were exploited to the uttermost. Radio and Press co-operated for the establishment of the legend; the leadeCs portrait was everywhere. The process of myth-making is familiar and universal, but in this instance, as we might have expected, the technique was purely Russian, for while the leader's name and face was ubiquitous, his privacy was respected. This form of worship is, of course, worlds away from Hitler showmanship. Stalin remained the prisoner of the Kremlin. , His passing was long expected and prepared for. Hence the worldwide speculation. concerning the succession was without point. Stalin's choice was plmnly,.indicated, at the Party Congress five, months before ,his death. Why,. 6 then, assume that the all-important question had not been settled in advance? The opening moves of the new AdministratiOn have seemed to imply at any rate one thing, namely, that the main lines to be followed by Malenkov and his colleagues are not to be deduced from the manoeuvres and decisions of Stalin's closing stage. The new men will make their own policies. But what of the succession in idea and symbol? Marx-Lenin-Stalin have made a trinity, with the third person becoming higher than the other two. It will be a question of extraordinary interest, whether the legend of inspired leadership can be maintained in its present form; and if so, whether the mystic power of Joseph Stalin can be preserved and transmitted.

We have the kind permission of the author and the Editor of the Musical Times to reprint the following article by Rosemary Hughes, which appeared in the February issue of that paper. Rosemary Hughes is musical corres- pondent of the Tablel, and author of Haydn ("Master Musician" series). South Place—A Home of Chamber Music B Y ROSEMARY HUGHES

ONE OF the strangest things in the history of musical taste is the way in which chamber music, in the act of emerging from the intimacy of the home on to the concert platform, ceased to be a pure recreation and came to be looked on as something formidable and recondite. In the nineteenth century, as a concert-going middle class increasingly took the place of the aristocratic patron, the great classics of orchestral music were brought to a wider range of music-lovers than ever before. But—Tin England at least—chamber music remained obstinately an affair of the elite, and the term "popular", as applied to the famous series of chamber concerts at St. James's Hall. was a complete misnomer; indeed, many who would cheer- fully have gone to hear August Manns conduct the Crystal Palace Orchestra sat in the Savoy Theatre and chuckled with delighted sympathy to hear Gilbert's Mikado condemn the music-hall singer to a diet of : . . . Bach, interwoven With Spohr and Beethoven At classical Monday "Pops". That was in 1885. Two years later, a square, unromantic chapel in outlying Finsbury saw the birth of an enterprise destined to bring the best in chamber music to the ears of thousands who would never have gone near a West End recital hall. This enterprise was the South Place Sunday Concerts. South Place Chapel itself—originally Unitarian, but by then independent —was already an institution. Earlier in the century W. J. Fox, the great liberal theologian and preacher, had brought it fame, and the gifted .sisters Eliza and Sarah Flower, romantically adored by Browning in his im- pressionable youth, had lent the distinction of good music to its services. Later its minister •was an American and a disciple of Emerson, Moncure Conway, whose daughter Mildred was a concert pianist. It was under. him that music, allied to a mode of worship increasingly divorced from dogma, continued to pervade South Place, until in 1888 its congregation became the South Place Ethical Society, dedicated to "the study and dissemination of ethical principles and the cultivation of a ratienal religious sentiment". The, launching of Sunday concerts was the natural expression of .such a 7 tradition and outlook, according to which good music was more uplifting to the human spirit than the more orthodox modes of Sunday observanCe. Concerts had •in fact already been given at South Place Chapel for some years, sponsored by the People's Concert Society, an organisation started in 1878 by a group of "society''• people who, with true Victorian altruism, wished to share their own delight in good music with the labouring masses. When that body had to beeak off its work in Finsbury for lack of funds, a group of musical enthusiasts in the South Place congregation, led by a young man named Alfred J. Clements, himself an amateur violinist, resolved that the smoking flax should not be quenched. Forming a committee, they decided to carry on, and their first concert was given on February 20, 1887. It was indeed a formidable undertaking—to attract, and keep, a new. and untrained musical public, and to depend on their support through the collection plate (for admission was free); and all this was in the face of opposition from those quarters in which music as a Sunday recreation was still looked on with disfavour. But Alfred J. Clements, who for fifty years. as organiser and honorary secretary of the South Place Sunday Concert Society, was the architect of the programmes and the soul of the enterprise, possessed that rarest of attributes—idealism tempered by practical sagacity. His standards were uncompromisinely high. Each programme was to begin and end with a major work—not for him the expedient, adopted occasionally by the People's Concert Society, of interspersing songs and ballads between the movements of a string quartet. Thus his first programme opened boldly with Mozart's string quartet in D minor, and ended with Mendelssohn's early quartet in E flat, Op. 12. But he knew that unpractised listeners need variety and relaxation, and so. between these major items, came vocal and instrumental solos—a Handel violin sonato. the Adagio from a cello con- certo by Goltermann, songs by Sullivan, Stanford and Brahms (these last presaging the great work that the concerts were to achieve for Brahms, for contemporary composers in general and for British composers in particular. in the years to come). Descriptive notes—for many years a feature of Ihe programmes—were provided, and the words of the songs were printed in full; for Clements was a printer by profession, and the programmes were his creation in every sense of the word. Clements's policy of "Begin as you mean fo go on- was justified by the event. People who were supposed to care only for music-hall songs came, and stayed, and came back for more, attracted to a staple diet of Haydn and Mozart, Beethoven, Mendelssohn, Schumann and the still contemporary Brahms. Already at the end of the second season, in April 1888, the Pall Mall Gazette reported that: "last Sunday a quartet by Brahms, which occupied forty minutes in performance, was listened to with unabated interest, although many of the audience were compelled to stand throughout the concert.... The South Place evening audience sets an example of silent attention which might well be followed by some St. James's audiences. It is also worthy of note that a considerable proportion of these audiences are regular attendants, and as a result of the musical education received at these concerts are now keenly appreciative of excellence in the performance of any work, and manifest an enthusiastic and discriminating approval thereof." By the end of the century the concerts were an established institution, and another contemporary report, in the Daily Graphic of December P, 1898, sums up the situation: "There are three door's to the South Place Chapel in Finsbury Square, and five minutes before the doors are opened on Sunday night there is a queue of people %:vaiting to go in at each with an anxiety which is more often associated with the pit door of a popular theatre than with 8 a place of worship... . Glancing at one corner of the hall you would say that the visitors came from round about Finsbury—the small trades- people about Bishopsgate Street, the better class of Houndsdifch and Shoreditch and Spitalfields beyond—and another corner would present you a group of the young men and women who ordinarily are seen 'walking out in a rather aimless fashion through the Sunday evening' streets. But the bulk of the audience strikes you as suburban, the rather palefaced people who attend evening lectures, and very seldom miss going to chapel on Sunday mornings.. „. It is evident ... that they do not listen so intelligently and patiently to music which is very good music, because of any polite affectation of culture.:They listen to the Kreutzer Sonata for the same reason that they come to the concert. It is because they like it.... Entrance is free, but programmes are a penny each, and very good value for the money. . . There are bowls at, the door to which those who come to the concert are expected to contribute their coppers as they leave it. Sometimes they do, and sometimes they do not. . . . But the concerts have to be self-supporting, and so, when a little deficit has crept up. Mr. Clements goes on to the platform, makes a little speech to the effect that they can only go on so long as the audience support them—and sends round the plate.". That Clements was thus able to carry his audience with him was due, in great measure, to his inspired programme-building. The idea of concerts devoted to a single composer—later adopted at the "Proms"—was one of his earliest experiments; Mozart, the centenary of whose death fell in 1891, was the first to be chosen, and in the following season a similar "special" was given each month, the Schumann concert in this series following a lecture given in the afternoon by E. F. Jacques, then editor of the Musical Times. "National" programmes—Scandinavian, Russian, Slavonic—were always an attraction. Contemporary music held no terrors for Clements or for South Place audiences, from fhe days of Brahms and Dvorak in the 'nineties to the pioneer work done for Bloch in the nineteen-thirties by the youthful Griller Quartet and the post-war series of Bartók. English music in its slow "second spring" was to reap the benefit of all this experi- mental work, as South Place listeners were made familiar with the works Parry and Stanford, Holbrooke and Ernest Walker, Elgar and Ethel Smyth, and, after the First World War, of Vaughan Williams, Ireland, Bax, Bridge, Moeran and Howells. When, in February 1924, an address was presented to Alfred J. Clements, Herbert Howells thanked him in the name of all the young British composers to whom he had given a regular hearing, and added that it was at South Place that he himself had learned his' chamber music. Clements's genius for human contacts, moreover, coupled with the delight of playing to an audience to whom music meant more than personali- ties, attracted the finest artists of succeeding generations to South Place. Some became permanent fixtures: such were John Saunders, the great quartet leader who first introduced South Place audiences to the late quartets of Beethoven; Richard H. Walthew, whose association with South Place, as pianist, composer, programme annotator, lecturer, and conductor of the amateur South Place Orchestra, was to last for fifty-four years; and those unforgettable singers Gervase Elwes and Harry Plunket Greene. Well- known figures appear. in unfamiliar roles—Mr. Henry J. Wood and the young Mr. Hamilton Harty as pianists in the nineteen hundreds, and a cer- taM Giovanni Barbirolli in 1921 as cellist of the Kutcher Quartet. Young artists have always found a. welcome at South Place, and Marie , Wilson, 9 Gwen Catley, 'Zara Nelsova, Ethel Bartlett and Rae Robertson, and the Griller Quartet (who played at South Place six times during their first two seasons of corporate life) are among the many who owe to Alfred, J. Clements 'their earliest opportunities of public performance. 'Clements's work received due recognition in the award of the Cobbett Medal of the Worshipful Company of .Musicians for services to chamber music, in 1926. The thousandth concert of the series was something of an apotheosis. By a very happy coincidence—and some careful management— it took place on February 20, 1927, the fortieth anniversary of the first concert of all. One artist after another who had been associated with the concerts claimed the privilege of appearing, and the programme assumed heroic proportions. There were Ethel Hobday and Albert Sammons in Brahm's D minor Violin Sonata, songs by Plunket Greene and Helen •Henschel, the Spencer Dyke Quartet playing Haydn and then joined by Clements himself in Walthew's Fantasy Quintet; then Walthew and Mildred Conway Sawyer as solo pianists, and Carelli's "La Folia-, played by Sydney Bowman; and finally Jessie Grimson and Charles Woodhouse, old South Place stalwarts of some thirty years' standing. led their respective teams in a performance of Mendelssohn's Octet. Eleven years later, in January 1938, Alfred J. Clements died, in his eightieth year:But the prize founded in his memory for a chamber music composition, which in recent years has brought to the fore such names as ,Bernard Stevens, P. Racine Fricker, William Wordsworth, Doreen Car- withen,,and lain Hamilton, perpetuates his name, and the concerts themselves remain as a living memorial. Clements himself saw the passing of the old South Place Chapel. Indeed, the thousandth concert was one of the lastto be held there, for the "dismal, ugly old building near Finsbury Circus- was sold in 1927 and subsequently 'pulled down. Two years later, the Conway 'Hall in Red Lion Square, the new home of the South Place Ethical, Society, opened its doors to the faithful concert audiences (exiled during the intervening two years at the City of London School); and here the concerts continue, Sunday by Sunday, yearly from October to April. Today the collection plate has been replaced by tickets at the absurdly small charge of a shilling. Maintenance on this basis would, of course, be impossible but for a modest grant from the Arts Council and the provision of, the hall free of charge by the South Place Ethical Society. The Society attaches no conditions to its generosity, but leaves the concert committee an entirely free hand; the present honorary secretary is Mr. George Hutchinson. who succeeded Mrs. Clements in the work she had shared with her husband and carried on at his death. Their programmes still reflect the Clements tradition of meticulous record-keeping (the number of times a work . has been played at the concerts is invariably stated) and of purposeful plan- ning. Each season has its special feature. This season, for the second time since 1945,,all six Barttik quartets are being played; three of them are still to cOme—on March 22 and 29 and April 12. The season's programmes have also given us "the Ten- quartets of Mozart, and a Beethoven series, with the five late quartets remaining to be heard during March and April, It was in this current season that the Aeolian Quartet came to play a programme of Mozart, Beethoven and Smetana. The hall—as usual—was packed. 'In the entrance the bookstall, manned by faithful volunteers, was doine a

. brisk traffic in Miniature scores. EVen the standing mem was full, with an engaged couple near the back taking it in turn to perch on an up-ended suitcase. Young people were in the majority—many of them students. But 'in the gallery an elderly man sat with half-shut eYes and the reminiscent smite 'of the old stager; and half way down the hall. father and grown-up daughter. a full-sized score open across their knees, met each other's glance now and then with the shared contentment of expectation •aroused and satisfied. It 10 is a triumphant achievement of the South Place concerts that to such audiences, for over sixty years, chamber music has ceased to be an alarming intellectual exercise and has become, once more, "the muic of friends-.

Church and State

B Y

S. K. RATCLIF.FE

THIS subject is not, as some may think, remote from our present concerns. The policy of the totalitarian governments brought it once again into the forefront. Soviet Russia is, of necessity, lost to all religion. In Germany the Nazi leaders set out to destroy the Lutheran Church. Marshal Tito is under attack because of his. attitude to the Church. In our own country we are again witnessing a striking display of the Established Church, for in a Coronation year, as on all occasions of national festival or mourning, the Church of England steps in and takes command. Moreover, the Church and its happenings make news continually—as, for instance, whenever the case of the Dean of Canterbury comes up for discussion. The more responsible advocates of the Church Establishment have no difficulty in making out an historical defence. It iS all the easier nowadays because the old Liberal demand for Disestablishment is no longer heaid and the Labour Party is not interested. For example: the Archbishop of Canter- bury argues that the State Church is our most ancient institution, far older than Parliament, and therefore it is the most ithpressive symbol of our un- broken national tradition. He makes the claini that since the Reformation it has stood for tolerance and reasonableness, and should be capable of readjustment to modern needs; and he expresses the view that, if Parliament were to disestablish and disenvow the Church of England, the Communist world would cite the decision as proof that England had gone over completely to the policy of the secular State. The integral relation of Church and State is coeval with organised society. In the ancient world the worship of the gods was inseparable from authority and the social order. Old Testament history is a stormy chronicle of theocracy. The trial and death of Socrates make a perfect illustration. Socrates was indicted as a subversive influence—that is, in current parlance. for un-Athenian activities, and his Apology stands as the earliest classic statement of the supremacy of law. -Rome before Constantine carried the unity of government and religion to the extreme in the dogma of the deified Emperor—all the more outrageous when we remember what most of the Caesars were like. The Roman Church through the Middle Ages is un- imaginable without the towering claims of the Papacy. The struggle between Pope and Emperor fills the centuries. There could be no event more signifi: cant than the formal submission of the Emperor, under the pressure of ex- communication, although the Pope's victory in this humiliating encounter could not be maintained against the rising power of the northern European States. The Reformers of the sixteenth century were in no sense opponents of the State-Church relationship. Calvin at Geneva provides the capital example of Protestant tyrrany. In England the Reformation was inevitably political. A powerful monarchy and national independence were fatal to the rule of the Pope, and the monarch as head of the Church followed as a matter of course, together with the Elizabethan settlement and the Acts of Uniformity. The restoration ,Of Charles II was a thorough-going victory for the Church of England. For nearly 200 years thereafter both.Catholics and 11 Noncomformists had to endure civil disabilities, with the Church of England in control of municipal affairs and the schools. In his plea for the maintenance of the Establishment the present Archbishop claims that tolerance has been a leading Church of England principle. But to argue this is to ignore the long record of Church arrogance, the ill-treatment of Dissenters, especially in villages and small towns, and in the rural parishes the too-often offensive alliance of 'parson and squire. The Test Act by which Noncom- formists were deprived of their civil rights was not repealed until 1828. It is good to recall that in the last stage of the azitation for that long-delayed reform W. J. Fox and South Place were prominent. The Church of England has had to pay a heavy and continuous price for the privileges of Establishment. The system, by the way, is a mystery to the vast majority of the British people: could one in twenty give a description of its main provisions? The Crown appoints the Bishops, but the State has no responsibility for the maintenance of cathedrals and parish churches or for the stiriends of the clergy. The only facts in this connection of which the general public is aware are these: that the Church of England cannot take a single step in the direction of self-government without the approval of Parliament: that it may' not,imake the smallest alteration in the Book of Common Prayer without, that approval, and that, somewhat ironically, a Church of England clergyman enjoys a security of tenure that. may well seem enviable to professional men in other lines of work. The security is illustrated strikingly by the "Red Dean-, and absurdly by the Cornish vicar who, keeping up an obstinate dispute with his flock, read the service regularly for twenty years in an empty church. This and other ludicrous instances ser've to underline a label supplied half-a-century ago by Scott-Holland of St. Paul's. He called the Church of Engand "a dear funny.old thing". The debates on the Revised Praver Book in 1928 were significant, for they proved that proposed changes that had the strongest backing from the Bishops and the Church Assembly had no chance in the House of Commons, particularly if they were open to attack on the ground of incipient Roman- ism. Some prominent Churchmen who favoured the "deposited"• book are known to have welcomed defeat because, they argue,. success in Parliament might well have erected a stubborn barrier against more serious liturgical reform, long overdue. But in any case how is such reforin to come about? The Creeds are again matters of discussion, since a few Churchmen are pro- testing against their retention as the test of Church of Englandmembership. We know that they will not be touched, and that no. Bishop or group bf reformers within the fold will dare to lay a hand on the 39 Articles, whereas non-Churchmen are unable to understand how any intelligent man can bring himself to subscribe them. Meanwhile, it is illegal for an incum- bent to depart from the Liturgy or to make use of any forms in the rejected book : although many of them are virtually compelled to read the modified marriage service, because young people refuse to make their vows under the old form of words. The situation of the National Church and its outlook are accord- ingly most peculiar. As an institution the Church• of England is not in danger. No Party leader would dream of touching the Establishment, while there cannot be any effective reform coming from within. The situation as regards doctrine makes a decided contrast to that of the Victorian age when the liberal theologians were active, and admired by a large public outside. Today, when presumably latitudinarian views are more widespread among Churchmen than ever before, the retiring Bishop of Birmingham is the only prelate who has dared to publish a radical exposition of Christian origins. Recent surveys indicate the continued decline of the Church of England, as of the Noncomformist bodies, judged by both church attendance and :the influence of the clergy, and the serious financial condition is avowed in the 12 frankest terms. A strenuous campaign, we are informed, has made possible the establishment of minimum stipends for the clergy. It is to be followed by appeals for a great reconstruction fund, the parish churches being in process of• decay. This should provide an interesting, perhaps a conclusive, answer to the question whether or not the Church of England is regarded by the English people as a national institution that must be upheld. Our times, it may be thought, have not done much in the way of restating the phiosophy of Church and State; but there is one challenging example. Professor Arnold Toynbee, in the.course of his elaborate survey of civilisa- tions in decay, reaches the conclusion that the one and only hope for the Western world lies in the restoration of the Spiritual Power. History, however, since the fall of the Roman Empire, has known that 'power in only one dominant form—namely, the Papacy; and from the return of that dominion we at all events must pray.to be delivered. (Summary of an address delivered on February 15.) The Left Tradition • B Y ARCHIB.ALD ROBERTSON, M.A.

To SOME people this title may seem a contradiction in terms. To be Left, they may say, in politics, philosophy, religion or• anything else means to challenge tradition. How can there be a Left tradition? This objection is really superficial. To challengq anything successfully we must oppose to it something as solid as itself. The mere crank gets nowhere. As Cromwell said when he had to fight the Cavaliers. "You must get men of a spirit that is likely to go as far as gentlemen will go, or you will be beaten ' The Left tradition in fact began- in Cromwell's time, but not with Crom- well himself. Its first articulate expression was the claim of the Levellers that', in Rainborough's words, "the poorest he,that is in England hath a life to live as well as the greatest he" and should therefore. have an equal votp. This was a direct challenge to the tradition, as old as English history and• shared 'by both Cavaliers and Roundhead leaders, that "men of estates" (whether measured in land or money) had the first claim to consideration.lt is worth noting that neither proposition is capable oflogical proof or dis- proof. Theological, metaphysical or scientific attempts may be and have been made to prove that one or another social or political arrangement is the will of God or in the natu're of things, but they all involve unproved assumptions. There is only-one real reason for holding that "the poorbst he" should be equally considered with "the greatest he", and that is the historical fact that whenever the great behave as if that were not the case, the small people in the long run (it may be quite a long run!) manage to get even with them. Another thing to note is that the question is not and never has been merely political. People, do not want a vote for the fun of voting, but to get-something by it, usually material betterment. As Stephens the Chartist was later to put it, the vote is a "knife-and fork question". The Leveller pamphlets of Cromwell's time were full of such demands—law reform, work or maintenance for the poor, even the idea of a health service—though. •as the industrial revolution had not yet begun, such ideas were only in embryonic form. It is interesting to note that Milton refused to write against them. • By the time of the French Revolution (when incidentally the words "Right" and "Left" first began to be usedtin a political sense) Me. issues are more clearly defined. As it develops, it becomes evident that there are in progress two revolutions at cross purposes with each other. The bourgeoisie want an end of the privileges of the clergy and nobles, and political power for them- 13 selves. But they are able to achieve this only with the help of the im- poverished workers and peasants, first against internal reaction and -then against foreign intervention. The victorious middle class then has. to face new demands by the people who are helping it to victory—demands for the vote, for a living wage, for price control, frit social.security. The industrial revolution is still in its infancy; so th6se demands have not yet crystal- lised into Socialism. But already the controversy sounds very modern. By the end of the Napoleonic wars !he industrial revolution is in full blast in Britain and is spreading to the Continent. Robert Owen, the first British Socialist, was not originally of the Left, but was forced to become so by the hostility with which jpillars of Church and State, to whom he looked for suppOrt, received his proposals for universal education, factory legislation and co-operative experiments to absorb unemployed workers. In 1821 Owen's proposals were debated in Parliament. The case put up against them by two -leading statesmen of that day has a familiar ring. Castlereagh said that Owenism would reduce people to mere automata superintended by drill-sergeants and was_unfit for a-nation of freemen. Canning said that it would destroy individuality and'-Was contrary to human nature : he also deplored Owen's hostility to religion. Mr. Churchill and Sir Waldron Smithers do not seem to haye improved on Castlereagh and Canning. It is worth noting that from the time of Owen until within living memory the Left tradition included secularism. Unforunately in 1912 the Trade Union Congress sold its secularist birthright for a mess of Catholic votes by deleting secular education from its programme: and the end of the mischief is not yet. If it is asked whether the Left tradition includes Socialism, the answer is that it does today. A tradition is not a dogma, but a living thing created by the day-to-day struggle of real people for life, and life more abundantly. The Left tradition did not and could not include Socialism until industrial capitalism had arisen. After it arose, the response to the challenge naturally changed with changing conditions. When it seemed that there was rodm for indefinite improvement of the workers'. standard of living under capitalism, the Left was mainly Liberal. That seemed to be the case in Britain front the time of the repeal of the Corn Laws until nearly the end of the nineteenth century. At that time Britain was the workshop of the world and the leading colonial power, and her peaceful supremacy seemed assured. When this ceased to be the case even in appearance, when other industrial countries drew level with Britain, when the gains of the workers under capitalism were liable to be cancelled by mass unemployment, the Left became mainly Social- ist. It was a question not of dogma, but of life. In the twentieth century two world wars have forced the Left to subordin- ate everything to the fight for peace. The Left tradition has not always been pacifist.' In the past it had been necessary sometimes to choose war as the lesser of two concrete evils. The operative word is "concrete-SA tradition which for 300 years has stood for life, and the more abundant life, of human beings in the mass can never justify their sacrifice to abstractions labelled "national greatness-, 'Christian civilisation" or the like. As Burke put it (though he did not live up to his own maxim) "the blood of man may not be• shed,- save to redeem'the blood of man : the rest is vanity; the rest is crime." If this was true in the pagt, how much truer is it in the present! War as known in the past—a chivalrou adventure in which brave men staked their lives against other brave men—is dead.'In its stead reign's an obscene horror 'in which brass-hats in safety can order the promiscuous massacre from the

- air of men; women and children by the'hundred thousand or the million. Any God who demands such holocausts is no God, but the devil. Any way

- of life which imposes iuch'sacrifices is no way of. life, but a way of death and damnation. I 4

• The Function and Duties of a Psychologist Today

B Y

T. H. P E A R, M. A., B. Sc. tr IS USEFUL to distinguish between attempts to define psychology and to record what representative psychologists are doing. Half a century ago, psychology was defined as the positive science of mental processes: later, "experience and behaviour- were substituted for ."mental processes-. The strict behaviourists of the Watson school omitted "experience"' from this definition, but it seems hard to understand why they did not call themselves physiologists. One still hears discussions regarding the claims of psychology to be a science, yet, as G. W. AllpOrt has shown in Personality, "science" has meant different things at different times, and the scientific method is only one way of approaching reality. Whether the reification of "science" has resulted in its deification will not be discussed here. In some ways the psychologist's position resembles that of the general medical practitioner, who in the same day' may have to think as a scientist and act as an artist. The various current activities of psychologists in this country up to 1951 are fairly covered in Current Trends in British Psychology:edited by C. A. Mance and P. E. Vernon (1953, Methuen). It is possible to learn of the activities of American psychologists •from the 1952 volume of The American Psychologist. From the report of the Executive Secretary, Fillmore H. San- ford, we quote some of the results of a questionnaire recently sent to 8.600 psychologists, members of ihe American Psychological Association. The return of replies, 6,743, or 80 per cent, can be regarded -as representative. Figures support the following assertions : Psychologists are numerous. There are 11,000 members of the A.P.A. (the merithership of the British Psychological Society is about 2,500). American psychologists- are young: their median age is 37. the mean 40, and two-thirds of the members are under 40. Their work is highly, specialised in wide variety. Four thousand focus upon some form of Clinical psychology: of -these, 1,000 work in academic settings. Thirty-five per cent of these clinicians are women. It is clear therefore that the relations of the clinical psychologist's behaviour to that of the medical practitioner are very important. What is the effect, on psychology in general, Of Government research con- tracts? So far as this question concerns the U.S.A., we learn that Air Train- .ing Command alone employs 185 trained psychologists with "a rather heavy support of research on the psycho-dynamics of personality". Yet. partly under the influence of "this not too gentle rain of gold" "fundamental research in the psychology' of learning, social psychology, etc.. has lagged behind, because of the great investment in psychometrics, physiological psychology and other branches that" have. high priorities". Since the end ,of the Second World War, the Federal Government has given $40 million to support research and training in psychology. In our own country, too, social psychology has been neglected. as Sir Cyril Burt has shown in Contributions of Psychology to Social Problems (1953, Oxford University Press). I have also given details in a chapter "The Social Psychology of Everyday Life- in Current Trends in- British Psychology: Dr. Sanford, in a sketch, "Towards a Sociology of Psychology", makes some predictions about the immediate future of psychology. The increase, 15 over the last few years, of support for specialists in human problems has been due to the rapidity with which institutions-have thanged. A continued acceleration both of. institutional change and of support for psychology is probable. The degree of individuation encodraged by any society will influence its support of psychology.* • - - Support for psychology, Dr. Sanford continues, will also vary with the amount of leisure time available to members of a society. With little spare time there is little chance for introspection, even of the healthy kind, and "introceptive- values suffer. Obviously the standard of living is an important factor, for in times of depression the personal services of industry would be dismissed first (and we might add, vocational selection and guid- ance would attract little interest). The degree of urbanisation of a society is important in this respect, for, relatively speaking, rural people deal with things, while city people deal with people. Connected with this is the amount of communication between persons and groups (possession or loss of a telephone, for example, affects not only one's economic status). As more people learn that there are conflicting authorities, and are offered a greater variety of models for behaviour (facilitated by the cinema, magazines, radio, newspapers and television) an increased frequency of emotional problems, by no means all unhealthy, can be expected. Also clearer awareness of the human factor and a concomitant increase in support for psychology and related studies. The amount and kind of intellectual freedom in a society will affect its support for psychology. Almost every aspect of the subject seems to threaten the authoritarian and the anti-intellectual. Psychology and related disciplines suffer, early restrictions at the hands of dictatorial régimes. •. Psychologists' social duties are being discussed.both here and in America. Over there a code of ethics has been drawn up, listing the major obligations of the psychologist as, a scientist, practitioner and citizen. - The possibility that psychologists whose predominant values are widely different may have affected the construction of "systems" and "schools' was also discussed. .also the effect upon psychology in general of the activities of unusually extraverted. and introverted leaders. • (Summary of an address delivered on March 8.) . Convslay Discussion Circle ON Tuesday, December 9, Professor T. H. Pear, M.A., spoke on "Classes in English Society". He said he himself came from East Anglia, and, living near Sandringham, had always regarded the Royal Family as human beings, and not in any way mystical. While he was interested in the classes of -North and South England he felt himself to be neutral. He believed it the job of scientists to order facts, to understand them, control them and sometimes predict. Prediction was apt to become a test of success, but a psychologist was more limited as he was dealing with human beings, and it was more difficult to forecast any particular behaviour. Thus, if one patient in. fifty had suicidal tendencies it woulffinot be safe- to predict that one in the next iroup of fifty examined would be the same. In America people's social status was measured by- their incomes, and therefore rich and well-educated Americans were the top class, but in

*Of the kind, it might be added, which most of us approve, but a totalitarian State could use the ingenuity of psychologists to crash individuality, and the interest of many psychologists in numbers derived from masses of individual measurements is scarcely likely to make them especially keen to study the single queer or odd person. Cf. recent broadcasts by Dr. Eric James: "What do we mean by a Democratic Education?- (The Listener). • 16 England this was not necessarily the case. In dealing with the problem of class and definitions it was helpful to cite the people observed; while these in- chided many university students and teachers, it was less because they were typical than the'fact that they were accessible. Professor Pear distinguished strata from class and had borrowed his concept of strata from geology. But whereas cliff strata tended to be horizontal, social strata were inclined to be oblique and even vertical. There was a distinct grading by occupation or profession. The vicar of a parish might be extremely poor, but he would still endeavour to send his son to a public school and to one of the older uni- versities, and that it might make all the difference between becoming a canon or rising to be a Bishop. . Everyone knew to which economic group he belonged and this was a good example of strata, because it varied considerably. A man might belong economically to one group but by his way of life, his talents, methods of spending money, and his association with other groups, might raise or lower his status, and so completely alter his stratum. The economic stratum was therefore more difficult to define than.at first realised. There were intellectual and aesthetic strata; if talented, a man in the musical world might climb higher than his ordinary stratum would indicate. The Royal Society was another stratum, as was also the Yachting Club. Physicists were outside class entirely. They were in a position •o be consulted by politicians and in one sense could give orders as they were regarded as experts. Power was derived from such strata. Some strata did not involve class at all as in the case of some learned societies. It was possible that England was backward in social science because 100 years ago physics and chemistry were so highly thought of in thc social scale. There were social strata in sports also; an elipsoidal ball was apparently superior to a spherical one: real tennis preferable to lawn tennis, and horse racing to greyhound racing. Dress, manner and speech were revealing. Speech especially was stratifying.' A concept of the elite was worth considering; 6lite in the sense of being elected, publicly or overtly. There were other types of elite because of relationship. There was a snob prestige which centred round the younger members of famous families. The police represented a functional prestige, while film stars had a halo prestige. The Medical Council were elite because they were the elected representatives of medical people. By tremendous prestige one might exert power, as in the case of the Royal Society. The concept of class, whether we accepted or deplored it, gave some idea of. status, whether middle, upper or working. However, there were so many ideas of. classes that Professor Pear preferred the concept of strata, and if one bore in mind the elite it might be possible to form some idea of pattern. ON TUESDAY, JANUARY 6, Mr. Royston Pike spoke on Thomas Hardy; the Man and his Books. Hardy, the son of a bricklayer, was born on June 2. 1840, in a small cottage in Dorset. Eighty-eight years later he was to die in the same vicinity, but instead of dying in obscurity his pallbearers were MacDonald, Baldwin, Galsworthy, Kipling and Housman, and his ashes were laid in Westminster Abbey. He was versatile and prolific, and thoueh many of his books are !lbw forgotten he wrote at least six first-class novels. His stories concerned country life, for which he had a profound and easy understanding, expressing its pathos and sadness. His writings were essentially "earthy'', and he had nothing but contempt for The visionary aspirations of Utopian. His attitude to life was plain-spoken, and many of his books were at first criticised for this reason. In addition he wrote many excellent short stories. Mr. Pike thoutht that no other man. except Scott, had'reached such heights as a great poet, as well as novelist. The Dynasts was a masterpiece. It was fascinating to search out associations between the countryside and the Wessex novels, the word which Hardy had resurrected. Although some 17 of his novels dealt with other districts such as Swanage, Bournemouth and Reading, he was mainly concerned with Dorchester, Salisbury and north of Salisbury Plain. Hardy was writing of life a hundred years ago, and was probably in his prime sixty to seventy years ago, but people changed little and the same human characters exist in Dorset today. It was possible to recognise Doichester as Casterbridge, and many places were associated with great scenes in his novels, such as the Roman amphitheatre where the Mayor of Casterbridge met the wife he had sold, thc old Manor House where Tess stayed, and the magnificent Bere Regis church. Hardy came to London at the age of twenty as clerk to an architect, and as his assistant, toured the West Country, restoring churches. He also lived in Tooting and Surbiton before finally settling in Dorset. The first article he wrote was called "Flow I bought myself a house"; and he profited by useful advice given him by George Meredith. Mr. Pike considered The Re- turn of the Native, Far From the Madding Crowd, The Woodlanders, The Mayor of Casterhridge, Tess of the D'Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure to be his best novels, though not necessarily in that order; The Trumpet Major and Under the Greenwood Tree were not far behind. He also wrote much trash and was uncertain outside his own particular field; but he knew Dorset and the country people; he lived with them, mixed with the village children, and depicted the scenes and people accurately. Hardy had stock characters, the very good, reliable fellow of solid worth, as shown by Gabriel Oake, and John Loveday, the Trumpet Major, a first-rate character but a fool, and Giles Winterborne of The Woodlanders, a fine man though limited. Jude the Obscure was the tragedy of the man who wanted an education and strove for it, but was doomed to die in poverty and loneliness. Then there were such fickle characters as Troy in Far From the Madding Crowd, and Fitz- piers of The Woodlanders, and there was the lively Bob Loveday. Hardy depicted patient, clinging women like Grace Melbury, and worthlwhile people that the heroes ought to have loved but did not, such as the unoffend- ing Marty South, who uttered an unforgettable epitaph at the end of The Woodlanders: "You was a good man and did good things.- That he could also draw a spirited, passionate woman, was shown in The Return of the Native. - The characteristics of Hardy were his pathos and great pity for ordinary men and women. Flis own life was happy, He married twice, he did what he wished, and became famous—but the theme of his novels was human suffering. His pessimism was seen most clearly in The Dynasts. There was no purpose or plan in the universe, and although man might sometimes feel he was the master of his fate, even the greatest men were little more than puppets. He was essentially an agnostic, but the novels should be read primarily for their artistic value and not on account of their philosophy. The fidelity of his portraits of ordinary men and women enlarged our view of life. The reforms he urged were incidental to the increase of understanding which his vision and genius gave. L L. B. Book Reviews MYSTICISM AND Loom. By Bertrand Russell. Penguin Books, 2s. 6d. One of Bertrand Russell's best books is now available as a cheap reprint. All the essays collected in this volume were written before the 1914 war, and in one sense they belong to a vanished world. The purple rhetoric of A Free Man's Worship, written in 1902, ought to make it the most "dated- of the collection, yet curiously 'enough its mood is that of contemporary atheistic existentialialism, with its defiant advocacy of unyielding despair. The essay which gives' the book its title gave fresh impetus to the modern 18 empiricism which led to a sterility that Russell now recognises, though he deplores the direction that was taken. In a recent article in the Journal for the Philosophy of Science he protests against an absorption with linguistic usage which confines philosophical discussion to trivial issues. Yet is not this the inevitable outcome of the analysis of language taught at Cambridge in the palmy days of the Bloomsbury Group? "Twenty years of Moore will mean the death of British •philosophy," remarked Russell's collaborator, Whitehead. After Moore came Wittgenstein, and now Pro- fessor Wisdom, who has resigned himself to the fact that "philosophy is devouring itself in its own fire. Russell is alive to the danger, but it derives from the attempt made in Mysticism and Logic to divorce philosophy from life. .The book also contains the important essay on "Knowledge by Acquaintance and Knowledge by Description" and a valuable discussion on causation. The charm and lucidity of Russell's style carry the general reader easily into regions in which otherwise he would not dare to venture.

INDIA'S QUEST FOR REALITY. By R. J. Jackson. The Buddhist Society, London. Mr. Jackson is well-known in the Ethical movement and he is a pioneer of Buddhism in this country. To some people an Asiatic religion will hardly seem a live option in the Western hemisphere, yet as Jung has pointed out, Eastern ideas are stealthily invading the West, for good or ill. Mr. Jackson's message is not for those who are looking for ersatz mysticism. The first two chapters in this interesting book deal with the Upanishads: then he discusses that great classic, the Bhagavad Gita, and finally he deals with the concept of Maya and the meaning of Time. These are tremendous issues to condense into such small compass. Moreover, as recent research has shown, it is very doubtful whether the terms used in Indian philosophy have an exact equivalent in our own language. Aldous Huxley's attempt to' produce a "perennial philosophy" by assuming that Eastern thinkers and Western mystics were talking about the same thing in different words is dubious, to say the least of it, and even the rapprochement which Professor Radhakrishnan has tried to effect has to meet the objections of such scholars as Professor Wadia. Eastern philosophy consists of many schools with no necessary agreement on intellectual formulation, and with a very striking difference from Western philosophy—namely that they are less concerned with problems of knowledge than' with a way of life. in modern parlance they are "existential". The emphasis, as with Marcel, is on "being" rather than -having". Buddhism was a reforming and purifying movement which unfortunately failed to destroy caste or overthrow scholasticism, but the original impulse, as Mr. Jackson makes plain, was primarily ethical. It is by no means a "dreamy quietism", as Dean Inge supposed, nor is it necessarily pessimistic. Nevertheless, humanists will part company with Buddhists when, as Mr. Jackson puts it, "the body is compared/to a wound which we nurse although we do not love it". He concludes with a discussion of Dunne's Serialism, unavoidably brief and less helpful than might appear at first glance. In so far ,as Buddhism suspends judgment on metaphysical conceptions of God and soul, and concerns itself with right conduct, it is in harmony with the most important aspect of ethical humanism. lts tolerance contrasts with the narrow exclusiveness of the Christian Churches.

TERROR OVER JUGO-SLAVIA. By Avro Manhattan. Watts. 10s. 6d. The publication of this indictment of Vatican politics coincides with the visit to this country of Marshal Tito. The chief value of Mr. Manhattan's book is in the evidence presented "that high ecclesiastical authorities con- 19 nived at.one of the most shocking instances in the dark history of religious persecution. No one will dispute that Pavelic was the tool of the Axis, and that 3he Vatican was pleased at the prospect of setting up an independent Croatia. It was to have a Kina, and Roman Catholicism was to be the official religion. The military force designed to bring this about was the Ustashi crusaders, who had the support of the Catholic Hierarchy and Archbishop (now Cardinal) Stepinac. Pavelic was an adventurer who had been sentenced to death for the assassination of King Alexander and NI. I3arthou. He had to reckon with a minority of 2 million Orthodox Serbs. not to mention Moslems and Jews, and he did so with a ruthlessness that startled even the Nazis. The policy was enunciated by Dr. Mile Budak: "We shall kill one part of the Serbs, we shall transport another, and the rest of them will embrace the Roman Catholic religion." Then followed a series of massacres, and between April 1941 and the spring of 1945, more than 800,000 people were either murdered or perished in concentration camps. "Kill all Serbs," exhorted Father Peric, in the Church of Gorcia. "First of all kill my sister, who is married to a Serb, then all Serbs. When you finish this work, come here to the Church and I will confess you.- This sermon resulted in, the death of over 5,600 Orthodox Serbs in the dis- trict of Livno. Similar sermons were preached in other churches "Until now," said Father Mogus. in the parish of Udbina, "we have worked for our Catholic religion with the cross and the book of the Mass; the day. however, has now come to work with the revolver and gun." Terrible things happened in concentration camps. Prizes were offered at Jesenovac for those who could cut the most throats. Victims were wired together and hurled over precipices, or burned alive. In one camp 12,000 children were murdered with poison gas. Many Serbs sought to be received into the Catholic Church because they feared death, or even worse; and apologists .now excuse Stepinac on the grounds that he admitted them, although this meant a breach of cancn law, out of the kindness of his heart. He would have displayed his kindness to more advantage it he had condemned the abominable atrocities that his henchmen and priests perpetuated. The after- math, as everyone knows, was that Stepinac was sentenced to imprison- ment, and in deference to the West was released; and Pavelic. after being sheltered in Italian monasteries, fled to South America. The storm still rages, and it is a sign of the reluctance of the Press to publish anything that reflects on the Catholic Church, that the majority of people in this country are ignorant of the fact that forced conversions and massacres were perpetrated only a fcw years ago in Croatia on a scale that makes the slaughter of Huguenots and Albigensians seem trivial. Mr. Manhattan's book should remedy this lack of information. It would have carried much more weight if he had expressed himself with restraint. As in his previous books, he is apt to mistake violence for strength, but they are mines of invaluable information. H. H.

South Place News , JUNIOR DISCUSSION GROUP ON FRIDAY, IANUARY 16, Mr. Rahmer spoke on the posiiion of post-war Germany. At the end of the war the country was more than half destroyed, occupied by foreign troops, short of food, hid no administration and had about 10 million refugees. The occupying troops were there as conquerors. and their original attempt to strip the countly for reparations made matters worse. The Germans could be roughly divided into Nazis, about 5 per cent. non-political, 90 per cent, and anti-Nazi, 5 per cent. They were all utterly war-weary and showed no enthusiasm for anything. When it had been decided to punish the Nazis the Germans should have been detailed to do it. As it was, the fact that foreign troops were the prosecutors, created sympathy for Me accused. The policy of the Allies towards Germany has changed in the right direction but the appearance has been given that this was done exclusively to suit outside events, and the effect on German opinion has often been unfor- tunate. Nevertheless, the democratic parties have a strong majority in the German parliament. The question of re-uniting East and West Germany must occupy the minds of all German people, but they had already lost their money in two inflations, they had suffered two world wars and wcre now too weary to care. This weariness constitutes a graver danger than Nazi conspiracies. During the discussion it was said that the division of Germany could not be final and that economic difficulties would force a compromise solution. The Allies did not fear German Socialism as it was by no means certain that democracy was a form of government suited to Germany. In any case, the Allies must remain in occupation until Russia could be trusted. The military situation demanded advanced bases. The language and nationalism of the German nation could never be eliminated, These would one day form the vehicle for re-union. The prosperity of West Germany was surprising and although the success of Communism had caused East dermany to look to Russia, it could not be said in advance how future developments would go. Agreement with Russia was essential but Russia was not willing to co-operate. A big slump would ruin everything. Stable money and stable Government were wanted. Mr. Tom Stephenson, Secretary of the Ramblers' Association, speaking on February 6, said that an outstanding feature of the century was the increas- ing tendency of townspeople to seek recreation in the countryside. This had created new problems and accentuated old ones. Persistent campaigning by voluntary societies had resulted in the National Parks and Acccss to the Countryside Act 1949. This provided for the establishment of national parks, preservation of natural beauty; the creation of long-distance paths such as the Pennine Way; a survey of all footpaths and bridleways in England and Wales and the provision, where necessary, of a right to walk on mountains, moors and shores. In the past much of our scenery had been carelessly dis- figured, the protection of foofiaaths had been difficult and costly and barren hills preserved as grouse moors had been closed to the public. During the debate it was said that footpaths were intended as a means of going from place to place, and if the countryman chose to abandon them, why should the townsman object? New landlords often tried to close footpaths and so increase the efficiency of their land. Land was the raw material of a vital national industry; its broad acres were always exposed to view and every adverse move noted. Modern methods of transport enabled the countryman to leave the footpaths and also enabled the townsman to reach them. Footpaths were a national heritage, and it should be a national duty to look after them. The country could afford to make huge concessions in rates and taxes to religious beidies that attracted few users, and it could equally afford to spend money on better footpaths. The countryman would use the paths if they were in good order. As long as people were accustomed to leave litter in the streets and in the cinemas, they would leaye litter in the countryside, but publication of the Country Code had improved matters. It was always advisable and necessary to be courteous in matters of disputed rights of way, and many difficulties could be solved in this manner. On March 6, Mr. Pickering addressed the Group on Some Aspects of Literature Today. He dealt with his topic under the four rough headings of poetry, criticism, the novel and poetic drama. While breaking with the 21 Romanticism of the nineteenth century, modern poetry became related to the seventeenth-century school of Metaphysicals led by Donne. Obscurity though often used as a cloak by inferior poets, was the natural result of the resumed emphasis on accuracy rather than form. Mr. T. S. Eliot had had the greatest success in "trying to learn to use words" and the poet of today felt a sense of anti-climax and lack of purpose after the magnitude of his achievement., While in Britain there were varying levels of criticism, the process had become too specialised in America where the demands of the less literary-minded reader were neglected. The spcaker briefly traced the development of the novel from the character study of the seventeenth century to the challenging finality of Joyce's Ulysses. In the field el poetic drama Eliot was again the dominating figure; he had done most to develop his use of poetry to establish communication with a possibly sceptical audience. The debate dealt mainly with poetry and the question of whether utility was its most important aspect. In discussing poetic drama several speakers mentioned that they had attended the London production of The Cocktail Party without being aware that it was written in verse, and it was agreed that this. was a sign of the author's careful telation of the right kind of verse to the appropriate dramatic situation. It was to bc hoped that his successors would heed the lessons learned from Mr. Eliot's years of patient experiment.

E th ica I Union A soirée will be held on Saturday, April 18, at 7 p.m., in the Ethical Hall, Queensway, Bayswater. Lord Chorley will preside and the guests of honour will be Joseph Reeves, M.P., chairman of the Rationalist Press Association, Mr. Hector Hawton, Secretary of the South Place Ethical Society, Mr. Ashton Burall of the Pro- gressive League, and Mr. S. K. Das (Radical Humanist Movement of India). A buffet supper will be served. Tickets (3s. 6d.) should be obtained in advance from 4a Inverness Place, W.2.

Thursday Evenings These socials continue to give good entertainment. Mrs. Burns gave a lively talk on "Historical Fleet Street". Miss G. Farnell, who went "round the world as a teacher", revealed that the opportunities she had made for herself had given her a new life of variety and experience which few could match. Miss D. Walters gave more of the spirited dramatic readings that she does so well.

Society's Activities New Members Mr. J. Elkan, 42a Westbere Road, N.W.2., Mr. R. M. Mackessack, BM /HOMARANO. London, W.C.I., Mr. Herold Wuerfel, 23034 Donald Street, East Detroit, Mich., U.S.A.

Change of Address of Members Mr. and Mrs. P. J. Booker, 152 Old Oak Road, W.3., Miss K. H. John- son, 19 Claremont Road, W.13., Mr. R. Jones, Brook House Farm, Bradley, Nr. Whitchurch, Salop., Mr. G. E. O'Dell, 77 Stanthorpe Road, S.W.I6., Mr. K. A. Singer, 22 Allfarthing Lane, S.W.18., Miss F. E. Smith, 6 Love Walk, Denmark Hill. S.E.5., Mr. G. C. Young, 17 Wedfield Avenue, Gosforth, Newcastle-on-Tyne 3. New Associates Mr. H. Lloyd Blachford. 517 Roslyn Avenue, Westmount, Montreal, Canada., Miss B. Pain, 72 Kingsmead Road, Tulse Hill, S.W.2.

Change of Address Mrs. E. B. Mayne, Woodcote Grove House, Coulsdon, Surrey.

Nominations for General Committee The Annual Meeting will be held on Wednesday, May 27. Nominations for the eight vacancies on the Committee should reach the Secietary by Sunday, April 27. Candidates having a minimum period of membership of twelve months must be nominated by two members. Forms may be obtained from the Secretary and should be handed to the Registrar, Mrs. T. C. Lindsay, on completion.

!General Committee L. Bentley, *Dr. W. Bier, H. J. Blackham, K. W. Bourne, D. A. Brough- , ton, L. Camerman (resigned), *J. Cummins, *Miss R. Halls, Mrs. F. M. Hawkins, *G. Hutchinson, F. James, W. C. Keay, Miss R. Palmer. L. Roth, G. N. Salmon, R. T. Smith, *Miss P. Snelling, Miss D. Walters, B. 0. Warwick, *F. H. W. Washbrook, F. C. C. Watts. G. C. Dowman (Editor), E. J. Fairhall (Treasurer), Hector Hawlon (Secretary), Mrs. T. C. Lindsay (Registrar). * Retire at Annual General Meeting. Vacancies on Committee—seven for three years and one for two years.

South Place Chamber Music Group Practices take place in the Library on Fridays at 7 p.m. There are vacancies for competent players. Particulars may be obtained from the Hon. Sec., E. J. Fairhall, Conway Hall, W.C.1.

Sunday Social April 19 in the Library at 3 p.m Mr. Richard Cements: "Goethe Today."

Thursday Evening Socials In the Library at 7 p.m. April 2—Closed. 9—Closed. 16—Victor Howlett: "Some Contemporary Humorous Literature." 23—Musical Items: Mrs. L. T. Davies (piano), E. J. Fairhall (violin), G. C. Dowman (songs). 30—Mrs. R. F. Burns: The Mexican Art Exhibition.

The Library, Conway Hall The Librarian will be in attendance on Thursday evenings and Sunday mornings. Mr. George E. O'Dell has made a gift of several books to the Library. A list of these will be published in the Monthly Record next month. The Librarian takes this opportunity of expressing ther thanks. 23 - - Loss •.. • A copy of Philosophy for Pleasure by Hector Hawton is missing from the Library. As there is no record of who has this book, the. Librariin appeals to the member who borrowed it to return it as soon as convenient as there are other members waiting to read it. . . .

Progressive League Holiday A holiday to the Austrian Tyrol had been arranged by the Progressive League, August 8-23. With thirteen days' excellent hotel accommodation, mountain walks, swimming, sun-bathing, dancing, tennis and lectures in a friendly informal company there will be enjoyment to suit almost every taste. The price is from 27 guineas. Full particulars may be obtained from the Holiday Organiser, 10 Park Drive, N.W.lI.

Rambles Easter Sunday, April 5. Chevening Park, Sandridge and Brasted. Train 10.34 Charing Cross to Knockholt. Leader: Frederick Sowan will meet the, party at Knockholt. Sunday, April 19. Epping Forest in Springtime. Meet at "The Crown", Loughton (Central London Line) at 2.30 p.m. Walk via Monk Wood and High Beach to Bartholomews Tea Rooms at Upshire for tea. Return tol Loughton. Leader: B. 0. Warwick will meet the party at Loughton.

Junior Discussion Group Meets on Fridays at 7.15 p.m. April 3—No meeting. 10—Speaker from "Shanti Sadan". "What has Vedanta to offer the West?" I7—Group Annual Meeting. Discussion on Communications. 24—Under the auspices of the French Embassy. "The Political Position of France." May I—Hugh Shayler. "The British Sun-Bathing Movement."

LORD OHORLEY will deliver the Conway Memorial Lecture on

THE CONCEPT OF LIBERTY TODAY on Tuesday, April 21, at 7.30 p.m.,

CONWAYHALL, RED LION SQUARE, W.C.I Chairman: Professor Barbara Wootton

Admission Free Collection

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