FOREST APHIDAE (APHIDIDAE)

OF

NOVA SCOTIA

DISSERTATI ON

Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement* for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University

By

Kalman Dale Archibald, B.A«, M.A., B.D., The Ohio State University 195U

Approved by*

j Adviser fj ii

CONTENTS

Part I

Page

Introduction ...... ••*•••••••••• I

Limitations...... U

Objectives ••*•••••••••• ...... $

Acknowledgements • *•••••••••••••• 6

General Procedure ...... »»«»•• 9

Materials and Methods .•»••••••••••• 12

Phylogeny of the Aphidae...... 20

Part II

Taxonomy ...... 32

Family Phylloxeridae (Chernddae) ••••••«••• 33

Subfamily Adelginae * . * ...... 3U

Family Aphidae (Aphidldae) ...... • Ul

Morphology used in Taxonomy • • ...... • U2

Life Cycle and Life History...... U6

Economic Importance • •••»•••••••••• 50

Key to Subfamilies of Aphidae 51

Subfamily Aphinae •••••••••••••••••• $2

Tribe Aphinl...... 5U

Tribe Lachini...... l5l

Tribe Panaphini • 172

A 1 9 4 4 4 iii

Page

Tribe Thelaxini ...... *•••••• 233

Subfamily Brlosomatinae 236

Tribe Qrlosomatini ...... 238

Tribe Penphigini • ••»••»••••••••• 21*1*

Tribe Prociphlllni • ••»•••••••••• . 21*7

Subfamily Hormaphinae ...... • . 2^9

Tribe Hormaphird ...•••••••••••• . 260

Subfamily Mindarinae ••••••••••••■*• . 261*

Part III

Summary •»•••« *••••••«• 268

Host Plant List ...... • •••••»• 271

Literature Cited • ••*•••»#••••»«*• 278

Plates...... 299

Geological Areas «.•••••*•••••••• 299

Coniferous Hosts ...... 307

Deciduous Hosts ».••••••••••••.* 319

Herbaceous Hoots •••••••••••••••• 390

Taxenomic Characters •••••••••••••• 368

Index to Genera and Species 378

Autobiography ...... • * 381* PART I 1.

INTRODUCTION

Aphids have received and are receiving considerable attention from economic entomologists and perhaps as much as any other group of insects* Their conplicated life cycles, their destructiveness to forest trees and their means of reproduction have attracted investi­ gators from the fields of zoology and general biology as well as from the field of entomology* But in spite of this mass attention, the taxonomy of the aphids is still In confusion, and this is probably due, as Baker (1920) points out, to the lack of correlation of biological and taxonomic facts and the failure of aphid investigators to consider the results of the work of others*

The confusion in systematic relationships that exists necessi­ tates one of two things - either the taxonomist spends years of care­ ful study of all references to species, establishing names by oldest authority and rejecting the rest as synonyms, or he temporarily gives up trying to give the name of the species, taking the entire group of

Aphidae to genera only* This is what A* C. Baker (1920) has done in his generic classification, which is a commendable step in the right direction* A* C. Baker made a further contribution to our knowledge of the Aphidae with his publication in 1917 of Eastern Aphids, new or little known*

In 1931 j Hottes and Frieon gave a systematic and descriptive account of the Aphidldae of Illinois, and published valuable keys with illustrations, which has been of tremendous help in this present inves- tlgation* Gillette and Palmer (1913-1933) in a aeries of pamphlets on Colorado Aphidldae have added considerably to an understanding of specialized morphology and life cycles of many aphids with accompa­ re ring colored illustrations* These works have been brought up to date and published in 1952 as Aphids of the Rocky Mountain Region, by

Miriam A* Palmer, a most commendable treatment of some U33 species taken from this region* In this latter work, careful descriptions, life history, habits, and drawings are given for each species, thus making it possible to know quite definitely what the species are that are described*

In 1923 W* E« Britton published The Hesd.ptera of Connecticut which included a section on the Aphidldae by Edith M* Patch* This treatise plus the food catalogue of the aphids of the world (1938) and a series of pamphlets by the same author, under Maine Aphids, have been one of the greatest contributions of any single individual in North America*

In The Aphidldae of Great Britain (1926-1929), Theobald has also made an extensive contribution but his work is of limited use in some respects, because of the inclusion of many color characters in his keys, which are extremely variable and difficult to determine in preserved and mounted material* His accounts, however, of the biology of each species to include as far as possible what is known of the life cycle, predators and parasites common to a species; the discussion of aynonyvqr and description of forma, make this work invaluable from these stand­ points* 3.

A. K. Swain (1919) made a synopsis of California aphids sim­ ilar to Hottes and bison's Illinois treatise, but published some

years earlier, which is a clear, we11-developed treatise of value because like Hottes and Frison, he accompanies his species characters with good illustrations•

Oestlund' s Aphids of !.;innesota (1887) and Hunter *s Aphididae

of North America 1.1901), are also of value in identification*

In the Llaritime Provinces of Canada the number of published

works on the group is limited. The first published list or account

of llaritime Aphids came from the Dominion Entomological Laboratory

at Fredericton, N* B*, by J. C. Burnham (1936) and stiil later the

work of L* S. Hawboldt (1946, unpublished) from the University of

New Brunswick* in 1952 ’1. E. LiicGillivray published a list of aphids

of the genus Aphis from the Maritime Provinces of Canada. These are

of special importance toward an understanding and classifying of the

Aphidae of this region.

The present paper purports to set up a list similar to that of

J* C* Burnham (now Idrs. Jean Adams) for this area, and in addition,

to throw some light on the phylogeny, characteristics and local dis­

tribution of the important species of the groupj* in many cases the

Aphids collected were not on forest trees, but as L. S. Hawboldt

points out in his Forest Aphidldae (1946), many of the Aphids are of

agricultural importance and specimens should be taken from shade trees and plants which are considered integral parts of forest tyjes; so- called "indicator species", and also because many aphids do not confine themselves to one host in their life cycle*

LIMITATIONS

This study is not to be considered as re visional or mono­ graphic in scope* It is rather a faunistic or synoptic study of the plant lice found in the forested areas in the counties studied of

Nova Scotia, Canada* References cited in the text refer to the orig­ inal descriptions of the species, or to descriptions contained in works already published* Free use has been made of all available keys and descriptions of aphid fauna* Since these available papers are the result of independent investigations certain problems of syn­ onymy and misidentification are bound to occur* Because of the lack of revisional papers in this group of insects a study of this kind is somewhat handicapped* The literature, though quite abundant, is often difficult to use, with but a few outstanding exceptions*

The plan of classification followed is mainly that of A* C*

Baker (1920)* This system is advantageous in that it uses external characters, for the most part, observable in material that may not be too well cleared* Other systems of classification are based on char­ acters which require clearing of the specimens, and most of the aphids used in this study were not thus prepared*

The photographic plates are intended as another aid in the identification process in that it is hoped they will add to the know­ ledge of the various colony formations and types of damage done to the host plants* In the field such In formation is of value as well as in actual identification work later in the laboratory* They are in no way intended to substitute for line drawings of characters, but to add to this kind of information, serving as supplementary aids

In classification and better understanding of the total ecology of the species*

OBJECTIVES

A statement of the objectives of this study are given in a style more or less similar to those which were presented toy L* S*

Hawbolt at the start of this work in June 1?1*8 and are as fellows*

To obtain some knowledge of the Aphidae on forest trees in

Nova Scotia as an economically Important group, causing debility when the infestation Is severe as well as being vectors of path­ ogenic disorders in forest plants; this knowledge to form a part of

the background necessary to an ecological study of pathogens at­ tacking forest trees* It was damned necessary at the outset to make

a fairly detailed collection of the aphids of King's County and vic­

inity during the first summer of 1 9 W because of the proximity of

facilities at Acadia University where the operation could be easily

carried out* This collection is to form the basis of the larger col­

lection for the Province as a whole*

By a knowledge of the forest Aphidae the following points are

inqilieds

1* A permanent representative identified collection from forest trees and adjacent plants to serve aa a basic reference collection for fu­ ture studies*

2* A taxonomic treatment of all material*

(a) Synonymy of established genera and species*

(b) Unidentified material to be checked with other collections

or authorities, and if still unknown to be named or temporarily

designated as new species*

(c) A check list and catalogue of all material identified*

3* Keys based on anatomical characters and hosts to facilitate iden­ tification of the group. km Distribution records for Nova Scotia (contained in the discussion of the species)*

5* Biological and morphological studies made where necessary*

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This work was made possible through the assistance of the Nova

Scotia Research Foundation which sponsors this project as one of maxy others under its supervision* It represents the second phase of the general study of forest aphids in Nova Scotia* The first being con­ cerned with the taxonosy of the forest aphids of King's and southern

Halifax counties in l?U6-4j.9*

Special aeknowledffient and thanks are due to those who have made this work possiblet to Dr* H* D* Smith, President of the Nova

Scotia Research Foundation, for the financial assistance of the Foundation without which this work could not have been undertaken and for his close and continued cooperation all along the way; to

Mr, L* S. Hawboldt, Provincial Forest Brbomologist, for his sug­ gestions in regard to the problem, his loan of aphid literature, and for his checking of the identifications of the aphids collected in 19U6 and a part of 19lt9; to Mrs* M. B* MacQilllvray, Dominion

Entomologist, Field Crop Insect Laboratory, Fredericton, New Brun­ swick, who has freely given many hours of her time and skill in checking and correcting the identifications of material collected from 191j9-1952, whose assistance has been invaluable to the project in this and mary other ways.

Special thanks are due those loyal assistants who worked on the project during the different summers 1 to Dr* Ralph S* Day, then a graduate student, Acadia University, who ably assisted In all phases of the project from 191*8-1951; to Mr* Michael D, Mclnnis, then In­ structor in Biology, St, Francis Xavier University, who assisted in the darkroom and field work from 1950-52; to Mr* Merritt A* Gibson, graduate student, McGill University, for his able assistance in the field, In the mounting of aphid material and in aphid identification and plant herbarium work from 1952-5U; to Mr* Ernest J, White, senior biology student, St* Francis Xavier University, whose skilled dark­ room assistance made the printing of the photographic illustrations possible in 1953; to Mrs, Florence Hollingsworth Wright, graduate student, Denison University, for her willing and untiring help In the spring of 1 9 $ h * Thanks are also due Hr. Wilfred Schoefield, and Mr. Ivan

Hall, than graduate students, Biology Department, Acadia University, who kindly checked the host Identifications for 19U8-U9} to Dr.

Chalmers Smith, Botanist, Acadia University, for his kindly advice and checking of host material for 1950-51} and to Dr. Leon Smith, physicist, Denison University, for his kindly advice and assistance in the making and purchasing of certain photographic equipment and the printing of plates 67-70.

For the use of laboratory facilities during various sumaers, thanks are dues to Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, for the use of the biological laboratories in the summer of 19U8; to the Provincial Entomological Laboratory, Halifax, for space in 19^9; to Saint Francis Xavier University, Antigonlsh, for the use of the biological laboratories from 1950-51*.

Special acknowledgment and appreciative thanks are given to

Dr. Dwight M. DeLong, Professor of Entomology, Ohio State University, who kindly supervised and aided In every way possible the pursuance of this project and the final writing of this paper; also to Dr.

Frank Fisk and to Dr. Carl Venard, Department Zoology and Entomology,

Ohio State University, who kindly read and criticised this manuscript.

To all these and to those whose published works have been freely used and without which the work would have been impossible; and any others who may have helped and are unintentionally not men­ tioned, full appreciation of their service Is here given. 9 GENERAL PROCEDURE

Beginning in May, 19U8, the Nora Scotia Research Foundation undertook aa one of its many projects the faunlstic study of the plant lice occurring on the foreet trees and adjacent plants in for­

ested areas with the purpose of providing information concerning the number of kinds found in the Province in these ecolegical areas,

their characteristics, distribution, host relationships, seasonal

adjustnents, importance economically as potential enemies of forest

trees, and something of their life cycles*

Because of the lack of but very little preliminary work in

these areas in Nova Scotia, it was necessary to start with available

works from New Brunswick* J* C* Burnham’s work, together with L* S*

Hawboldt *s thesis (unpublished) on the Forest Aphidldae of New

Brunswick served as preliminary source material* A list was made

and studied of known samples and hosts together with the prepared

slides of material collected and identified by L. S. Hawboldt* These

were used subsequently to check the first summer's collections as to

species.

Field investigations were made during the summers, 19^6-1953,

beginning in late May or early June, and concluding in Septmber of

each year* During the first simmer the biological laboratories of

Acadia University, King's County, were made available for the project

(Plate 71, fig* 207)* Using this as a center, various field stations

were set up within a day's drive in any direction from the laboratory. 10.

Those stations were chosen both as regards their accessibility and for type of forestation* For example, so far as possible pure stands were chosen of spruce and fir (Plate 7, fig« 11) I poplar; birch and maple (Plate 7, fig* 10); mixed stands of both hard and soft mood

(Plate 5>, fig* 6); old or mature stands (Plate 7, fig* 11); younger, faster growing stands (Plate 5* figs* 6, 7)} cut-over areas, or areas burned over and recovering (Plate 8, fig* 13); isolated "islands’1 of trees, (Plate 6, fig* 8); growth confined to one or the other side of a slope (Plate 5, fig* 7); areas near the sea (Plate 10, fig* 16); and areas of similar stands inland from the sea*

Pasture land with young timber growth (Plate 8, fig* 13); bog, or seni^iog situations (Plate 8, fig* 12); barrens or barren and rocky- type s of terrain with very thin subsoil (Plate 10, figs* 16, 17); roadside clearings next to wooded areas (Plate U , fig* 18); isolated trees in open fields (Plate 6, fig* 9); roadside plantings of forest trees used for shade or oranamental purposes (Plate 9, fig* lU, 15)•

Choice, also, was made of types of subsoil since this affected the type of plant growth, i.e., rocky, barren, sandy, clay, upland, lowland, boggy, eto*, the choice of as maqjr eoologioal situations as possible was followed in subsequent simaaers when working in other counties of ths province*

These various stations were visited at intervals of two to three weeks throughout the summer. In view of the migrating habits of aphids it was thought that this procedure might Insure better cover­ age within a mealier area than merely a hit and run sampling once 11. during the season over a larger area. Therefore, daily field trips, weather permitting, seated more advisable than prolonged weekly or fortnightly trips over larger areas.

In 19l*9 the Provincial Entomological Laboratories, Halifax, kindly provided working space. Stations were accordingly set up in

the southern part of Halifax County and in the northern part of

Lunenburg County following the same general procedure as that followed

in King's County the previous sunraer.

In 1950 the biological laboratories of Saint Francis Xavier

University in Airtigonish County were obtained for our use. The same

general procedure as above was then followed for Antigonish County

the summer of 1950. This practice of confining our efforts to one

county however., could only be followed advantageously for one season

when working a new area.

In 1951-53 the procedure was changed to allow for more exten­

sive field trips of longer duration into the surrounding counties.

The usual practice was to make three such trips of approximately a

week to ten days during the sumer. In this maimer, in addition to

King's, Halifax and Antigonish Counties, samples were taken from*

Pictou, Colchester, and Cumberland Counties to the west; Chysborough

and Northern Halifax Counties to the south} and in Cape Breton Island,

samples were obtained from Richmond, Cape Breton, Victoria and Inver­

ness Counties} in the southern part of the province only one field trip

was made in August of 1952, samples being taken from Lunenburg, Queens

and Annapolis Counties. Further studies are needed in the southern 12* half of tha province aa veil ae in Kant a, and Colchester and Cumber­ land Counties, and central and Northern Halifax Counties* Refer to

Plate 71, figure 207 for the location of these counties*

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Various ecological situations in forested areas were chosen

in three counties, three different ameers, i*e* Kings County 1?U8,

Southern Halifax County 19^9, Antigonish County 1950* These col­

lecting areas constituted "stations" which were visited at intervals

of from two to three weeks from June to September* The choice of

these three counties was more or less determined by availability of

laboratory facilities; Acadia University in Kings County, Provincial

Entomological Laboratories, Halifax County, and Saint Francis Xavier

University, Antigonish Oounty* During the sussners of 1951-53, in

addition to visiting the stations in Antigonish County, field trips

through Richmond, Cape Breton, Victoria and Inverness Counties in

Cape Breton were made in July and August, 1951) in Chiysborough and

Northern Halifax and Pictou Counties in August 1951; in Pictou,

Colchester and Cumberland Counties in July 1952; in Lunenburg, Queens

and Annapolis Counties in August 1952; in Ouysborough County in July

1953, >nd in Inverness and Richmond Counties in August 1953, (Plate

71, fig* 207)*

Alate and apterous, mature and i f store aphids, plus a part of

the host plant were collected* An attempt was made, however, to col­

lect alate forms as far as possible, since these forms primarily are 13. used for identification of the species* When this was not possible, the colony was taken on a pieoe of the host plant and brought to the laboratory and placed in bell jars or covered cans* As the host plant became dry, usually winged forms would appear, provided there were last nymphal instar stages on the sample when it was brought into the laboratory* This usually took from two to four days* The alate forms were then placed into the special preservative* The samples of the host plants were pressed and later keyed according to

Roland' s Tlora of Nova Scotia " (19Uh-ii5), or in other keys as in­ dicated on host plant list* After the preservation of the aphids they were then mounted in permanent media on microscope slides; this being done when the weather was not suitable for collecting*

Further .observations were made relative to the abundance of the different species, habitat, date of collection, biological forms, and any abnormal appearance of the host plant associated with the presence of aphids such as distorted foliage, twig malformations and any other unusual conditions of the host plant were noted* This latter infonaation is written up under species descriptions*

Laboratory Procedural

The technique followed in the laboratory procedure, first sug­ gested by L* S. Hawboldt, was published by J. 6. Malta!s (19U5). A brief simaary of this technique is as follows t

1* Preservation! The following "sweet pickle" formula was found to be most satisfactory for preserving aphids indefinitely in a pliable state preparatory to permanent mounting in Canada Balsam or llu

Permount* Alcohol or carbol-ocylol Mgr also serve this purpose but they do not possess the advantages of the "sweet pic Vie”* The for­ mula for "sweet pickle" Is as followst

Cane sugar *•••*••*••• 10 gms. Formal1n •••••••••••• 5 cc Glacial acetic acid • ••••• 2 cc Water .•••••••••••* 83 cc

A vetting agent such as "Vatsos" may be added to lover the sur­ face tension, 8 drops to the above formula being sufficient* For in­ ternal studies prior to paraffin sectioning, the aphids should be fixed in alcohol-acetic or hot water*

2* Dehydration! Specimens were transferred from the preser­ vative to:

70% grain alcohol for 20 min* 95% grain alcohol for 15 min* Absolute grain alcohol for 5 min* (or Dioxane)

It was found in practice that absolute alcohol vas more satisfactory than dioxane as the latter seemed to render the aphids more brittle*

3* Clearing: Specimens were transferred from the absolute alcohol to carbol^xylol for 5 min* The formula for carbolnxylol is as follows:

Pure carbolic acid crystals 1 part (by vol.) xylol or toluol •••••• 3 parts (by vol*) (Carbolic a d d crystals were melted over a ho tester bath.)

lu Pre-neountingi Specimens were transferred from carbol- xylol to a very thin mixture of Canada balsam and carbol-ocylol • The abdomens of the aphids were punctured with a fine needle before trans­ ferring to this mixture* This minimises shrinkage and eliminates air 15. bubbles In the body*

5. Mounting» Fran the pre-mounting fluid the aphids were placed In a drop of balsa* or Permount on microscope slides and cov­ ered with a round cover glass (I8im)* After the slides had been dried for a two to four week period on a thermostatically controlled vanning plate at 35-40°C, they were ready to be permanently filed*

Essig (1942*335) recommends a procedure for clearing aphid

specimens by the Caustic Potash or Lactic Acid method before mounting*

This method is further elaborated (Essig, 1946*9) and is briefly su b - marized from data sent by M. E. MacGllllvray as followsi

1* Preservationi

a* Place fresh material to be mounted lmnediately

in 9$ % alcohol*

b* To preserve material plaoe in 70$ alcohol*

2* Clearing!

a* Cold solution of NaOH - 10$

2.357 0 U NaOH 21.213 gm* water (distilled)

3* Washing! a* Remove body contents*

b* Wash in acetic acid - alcohol

(1 part glacial acetic acid to 5 parts of 50$ alcohol)

c. Place in 95$ alcohol*

d* Transfer to clove oil or xylol* 16*

U* Mounting i

a« Mount in Canada Ba3 a— or Resin in Xylol*

b* After drying, clean off excess balsam and ring slides*

This method was tried and found to be very satisfactory, though slower

to perform than that of Maltais (19U5)» but with the added satisfaction

of obtaining specimens more uniformly oleared*

Photography!

As a further aid to understanding the habits, host-aphid rela­

tionships, and host damage produced, a series of both black and white

and color photo graphs was made of most of the forest aphids collected*

Since the detezmination as well as description of aphids is dependent

at many points on the color pattern, the Kodachrome transparencies not

only aid in this process, but also serve very well for illustrative

material for the presentation of papers on the forest aphids*

The color pattern is very often lost during the preservation

and slide-mounting process, hence the subsequent projection of the

transparency along with microscopic examination of the specimen, aids

measurably in the identification and description process* Further­

more, an actual record is obtained of colony pattern and host damage,

which likewise are additional aids in characterising the over-all bi­

ology of the species*

Plate I, figs* 1, 2 illustrates the set-up for photographing

aphids in the field* This was found to be essential, since it was rel­

atively Impossible to bring sipl es baok to the laboratory, as the

aphids would have by that time crawled away from the host sample* 17.

Three single-lens reflex cameras were used, with accessory

extension bellows fitted with Jj inch Ektar lenses. A Master Reflex,

2} x 2}, or Pralctica, 35 na, was loaded with Plus X or Super XX film and another Pralctica box was loaded with Daylight Kodachrame. The

Pralctica boxes were fitted with Kine Exakta front rings to accept

Kine accessories. The l/lO sec. shutter speed on the Pralctica was found very valuable and the cost of the original equipment was con­ siderably less than with two Kine Bxalcta boxes.

It was found that the 2^ negative sise was advantageous when the image completely filled the negative, otherwise 35 am black and white negatives, properly processed and enlarged, can produce as good and sometimes better negatives. The 2^ sise is easier to handle and is large enough that it can be touched-up somewhat if necessary to rid it of blemish or background.

Natural sunlight was used for three summers, but in 1953 the use of the Holland Strobonar 1A speed light produced better results and freed the work from tedious waiting for clouds to pass or wind to die down. Three background cloth screens were used fitted to roller frames; one white, one slqr-blue oelor and one velvet black.

These were held back from the specimen at a sufficient distance so as to be out of focus, and to rid of all shadow if possible. The sliding wooden arms mounted on the tripod base, held the twig by means of wooden spring clips, and allowed for focus and sise adjustments. At first the specimens were hand-held over extension braces fastened to the tripod base, but this arrangement was later replaced for the more 18

r i | t U Aotifnihlo set-up u m 4 la the field. b t c u l o t t n a hold speolaeae In clothespins. adjustable for variable foool leatfths. Intension bellows pomlt aagni float loss up to 4 to 6 tlssa 11 fo else of i p t o l n a , 39 aa. Pmktiflex o w ora used for oolori Master Reflex ? i z oaasra used for blaok aad A l t e nod*- tiros. (600*1)

l&ft 2# Tlewiad spool■eas through reflex flader alleos for aoourate feousla* aad lastaat release of shatter at suitable smsat* tts ttroboaar Z Spoedlifht vae used subsstasatly with this set-up for better depth of fooue aad ocaustaaoy of Utfht searoe. (600 .1 ) r u n 1 19. •table eliding wooden arm*.

All developing and printing was carried out in a darkroom made from an existing storeroom at Saint Francis Xavier University

Biology Laboratory* The enlarging was done with a 2% x 3^ Auto-

Omega Enlarger, fitted with Kodak Ektar lenses* Kodak developers and fixers were used In the processing* 20

THE PHYLOGENY OF THE APHIDAE

(Plate 2, Pig. 3)

Any discussion of phylogeny of the Aphidae ought also to in­ clude related groups of insects from which the family probably arose.

Baker (1920) in his generic classification has set forth a phylo — genetic tree of the group which is modified here to facilitate the understanding of the broader relationships of this family.

Different authors treat the groups in various ways. One of these methods is given here. Beginning with the order Heteroptera which includes all the variable-winged bugs, two main divisions or suborders occur, which are the Hemipterous branch or half-winged in­ sects, such as: the water boatmen (Corixidae), backswimncrc (Noton- ectidae), giant water bugs (cimicidae), nabids (Nabidae), assassin bugs (Reduviidae), chinch bugs (lygaeidae), squash bugs (Coreldae), stink bugs (Pentatomidae), et altera; and the Homopterous branch or uniform-winged insects. Since the aphids are Included in this latter suborder our attention will bo confined to it.

The Homoptera (Key to Families of Homoptera p. 33 ) are divided into two main series, the Auchenorrhyncha Dumeril 1806, and the Ster- norrhyncha Amyot and Servllle I81i3. The Auchenorrhyncha, or those species having the tarsi mostly three-segmented and the rostrum aris­ ing from the ventral base of the head, include the Clcadldae (Cicadas),

Membracidae (Treehoppers), Cercopidae (Froghoppers or Spittlebugs),

Cicadellidae (Leafhoppers), Fulgoridae (Planthoppers or Lanternflies). The Stemorrhyncha are characterised by one or two-segaented tarsi and the rostrum appearing to arise from between the forelegs

(Essig, 19^2, p. 307)* This series includes the Psylllldae (Psyl- lidae, Chermldae) or Jumping plant lice, which superficially resemble aphids in some respects* They differ from these in having strong jumping hind legs, relatively long antennae and differences in wing venation* The Aleyrodidae (Aleurodidae) or white flies, somewhat resembling tiny moths, have wings with simple venation covered with a white dust or waxy powder* In both these last two families the adults of both sexes are alate* The family Coecldae, made up of scale insects and mealy bugs* is usually considered the most special­ ized family, which is true in some respects, though some of this specialization may have been brought about through degeneration, i*e* females are wingless, often legless, without eyes, and sessile in habitj the males have only one pair of wings (sometimes are wingless), lack mouth parts and therefore do not feed*

The following consideration of the phylogeny of the Aphidae submitted here is modified from A. C. Baker's Generic Classification of the Hemipterous Family Aphidldae (1920)*

The two families of the superfamily Aphidoidea, the Aphidae and the Phylloxeridae, are separated on the following basist the Phyllox- eridae, are characterised by the presence of summer parthenogenetic, oviparous forms, and with fore-wings in which the stigma is formed by the radial sector* (Key to subfamilies of Phylloxeridae P* 3U )• The

Aphidae are characterised by the presence of only sexual oviparous 22. forms, and with fore-wings in which the stigtaa is formed by the radius.

(Key to subfamilies of Aphidae p. 51 )•

On the basis of their anatomy and biology, the Aphidae are sub­ divided into four main subfamilies; the Mlndarinae, Aphinae, Eriosom- atinae and the Hormaphinae, which are as follows t

Subfamily 1 . Mlndarinaet

This subfamily is composed of one genus, Mindarus, which is the most primitive of the family Aphidae. The radial sector vein of the fore^wing arises at the proximal portion of the stigma which is the condition found in the wings of fossil aphids, as is also the stigmal formation. Furthermore the fact that this form feeds on conifers is also held by some to be a primitive habit. The sexes of Mindarus are more primitive in that they still retain a functional beak and suck plant juices and the oviparous females lay multiple eggs, (8-10), where­ as, the sexes of the Brlosomatinae are beakless, and the oviparous females never lay more than one egg. These latter two conditions are considered to be the more specialised.

In other respects the Mlndarinae resemble the Eriosomatlnae and

It is for this reason that some consider the genus Mindarus as closely related to the Pemphigini, one of the tribes of the Eriosomatlnae. The general form as wall as antennal structure; the separate apterous sexes; the mode of copulation in which the male mounts the female, remaining inactive for long periods; these and other structures and habits reflect a kinship to the friosonatinas. It is possible that some such ancestor, similar to Mindarus may have been the progenitor of the Brlosomatinae. ------25 PHYLOGENETIC TREE of the APHIDAE

Orefn*1 Fmmi *Hoi WMhiwi SaltuiopKiTfA y j/ Pv«ciph«l

Ph(llafhin» FNewyh^m Pt«>oc ChoitophoTina,

A p h in a

o. phi no.

E hio»omatih Thalailtw A r ^ S^taphino Pontalon / / * u "

LochntTMk. Eulart>nma MtHPAHiMAC

P hvlcoacaioac

A P H o o i 6 i A r "Chcwiioac (Pivuidm) Me nSRACtDAeV _ Storn©»*hy ncKa Fuloooioac w \\jCie»o«M A ^ HOMOPT ERA ) H E fP T E R A C icaocllioak “

HETEROPTERA * A « p V O » p n 1 « e inthtl pOpOT Plate 3 tf1*» A.C.Boh*v 2h.

Subfamily II, Aphinaei

This subfamily la also quite primitive in that they are foliage or twig feeder*, usually living In colonies, and have not developed any special method of life such as gall formation* Their wing struc­ ture includes a media that is twice-branobed and antennae which are of six segments; thus showing limited reduction and specialisation*

The sexual forms are also very primitive, inasmuch as the males are very commonly winged and both sexes retain their beaks and feed like other forms, while, at the same time, the female develops a normal ovary and produces several eggs*

Subfamily III* Brioaomatinaei

Mary of the species of this subfamily are subterranean, closely associated with ants* They have the ability to produce pseudogall and gall formations* This group is considered more advanced than the

Aphinae but more primitive than the Hormsphinae* It is, however, in certain respects more specialised than the Hormaphinae* The group is separated from the rest of the Aphidae on the basis of the sexual forms, which are small, apterous and beakless, and do not take nour­ ishment* That this was not their original conditions is indicated in the life history of the family and also by the fact that the sexual forms of some species have a beak when bora, losing it at the first molting* The ovaries of the oviparous female have atrophied with the result that only one ovary develops and only one egg reaches maturity*

It is also significant to point out that the slate forms possess dis­ tinct compound ayes, whereas the apterse do not develop them* The 25. vlng venation is likewise reduced* the media of the fore-wing la never branched more than once* which is another example of special­ ization by reduction in this group.

Subfamily IV. Hormaphinae i

The members of this subfamily are small* apterous aphids which possess beaks and feed but the specialization in the sexual forms is absent, i.e. the oviparous females ley many sggs. They are more specialised than the members of the other subfamilies in that they have a peculiar aleyrodiform stage (white fly-like) which is different from anything else in the family. They also have dev­ eloped peculiar wax glands which adds to their similarity to white- flies, (The Aleyrodidae or whiteflies are a separate* distinct family or Homoptera prevalent often as greenhouse pests,)

The discussion which follows is concerned with a more detailed treatment of each of the four subfamilies listed above.

The subfamily Hindarinae has already been designated as the most primitive of the Aphidae* consisting of but one genus* Mindarus abietinus, which is found on conifers* usually* Abies balaamea.

Because of the known geologic age of conifers* this might indicate a host relationship established* perhaps prior to the advent of flow­ ering plants.

The subfamily Aphinae is divided into four tribes* the Lachini,

Aphini* Thailax1nl and Panaphini, three of which are further subdi­ vided into subtribes. Reference to Plate 2 will make these relation­ ships clear. 26.

In the tribe Lachini the beak structure, type of antennae and cornicles are of primitive origin. The radial sector of the fore- wing is short and straight, and has migrated toward the tip of the wing. The members of the group generally- feed on conifers.

The subtribe Lachina is characterised by the presence of six segmented antennae, rounded cauda and anal plate. The males are alate while the females are both apterous and oviparous.

The subtribe Bulachnlna, while more specialised than the

Lachnina Is, nevertheless, in the same line of developsunt. The mem­ bers of the Eulachnina possess the same type of wing structure as the

Lachnina, but differ in having a specialised form of body, cornicles and eyes. All other species of the other subtribes of Lachnini have a different wing structure.

In the subtrlbe Cinarina the radial sector vein is curved but it has not migrated to the tip of the stigaa.

The species of the subtribe Anoecina are similar to the members of the subfamily Eriosomatinae, where they are frequently placed. How­ ever, the sexual forms are not beakless and the oviparous female de­ velops more than one egg. The stigma is modified somewhat from the condition of the long narrow primitive type.

The subtribe Tramina is made up of highly specialised forms with extreme modification of the hind tarsi, similar to those found in the subfamily Eriesomatlnae • The apterous forms of the subtribe

Tramina are further characterised by Insignificant oomicles.

Before taking up the tribe Panaphini two variant tribes, the 27.

Thelaxlni and the Greenideini, should be considered, since they arose from the line of the subfamily Aphlnae at approximately the same point as the tribes Panaphlnl and Aphini. Since It is not possible, with certainty to place thmu in either of the latter two tribes, they are given the rank of tribe themselves*

The tribe Thelaxlni is often placed with the subfamily Erioso- matinae because the oviparous female lays only one egg, but it is placed in the Aphlnae stem here, because the sexual female is not degenerate, beakless, and nonfeeding, as is the case in the subfamily

ETiosomatinae. The sexual female in this instance feeds upon the leaves of plants in the same manner as the viviparous forms. The members of this tribe are also more closely related to the subtribe

Phyllaphina of the tribe Panaphini than to any other group.

The members of the tribe Greenideini have long cylindrical, swollen cornicles with prominent hairs; a condition not met with in any other tribe, except the subtribe Macrosiphina. The tribe Green­ ideini is believed to have separated from the Aphlnae stem before the hairs of the cornicles disappeared.

The tribe Panaphini, members of which are characterized by the presence of a knobbed cauda and bifid or bilobed anal plate, are thought to have arisen later than the tribea Lachnini and Aphini, de­ veloping into two main branches represented by the subtribes Panaphina and Chaitophorina. These later two subtribes are in turn separated from each other on the basis of antennal variations.

The members of the subtribe Phyllaphina are considered to be 28. the most primitive in this line of descent because the oviparous forms of some species are alate; a condition very seldom found in the family Aphidae. In the subtribe Fanaphlna the oviparous forms are apterous with cornicles moderately developed and with wing veins usually not reduced.

The subtribe Saltusaphlna is closely related to the Panaphina but differs from it since its members have enlarged femurs, which function in leaping. Both of the sexual forms have lost their wings which the male retains in the subtribe Panaphina. Furthermore, the ocular tubercles in the Saltusaphlna are absent, whereas they are conspicuous in the Panaphina.

The two most specialized subtribes of the tribe Panaphini are the Monaphlna and the Drepanosiphina. The former is character­ ized by the lack of oornicles, whereas the latter possesses variable cornicles as well as the fact that the males are winged and the fe­ males have long narrow ovipositors.

The three resutlning groups of the tribo Panaphini are the sub- tribes Chaltophorina, Fallawayina, and Ptarocommlna. The subtribe

Chaitophorina is characterized by the presence of long hairs on the antennae and over the body. The members of this subtribe are more generalized, corresponding closely with the species of the subtribe

Panaphina, the males usually being alate. The members of the sub­ tribe Fullawayina are characterized by the absence of cornicles, whereas the subtribe Pterocormina possess cornicles which are cylin­ drical and swollen. 29. The tribe Aphini is made up of five subtribes, two of which are the Aphina and the Macroaiphlna which took their origin from the Aphlnae line of descent with the development of distant frontal tubercles and cornicles* The subtribe Aphina is further character­ ized by an extreme variability in the shape and sise of the caudae and cornicles* The subtribe Macrosiphina la beat characterised by the presence of prominent frontal tubercles* .

The subtribe Cervaphina may be separated from the subtribe

Aphina by the possession of long cylindrical cornicles and prominent abdominal spinelike projections* The antennal segments and wing vena­ tion are also reduced*

The subtribe Pentalonina is separated from the subtribe Macro- siphina by the possession of a peculiar wing venation* The radial sector is united with the upper branch of the media and the venation of the hind wing is reduced* This condition is considered special­ ized and therefore, places this group at the top of the tribe Aphini*

The subtribe Setaphlna is characterized by the presence of highly specialized antennae and wings* The cornicles, cauda, and anal plate are, however rather generalized* Since the members of this group lack prominent cornicles as are found in the subtribes

Aphina and Macrosiphina, some contend that this subtribe holds a rather doubtful position in the tribe Aphini* However, since the cornicles of the members of this group are not hairy, they must be separated from the tribe Gresnldeini*

B y reference to Plate 2 it will be noticed that the subfamily 30.

Eriosomatinae contains five tribes and that of the subfamily Horma- phinae, three tribes* These tribes are not further separated into subtribes as was the case with the Aphlnae stem*

Of the five tribes in the subfamily Erl o sonatinas, the tribe

Eriosomatini contains the most primitive forma, which are character­ ised by the presence of prominent cornicles and well developed wax glands* The typical host plant for the members of this group are the various species of elm* The summer forms of many species, however, alternate between the elm and the roots of various other plants* As a rule the species in this group do not form galls. The members of the tribe Pemphiginl are similar to those of the tribe Eriosomatini, with the exception that they fora galls on deciduous trees* Cornicles are present, but are reduced to mere rings and many m amber a of the group secrete wax* The species of the tribe Melaphlni are all gall- former a like the Portphiginl, but have lost the cornicles entirely*

In the Prociphilini cornicles are absent, but large wax plates have taken their places* The species live upon leaves which roll and crumple into pseudogalls*

The most specialised members of the subfamily Eriosouatinae belong to the tribe Pbrdini. These aphids are similar to those which belong to the tribe Prociphilini, i*e., the cornicles being absent and replaced by large wax glands* They almost all subterranean in habits and associated with ants*

The moat primitive members of the subfamily Horaaphinae belong to the tribe Oregmlni* These aphids lack the aleyrodiform stage 31. characteristic of the subfamily, but they possess distinct cornicles.

Closely related to the tribe Orogmini are the members of the tribe

Cerataphini. These aphids are more advanced than those of the tribe

Oregmini in that they possess an aleyrodlform stage together with

abundant wax glands, as well as cornicles. The alate forms possess

annular sensoria; apterous forms are scale-like and live on leaves.

The aphids which belong to the tribe Hormaphini are all gal i

formers on both the primary and secondary host. They lack cornicles but have well-developed wax glands. They also possess a generation

like the white-flies, the aleyrodlform stage. In general the members

of the group represent a high degree of advancement in aphid evolu­

tion. 32 PART II

TAXONOMY

In the various descriptions of species, the word "nri 11lister" or its abbreviation **mm? is emitted for the sake of brevity, when stating the comparative or actual lengths of various body parts.

Body length is measured from vertex to tip of -cauda. The unguis is measured from the permanent sensorlum on base of antennal VI to tip of filament. The base of antennal VI is measured from basal joint to include permanent sensorlum. Measurements of cauda are made from the dorsal aspect along median line. Color descriptions are those of dorsum, or as seen from the dorsal aspect. The characters emphasised are those of alate forms of the species, since in most cases, keys to these forms are the most readily available.

The use of both a compound microscope for detailed observation and making of measurements; and the wide-field binocular microscope for color comparisons and grosser measurements was found useful; to­ gether with Kodachrome projections on a wall screen depicting the actual field conditions encountered on the host plant with the respective aphids in question. This series of Kodachrome slides was made simultaneously with the black and white photographs included in this paper. 33.

Key to the Families of the Suborder Homoptera

(Coccidae, Aleyrodidae and Chermidae not included in this paper)

1. Beak arising from ventral base of head; antennae minute; bristle*

like; tarsi 3 -Jointed; active and free-living (not described in

this paper) • • . * • ...... Series Auchenorrhyncha

-. Beak apparently arising from between front coxae; antennae prom­

inent, threadlike, or wanting; tarsi 1 or 2 -segmented; relative­

ly inactive or sedentary • ••••••• Series Sternorrhyncha 2

2. Radial sector of fore-wing absent; 3 oblique veins present;

cornicles absent; antennae never 6 -se0 nented; all females ovi­

parous, (p. 33)• .••••••• ...... • Fam. Phylloxeridae

-• Radial sector of forewing present; Li oblique veins present;

antennae usually 6 -segpiented in alate forms; only sexual fe­

males oviparous, parthenogenotic females viviparous (p. Ul)» • •

...... Fan* Aphididae

Suborder Homoptera Family Phylloxeridae (Chemidae)

The Adelgids and the Phyllox ar ids

The members of this family are closely related to the aphids and are found in somewhat similar situations. They differ from the aphids in a number of respects, i.e., they lack cornicles, antennae

3-5 segmented, reduced wing venation in forewing, radial sector absent (fused with R^); all reproductives are parthanogenetic or oviparous; males and sexually perfect females are dwarfed and wing­ less* The two subfamilies are given family status by some author­ ities*

Key to the Subfamilies of Family Phylloxeridae

1* Wingless agamic females, flocculent; antennae 5-segmented In

alatae, segments III, IV, V with solitary 'sensorlum, U-

segmented antennae in sexual forms, 3 -segmented In wingless

parthenogenetic females; wings roof-like when at rest*

Species infest conifers, on needles, twigs or in galls (p.

3h) ..*.•*••«•••••••• Subfamily Adelglnae (cKemTnaeT

Wingless agamic females usually not flocculent; antennae 3*

segmented in alatae; segment II with 2 sensorla; wings flat

when at rest* Species not infesting conifers (not discussed

in this paper) • •••••••*•• Subfamily Phylloxerinae ramily Phylloxeridae Subfamily Adelginae

(Family Adelgidae, Mordvilko 193?, by some authors)

Chermes Linn* 1758

Adelges Vallot

Essig, 191*2:32l* makes this conment in a footnote with reference to this subfamily (or family), Hthe transference of the name Chermes to replace Pqylla has made it necessary to adopt the name Adelgidae from the genus Adelges Vallot for this family**. (No date was given for Vallot's genus). Hence, the genua name, Adelges Vallot, not

Chermes is used In this paper* The three species taken are as­ signed to this genus*

Family Phylloxeridae Genus Adelges Vallot

The essential characters for this genus are very similar to those given for subfamily Adelginae in the key to the Subfamilies of Family Phylloxeridae above*

Key to the species of the Genus Adelges

(Modified after Britton, 1923*329)

1* Gall well formed, pineapple shaped, not terminal ...... 2

-. Gall not well formed, terminal; presence causing scraggly

deformation of twig (p. liO)...... ••*••••• similis

2* Forewing and anal vein not strongly curved; hlndwing with M

directed distad; winged form from gall ovipositing on Larix

spp. (p. 3 8 ) •••••••■•*•••••*.• lariciatus

-• Forewine with anal vein strongly curved; hindwing with K not

directed distad* Winged form from gall ovipositing on Plcea

spp. (p. 3 6 ) ...... abietua Subfamily Adelginae J Adelges abietus (Linn*)

The Long-spurred Pineapple Gall Adelgid

Plate 18, Pigs. 35, 36 Plate 19, Fig, 36

Chermes abletus Linn*, 1758* li51*; Cholodkovsky, 1907; Patch,

1909*290; Craighead, 1950*13U

Adelges abietus (Linn*), Borrow and Delong, 195U i271

This is one of the commonest and most widespread gall insects

found on the conifers of Nova Scotia* As the collection records

show, it has been found in every county studied wherever White Spruce

is growing* The galls are well formed and appear as miniature pine­

apples in the axils of terminal branches* One not familiar with the

normal growth of White Spruce might mistake these galls for young

carpellate oones* Fig* 35 shows the numerous dead twigs and mal­

formed growth on a young White Spruce caused by this adelgid* Where

they are numerous they cause serious defomations of the branches,

and small trees are sometimes ruined by their presence* Very often

stem growth beyond the gall stops and the twig dies, resulting in

the secondary new growth taking on a peculiar and irregular conforma­

tion, Patch (1909*290) counted as maiqr as 990 fresh galls on a sin­

gle White Spruce 3 feet tall*

The young galls are green, with a triangular-shaped red mark

outlining the opening of each cell, which turns from purple to deep

red as the gall matures* The galls measure from about £ to one inch 37. in langth and are made up of the swollen bases of adjacent needles, in which the adelgid lives (Pig. 33). These cells are closed until the emergence of the last nymphal instar late in August, at which time they open, allowing the emergence of these forms, which molt while on the adjacent needles and become winged. Patch (1909*291) counted 5 0 cells in one gall, each containing from 6 to 1 2 nymphs.

According to her observations the species is monophagous in that these August, winged margents lay yellow eggs on the needles of the host which hatch in two weeks into apterous forms which over­ winter in the buds, usually of the same host. The following spring these apterous forms mature and lay a batch of lUO or more eggs, the young of which infest new needles which results in the new pineapple gall.

The fact that adjacent trees may not be infested when very close to one that is heavily infested, tends to support Patch's con­ clusions that this adelgid does not seek a different species of host plant and that is is usually monophagous on one host.

Winged oviparous forms have a golden brown body, with thorax lighter colored than abdomen; head and thoracic lobes dark. The wings have a decided greenish cast, especially in regions of stigma and margin, the d e a r part of the wing being slightly yellowish- green. For good descriptions of the various forms with figures, see

Patch (1909*290)

Collections and records* Found in long-spurred pineapple galls in axils of terminal branches of Plcea glauca (Koench) Voss (White 38.

Spruce).

Antigonish County* Route ?, August 9, 1950; Lochaber, July 26, 1951;

West River Road, July 30, 1952; St. Andrews, July U, 1953*

Cape Breton County, Gillis Lake, July 12, 1951#

Victoria County: New Harris, July 16, 1951; Aepy River Valley,

August 17, 1951; Bay St. Lawrence, August 17, 1951; Neils

Harbour, August 17, 1951*

Inverness County: Port Hastings, August 13, 1951; Glendale, August,

ll*, 1951; East Lake Ainslee, August 15, 1951; Cheticamp, August,

16, 1951; Port Hood, August lU, 1953.

Pictou County* Sunnybrae, July 28, 1951; Green Hill, July 5, 1952.

Guyaborough County* St* Mary's River, July 27, 195l; Caledonia,

July 28, 1951*

(Reference msnbers* 1*61*, 631, 652, 821, 900.2X

Subfamily Adolginae Adelges lariciatus (Patch)

The Short-Spurred Pineapple Gall Adelgid

Chermes lariciatus Patch, 1909*291*; Britton, 1923*330

Because of the great similarity between the gall of A. abietus

Linn, and this adelgid, oollection records at first did not differ­

entiate between the two. Therefore the incidence of A. lariciatus

(Patch) in Nova Scotia cannot be indloated without further study* It

is, furthermore, quite possible that some of the records indicating

A. abietis M y be that of A. lariciatus. However, on the basis of 39. existing records, A. abietls is far more extensive in occurrence than the latter.

The gall produced by this species, like that of A. abietls, is not terminal but occurs in the axils of terminal branches. The closed openings of each small needle gall are marked by vide russet lines giving a general russet color to the whole gall. The pineapple appearance is even more striking because of shorter needles than that of A. abietls. For this reason the name "short-spurred" is applied as contrasted to the "long-spurred" pineapple gall of A. abietls.

The winged oviparous forms of A. abietis and A. lariciatus are separated on the basis of the wing venation as indicated in key to the species above. Alatae have head and thoracic lobes dark, prothorax and abdomen light yellowish-green, extremities green; wings decidedly green with yellow proximal portion. As in the case of A. abietis the basic coloration darkens with the ago of the in­ dividual. Fateh (1909t29h) describes, figures and pictures the galls, nymphs and alatae of this species. Her observations further indicate that the alternate host is Larch, i.e., "the migrants from the White

Spruce galls settled on the larch needles and oviposited", this mi­ gration occurring from the first to the middle of August.

Collections! In short-spurred pineapple galls on Picea glauca

(Moench) Voss (White Spruce) found in the axils of terminal branches.

Antigonish County, Route 7, August 9 , 1950. (Reference nxaaber U61*). Subfamily Adelginae ^0. Adelges similia (Gillette)

Plate 19, Fig. 37

Chermes stmilis Gillette, 1907*1$; Patch, 1909*301

Pineus similia (Gillette)

These forms were taken from very loosely formed galls, causing a scraggly appearance on the terminal branches of the new growth of white spruce, quite unlike the well foraed and compact galls of A* abietis and A. lariciatus. Syrphid larvae were frequently found preying upon these adelgids, their access being made easy by the vary loose nature of the gall.

The alatae are reddish brown with wings smoky, and body covered with considerable flocculence. Patch (1909*301) discusses the char­ acters of the winged forme and something concerning the life cycle, though it is nbt 3ure whether the form is monophagous or alternates to a summer host. Galls, however, were found on white, red and black spruce in Maine. To date only galls from white spruce have been found in .Java Scotia. Gillette (1907*1$) describes the species from Col­ orado and his comparison with Patch's slides indicates the same species in both regions.

Collections* On terminal branches of Picea glauca (Moench)

Voss, in loose scraggly galls. Not cannon in the region. Guysborough

County, Sloane Lake, July 27, 1951; Inverness County, C. B., Kings­ ville, August lU, 1951$ Victoria County, Aspee River Valley, August

17, 1951* (Reference number 526) Suborder Homoptsra FAMILY APHIDAE (APHIDIDAE)

Aphides Linnaeus, 1758*U52

Aphidae Sammouelle, 1819*232

Aphidina Burmeister, 1835*35

Aphididae Passerini, 1863; Buckton 1881

Aphiidae Baker, 1921:101

The etymology of this family name has long been in a state of confusion, largely because Linnaeus did not properly define the application of the word Aphis. Buckton (1876) tried to derive the correct meaning but came to no final decision. According to Essig

(19U2a:331 footnote), the Greek scholar, John Varre3 suggested the meaning "unsparing", or "lavish", referring to the biotic potential of these insects, and C. J. B. Amyot, the French entomologist, thought the root meaning meant "to draw liquid", which is a char­

acteristic of this group* Essig contends that the English form of

the root is "aphid" and "therefore, the correct form of the family name is Aphididae and not Aphidae".

However, in Palmer (1952:3 footnote) the usage of "Aphidae" is considered correct, since it is in conformity with opinion li*3 rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in 1913, which supercedes Essig*s comments, (see Bull. Zool. Nomen.,

1950:2l*6, Vli). This principle is therefore applied to the other lesser hierachical subdivisions of this family in this paper, i.e.

aphldinae becomes aphlnae; aphidini becomes aphini and aphidina 1*2. becomes aphina. This not only conforms with opinion 11*3 cited above, but also simplifies the usage of these terms*

MORPHOLOGY USED IN TAXONOMY

Baker, 1920a:2; Palmer, 1952:3

The principle structural and anatomical features used in most keys for the identification of the Aphidae are shown in Plate 3, which is an outline drawing of a composite alate aphid illustrating most of these characters* Color descriptions are Included under the various species headings discussed in this paper at least for the alate forms* A great many of the older published keys used these color differences especially in keying out the species* It is im­ possible to include color illustrations though their value would be considerable* Some of the works of Gillette and Palmer (1921*) or earlier, contain very beautiful colored plates of many of the prin­ cipal aphid species*

Aphids are phytophagous insects usually living in colonies made up of parthe no gene tic and sexual individuals which are the prog­ eny of ovoviviparous females* They are rather small in size ranging from about one to at the most five nan. in length; more or less frag­ ile, soft bodied and slow moving* The adult forms are both alate

(winged) and apterous (wingless) and usually occur together in the same colony* They exist in various colors from pale yellow to green, or brown to black with considerable variation in color pattern with 13. spotting, or stripes; being either prulnose or covered in varying degrees with a whitish flocoulenee or pulverulence* They feed wholly on plant juices, sucking it into a relatively small stomach and prim­ itive filter chamber* They lack Malpighian tubules which perhaps is one reason for the rather prolific excretion of honeydew through the anus* Wigglesworth (193?) states that aphid honeydew is composed of

16*7£ sucrose, invert sugar, 39 dextrin and 3*0$ protein*

The head is rather smal.l and closely joined to the pro thorax with vertex flat, concave or produced, and with or without frontal

tubercles* The eyes are compound and with or without an ocular tu­ bercle* Alate forms and some apterous males possess three ocelli*

The antennae are quite variable, with from three to six segments

with segments I and II very short, and ending with a terminal fila­

ment (unguis) which varies greatly in length in different species;

antennal sensoria are variable in number and shape from circular

and oval to transverse and band«llk»« The Rostman is here consid­

ered as five-segmented with rostral IV and V fused in most aphid

groups; it may be short extending to first coxae or longer than body;

blunt, tapering or elongate*

In alate forms the thorax is well developed, but in the apterae

it is not distinct being somewhat fused with the abdomen* Spiracles

are present on the meso- and metathorax and often lateral tubercles

are on the prothorax*

Wings occur on viviparous females and certain male sexuales,

usually folded roof-like over back when at rest* The forewings are prlaary imiorlt- : -

aaoaadary N u o r l « ■adlao ootlltM ^•rtai lubooital m k par* plata ' - lataral aoallua radial ooapouU aya ,-aoular tubarol*

'pratborax 'sdia'- - M i o t l o r u '■3 A 4 - wax para plata -aatatborax oubiir haaattll' --lataral tubarol* radial aaoto, . daraal tubarola

oubltua'

-•oasalol* t i b i a ^ - - -oaudal tubarola ~ - anal plata *• aatt^a

Out11a* Irarlal af a oaapaalta aphid ta lllustrat*

atruoturaa u**d la daaorlblng aad kaylng tba rarloua apaolaa.

FIXTE 3, fig. 4. larger with the typical or "normal” venation shown in Plate 3. Vari­ ations occur in the reduction of medial branches; shape of the radial sector and its relation to the stigma; and in coloration, presence or absence of fuscous; veins bordered or not, or clear. The hind wings are small, very reduced in some groups, with hamuli on the anterior margin and with fewer veins, reduced still more in certain groups.

The legs vary from short to very long with considerable variation in the number, distribution and kind of hairs and spines, especially on the tibia, which in oviparous females is, in addition, often swollen and covered with sensoria. The tarsus is two-segmented, the first very short, and the longer second segment bearing two simple claws.

The msnber of segments making up the abdomen varies from eight to nine, all more or less indistinct, though more easily differen­ tiated, possessing seven pairs of spiracles respectively. Plate 3 illustrates the positioning of lateral, dorsal and caudal tubercles, which vary in number and structure with different species. Wax glands, hairs or setae are also usually present. Cornicles (honey tubes or nectaries) whioh are oil or wax-secreting organs, occur on the fifth or sixth abdominal segment; sometimes they are wanting.

The shape varies from cylindrical, to swollen, straight to curved, truncate or mammiform, to mere pores; thsy may be mnooth, imbricated, partly reticulated, or sometimes hairy; and with or without a flange on the distal end. The last two segments are modified into the cauda

(tail), and anal plate, structures peculiar to this family, which are very distinctive in the different species, varying from inconspicuous 1*6. to rounded, or short, tapering to knobbed, to elongate tapering or spatulate* In male sexuales the genital organs are made up of a genital plate, penis and a pair of valves* In female sexuales the abdomen Is often drawn out posteriorly Into a long tapering tube*

For a more detailed and comprehensive treatment of the mor­ phological characters found In the Aphidae, consult works such as the following* Patch (1909a) and others of her publications;

Sanborn (1901*); Swain (1919); Theobald (1926, 1927* 1929); Gillette

and Palmer (1931); and more recently a most excellent compilation

of over 1*33 species is figured and described by Palmer (1952)*

LIFE CYCLE

Mo one aphid life cycle can adequately represent the variations

encountered In the whole group* Generally speaking, however, a type

known as heterogaray or cyclic reproduction typifies conditions found

in which there is an alternation of sunnier asexual generations with

a fall sexual generation* The various forms encountered i n this

cycle are as follows* (see Plate 1*, Fig* $ which is an example of

one type of life cycle)*

Fundatrix (Stem Mother) hatches from the overwintering egg in

the spring about the time the buds are beginning to open and is either

apterous or alate* Upon maturity she begins to produce young parth-

enegenetically (without fertilisation)* Since the young hatch from

the eggs internally, they are born alive (viviparous)* This type of U7. female is therefore ovo viviparous*

Fundstrigenlae are the parthenogenetic offspring of the at an mother and are either alate or apterous* They mature and give rise ovoviviparously to one or more generations* In some groups, i*e*

Panaphina and Drepanosiphina, this form may be absent, only male saxulea being alate*

Migrantes (Migrants) are alate and arise from the second or third generation of apterous fundatrlgeniae on the winter or primary host* Upon maturity they fly to a suitable summer or secondary host and then reproduce parthenogenetically, apterous forms* If they stay on the same or a similar winter host they continue to produce both apterous and alate forms*

Alienicolas (seconds) are apterous offspring on the stumer hosts which continue to reproduce ovoviviparously throughout the growing season on the secondary host*

Sexuparae (gynoparae) represent the last viviparous generation produced on the summer host* They are alate or apterous and give rise parthenogenetic ally to sexuales, either on the susuer host or after migrating back to the winter host*

Sexuales (sexes) are the male and female offspring of the sexuparae sometimes born on the suraner host, but more frequently on the winter host* They quickly mature, mate, and the apterous ovi­ parous females lay from one to several eggs, usually on the bark of the winter host* Alate male sexuales more often occur on the summer host and fly back to the winter host and mate* Sexuales feed very ■18

LIFE CYCLE OF APHIS POMI (DEGEER)

PRIMARY HOST SECONDARY HOST MaJtaS pa. m i lo. L i’nn A p p le o> other ho*t« (Apple)

FtLTtdat>t■ ■ deriiae \ i a.l(_ite o yapTevou-j ' ^ — ^ M ip Tg-nteS OvOviviparou^ 9 V ' ^ ~ ate ovi>vivi| >iToniV t \ / ^ j ' l a t e "y * Alienicolae S p r i n g \ ^ I \ / \ f i^'Teicjs , /stjAyr. S o m m e r \ - \ * FundcLtYI H I E a r l y stem mothe> f S p r i n g \ o * o v * vi p a t Oll 4 \ or ulato^ \ I \ I \ W i n t e r / m U* EARLY F A L L / S e Aa p a te a a late a-nd apte»cu* / / o vo v I v Ip o .» O vlS V ? \ L a t e \ Stray?*' Se*u.u-tes Pa l l -V ? V o « i ¥* _ ,.4: "'f^ l i^ T g n t S

A \ u p Q v a t a n t i c * se nnal es little and usually die before winter.

The life history shows considerable variation between dif­ ferent species and in the same species in different climates.

Post species are fairly specific as to host plants and many appear to be monophagous; others accept hosts within relatod plant groxrps.

Contrary to popular opinion, relatively few species have a primary

(winter host) which is usually a perennial or woody plant and from

to several secondary (sunrior hosts) wh:ch are usually annuals or herbaceous plants* There are also some species which are very

cosmo olitan in habit accepting most any plant within normal fly­

ing range, i.e., tiysus persicae (Sulzor), Lacrcsiphum euphorbiae

^T:: g •) Aphis gossypii Glover* Some species which in cooler

climates normally show alternation of hosts and the production of

fail sexuales, may in warmer climates continue reproduction par-

t iienogenoticai ly tliroughout the year, i*e«, Aphis pord De Geer,

j-.j ni malifoliae Fitch, which do so by maintaining parthenogenetIc

oolciiies on evergreen hosts (Essig. 1 9 b 2 i3 3 b ) • Apparently the pro­

duct icn of sexuales is in some way correlated with climate, in a

somewhat analogous way in which the production of alate forms appear

to be correlated with the condition of the host plant, i*e*, alatae

will develop in the laboratory on drying pieces of host plants more

quickly tiian when left on the live host in the field*

llany other varieties and exceptions may be encountered in the

life history* Not all summer alate forms migrate in a normal migra­

tory' species* Apterous colonies may continue throughout the growing 50. season on the winter host, simultaneously with colonies on the summer host. If this summer host is a perennial some members of the species may overwinter on it, not migrating back to the winter host. Other specific variations are considered under the species descriptions when they are known. For further discussion on this subject see

Hotte3 and Frison (1931*130-135); Essig. (19^2:333-335) and Palmer

(1952:^-5).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

of the species met with will be of little or no econ­ omic importance, if one considers only the amount of destruction on the immediate host, but in the long term study of life cycles, the aphid of no seeming economic importance on its recorded host may be very destructive on its alternative or secondary host. By checking its growth at earlier stages in its life cycle, it may have important crops and the expensive use of sprays by the farmer.

Some of the more common pests are the woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanlgerum. which is a universal pest on the apple and elm. Aphis poml is difficult to control and is also widely distributed;

Facrosiphum rosae is a common pest on the dooryard rose bush; Aphis brasslea is the common cabbage aphid; while Rhopalosiphaan persicae is a troublesome pest to the greenhouse curator. Most of these are readily killed by contact insecticides. The importance of aphid destructiveness on grain crops was forcibly seen in Alberta the s w - mer of 19U9 when over a mill ion dollars worth of barley was destroyed 51. by their feeding* In fact, Aphids constitute one of the most injurious insect groups* "Their attacks on plants cause serious damage in three ways: (1) by robbing the plant of sap, (2) by the toxic action of their salivary secretions, Injected during feeding, thus causing stunting of growth, deformation of leaves and even of fruit, or causing galls on leaves, stems or roots, (3) by acting as vectors of viruses which cause many diseases of plants* Since aphids are usually specific as to plants attacked and as to plant viruses car­ ried in the capacity of vectors their taxonomy is highly important"

(Palmer 1952, p. 5).

Key to Subfamilies of the Family Aphldae

1* Antennae, cauda or cornicles or a n three well developed,

sensoria circular or oval; wing veins not reduced* Found

exposed on plants (p.$2) ••••••••••*•••. Aphlnae

-* Antennae short; cauda small; cornicle reduced or an all pore or

wanting; sensoria transverse or annular, sometimes circular;

wing veins reduced, media once—branched or simple* Found

under flocculent secretions, in folded leaves, galls or roots.

(Mindarus excepted) ••••••••••*••**••••• 2

2* Radial sector of fore-wing arising at proximal end of stigma;

cauda slightly produced; but not knobbed* Found in exposed

situations (p*26li) ••*•••*».******, Mindarinae 52.

Radial soctor arising near distal end of stigma; cauda semilunar

or knobbed; wax glands numerous* Found in concealed situations,

i.e., flocculence, folded leaves, galls or roots ...... 3

3. Cauda semilunar; anal plate entire; ovipara lay solitary egg; non-functioning mouth parts in sexuals (p* 236) . Eriosomatinae

Cauda knobbed; anal plate bilobed; ovipara lay several to many

eggs; functional mouth parts in sexuals (p. 2^9) . Horaaphinae

i amily Ap h i da e

Subfamily Aphinae Gillette and Palmer

Gillette and Palmer, 1931:830; Palmer, 1952:8

The members of this subfamily are characterized by having cornicles cylindrical or clavate, or as raised rims, usually on ma/unlform base, rarely absent* Cauda usually well developed, but various, sometimes 3hort and rounded, or elongate, spatulate or comical, sometimes knobbed* Wing venation generally normal through­ out the group* Antennae long and slender, usually with circular or subcircular sensoria; unguis filamentous in most forms, but short in primitive forms* Compound eyes developed in apterae* Living ex­ posed on plants, sometimes in curled loaves or on roots underground* 53

Key to Tribes of Subfamily Aphlnae

Radial sector of fore-wing straight or curved; cornicle mere rim, on broad, shallow cone; mammiform; sometimes sessile rim

on tody

Radial sector curved, never straight; cornicle elongate, or

truncate, sometimes pore-like or absent

Cauda knobbed

Cauda not knobbed

Anal plate entire (p. 233) ••••••••••••• Thelaxinl

Anal plate divided (not taken in region) (Subtribe Salusaphina)

(p. 172) ••••* ...... •••••••••' Panaphinl

Cornicle truncate, sometimes elongate, rarely ring, pore or

absent; cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed or indented; cauda

always knobbed when cornicles elongate; cauda semilunar, anal

plate entire if large hairy species (p. .172)• * . • Panaphini (Calliptarinl)

Cornicle elongate, never truncate, rarely absent; cauda elon­

gate, not knobbed, sometimes semilunar; anal plate entire;

n^ver hairy species (p. 5 U ) ...... Aphini

Unguis stubby, much shorter than base antennal segment VI;

radial sector straight (excepting Anoecina, Tramina, and

Lachnua); antenna and cornicle hairy (excepting Kssigella)

(r* 151)...... Lachnini 5U.

Unguis much longer than base of VI; radial smctor curved; anten­

na and cornicle not noticeably hairy (p. 228) .(Subtribe) • • •

...... Phyllaphina

Subfamily Aphinae Tribe Ai'hini Gillette and Palmer

Aphidini Thomas, 1877:3; Baker, 1920:39

Aphini Gillette and Palmer, 1932b:36?; Palmer, 1952:112.

The members of this tribe Include most of the coninon species

ai d as well, injurious forms of the known Aphidae. Because of their variety and abundance, a large number of genera exist, being separ­

ated chi a fly on the basis of variations in cornicles, cauda, anal plate, frontal tubercles, body hairs, antennae and sensoria. Wax

secretion is rare; cornicles usually elongate, rarely pore-like ©r

truncate; antennae usually longer than half body length and with

filamentous unguis; frontal tubercles prominent in one subtribe,

Uacrosiphina; Ii-segmented rostrum, with fifth segment fused with IV;

eyes with ocular tubercle; distinct and curved radial sector in fore- wings. Alternation between hosts Is common with apterous and alate

generations; oviparous females often apterous, males usually alate.

’-'cst often found free as colonies on leaves of trees and herbs or

on twigs and roots, very frequently attended by ants. 5 5 .

Key to the Subtribes of the Tribe Aphinl

1. Head without prominent antennal tubercles, rarely exceeding

vertex; cornicles li times hind tarsus or shorter, not reticu­

lated; cauda usually shorter than twice hind tarsus (p. 55) .

...... Aphina

Head with prominent antennal tubercles, exceeding vertex;

cornicles longer than U times hind tarsus, often reticulated;

cauda usually longer than hind tarsus (p. 99) • Gacrosiphina

Tribe Aphini Subtribe Aphirui Gillette and Palmer

Apliidina Baker, 1920a:Uo.

Aphina Gillette and Palmer, 1932b:369; Palmer, 1952:113*

In addition to tribal characters, the insects of this sub-

tribe have frontal tubercles only slightly developed and rarely

exceeding vertex (ocellus not included as part of vertex)* The

cauda varies, but is usually shorter than twice hind tarsal length.

The cornicles are never reticulated, and usually never longer than

b times hind tarsal length. Hairs u e simple, pointed and short.

Key to the Genera of the Subtribe Aphina

1* Antennae 6-segmented; cornicles cylindrical to tapering, or

slightly swollen near distal end and with or without flange . .2

-• Antennae p-segmented; cornicles cylindrical to tapering (p.87) .

...... Cerosipha 56.

2. Forewing with media twice-forked...... 3

Forewing with media once-forked (p. 97)...... Toxoptera

3, Cauda usually not as long as cornicles; cornicles cylindrical,

incrassate or clavate ...... • ii

Caudfl long and broad, considerably longer than cornicles,

longer than width at base; cornicles very 3hort, about equal

to width of base of cauda, swollen i>eyond middle in alatae and

without flange (; . 8 9 ) ...... • Byalopterus

. Cornicle cylindrical to tapering, not reticulated at distal end;

cauda tapuring to cylindrical (; . 5 6 ) ...... «... Aphis

Cornicle swollen, clavate, longer than entire length cf cauda;

cauda parallol-3ided or tapering (p. 91) .... Rhopalosiphum

. ubtribe /tphina Genus Aphis Linnaeus

Linnaeus, 1 5 3:151; Buckton, 1379*31; Baker, 1920a: 1:3;

i aimer, 1952:116

The species of this genus are characterized as follows* head with frontal tubercles never exceeding slightly convex vertex. An­ tennae 6-se^nented, unguis filamentous, with secondary sensoria sub- circular, often with narrow rims. Forewings normal with twice- branched media; hind wings with both media and cubitus present.

Cornicles quite variable in length, but usually cylindrical and ta­ pering. Cauda generally shorter than cornicles, tapering to cylin­ drical, often constricted near middle with denticulate surfaces. SI.

Anal plate is round ad. Hairs may be pointed or blunt; usual] y not longer than diameter of segment from which they arise; those on cauda, curved, and about as long as cauda* Lateral tubercles present, al­ ways on abdominal I and VII. Hales usually alate; oviparous females apterous. Usual hosts, deciduous trees and herbaceous plants, living on leaves, twigs and roots. Baker (l

relative to the type for this genus, suggesting, Aphis sambucl Linn.,

set by Latreille, l0O2.

Key to the species of the Genus Aphis

(Modified from Palmer, 1952:116; Hottes and Frison, 1931:176)

1. Corn! cl us smooth, not imbricated (p. 60) .••••••. cardui

Cornicles imbricated ...... 2

2* Hind tibia of viviparae not bearing sensoria ...... 3

Hind tibia of all viviparae bearing sensoria (Not taken in

region)

3. Rostrum broadly obtuse, IV and V shorter than twice width at

base (p. 62) ...... cerasifoliae

-• Rostrum slender, IV and V longer than twice width at base . . U

h. Cauda not longer than broad •••••.••••••••••.5

Cauda longer than broad ...... ••••••••.7

S. Cauda bearing at least 6 hairs on each side (p. 81) . . . . .

...... sambucifoli 5 0 .

Cauda bearing fewer than 6 hairs on each side .•••..•• 6

6 . Cornicle shorter than 1,5 times base of VI (p. 6 U)......

...... crataeglfoliae

Cornicle at least 1.5 times as long as base of VI (p. 60)

...... cardui

7 . Cauda tapering, ending in a point ...... 0

Cauda not tapering, tip rounded ...... 10

8 . Cngui.s shorter than 3 times base of VI; abdomen green or pink

, 7 9 ) ...... saliceti

”nguis at least 3 times base of VT; abdomen brown-black to

black or reddish-brown 9

9. Antennae, with conspicuous setae, as long as, or longer than

width of antennae; secondary sensoria on antennal III in ir­

regular double row; on Populus spp. (p. 7 1 ) ...... maculatae

-* Antennae with inconspicuous, translucent setae, rot equal to

width of antennae; secondary sensoria on antennal III in more

or less straight and regular row; not on Populus spp. (p. 6 8 ) .

...... folsomli

Cauda about as long as 2 times base of VI in apterae (T!ot

taken in region) ...... lutescena

Cauda never longer than 1.5 times base of V T ...... n 59.

11. Cauda not bushy, bearing 2-U pairs of lateral hairs • 12

Cauda bushy, bearing 5 or more pairs of lateral hairs • • • • lU

12. IV longer than V (p. 70) helianthi

IV not noticeably longer than V ...... „ ...... 13

1 3 . iv of alatae typically with sensoria (Species not taken in

region)

IV of alatae typically without sensoria (p. 73). • neoglllettei lJi. Unguis equal to I I I ...... 15

Unguis usually distinctly shorter than III •••••..•• 18

15. Cauda but slightly longer than wide, rather wart-shaped distal

to neck; several sensoria of TV of alatae (p. 81) sambucifoliae

Cauda distinctly longer than wide, cylindrical to spoon-ehaped

distal to neck .....••...•••• ...... 16

16. Sensoria not more than 10 on III of alatae (p. 76) • • • • pcnai

Sensoria more than 10 on III of alatae ...... 17

17. Sensoria typically absent on V in alatae (p. 6 6 ) • • • • fabae

Sensoria typically present on V in alatae (p. 7li) • oenotherae

16. Unguis not longer than 1.5 times base of VI (p.83) . spiraephlla

Unguis 2-3 tjunes base of '71 ••••••• .*•••••••.19

19. Cauda about half as long as base of VI, hardly longer than

broad (p. 85)...... vib urn ip hi la 60

Cauda 2/3 to as long as base of VI, nearly twice as long as

broad (p. 70) • • •.•••••••• hellanthi

Sub tribe Aphina Aphis cardui Linn.

The Plum and Thistle Aphid

Plate 58, Fig. 133 Plate 63, Figs. llU:, 1U5

Aphis cardui Linn., 1750:^52; Kaltenbach, 19U3:115; Baker,

17; Smith (R.H.), 192h (circ.); Gillette and Palmer,

1932b: 387; TlacGillivray, 1952:7h; Palmer, 1952:127.

Bractycaudus cardui, van der Goot, 1915:25U-

Anuraphis cardui, Theobald, 1927:233 (Synonymy).

A fairly common and variable species both as to host and as to color characteristics; varying from light green to almost shiny- black, older forms usually of darker color, with large dorsal patch and bands on dorsum. Found generally clustered in compact colonies on the a t m of host plant at the inflorescence and attended by sev­ eral species of ants. On Artichoke, however, alatae are green with black thorax and together with apterae scattered from growing tip along leaves to ground. Palmer (1952:127) and Patch (19lUb:253) re­ ports its presence on plum (Prunus sp.) as winter host and thistle

(Cir3 i\an laneeo 1 a tun) as suranar host. In Nova Scotia, however, it was found more frequently on ragwort than on thistle. Theobald

(1927:233) and Palmer (1952:127) describe and figure this species. 6l.

Important distinguishing characters: short cauda, long corn­ icles (.22-02, twice as long as hind tarsal II); long rostral IV and

V (.13-.20) and black body of alatae resulting from bands and dorsal

; at ch.

Collections: Taken on three hosts as follows:

■lost: Helianthus tuberosus Linn. (Arthichoke) in garden.

Antigonish Cotmtv, Antigonish, July 2 h , 1950 (1*53).

Host: Sen^cio Jacobaea Linn. (Ragwort).

Antigonish County: Crystal Cliffs, August 16, 1?50 (U?0);

Route 7, July 30, 195? (a?); Cloverdale, July 23,

1 9 9 3 (B7U); Antigonish, August 7, 1953 (8 7 8 ).

I’ictou County, Sunnybrae (Steilarton), July 28, 1951 (U70).

Guysborough County, Stormont, July 17, 1953 (8h7).

Inverness County, Glendale, August 15, 1953 (911).

Host: Clrsi urn sp. (Tourn.) Linn. (Thistle).

Lunenburg County, Tancook Island, August 9, 1952 (681).

Inverness County, Raplo Ridge, August 13, 1953 (893).

(Reference numbers in brackets following dates.) 62.

Subtriba Aphina

Apliis corasifoliae Fi tch

The Chokebarry Aphid

Plate 27, Figs. 57, 56, 59 Plate k h , Figs. 100, 101

Aphis cerasifoliae Fitch, 1555*131; Thomas, 1679*93; Patch,

19lUa:260; Swain, 1919:97; Gillette and Palmer, 1932b:

369; r.noSillivray, 1952:7^; Palmar, 1952:128.

This aohid has been taken on three different species of host rlants and in all cases the type of infestation and host damage pro­ duced is very similar. Its occurrence is general and hosts attacked

~re generally heavily infested* Plates 27 and h k show the typical curl'*ng and folding of the young terminal leaves caused by this aphid comparing this condition with normal uninfested leaves. The colonies are usually large and very compact, usually inhabiting the underside of terminal leaves along leaf veins or on adjacent stem and inflor­ escence. A copius amount of honey-Klew is present and ants are usually present in large numbers. The damage is severe and results in malformed terminal growth of the host plant.

The Syrphid fly seems to particularly favor ovipositing in the colcnjes of th's aphid as they have been observed doing so on several occasions. Plate UU, Fig. 100. shows one female fly in the act of ovi­ positing in such a colony. (Strobonar IA used for flash; see also

Plate ii3, Fig. 98 for another syrphid species ovipositing on aphid,

Perlphyllua populicolua). 63.

The stem mothers (fundatrix) are pale yellowish green, but

lack pvlverulence, with body length slightly longer than apterous

summer forms. At terous summer viviparae are pale green to somewhat bluish

green, with hoad lighter color; thorax green with dark green mid-dor­

sal line, abdomen pale to bluish-green with dark green median line

and darker green transverse lines between segments, separating the

transverse bands of white flocculence. Cornicles pale with dusky

tips, slender and slightly tapering; cauda lighter with dark tip

and tapering from broad base.

Alatae are pale to apple green with head, antennae, thorax,

abdominal tubercles, cornicles, tip of cauda, femora and tarsi

blackish. Pody length 2 -2 . 5 same as apterous forms, but smaller

than fundatrix. Lateral tubercles on prothorax and all segments

of abdomen. Forewing with second fork of media short.

Swain (1919:97), Patch (19lUa:26o) give descriptions with

measurements of apterae and alatae; Palmer (1952:128) also includes

in addition descriptions and figures of sexuales.

Collections: On underside of curling terminal leaves of

Am elanchi or Wiegandii Neils (Wild Pear). Antigonish County, Route

7, July 2U, 1951 (521a).

On Prtuius pensylvanlca Linn. (Pin Cherry). Antigonish County,

Route 7, July 10, 1953 (832a).

On Prunus virginiana Linn. (Choke Cherry). Antigonish County, Cape George, June 23, 1953 (812). (Reference numbers in brackets following dates) 6U.

Subtribe Aphina Aphis crataogifoliae Fitch

The Long-beaked Clover or Hawthorn Aphid

Plate 26, Figs, 53, 5k, 55 Plate 32, Figs. 70, 71

Aphi s crataegifoliae Fitch, 1851:66; Baker, 1519c:l85

(Synonymy); Hottes and Frison, 1931a:190> Palmer,

1552:132.

Aphig brevis latch, 1915c:U31«

This species favors the terminal shoots and underside of young leaves of the winter host, occurring in dense and rather eocten- sive colonies. Plate 26, Figs. 53,5k show the normal uninfested terminal leaves of wild pear compared to those infested with this aphid. Apterous forms on this host are slightly lighter green with more pulverulence than those which occur on English Hawthorn, Plate

32, Fig. 70. The colonies are attended by numerous ants and are often preyed upon by large syrphid larvae, three of which can be seen in Plate 26, Fig. 55*

The apterae are generally from light to vivid leaf green with dark cornicles. Transverse bands of whitish pulverulence occurs a- cross tl» thorax and abdomen. Alatae have black head and thorax with yellowish to pinkish-greon abdomen; black lateral areas occur on abdominal VI, VII, and VIII. Other extremities dusky brown to blackish; cauda pale, broad and tapering. Cornicles cylindrical with denticulate imbrications. Descriptions with figures of alate and male sexual forms are

given by Palmer (1952:132). Hottes and Frison (1931asl90) report that "it over-wintoro on apple and hawthorns, from the leaves of which it migrates in summer to the steins and crowns of red clover and certain other plants". It has not beon taken on tho summer hcst in Nova Scotia as yet. The species, however, is of quite common oc­ currence on its winter host.

Collections t On terminal stems and underside of terminal leaves of winter host, Amelanchier Wiegandii Neils (>Hld Pear).

Antigonish County, Route 7, June 29, 195>0 (U22a).

On terminal shoots and underside of leaves of winter host,

Crataegus monogyna Jacq. (English Hawthorn). Antigonish County,

Antigonish, June 10, 1952 (610); June 17, 1953 (809).

(Reference numbers in brackets following dates). 66.

Subtribe Aphina Aphis fabae Scopoli

The Bean Aphid

Plate 53, Figs. 120, 121, 122.

Aphis fabae Scopoli, 1763*136 and 139; Jones (M.G.), 19U2*

67; Jacob, 19U5:102 and 19*4? iU31; Palmer, 1952:135

Aphis rumlcis Linn., Davidson (J.), 1921*81 (misidentifica­

tion); Horsfall, 1925:1; Franssen, 1927:16; Theobald,

1927*98 (Synonymy); Gillette and Palmer, 1932b:ii39;

Hille Ris Lambers, 1 9 3 *4*2 7 .

This species is commonly confused with A. rumlcis Linn. The latter is distinguished from A. fabae Scopoli, by the slightly swol­ len hind tibia of ovipara; short thick cauda; absence of sensoria on

IV of alate vivipara apterous male; and cornicle without a flange.

Forms of A. fabae Scopoli have been found most often on the common burdock and less frequently on curled dock in Nova Scotia.

Th's species is highly polyphagous, especially as regards its summer host, appearing to have no secondary host specificity whatsoever.

It is, furthermore, subject to much color variation according to the different plants infested, which in turn appears to affect its mealy covering as well as size. Structural characteristics which in some species are relatively constant, vary greatly in A. fabae, i.e., on antennal III, sensoria vary from 10 to 22 on different individuals and even vary on the same individual between the two antennae; and 67. cornicles vary considerably in their relative length to the cauda*

According to Theobald (1927:103) the species winters in the

egg stage on Chenopodiurn, but Palmer (19^2:136) lists Euonymus sp*

(strawberry bush), Viburnum opulus (High bush cranberry), and V. opulus var* sterlli (snowball) as the winter hosts* Theobald lists

some h6t and Palmer 26, different summer hosts, many of which are

coimon garden vegetables* Kggs are laid in the rather hit or miss

fashion, some on young wood, but most at base of buds, yellow at first, then changing to black* The soring fundratrix produces ap­

terous viviparae, which later produce alate suraner migrants by late June mid-July, which fly to some herbaceous host* Th©ir

eventual success depending upon which herbaceous host they happened to light upon* Beans, poppies and burdock serve as hosts on which they seem to thrive, causing severe leaf curl and general debilita­ tion of hcst* By fall, alatae apjear on these herbaceous plants and return to winter hosts and produce oviparous females, joined later by alate males*

Apterous forms on curled dock are velvety black, feeding head down on stems in closely compact colonies mostly on terminal shoots, but also extending part way down the stem* On Arctium sp* apterous

forms are stem feeders, dark olive-green to black in color, those on

Arctium minus (hill) Benth* being fairly heavily marked by four dor­ sal rows of pulverulent white spots on abdomen and two rows on thorax*

(Plate 53, Fig* 122)* Alate forms seemed to favor feeding on under­ side of adjacent leaves* 60.

Very complete character descriptions of all forms with figures

are given by Palmer (1952:135) and Theobald (1927:98) who also dis­

cuss synonymy. KacGillivray and Spicer (1953 :U28) list under Aphis

rumicis Linn., parasites found in this species; one cynipid, three bracortlds, and one smecies of Ptaromailds.

Collections; On terminal stems, underside of leaves and under inflorescence of Arctium minus (Hill) Benth.

dull fax County, Halifax, July 20, 19 k 9 (333)»

Antigonish County, Antigonish, July 21, 1950 (U5l)> Jimtown, July

2 2 , 1950 (li52); Antigonish, July 19, 1952 (650) and August

10, 1953 (080).

Colchester County, Roseville, July 6, 1952 (637).

Lunenburg County, Tancook Island, August 9, 1952 (680).

(Ref;ironce numbers in brackets following dates).

Subtribe Aphina

Aphi3 fol3omii Davis

The Ivy Aphid

Plate 68, fig. 16? Plate 69, fig. 171 Plate 7 0 , fig. 199

Ardils folaomii Davis, 1903:1^3.

Alate and apterous forms were found generally distributed over v m e but only where meristem centers were active on young shoots of nost. Both forms are reddish brown in color. Alatae with antennal I l l , 2 h with from li-8 secondary sensoria in straight row; IV *20 and V *22 with no sensoria; unguis #36, base #08; setae inconspic­ uous and translucent# Cornjcles #20, cylindrical with flange and imbricated throughout entire length# Forewings normal, slightly smoky (fuscus); hindwinga with media and cubitus# Anal plate rounded, Cauda #l!t cylindrical to tapering, slightly constricted near base, rather bluntly pointed and with 6 hairs# Hind tibia

.8; hind tarsus #~9# Width of hoad tJirough eyes #Lu^; antennae l*2h; body length 1*5# Rostrum to beyond third coxa; TV and V #lli, ralher long and narrow# Described from alate specimens collected#

Davis (l?08:lU£) describes and figures the sexuales and vivi- parf u:= form3 of this species according to liritton (1923:293) who reports hi s taking it from Ampelopsis quinquifolia# Hottes and

Prison (1931:19-4: have taken it on Parthenoci3sus tricuspidata in illinoi s*

Collectionsi On growing meristems of harthenoci ssus quinque- f'-lla (Linn#) Planch# (Virginia Creeper, Dos+.on Ivy), Kings County, iVolfviile. duly 30, 19ii3# Not common, f Reference number 103p) 70.

Subtribe Aphina Aphis helianthl Monell

The Dogwood or Sunflower Aphid

Plate $6 , Fig# 128

Aphis helianthi F.onell, 1879:26; Gillette, 1927:3^6: Hottes

and Prison, 1931a:196; Gillette and Palmer, 1 9 3 2 b:l4 0 2 ;

Palmer, 1952:lUl; KacGillivray, 195*2:7U.

Aphis oxybaphi Oostlund, 1887:62

Aphis gillettei Cowen (in Gillette and Baker), 1895* :120

Aphis cornifoliae Fitch (misidentification), Gillette, 1910:

Ji07.

This species has been taken only once on the winter host,

Red Osier Dogwood# According to Hottes and Frison (1931a:126) and

Palmer (195>2:lLt2) the over-wintering stage occurs in the egg on dog­ wood# Fundatrix with young in the spring often cause very serious

damage to host by curling, twisting and otherwise malforming the

new leaf growth# Summer alatae usually migrate to sunflower, but

Palmer (195>2:lU2) lists eight other alternate herbaceous secondary

hosts# The summer forms apparently do not produce leaf curl on

sunnier hosts or later after migrating back to winter host, Cornus sp., in the fall#

Apterae and alatae were found at the base of terminal flow­

ers and fruits of dogwood and attended by numerous rather large black ants# Apterous viviparae are yellowish green mottled on 71. dorsum of abdomen with green; cornicles, cauda, anal plate and venter dusky to black. Alatae with head and thorax black; abdomen pale yel­ lowish green and somewhat pulverulent; extremities similar to apterae.

Adequate descriptions with figures are found in Palmer (1952:181).

In New Brunswick, this aphid was found by KacGillivray and fpicor (1953:828) to be parasitized by three specie3 of braconlds;

Aphidius (Lysaphidus adelocarinus Smith, Aphidius (lysiphlebus) testaceipes (Cresson), and Diaeretus sp. sallcaphis (Fitch).

Collections: On Cornua stolonifera I'ichx. (Red Osier Dogwood) around base of terminal flowers and fruits; difficult to detect ex­ cept for presence of numerous ants. Antigonish County, Fairmont

Rond, July 5, 1900. (Reference number 838)

Subtribe Aphi na

Aphis maculatae Oestlund

The Spotted Poplar Aphid

Plate 28, Fig. 60 Plate 82, Fig. 97

Aphis maculatae Oestlund, 1887:61; 0111 ette and Palmer, 1932b:

812; Palmer, 1952:150.

Aphis populifoliae Fitch (misidentification); Davis, 1910d:

889; Patch, 1913a:82.

Aphis davial Patch, 1917:818.

Chaltophoroldes populifoliae (Fitch), Knowlton, 1929c: 36.

This aphid is usually found feeding on the upper leaf surface 72. of 1 oplar causing a very slight upward curl of the leaf. The alate viviparous females have black head and thorax; abdomen blackish brown with snow-white pulverulent spots on dorsum arranged in trans­ verse rows of one row for each segment; cornicles black, long and cylindrical, slightly swollen near base; antennae with from 2 0 to 3 0 sensoria in irregular double rows on III; eyes and beak black; prom­ inent lateral tubercles on thorax. General appearance of apterae similar to alatae, but young are light-rusty brown, mostly covered with powder except for naked middorsum of abdominal II and III.

Patch (l?13a:82, fig. 55) describes and pictures this species under the name of Aphis populifoliae Fitch which is a misidentifica- tion. Further descriptions and figures are given by Palmer (1952: 150).

Collections: On upper leaf surface of Populus tremuloides

Miehx., (Trembling Aspen). Antigonish County: Crystal Cliffs, July

1*5, 1950 (USQa); Fairmont Road, July 27, 1953 ( 867).

On upper and lower leaf surfaces and peticles of terminal branches of Betula lutea Michx., {Yellow Birch): Cumberland County,

Collingwood, July 7, 1952 (61i3)« Not common.

(Reference numbers following dates). 73.

Subtribe Aphlna Aphis neogillettei Palmer

Plate 56, Figs. 129, 130

Aphis cornifoliae Fitch ("other collections"); Gillette and

Palmer, 1932b: 39li, line 20.

Aphis neogillettei Palmer, 1938:352 and 1952:155.

Apterous summer forms occur in medium size, compact colonies, on the underside of leaves of dogwood, and cause rather severe leaf curl and wilt. The aphids favor the leaf midrib and tend to radiate out along the side veins. lost colonies found were attended by a j7*eat many large black ants; so many that at times the aphids were completely covered by them. Parasitized forms were common in most colonies observed*

The general body color, a dark olive-green; rather pale yellow appendages, with antennal VT, tips of cornicles, cauda, tibia and tarsi black. Color pattern of alatae similar, except head and thorax black. Cornicle cylindrical and more or less tapering and flanged; cauda about as wide as long, tapering bluntly.

A H forms are described and figured by Palmer (1952:156) who also (dves a; proximate dates for occurrence of these forms, and com­ pares A. cornifoliae and A. helianthi with this species, pointing out significant character differences since the three species are easily confused.

A. cornifoliae differs from A. neo gill ettei by having greater 7U. number of sensoria on antennal III of alatae (more than eight); body color of viviparae not brown*

A. helianthi differs by having hairs on hind tibia and anten­ nal III longer and more erect; shorter measurements of all parts; antennal III and IV coalesced in sexuals.

Collections; On Comus stolonifera Michx. (Red Osier Dogwood) on underside of curled leaves* Antigonish County, Route 7, July 2U,

1951 (522); on August 23, 1951 (522) colonies gone from this host;

August 23, 1951 (522*1) still present on nearby host in same area;

July 10, 1953 (833); Antigonish, August 26, 1953 (925).

(P. ference numbers in brackets following dates)*

Subtribe Aphina

Aphis oenotherae Oestlund

The Evening Primrose Aphid

Aphis oenotherae Oestlund, 1387:62; Gillette, 1927:3hli and 3U6;

Palmer, 1952:158*

Aphis oenotherae var. rufa, Gillette and Palmer, 1932b:U2U.

Apterous and alate forms of this species were found feeding in the region of the floral peduncle of fireweed* The infestation was general on this host in the area, though not found since in the other counties worked.

Alatae have head and thorax black with light to olive -green or slate colored abdomen covered with pulverulent reticulations* Apterous form* similar in color to alatae but with head and thorax similar to abdomen. Tarsi and tip of tibiae black; cornicle, cauda, anal plate, bearing 6 pairs of hairs. Sensoria (11-22 on antennal III) circular and scattered; IV, 3-16, same; V, 1-10, same. Rostrum* lone, reaching third coxae.

Descriptions and figures of apterous, alate and male alate are found in Palmer, 1952:158, who also points out that more stucjy of this species is needed since it may pro-re to be a synonym of A. epilobii Kaltonbach (181*3:61*

Coll ections: On Epilobium angustifolium Linn. (Fireweed) in region of floral peduncle. Coninon only in area found, not else­ where. Kings County, Ridge Road, Wolfville, August 9, 191*8.

(Reference number 67p). Sab tribe Aphina Aphis posil DeGeer

The Green Apple Aphid

Plate U, Fig. 5 Plate 36, Figs. 79, 80, 81, 82. Plate 6 8 , Fig. 168 Plate 70, Fig. 190

Aphis pomi DeGeer, 1773:53; Gillette, 1908d:303; Gillette

and Taylor, 1908:23; Baker and Turner, 19l6c:955;

Matheson, 1919:686; Patch, 1923a:U5 and 1929:698;

Theobald, 1927;133; Hottes and Frison, 1931:210;

Gillette and Palmer, 1932b:h33; Palmer, 1952:161a;

ILacGillivray, 1952:75*

Aphis ii>aP Fabriclus, 179U:216; Smith (J.B.), 1900:3*

Aphis pomi is very generally distributed throughout Nova

Scotia, occurring most often on apple trees, found on abandoned farm land where once there was a thriving apple orchard* Occasion­ ally these remnant orchard trees will be found surrounded by new growth of mixed deciduous and spruce or fir trees* Since they are unattended, they are most always infested with this aphid* Plate

36 pictures the usual condition of these trees with large compact colonies of greenish aphids on the underside of terminal leaves and on the stesis, causing severe leaf curl and general malformation of the growing terminal branches*

One of the best accounts of the biology of this species is that of Baker and Turner (19l6c*955), a summarized version of their 77. account of the life cycle is as follows (Plate U, Fig. 5):

In the fall a yellow egg is laid on the tender twigs or bark of older twigs of the apple. Later the egg changes to shining black and a rapid development follows* Following this it goes into the winter resting stage. In the spring, about April, the esibryo revolutes and hatches out catalysed by the warmer temperature* The

stem mother is wingless and matures in about ten days. The gives birth to winged and wingless summer forms, the winged forms predom­ inating. A large number of generations (nine to seventeen) of sum­ mer forms follows. The number of winged forms Increases during the summer and they fly to many different hosts or they may remain on the apple. Toward the end of the summer the number of winged forms decreases. Intermediates and wingless lines are also known in some colonies. The wingless sexes appear about September and occur in all generations. Mating begins toward the end of September, one male usually serving more than one female. During this time both sexes continue to feed* The alate oviparous female now migrates back to the apple if she has been abroad, or to some other plant of the numerous host list, or she may remain on the host and oviposit.

If the eggs have not been fertilised thqy do not turn black but the fertilised eggs develop to the resting stage before the first frosts and the cycle begins again the following spring.

It should be noted that Aphis pomi may spend its whole life cjcle on Malus pumila L., in which case the primary and secondary hosts are identical. On the other hand, however, as pointed out by 78.

Patch (1923:58) the summer alatae may migrate and live upon a great many secondary hosts, represented in as many as 21* botanic families.

Furthermore, "this species soems to have a tendency to touch many of its hosts for the duration of but one or two generations" and then migrate to another summer host. Because of the polyp hag ms and migratory tendencies of this aphid, the possibility of its serving as a vector of plant bacterial and virus diseases becomes very great.

The newly hatched stem mother is dark green becoming light ap] le green when adult, with extremities blackish. Alatae have black head and thorax, with apple green or yellowish abdomen, sometimes with slight lateral darker green spots, with extremities blackish.

Apterous forms of similar color pattern to fundatrix, but with cauda elongate-cylindrical with slight constriction near base. More com­ plete descriptions with figures of all forms including sexuales are given by Palmer, (1952:16!*). liacGillivray and 3picer (1953:1*28) report one pteromalid, Pachyneuron siphonophorae (Ashmead) and one braconid, Trioxys (TTloxys) sp. as parasitizing this aphid in New Brunswick.

Collections: On terminal leaves and steins of Malus pumila

Linn. (Apple). Common on unattended trees throughout province.

Kings County, Lake George Road, July 26, 191*8 (lGGp).

AntLonish County: Route 7, June 29, 1950 (1*19); Septanber 6 , 1950

(1*19.1); July 3, 1951 (1*19). North Shore Road, July 11, 1950

(1*39); Lochaber, July 25, 1951 (1*19); West River Road, July 30,

1952 (652); Cape George Road, June 23, 1953 (815); Jimtown, 79.

August 21, 1993 (920),

Lunenburg County: Hadsr's Cove, August 6 , 1952 (666)5 Tancook Island,

August 9, 1952 (682).

Colchester County, West of Rossville, July 6 , 1952 (639).

On Betula papyrifera Harsh (Paper Birch) on underside of ter­ minal leaves and steins. Heavy infestation causing leaf curl. This is the only instance of this species occurring on this host. It could be another of the mai^y possible summer secondary hosts, though never recorded in the literature reviewed on this species. Lunenburg

County, Mahons bay, August 6 , 1952 (6 7 0 ).

(inference numbers in brackets following dates).

Subtribe Aphina

Aph is saliceti Kaltenbach

The Green and Pink Willow Aphid

Plate 1*7, Figs. 107, 108 Plate 6 9 , Fig. 181

Aphis saliceti Kaltenbach, 1013:103; Koch, 1051:118; Buckton,

1879:52; Gillette and Bragg, 1918a:89; Haviland (1920:311)

Theobald, 1927:171; Hottes and Frison (1931a:217);

Gillette and Palmer, 1932b:llO; Palmer, 1952:172.

Aphis salicicola Thomas, 1 8 7 8 : 8 and 1879:212; Monell, 1079:21*;

Cowen (in Gillette and Baker), 1895:121 (misspelled

"salicola"); Gillette, 1910:1*03.

These aphids infest the young terminal shoots and underside of 80. new leaves of willow, causing the leaves to curl and terminal shoots to wilt or droop. They occur in very dense and compact colonies which are made up of apterous and altae individuals varying in color from light to medium green to a bluish green; others are often pink­ ish to rust—red or orange. They are very largely attended by ants, which are reported by Theobald (1927*175) to carry the aphids from place to place.

Ilottes and Prison (1931a:217) and Theobald (1927*175) point out a pecularity of this aphid in that the sexuales occur during spring or early summer. This is also the case with A. rocladae

Cockerell. Haviland (1920:311) 3ugge3ts the possibility that fur­ ther study on the biology of particular aphids may reveal more frequent occurrence of sexuales in summer than is at present sup­ posed to be and "that the disappearance of some forois, which is at present attributed to the migrations of a biphytophagous species to a second host plant, will prove to be part of the normal cycle of a monophytophagous species after the production of fertile ova?.

Theobald (1927*171) and others are not inclined to be in agreement with this idea, but hold to the generally accepted notion that in most species the sexuales occur in the fall. According to those who have worked with this specios, it is monophagous on the willow.

The principle distinguishing characters of this species are the long yellow, prominent cornicles with dark tips in apterae; the two contrasting body colors, green and reddish-orange, long cauda in apterae, stunner sexuales and antennal I H of alatae with 5*7 sensoria* For complete descriptions and figures of all forms refer to the works of Theobald (1927:171); Gillette and Bragg (1918:89) and Palmer (1952:172)*

Collections: On terminal stems and underside of new leaves of Salix spp* (Tourne) Linn* (Willow)* Rot very common, but hosts attacked usually heavily infested*

Kings County, Lake George Road, July 8, 1918 (78),

Antigonish County: Route 7* July 21, 1951 (517); and July 30, 1953

(662); Fairmont Road, July 27, 1953 (869a)*

Colchester County, Rossville, July 6, 1952 (638'**

(Reference numbers in brackets following dates)*

Sub tribe Aphina

Aphis sambucifoliae Fitch

The Elder Aphid

Plate 68, Fig. 160 Plate 70, Fig* 198

Aphis sambucifoliae Fitch, 1851:66; Sanborn, 1901:52; Davis,

1910:190; Essig, 1917:312; Swain, 1919:123; Gillette and

ralmer, 1932b:111; MacGillivray, 1952:75.

Aphis 3ambuci Linn, Theobald, 1927:95*

Apterous and alate forms of this species were found clustering

in very compact colonies on tender shoots and flower heads near the

terminal ends of common elder and red-berried elder in Kings County.

It has not been taken elsewhere. Where it occurs, the host is 8 2 . heavily infested, but generally it is an uncommon species. The in­ crustations of this aphid are always swarming with ants, in conse­ quence of the great amount of honeydew secreted, so nuch in fact that the growth of the plant is usually checked. Theobald (1927:

9c) lists two species of ants found on these aphids in Great Britain, i. o., Ilyrmica rubra and Las jus fuligjnosns.

Swain (1919:123) reports the presence of this aphid in Calif­ ornia; Sanborn (190ii:$2) describes the alate form found in Kansas;

Mottos and P'rison (1931:216) record its presence in the Chicago area, and comment that it was never taken on older growing in the open, but rather in shaded situations. Thoobald (1927:9$) describes apter­ ous and alate forms under the name A. sanbuci b* evidently considering

't synonymous with A. sambucifoliae Fitch, but Sanborn (190^:53) had already pointed out the difference between those two species, which arf* described and figured as distinct in Palmer (1 52:173> 17^).

Alate forms have head and thorax black; abdomen blackish green with two rows of powdery transverse bands on dorsum. Antennae, cor­ nicles and cauda are black. Cauda broad and blunt, with slight basal constriction. Rostrum slender reaching third coxae, Apterae of sim­

ilar color pattern with alatae, but with greater amount of powdery patches on lateroventral margins of abdomen. Cornicles black,long

and narrow with wider basal portions and imbricated. For complete

descriptions and figures see Ganbom (I90ij:52); Theobald (1927:9$)

and Palmer (19$2:17h).

Collections: On terminal shoots and flower heads of Sambucus canacensi s Linn* (Common Elder). Kings County, Wolfville, July $ ,

19ii3 (52). On S. pubens liichx. (Red-berried SLder), Kings County,

’.Jolfville, July 2 9 , 1 9 h C (102p); White Rock, August 5, 19^8 (13p)*

(Reference numbers in brackets following dates.)

Subtribe Aphina

sPiraePhila Patch

The Gray Spirea Aphid

Plate 6 9 , Figs. Ih9, 150

Aphis spiraephila Patch, 19lUa:270; Gillette and Palmer,

1932b:U48; Palma; 1952:179.

The ho3t plant of this aphid, Keadow-sweet or Hardhack, is

very common generally throughout the province occurring in wet land,

ditches, swamps, meadows, low pastures and bordering certain forest

situations. The aphids affix themselves, head down, in very closely

packed, dense colonies around the terminal stem, petiole, leaves,

and flower buds of the host (Plate 65), causing the terminal new

leaves to curl and generally malform the growing stem tip.

Collectively the aphids in a colony give a grayish-blue or

gray-black cast, occasionally brownish-black. Patch (19lUa:270) re­

cords them as black; Palmer (1952:180), as brown. The forms in Nova

Scotia agree more closely with Patch's description. A given anall

shrub may have as maiQr as 12-li* separate colonies on the ends of as

mapy terminal branches. According to Patch (1911±a:270) the spocies is monophagous, spending its whole cycle on the 3ame food plant.

Collection records show that it i3 found on this host throughout tbs growing season from early June until fall, thus to substantiate

Patch's observations for this species in Maine.

Alatae have head and thorax black with grayish-blue-black ab­

domen, slightly marked by transverse pulverulent bars on dorsum.

Cornicles cylindrical, tapering, imbricated and without flange.

Cauda elongate and spoon-shaped. Apterae similar except with greater

amount of powdery reticulations. Unguis on antennal VI, rather short

For more detailed descriptions and figures see Gillette and Palmer

(1932b:UhS).

Collections: In dense colonies on terminal shoots, petioles,

leaves and floral buds of Spiraea latifolia Borkh. (Meadow-sweet,

P.ardhack) •

Antigonish County: Route 7j June 12, 1950 (hOO); June 29, 1950 (UOO)

September 16, 1950 (UOO.l); July 3, 1951 (1400.2); July 25, 1951

(Li00.3)« Malignant Cove, July 11, 1950 (h38). Antigonish: June

2, 1952 (602); June 17, 1953 (810). St. Andrews, July 11, 1953

(876). Big Marsh, July 28, 1953 (876).

Guysborough County: Aspen, July 25, 1951 (5214). Melrose, July 16,

1953 (8 3 I4). Port Felix, July 18, 1953 (060;. Sloane Lake,

July 27, 1951 (52U).

Colchester County: Harmony, July 21, 19U8 (85)J Rossville, July 6,

1952 (638).

Lunenburg County, Spondu Lake, August 12, 1952 (695)* 8 5 .

%uoens County, Caledonia, August lii, 1952 (700),

Inverness County: Port Hastings, August 12, 1953 (8 8 6 ); Maple Ridge,

August 13, 1953 (8 8 8 ).

(Reference numbers in brackets following dates).

Subtribe Aphina

Aphis viburnlphlla Patch

The Viburnum Aphid

Plate 6 6 , Figs. 151, 152

Aphis viburniphila Patch, 1917:iA6 ; Gillette and Palmer,

1932b:U58; Palmer, 1952:185; KacGillivray, 1952:75.

This aphid was taken on two species of Viburnum. V. cassin-

oides is a common shrub throughout Nova Scotia, often abundant in

swamp3 , wet, barren, open low lands, and in open cut over roadside

clearings. V* alnlfolium ia more common In hardwood situations in

the central and northern parts of the Province. Despite the rather

frequent occurrence of both of these host plants, very few were

found infested with this aphid or any other. However, on those

found infested, the colonies were quite numerous.

Fundatrix and first generation nymphs were found in early June

alate forms appearing by mid-July in central Nova Scotia and as late

as mid-August in Northern Cape Breton. The colonies were found on

one host (Plate 6 6 ) clustering at the base of the fruit, mostly alatae

present. On other hosts they were found on the underside of curled 8 6 . terminal leaves and in the floral inflorescence. Patch (1917:1j16) states that the species is monophagous, present on Vibernum spp. all year*

Alatae with head and thorax brownish-black, thorax and abdomen dark greenish-brown and mottled* Cauda rather blunt to slightly tap­ ering; cornicles cylindrical, flanged and imbricated* Antennal III with scattered, circular sensoria from 20-28* Apterae similar color to alatae, but with dusky dorsal bands posterior to cornicles; ap­ pendages yellowish-white; dusky cauda, anal plate and cornicles*

’.ore complete descriptions with figures are found in reference cited above*

Collections; Rather infrequent on either host* Found on terminal leaves, stems and inflorescence of Viburnum alnifolium

(*arsh). (Hobble-fcush). Guysboro County, Country Harbour, July 16,

1953(813). On V* cassinoides Linn* (Withe-rod, Wild Raisin).

Kings County, Lake George Road, July 26, I9 I48 (101).

Antigonish County, Antigonish, June U, 1952 (6 0 O).

Guysborough County, Salmon River, July 26, 1951 (525)*

Victoria County, Neils Harbour, August 17, 1951 (533).

(Reference numbers in brackets following dates)* 87.

Subtribe Aphina

Genus Cerosipha Del Guercio

Cerosipha Del Guercio, 1900:116; Baker, I920:li6.

Metaphis Katsuraura, 1 9 1 8 :1 .

The species of this genu3 differ characteristically from those

of the genus Aphis by having 9-segnanted antennae in all forms with

subcircular sensoria. The head is without prominent antennal tuber­

cles; both wings normal venation; cornicles cylindrical to tapering;

cauda somewhat tapering, aphis-like. Only one species taken in Nova

Gcotia. Genus type (monotypical), Cerosipha passeriniana Del G.

Gultribe Aphina

Cerosipha rubifolii (Thomas)

Sipha rubifolii Thomas, 1879:121

Cerosipha rubifolii, Winter, 1929:193* Gillette and Palmer,

1932b:U70.

Aphis rubifolii (Thomas) n. comb., Palmer, 19^2:171.

This light greenish yellow aphid was taken on wild raspberry,

where it formed a heavy infestation on stem and underside of leaves

of new growth, resulting in rather severe leaf curl. Many ants were

in attendance upon the aphids. Alatae not collected on hosts were

obtained later in laboratory after a few days in storage cans. Hottes

and Prison (1931:230) pictures the host showing the rumpled and curl­

ed leaves on ends of terminal branches. They also describe the alate 88. and apterous forms. Winter (1929b:193) gives a good account of the species and summarizes the literature relative to it. Palmer (1952:

171) lists this species as Aphis rubifolii (Thomas) n. comb., but does not state her reasons for doing 30. Most other authors list it in the Genus Cerosipha, largely because of the 5-segnented anten­ nae, which character is used by Baker (1920:1:1) to separate this genus from the rest of the subtribe Aphinae.

The species characters are generally those given for the genus

above. Palmer (1952:171) gives the body measurements for apterous,

ovipora and male forms of the species*

Collections: On terminal stems and underside of curled leaves

of Rubus spp. (Wild Raspberry, Blackberry).

Lunenbur0 County, Kahone Bay, August 6 , 1952 (669); Spondu Lake,

August 0, 1952 (673).

Queens County, Caledonia, August IJ4, 1952 (700).

Antigonish County, Route h, June 27» 1953 (819)*

Inverness County, Maple Ridge, August 13* 1953 (8 9 6 ).

(Reference numbers in brackets following dates). Subtribe Aphina

Genua dyalopterus Koch

jjyalopterus Koch, 18$Iu 16, Baker, 1920a:Li7; Palmer, 1952:

20U.

Hayhurstia Del Guercio, 1917 s 208.

The members of this genus are characterized by a convex ver­ tex with frontal tubercles extending in line with vertex; 6-seg- mented antennae with circular sensoria; normal wing venation; cauda long, spoon-shaped and longer than cornicles; cornicles cylindrical,

clavate and with or without flange; body with rather conspicuous

pointed hairs* Only one species taken in Nova Gcotia.

Genus type (fixed by Passerini, i860), Aphis pruni Fab* (syn.

for A. arundinis Fab.).

3ub tribe Aphina

Byalopterus atriplicis (Linn.)

^his atriplicls Linnaeus, 1761s262; Theobald, 1913^:1*

Aphi3 chenopodll Cowen (in Gillette and Baker), 1095:119-

ityalopterus atriplicis, Hayhurst, 1909:88; Theobald, 1927:

2i; Gillette and I'almor, 1932b:h7h; Palmer, 1952:20$*

Apterous forms of this species were found inside of curved

boat-shaped leaf pseudo-galls or in longitudinally folded leaves of

Lamb's Quarters (Pigweod). Theobald (1927:29, fig. 12) pictures

the type of host damage caused by this aphid. In Nova Scotia the 90. infestation in all cases was heavy, generally affecting a high per­ centage of the leaves on the plants infested. Alatae developed in cans in laboratory a few days after collecting the sample.

Apterous forms have brown head with rest of body a yellowish- groen, dorsum marked by four or five green lateral 3pots; somewhat pulverulent, eyes deop red to nearly black; cauda and cornicles pale yellowish-^roen with tips dusky, cauda eLongate and parallel sided with slight basal construction and rounded end; cornicles smooth with slightly swollen middle.

Alatae with green abdomen marked by darker green lateral areas and dorsal pulverulent cros3bands; head and thorax black; eyes red; extremities brown with tips dusky; cornicle smooth, slightly

swollen and flanged; cauda as in apterae with 3 pairs of hairs.

For further measurements and description with figures in­

cluding sexuales, see Theobald (1 9 2 7 :2 6 ) who also includes synonymy

and list of references to literature; also Calmer (1952:205); and

Hayhurst (1909:88) who gives detailed descriptions of all forms and

notes on the biolofy.

Collections: In folded leaves and curved boat-shaped pseudo­

galls on Chenopodium album Linn. (Lamb's Quarters, Pigweed).

Antigonish County; Jimtown, July 22, 1953 (061:); Antigonish, August

12, 1953 (883).

(Reference numbers In brackets following dates). 91. Subtribe Aphina

Genus Rhopalo3Iphun Koch

Koch, 185U:23; Baker, 1920a:k9 (Synonymy)

The members of this genus are characterized by having corn­ icles swollen, clavate and longer than entire length of cauda, which is parallel sided or tapering. Wing venation is normal. Frontal tubercles about equal to vertex; antennae 6-segmented with circular sensoria narrow rimed. Four species under this genus were taken in

Uova Scotia, Genus type (fixed by Gerstaerker, 1856), Aphis nyrophaeae Linn*

Key to the species of the Genus Rhopalosiphum

(iLOdifiod after Palmer, 1952:211)

1, Cornicle swollen (on median side) to nearly twice as wide in

distal half as at base ...... 2

Corniclo indistinctly swollen to nearly cylindrical .... 3

2, Rostral IV and V .15, coequal with hind tarsal II; cauda blunt

parallel-sided with slight neck (Xot taken in region) ....

...... nymphaeae

Rostral IV and V .10, shorter than hind tarsal II; cauda

tapering on distal half, definitely narrower than proximal

portion (p. 9 6 ) ...... pseudobrassicae

3, Unguis 1^-2 times base of VIj rostral IV and V short (,08-,09), broad (p. 9 U ) ...... maidis

-. Unguis U-5 times base of VI; rostral XV and V rather long (.11-

*12) and narrow (p. 92)...... fitchil

Subtribe Aphina

Rhopaloslphum fitchii (Sanderson)

The Apple Grain Aphid

Plate 26, Fig. 56

Aphis mail Fabricius (misidentification), Fitch, 1855:^9 (or

760); Weed, 1893:299-

Aphis fitchli Sanderson, 1902:137.

Aphis auvenae Fabricius (misidentification), Matheson, 1919*

75o.

Aphis prunifoliae Fitch (misidentification), Baker, 1917b:

Jao.

Rhopaloslphun prunifoliae, Baker and Turner, 1919b:311;

Theobald, 1927:72; Gillette and Palmer, 1932b:h86.

Rhopalosiphum fitchii (Sanderson), Palmer, 1952:215#

Very large compact colonies of this aphid were found on the

terminal stems and underside of leaves of Wild Pear. Apterae, nymphs

and a few summer alatae were collected from each colony. Plate 26,

Fig. 56 shows the compact nature of the colony as it occurred on the

underside of the terminal leaves.

This species occurs on apple, pear and Hawthorn as the winter 93. host, the fundatrix hatching in early spring and giving rise to sev­ eral apterous generations. By the end of June summer alatae migrate to grasses and corn where apterous colonies are developed# By Octo­ ber or earlier in Nova Scotia, alatae appear and migrate back to a winter host where sexuala are produced and the eggs laid# This spec­ ies does not cause much leaf curl on apple, as a rule, since it lives largely on the blossoms and departs in the second generation in early summer, migrating to grain# On Amelanchier sp., however, the leaves were badly curled and because of the extent of the infestation, the loaves were discolored and dying#

Apterous summer viviparae are apple green with transverse intersegmental darker lines of green between rows of pulverulence#

There is a slight orange area at base of cornicles, which is yellow­ ish with black tips# Alatae are similar in color to apterae with dusky lateral areas and slight median bands on abdominal V-VIII#

Cornicles are pale, slightly dusky at tips, cylindrical to vasiform, constricted before flange with faint imbrications# Cauda are elong­ ate, parallel-sided and acute with slight constriction near base#

For more complete descriptions with figures see Palmer (1952*215)

and Theobald (1927:72) both of which give a rathor full account of

this aphid, its biology, life forms, synonymy and literature#

Collections: On terminal stems and underside of leaves in dense

colonies on Amelanchier Wiegandii Niels (Wild Pear). Antigonish

County, Route 7, June 29| 195>0(U22b); July 2ii, 1951 (521b); August

23, 1951 (aphids gone by this date, only few dead parasitized forms 9h

Xtif t( ) *

(Reference numbers in brackets following dates).

Subtribe Aphina

Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch)

Corn Leaf Aphid

Aphi3 maidis Fitch, 1856:550; Forbes, 1885:25; Sanborn, 1905:

58; Davis, 1909b:lUlj Patch, 1912asl73; Swain, 1919:106;

Britton, 1923:29h; Hottes and Frison, 1931a:205; Wilder-

muth and Walter, 1932:1; Gillette and Palmer, 1932b: 1115.

Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), Webster, 1887:lU8; Palmer,

1952:217.

7 hi3 olive to bluish-green aphid was found in a colony feeding

on corn at the base of the tassel. Both apterous and alate forms were

present with many black ants in attendance. It was also found heav­

ily Infesting the stem of the pineapple weed. Sanborn (190li:59) re­

ports that this species Mis gregarious, and attacks corn in practi­

cally the same manner as the chinch-bug. It is most numerous on the

distal joint of the stalk, being protected by the sheath of the last

leaf". Swain (1919:108) records it from California, though never as

abundant as in mid-western states. Palmer (1952:218) indicates that

it is general throughout the Colorado region. Hottes and Frison

(1931a:205) report that it occurs in Illinois corn fields about mid­

summer and remains there until late fall, but rarely becomes a serious pest. Patch (1912a:173) reports its presence in Paine, but with no other direct comment concerning the Maine material.

The complete life cycle is a3 yet not known; sexual forms

never having been found. ecause of it3 late appearance in

M linoi.s, it is suggested that the corn leaf aphid lias an alternate

host, not known as yet, or that it migrates each season from the

c v.'here i t is present ttiroughout the winter. A treatment of

the known biology of this aphid is given by Davis (19Q9b:lJif:) with

: .scrlotions and figures.

brief descriptions and figures are given for alate and apter­

ous forms by Palmer (1952:217) from which a few summary statements

follow. Apterous viviparao are p'lo bluish green, with darker areas

about the cornicles. The bo<$r is slightly pulverulent. Alatae

have head and thorax black; abdomen pale green with dusky lateral

ar.as on abdominal segments anterior to cornicles, and dorsum

darker posterior to cornicles. Cornicle, cauda and appendages are

dusky. Rostral IV and V broad, extending to second coxa. Cornicle

is incrassate, with slight constriction next to flange, end with

serrate imbrications. Cauda parallel-sided, rounded at tip, broad

neck with three pairs of hairs. Forewing, with second fork short.

Collect! ons: in Zea bays (Cultivated Corn.i. Lunenburg

County, ader's Cove, August 6, 1952, (665).

: n hatricara matricarioldes (Less.) Porter, (kineatyle Weed).

Antigonish County, Antigonish, July 2li, 1952 (651); A m list 7, 1953.

hint s County, Wolfville, A gust 3, 1953 (679)* (Reference numbers in brackets following dates). iub tribe Aphina

Rhopalosiphum pseudobrassicao (Dnvis)

The Turnip Aphid

Plato 55, Figs. 12b, 126, 127

Aphis pseucobrassicao Davis, 19l3a:231; Paddock, 1915i7; Davis

and Gattorthwait, 1916:91-

Rhopalo si j hum pse udobrassicae, Gillette and 1 aimer, 1932b :Uf!7;

Hottes and Prison, 1931a:2ij0; -Jalmer, 1932:221.

(■no of tii'; h noviest aphid infestations found on any plant in

.,!ov.i fcotin was that of this apiiid feeding on Sw (it Rocket. The aphids were feeding in compact masses in the angles of what remained of the leaves and on the main stem from the ground to the tip of the

plant, being most abundant on the upper third of the host. (see

rluto 3 J. i.any of the aphids wort; parasitized in ad 'ition to being

preyed ut on by numerous lady—bird beetles, syrphid fly larvae and

larvae of undetermined typos. The over-all apj earance of the host

was that of dirtiness and complete debilitation; definitely succumb­

ing to this aphid infestation.

haddock (1913:7) reports that t h 's species is not found on

cul'Mvntcd host plants from Kay until September in Texas, which pos-

Emi'ly suggests an alternate host during the hot summer months. Hottes

and Frison (1931a:2ii0) note that in Illinois this species is a serious

pest in spring and fall on garden crops, usually attacking cabbage and

cruciferous plants. Palmer (1952:220) indicated that the species in 97.

Colorado occurs in alate and apterous forms all months of the year, but that in many cases it is very abundant and injurious in late sum­ mer and autumn. The short summer season in Nova Scotia, somewhat

similar to that of Colorado, may eoqplain the continuous presence of

this aphid throughout the growing season; sweet rocket serving as

one of a number of possible different alternate summer hosts*

The apterous forms are light green to yellowish, with spotted

transverse rows, of light grayish pulverulence, intersegmentally ar­

ranged; cornicle, cauda and appendages pale to dusky. Head and thor­

ax of alatae blackish; abdomen powdery green, with blackish lateral

area on segments anterior to cornicles and narrow dorsal bands pos­

terior to cornicles. Further descriptions with measurements and

figures are found in Davis (1911^a: 231), and Palmer (1952:220).

Collections: On Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. (Sweot Rocket) on

stems, leaves and blossoms in dense massive colonics. Antigonish

Cwunty, Antigonish, July 10, 1951. (Reference number $05).

Subtribe Aphina

Genus Toxoptera Koch

Koch, 10$6:253; Baker, 1920a:$1; Palmer, 1952:226.

The members of this genus are very similar to those of the

Genus Aphis but are separated on the basis of the forewing, the media

being only once-branched. Antennae are 6-segmented with circular

sensoria; cornicles elongate, cylindrical; cauda tapering; and head without prominent antennal tubercles.

Genus type (monotypical), Toxoptera aurantiae Koch (aurantiae

Boyer)•

3ubtribe Aphina

Toxoptera aurantiae (Fonsc.)

A].his aurantiae Boyer de Fonscolombe, l8hl.

Toxoptera aurantiae Koch; fissig, 1911J:601; Davis, 1912:8;

Swain, 1919:12?.

This aphid was found feeding in the primary umbel of wild

carrot, both apterous and alate forms present* Their bocty color­

ation was dark green to black.

The alatae keyed out to this genus in both Hottes and Frison

(1931:175) and Palmer (1952:113); and in the latter it keyed to T.

aurantiae (Fonsc.) Swain's account (1919*129) of this species is

not sufficient for confirming identification except that the color­

ation is similar; Palmer does not describe it. Davis' paper (1912*

8) is unavailable at this writing. If it is T. aurantiae, it is

errant to Daucus sp., the host on which it was found, as Swain (1919*

129) reports it as the "common black louse of the citrus trees". It

may possibly be a new species. Further description is necessary.

Collections* On floral head of Daucus carota Linn. (Wild

Carrot, Queen Anne's Lace). Lunenburg County, Spondu Lake, August

1952. (Reference number 6?U). 99.

Tribe Aphini

Subtribe Macrosiphina Baker

Baker, 1920a:53; Palmer, 1952:229.

The members of this subtribe are separated from the other subtribes of the tribe Aphini largely on the basis of the develop­ ment of the antennal tubercles; well developed cornicles and long cauda. The frontal tubercles usually distinctly exceed the vertex;

cornicles usually longer than hind tarsus, often four times and

with reticulated distal end; cauda usually longer than hind tarsus.

Wing venation is normal. Antennae 6-segnented, and equal to or

greater than body length, secondary sensoria circular. Body hairs

usually blunt to capitate, aesaetimos funnel-shaped* Lateral tubercles

small or absent.

Key to the Genera of the Subtribe Macrosiphina

1. Frontal tubercles diverging orAightly so; cauda medium to

large, tapering, parallel-sided or constricted near base;

more or less swollen ...... 2

Frontal tubercles converging or slightly so; cauda rather

short and conical; cornicles long and slender, or slightly

clavate at distal end ...... It

2. Cornicles clavate, more or less swollen (p. 100) Amphorophora

Cornicles cylindrical...... 3 3. Cornicles not reticulated (p. llU) . KakJjnia

Cornicles reticulated (p. 116) • .Macrosiphum

U. Frontal tubercles slightly converging, not greatly exceeding

vertex; hairs capitate, gLobate to funnel-shaped; antennal sen­

soria subcircular (p* 109) Capitophorus

Frontal tubercles pronounced, often converging, strongly gib­

bous; hairs blunt to slightly capitate; antennal sensoria sub-

circular with first segment gibbouB. (p* 1 U 5 ) ...... Nyzua

Subtribe bacrosiphina

Genus Amphorophora Buckton

Buckton, 1676i167; Baker, 1920a:$h (Synonymy); Mason, 192$:

2; Theobald, 1926:176; Palmer, 1952:229*

The members of this genus are characterized by antennal tuber­ cles which are prominent on the medial side, definitely exceeding

vertex, with antenna I convex* Antennae equal to or greater than body length* Cornicles long, somewhat swollen in middle* Cauda

elongate, shorter than cornicles, and either constricted or tapering

at base* Hind tibia about equal to or longer than body* The shape

of the cornicle and the length of the hind tarsus, shorter than base

of VI, separates this genus from Macrosiphum with which it is often

confused*

According to Mason (192$:U) there is very little data on the

alternation of hosts in this genus, except for two species* Iio3t other species appear to be monophagous on the one host* The most complete reference to this genus is that of Kason (1925*11)•

Genus type (monotypical), Amphorophora ampu llata Buckton.

Key to the species of the Genus Amphorophora

1. Cornicles distinctly reticulated at tip (p* 106) • . rublcola

Cornicles not distinctly reticulated at t i p ...... 2

Base of antennal VI longer than hind tarsal I I ...... 3

Base of antennal VI not longer than hind tarsal II (p. 107) . .

...... sonchi

3. Secondary sensoria on antennal 113 of alatae more than 20 and

irregularly arranged ...... ••••••••••U

Secondary sensoria on antennal III of alatae less than 20 (2-3)

and arranged in straight row (p* 1 0 3 ) ..••••• nebulosa

b. Secondary sensoria on antennal III of alatae 35-lilj of apterae

7-20 (p. 10li) ...... rubl

Secondary sensoria on antennal III of alatae 26-32; absent on

III of apterae (p. 1 0 2 ) ...... crataegi 102.

Subtribe Macrosiphina

Anphorophora crataegi (Monell)

The Four-Spotted Hawthorn Aphid

Siphonophora crataegi Monell, 1879*20.

Ijacrosiphtun crataegi, D a v is ,1911; Patch, 19lka:255; H o tte s

and Frison, 1931a:30k; Gillette and Palmer, 193k:137*

Amphorophora crataegi (lonell), Palmer, 1952:233*

This must be a comparatively rare species in Nova Scotia, for

it has been taken only once on Hawthorn. It is rather unusual in

appearance so much so that Patch (191ka:255), in typically feminine

exuberance, speaks of it as an "elegant species" not uncommon around

Orono, b.nine. In Illinois, Hottes and Frison (1931a:30k) list it as

rare, but Palmer (1952:23k) records it as "rather common" in Colorado.

Both alate and apterous forms were found feeding in rather

small numbers on both the upper and lower leaf surfaces of Hawthorn,

causing the leaves to curl, apparently never abundant enough to

cause severe damage or attract much attention. Various forms have

been described by different workers: Davis (1911:fig* 10) recorded

it from Chicago and figured the antennae of viviparous females; Patch

(151k:255) described and figured the alate viviparous female; Hottes

and Frison (1931a:30k) describe, but do not figure, the apterous

oviparous female; Palmer (1952:233) Includes descriptions and figures

of all forms of the species*

The st«n mother is characterized by light leroon-yellow abdomen with two longitudinal green lines along dorsum, with dark tips on the light colored cornicles and appendages* The head is dark and thorax yellow* The apterae are very light yellow, with two pairs of dark green spots arranged in a quadrangle on dorsum, two near bases of cornicles and two near roetathorax; cauda, anal plate and

cornicles are pale; appendages and tarsi are pale with dark tips.

Cornicles are swollen, not reticulated; cauda broad and tapering.

The alatae are very similar to apterae* For further descriptive

d e t a il with measurements, see Palmer(1952:233)*

Collectionsi On leaves of Crataegus macrosperma var*

acutiboba (Sarg*) E ggl* (Hawthorn)* Antigonish County, Antigonish,

August 26, 1953* (Reference number 922a).

Subtribe Macrosiphina

Amphorgphora nebulosa Hottes and Frison

P la te 61, F ig . 11*0

Amphorophora nebulosa Hottes and Frison,1931*275*

Alate, apterous and male forms of this species were found in

rather small but dense colonies feeding head down on the stem tips

adjacent to the flo ral heads of grass (Poa sp.) growing along the

side of a path in a rather deeply wooded area* No apparent damage

was evident to the host plants*

H o tte s and F ris o n (1931*275) lists the color as essentially

uniformly brown for both apterous and alate forms* These collected

samples, however, give a more slate-gray coloration; other characters lOli. however, f it well with those given by Hottes and Prison, to which the reader is referred in the reference given above.

Collections: Taken only once on Poa sp, (Grass) on stem adjacent to flora], buds. Lunenburg County, Spondu Lake, August 12,

1 9 5 2 . (Reference number 693).

Subtribe Macrosiphima

Amphorophora rubi (Kaltenbach)

The European Raspberry Aphid

Aphis rubi Kaltenbach,181:3:21:

Siphonophora rubi, Koch, 1855:191; B uckton, 1876:11:0

Amphorophora rubi, G illette, 1911a:381; Th eo b ald , 1926:187

(Synonyngr); Mason, 1925:52; G illette and Palmer,193U:

lhO; Palmer, 1952:2Ul.

Alate and apterous forms of this green aphid were found in

dense colonies feeding head downward on the young stems of wild

raspberry growing in a shaded woody situation of ndbeed deciduous

trees. Quite a few of both forms were internally parasitized as

was evident from the swelled, balloon-shaped and discolored abdomens.

Theobald (1926:190) reports this species as also occurring on

the underside of leaves in great numbers causing the leaves to curl,

but not producing severe damage. The occurrence of red forms is con­

sidered by him to be merely a variety. His observations over a per­

iod of years also led him to believe that the species is monophagous 10$. on Rubus spp*, as does Mason (192$: $7), and that it lives perman­ ently on wild raspberry. Its presence on cultivated varieties is due mainly to alate females coming from the wild stock.

The summer apterae are green with slight median and lateral lines on dorsum; appendages pale with dusky tips. Cornicles are swollen slightly, without reticulations, but with few striae next to flange. Cauda are large, elongate-tapering with five pairs of lateral hairs. Alatae are similar to apterae, except head and thorax dark. This species can be distinguished from A. rubicola which occurs in the same host as follows* no dusky spot on fore- wing; cornicles shorter than antennal III and without reticulations; antennae longer than body; rostral IV and V shorter than base of antennal VI. For more complete descriptions and figures the reader

is referred to Theobald (1926:187); Mason (192$*52) and Palmer

(1952:21*1).

Collections: On young stems and underside of leaves of Rubus

spp. (Wild Raspberry, Blackberry). Cumberland County, Chignecto

Game Sanctuary, July 8 , 1952* (Reference number 6li$b) 106.

Subtribe Macrosiphina

Amphorophora rubicola (Oestlund)

The Spotted-Winged Raspberry Aphid

Macrosiphum rubicola Oestlund, 1886:27 and 1887:78.

Nectarosiphum rubicola (Oestlund), Swain, 1919:77.

Amphorophora rubicola, Mason, 1925:53; Gillette and Palmer,

193ii:lid.i Palmer, 1952:21:2.

This species is found on the same or similar hosts as A. rubi

and can be easily confused with it. In fact, they may o

on the same stem. Reference number 6U5a (A. rubicola) and 61:5b (A*

rubi) were so found.

The apterous forms are greenish-yellow with median and lateral

stripes of darker green. Cornicles and antennae are dark; legs pale

brown with tips of tarsi and tibiae black; cauda pale. Alatae are

similar to apterae except head and thorax brown, antennae, cornicles

and legs blackish. Forewings with dusky spot at apex between stigma

and cubital veins extending into stlgmal cell* Cornicles are long,

dilated in middle, slightly curved, and reticulated near flange.

This species can be distinguished from A. rubi by the dusky

spot on tip of forewing; reticulated cornicle, wider than width of

hind tibia, dusky color; and longer (19) rostral IV and V, (.15 in

A. rubi). Very complete descriptions of this species are given by

Mason (1925:58). It is thought to be monophagous as is A. rubi.

Collectionst On stems and underside of leaves of Rubua spp. 107.

(Raspberry, Blackberry).

Antigonlsh County: West RiverRoad, J u ly 30, 1952 (659); Route 7,

July 30, 1952 (661).

Cumberland County, Chignecto Game Sanctuary, July Q, 1952 (6U5a) •

Lunenburg County, Tancook Island, August 9, 1952 (6 8 k).

(Reference numbers in brackets following dates).

Sub trib e Kaerosiphina

Amphorophora sonchi (Oestlund)

The Green Thistle Aphid

P la te 52, Fig. 118

Rhopalosiphum sonchi Oestlund,1886:3k.

Rhopalosiphum dianthi (Schrank) (mistaken synonymy), Oestlund,

1887:76.

Rhopalo siphum sonchi, G ille tte and Taylor,1908a:3k

(Synonymy).

Amphorophora cosmopolltana Mason,1925:16 (Synonymy).

Amphorophora sonchi, G ille tte and Palmer,193k:lk2j

Khovlton and Axlen, 19U5J HU.

A la te and apterous forms of this species were found in a com­

pact, dense colony spreading upward over the terminal stem and in­

florescence of sow thistle. Plate 52, Fig. 118 reveals the extent

of t h is aphid infestation.

The apterous females and nymphs on Sonchus sp. are pale yellow 108* green, or pale bluish-green to almost white, covered with a pruinose secretion; antennae and legs brownish, with tips of tarsi and tibia blackish* Cornicles, cauda and eyes brown. Alatae have greenish- yellow abdomen, often with dusky lateral areas and dorsal patch; head and thorax dark. L~gs, cornicles and cauda yellow, with tip of cornicles dusky. Cornicles swollen in middle to twice width at base, with few imbrications below flange. Cauda tapering, with slight neck. All forms are described very completely by Mason (1925:16) together with complete discussion of synonymy and known biolojy of the species.

This species alternates between Ribes np. (Currant) as the winter host and such plants as Sonchua sp. (Sow Thistle), Lactuca

sp, (Wild Lettuce) as the summer hosts. On Ribea sp* it occutb on

the underside of leaves usually causing them to curl and cluster*

On the summer hosts as seen in Plate 52, Fig. 118, it forms compact

dense colonies on the leaves, stems and floral inflorescence, pro­

ducing two or more generations, and may remain on these plants until

late fall, returning to the winter host, Ribes sp. where oviposition

occurs. The eggs are deposited on twigs of currant and turn glisten­

ing black. Most of the other species of this genus are not known to

alternate, but are thought to be monophagous in habit* Mason (1925:

26) reports the species to be fairly world-wide in distribution.

Collections: On underside of leaves of Ribes sp. (Currant)

as winter host; on leaves, stems and inflorescence of Sonchus sp,

(Sow Thistle) and Lactuca sp. (Wild Lettuce) as simmer host. 109.

Antigonish County* Antigonish, August 12, 195>3 (8 8 1 ) 5 August 26,

1953 (923). Inverness County* East Lake Ainsles, August 15, 1951 (530), Two

alatae taken in transit on Populus tremuloides; not feeding*

Lunenburg County* Mahone Bay, August 6 , 1952 (6 6 8 ); Tancook Island,

August 9, 1952 (683).

(Reference numbers in brackets after dates).

Subtribe Macrosiphina

Genus Capitophorus van der Goot

van der Goot, 1913 *81*.

The members of this genus are separated largely on the basis

of the presence of hairs or spines which are capitate, globate or

funnel-shaped* These capitate hairs occur especially on the prom­

inent antennal tubercles, vertex of the head, and first antennal

segment. The body hairs in general, however, are of this type* The

6 -segmented antenna is armed with circular sensoria. Wing venation

is normal. Cornicles elongate, slender, cylindrical or slightly

clavate. Lateral tubercles usually absent* Ocular tubercles incon­

spicuous. Cauda rather short, tapering to parallel-sided or spoon­

shaped.

Genus type (fixed by van der Goot, 1913) Aphis carduinus Walker. 110.

Key to the speciea of the Genus Capitophorua

1 . Cauda blunt or rounded at apeoc; cornicle more or leas clavate

flange oblique, few striae beneath flange (p. 1 1 2 ). . . . ribis

-. Cauda tapering to point at apex; cornicle cylindrical, flange

not oblique, imbricated throughout (p. 1 1 0 ) • • • • fragaefolii

Subtribe bacrosiphina

Capitophorua fragaefolii (Cockerell)

The Strawberry Aphid

Kyzua fragaefolii Cockerell, 1901:1CEL.

I^yzua fragariae Theobald, 1912:223.

Capitophorua fragaefolii, Hottes and Frison, 1931a:263;

Palmer, 1952:256.

Capitophorua potentlllae (Walker), (misidentification),

Gillette and Palmer, 193U:153*

Capitophorua fragariae (Theobald), Thomas and Jacob,

19Ul:107; Hodson, 1937:1*09 (Synonymy).

These rather small greenish apterous aphids were found in a

colony feeding on the underside of leaves of Wild Hose, a contxon

plant in open fields in Nova Scotia. Collections taken to labora­

tory yielded alate forms in a few days. The alatae k«yed out to

this species using Palmer (1952:2ii9).

Alate forms have dark brown head and thorax with light yellow­

ish-green abdomen that has a dusky patch on the apical half and a few 111. malt dusky spots on the basal segments and dusky lateral spots*

Legs pale yellowish with tip of segments and tarsi dark* Cornicles

and cauda pale yellowish-green* Wings have smoky black veins and

sti^na. Hairs are capitate but scanty; short on body, longer and

swollen on head and antennal I and II.

Apterae are very pale green, some being nearly transparent;

appendages pale green to dusky* Capitate hairs on body, numerous

and conspicuous. Cornicles long and thin, cylindrical, slightly

curved, with slight flange and faint imbrications* Cauda pallid

green, with two pairs of lateral hairs and a median sub-apical one,

tapering, with slight basal constriction* Eyes blackish with ocular

tubercle* For further descriptive data with measurements and fig­

ures refer to Theobald (1926*2U6); Palmer (1952:256); sexual forms

are described by Davidson (19lUa:127)•

Palmer (1952*257) reports that she has observed this species

migrating from rose to strawberry and continuing abundant reproduc­

tion on the latter host* Her descriptions include discussion of

the slight morphological differences which occur in this species

when found on Its respective hosts, pointing out, however, that

"intergrading forms occur so that no definite line of distinction

can be drawn" between these "slight and rather unstable differences

in length and proportion of antennal segments and cornicles".

Though reported as comnon in Colorado, it is not possible to say how

frequent it occurs in Nova Scotia, since most collecting has been

confined to forested and adjacent areas* This species would not be 112® expected to be as common In these types of areas as in the more agricultural ones®

Collections! On underside of leaves of Rosa sp® L® (Wild Rose), as possible winter host*

Antigonish County, Lochaber, 10 miles E*, July k f 1953*

Also reported to be found on Fragaria spp* (Strawberry) and

Potentilia spp® (Cinquefoil) as possible summer hosts, though not taken on them in Nova Scotia* (Reference number 827).

Subtribe Macrosiphina

Capitop horus r3bis (Linn®)

The Currant Aphid

Plate 58, Fig. 131*

Aphis ribis Linnaeus, 1758:U5l*

Kyzua ribis, Gillette and Bragg, 1917b:338j Haviland, 1919*8

(Biology)

Capitophorus ribis, Theobald, 1926:229 (Synonymy); Gillette

and Palmer, 193U*155} Palmer, 1952:268,

This fairly large yellowish-green aphid was found in both alate

and apterous forms feeding in compact to scattered colonies on the

underside of leaves of hsmp nettle® They are of a delicate, rather

translucent shade of yellowish-green, such that the reaction to light

is decidedly negatively phototropic* At the moment the leaf is turned

to the sunlight, the forms immediately crawl to the shaded side of the 113, l e a f . By the time a photograph could be taken, only a few forma remained on the exposed aide of the leaf* (Plate £8 , Fig. 13li).

Alatae, with abdomen pale yellowish-green, translucent, with

four pairs of dusky lateral areas and dorsal patch; head and thorax

olive colored; eyes red; hairs mostly capitate. Cauda, anal plate,

and cornicles very pale yellow. Wings with yellow insertions; dusky

veins and s tig n a .

Apterae pale yellowish-green to pale yellow, sometimes darker

green mottlings; hairs capitate; eyes red, with ocular tubercles.

Lateral tubercles absent. Antennae pale to transparent, thin and

longer than body. Cornicles slightly concave, smooth. Cauda taper­

ing with three pairs of lateral hairs. For discussion of sexuales

and further desa*iptive detail with figures and measurements, see

Theobald (1926:229) and Palmer (1952:268).

In regard to the life cycle, the eggs are laid at the base of

buds and under loose epidermis of currant shoots. The young hatching

out the following spring resemble small glass-like larvae under the

leaves, causing puffed red blisters on the upper leaf surface under

which these nymphs are found in great numbers. Migrants appearing

in late June or July fly to a number of different summer hosts, i.e .,

lalpopsis sp. (Henrp n ettle), Lamiurn sp. (Hed dead nettle), Stractys

sp. (Hedge n ettle), Polygonum sp. (Knotweed), Leonurua sp. (Mother­

wort), and on these produce a number of sumner generations. In th e

fa ll, winged migrants fly back to Rjbes sp. and there produce the

fa ll sexuales. The details of the biology of this species are well g iv e n by H a v ila n d ,(1919s 8 )• In New Brunswick, KacGillivray and Spicer (1953:1*23) report that this species has been found parasitized by the braconids, Aphld- ius (Aphidius) ribis Haliday and Aphidius (Lysiphlebus) testacelpes

(Cresson). Theobald (1926:233) reports the former braconid species to be the chief enony of this currant aphid, as "often whole colonies

....have been all killed" by them. The parasite fungus Bmpusa aphidis also attacks this aphid and may kill whole colonies. Haviland

(1 9 1 9 :8 ) records finding two chrysophid larvae on these aphids, as well as the mite, Anystus cornigera Koch. Predators such as syrphid larvae, Syrphus ribesii, and coccinellids, Catabomba pyrastrl, are also found preying upon individuals in the colony.

Collections: On underside of leaves of summer host, Galeopsis tetrahit Linn. (Hemp nettle). On leaves of Ribes sp. as winter host, causing puffed red blisters on upper leaf surface. Summer hosts:

Antigonish County, Jimtown, August 12, 1952 (697).

Lunenburg Jounty, Spondu Lake, August 12, 1952 (697).

(Reference numbers in brackets following dates).

Stib tr ib e M a c ro s ip h in a

Genus Kakimia Hottes and Frison

Myzus (Kakimia) Hottes and Frison, 1931a:3U*.

Kakimia, G i l l e t t e and P a lm e r, 193U:l59s P a lm e r, 1952:275.

The species composing this genus are characterized by having 115. frontal tubercles only moderately well developed* extending slightly beyond convex vertex* Secondary sensoria are circularIII, on and aften also onIV and V of alatae. Wing venation is normal. Cornicle is widest at base, apex slightly swollen. Cauda, medium length with narrow constriction near middle, tapering. Hairs slightly capitate, on hind tib ia and antennae equal in length to diameter of segment.

Only one species taken in Nova Scotia.

Genus type (monotypical), Kyzus (Kakimia) thomasi Hottes and

Fri son.

Subtribe 1 acrosiphina

Kakimia purpurascens (Oestlund)

:,Tectarophora purpurascens Oestlund, 1887:81

Macrosiphum purpurascens, Hottes and Prison, 1931a:318

Kakimia purpurascens (Oestlund), Gillette and Palmer, 193U:

l6 6 j Palmer, 1952:281.

This rather small species was taken from the host plant in both

alate and apterous forms. The colonies were small and scattered on

the leaves of the host. Apterae are yellowish-green to dark-green

with a brownish area on dorsum. Antennae dusky, 6 —eegmented with

sensoria on III (8-10); cornicles dusky towards apex, cylindrical,

broader at base and imbricated; cauda pale, slender, tapering to a

point and with four pairs of lateral hairs. Rostrum very short and

broad, less than length of hind tarsus. 116.

Alate forms have dusky green head and pro thorax with dark brown thoracic lobes; abdomen similar color as apterae. Antennae

dusky beyond base of III and with 19-26 sensoria on III and 5-9

cn IV. Cauda pale. Other characters similar to apterae.

Hottes and Frison (1931a:318) s ta te sthat this species found

on meadow rue, "has the peculiar habit of producing sexual forms

early in the year and late in the season Is it to be found in the

ogg stage only". They give good descriptions of sexuales of this

species. Palmer(1952:281) describes the apterous and alate fonns with figures and measurements.

Collections: On leaves of Hleraciun floribundum Wimm. and

Srab. (Kingdevil). Antigonish County, Route7, July 30, 1952.

(Reference number 657).

Subtribe Macrosiphina

Genus Macrosiphum Passerini

Siphonophora Koch, 1855:150 (Preoccupied).

Macrosiphum Passerini,i860:27; B a k e r, 1920a:57, P a lm e r,

1952:285.

Hectarophora Oestlund, 1887:78.

Macrosiphon Del Ouercio, 1913:188.

Illinois Wilson, 1910a:318.

The members of this genus are characterized by prominent diverg­

in g frontal tubercles, exceeding usually concave vertex. Wing venation 117.

Is normal. Antennae are 6 -segmented with subcircular sensoriaj equal to or exceeding body length. Cornicles are long, cylindrical, nor­ mally reticulated, nay be tapering, two times or more rostral IV and

V, Cauda long, tapering, parallel-sided or spatulate, two times rostral IV and V, Anal plate rounded, ocular tubercles present.

Lateral tubercles not evident. Males normally alate, oviparae apter­

ous. Found on leaves and twigs of deciduous plants, not in galls.

Genus type (fixed by Passerini, i860), Aphis rosae Linn.

Key to the species of the Genus Macrosiphum

(Modified after Palmer, 1952:286)

1. Cornicle not reticulated; longer than five times hind tarsal

II (p. 1 3 0 ) ...... pisi

Cornicle reticulated ...... ••••....•2

2. Rostrum acute, may end in needlelike point .3

-• Rostrum obtuse, not pointed •••• ...... U

3• Unguis shorter than antennal III; 23-30 secondary sensoria on

antennal III (p. 1 2 5 ) ...... frigidae

-• Unguis not shorter than antennal III; 36-53 secondary sensoria

on antennal III (p. 128) ••••••••••••• ludovicianae

I. Cornicle longer than four times hind tarsal II ••••••••6

-• Cornicle not longer than four times hind tarsal II ••••••5 Sensoria on antennal III more than 15 in alatae (3U-I4I1), more than 7 in apterae (19-26); cauda long, pointed (.50-.55) • .

(p* 135) rudbecklae Sensoria on antennal i n fewer than 15 in alatae (5-12), fewer than 7 in apterae (1-2); cauda shorter, somewhat constricted

(.20-.28) (p. 1 2 6 ) ...... granarium

Cornicle distinctly longer than antennal II I. . •••••7

Cornicle not distinctly longer than antennal III.... *9

Sensoria on antennal III of alatae not in single row, more than 8 (p. 133) • * • ♦ ...... • • roaae

Sensoria on antennal III of alatae in single row • • • • • 8

Cornicle and appendages heavy black; cornicle of alatae about equal to, never longer than, antennal HI; antennal

III of alatae 1.03 (p. 132)...... pseudorosae

Cornicle pale at base with dusky apical portion; appendages pale, cornicle of alatae longer than antennal III; antennal

III of alatae .70-.92 (p. lUo) . •••••••• solanifolil

Cauda especially in apterae longer than \ of cornicle . . .

(Pi l^Q)...... ambrosias

Cauda shorter than £ of cornicle (p. 1U3) • • valer^*****

Cauda about same length as £ of cornicle •••••••• 10

Hairs on cauda fewer than 7 on each side (p. 123) ......

...... erigeronens is 119.

Hairs on cauda at least 7 on each side (p. 119) • * • alblfrons

.Subtribe Macrosiphina

Macrosiphup alblfrons Gsslg

Esalg's Lupine Aphid

Plate 60, Figs. 137, 138 Plate 70, Fig. 19k

Macrosiphum alblfrons Bssig, 1911c:5k3; Soliman, 1927:108;

Gillette and Palmer, 193k:171; Knowlton, 1935a:Ilk;

Palmer, 1952:290.

These species, when found, heavily infests the host plant, colonies being scattered on the underside of leaves and along the upright stem. Plate 60 illustrates the characteristic colony form­

ation. Present in this colony were several adult coccinellid beetles as well as their larvae preying upon these aphids. On the

stem several syrphid larvae were feeding on apterous aphids. No parasitized forms were noticed.

The apterae are bluish-green, somewhat pulverulent; extrem­

ities dusky with tips blackish, tarsi black; cauda pale. The cylin­

drical cornicle is reticulated at distal end. Cauda rather long and

tapering with 8 pairs of lateral hairs. Alatae have head and thoracic

lobes brown, with prothorax and abdomen bluish-green, and pulverulent.

Gillette and Palmer (193k:171) end Palmer (1952:290) give further tech

nical data and measurements on all forms of this species.

Collections: On underside of leaves and on stems of Lupinus 120* polyp hyllus Lindl. (Lupine), heavily inf a 8 "tod when found, not gen- erally consnon. Kings County, Wolfville, July 2$, 19ii8 (9?p)*

Antigonish County, Antigonish, July 10, 1951 (5GU).

(Reference numbers in brackets following dates).

Subtribe Macrosiphina

Macrosiphum ambrosiae (Thomas)

The Brown Ambrosia Aphid

Plate 52, Figs* 119 Plate Sh, Figs* 123, 12U Plate 69, Fig. 169

Siphonophora ambrosiae Thomas, 1877 (1878):U.

Siphonophora solidaginis, Williams, 1910*86.

Macrosiphum solidaginis (Fabricius) (misidentification),

Gillette, 1911c:383j Davis, 1911a;3U.

Tritogenaphis koaacaudis Knowlton, 1928d:79; anith and

Knowlton, 1937b:271 (Synonymy)•

Macrosiphum ambrosiae, Hottes and Frison, 1931a*298;

Gillette and Palmer, 193U:172; Palmer, 1952:291;

MacGillivray and Spicer, 1953:U29.

This common cosmopolitan aphid is found practically everywhere,

collections have been made where any one of a number of its herbaceous

host plants are growing. Brown to sepia colored, it is usually found

on Pearly Everlasting and on any one of the various species of Golden

Rod. it occurs early in June and persists on these plants throughout

the growing season. Typical colony formations can be seen in Plates 121.

52, 5k, showing them In he ad-down feeding positions on the host stem.

Alate forms are usually present from the last of June on through the season, together with nymphs and apterous viviparous females.

On some hosts the apterous forms appear dark brown to sepia with dusky appendages, and black cornicles and rostrum. On Solldago spp. and Aster spp. the forms are often blood-red in color. Palmer

(1952:292) suggest that since the two color varieties appear struct­ urally indistinguishable, and until "biological transfer tests de­ termine the relation between these forms, it seems best to leave* this red variety in this species. It is possible that the type of host plant utilized may influence the color developed* This species is often confused with K. rudbeckiae but may be distinguished by its darker red color, lack of a lighter shade at base of cornicles, and by the presence of dusky hair bases on dorsum of abdomen. Otherwise, the two species are very similar structurally.

KacGillivray and Spicer (1953:k29) list only one internal para­ site, the braconid wasp, Aphidius (Aphidius) polygonaphis (Fitch) as attacking this aphid. Very seldom, if at all, has it been seen prey­ ed upon by any of the various aphid predators in Nova Scotia.

For further technical descriptions with figures and measurements the reader is referred to Gillette and Palmer (193ln 172) and Palmer

(1952:291)*

Collections: On at least six different species of herbaceous host plants, as followst

Host: Anaphalls margaritacea (Linn). B. and H. (Pearly Everlasting), 122.

on terminal leaves.

Antigonish County* North Shore Road, July 12, 1950 (1*1*5);

Beech Hill Road, August 18, 1950 (1*72); West River Road,

July 30, 1952 ( 659); Fairmont Road, July 27» 1953 (870.1 ).

Guysboro County, East of Melrose, July 16, 1953 (830).

Inverness County; Port Hastings, August 12, 1953 (881*);

Kaple Ridge, August 13, 1953 (891.1); Port Hood, ten

miles South, August 11*, 1953 (900.1); Port Hood, August

11*, 1953 (902); Glendale, August 15, 1953 ( 909).

Cumberland County, Chignecto Game Sanctuary, July 8, 1952

(61*7).

Host* Erigeron sp. (Fleabane), on terminal leaves.

Inverness County, Glendale, August ll*, 1951 (529).

Host: Eupatorium maculatum Linn. (Joe Pye Weed), on terminal leaves

and base of inflorescence.

Antigonish County, Route 7, August 9, 1950 (1*61).

Host* Aster umbellatua Mill. (Tall White Aster), on stem; and Aster

sp. (Tourn.) Linn.

Halifax County, Franklin Park, Halifax, September 10, 19l*9

(31*3).

Inverness County, Port Hood, August ll*, 1953 (90l*).

Host* Soli da ge spp. Linn. (Golden Rod), on upper third of stem.

Halifax County: Rocky Lake, July 21, 19l*9 (3U*)l Wavarly

Game Sanctuary, August 12, 19l*9 (31*6). 123.

Antigonish County: Fairmont Road, July 3, 1950 (U26);

Antigonish, June 19, 1952 (6U ) j Beech Hill, July 2, 1952

(620); Route 7, July 30, 1952 (656).

Inverness County, Glendale, August 15, 1953 (908).

(Reference numbers in brackets following dates).

3ubtribe Macrosiphina

Macrosiphun arigerouanala (Thomas)

The Canadian Fleabane Aphid

Plate 6 I1, Figs. 1U7, 1U8

Siphonophora erigaronensls Thomas, 1877s7

Macrosiphum erigeronensis, Hottes and Frison, 1931a*30U;

Gillette and Palmer, 193U*177; Palmer, 1952:30U;

MacGillivray, and Spicer, 1953*U29.

This is a fairly common aphid found on the flower stalks, upper parts of stems and in the inflorescence of a number of common herba­ ceous plants. It is not as frequent in occurrence, however, as M. ambrosiae or M. rudbeckiae, both of which also occur on similar host plants. Plate 6 U, Fig. Ih7 shows a typical colony with apterous vivi­ parous females and young feeding on the upper part of the stem and leaf bases of Goldenrod. Fig. 1U8 shows a light yellowish larval pre­

dator on the lower right side of stem of Goldenrod preying upon nym-

phal forms. The species is also subject to being parasitised. Mac­

Gillivray and Spicer (1953*U29) list one Pteronalid and one Cynipid as 12U. being raised from parasitized forms of this aphid in New Brunswick*

Apterae are pale to medium green and in some colonies appear even very dark* Tip of cornicles are black; tibiae and antennae beyond base of in dusky; cauda pale, very pointed, tapering and rather long with 1-i* capititate to straight hairs on tip* Alatae similar, except head, thorax, base of cornicle, antennae beyond base of III, black. Unguis shorter than antennal III; cornicle equal in length to antennal III* For further description data with measure­ ments and figures, the reader is referred to Hottes and Frison (1931a:

305) and Gillette and Palmer (193U:177)*

Collections: Found on each of the following host species.

Host: Anaphalis margaritaecea (Linn.) B. and H. (Pearly Everlasting),

on base of floral inflorescence*

Lunenburg County, Spondu Lake, August 8, 1952 (6?6)*

Hosts Aster spp. (Tourn.) Linn., on upper part of stem and in in­

florescence. Antigonish County, West River Road, July 30,

1952 (650).

Host: Hieracium floribundura WLmm. and Grab* (Kingdevil) , on stem

and leaf bases* Colonies scattered*

Ctsnberland County, Chi gnecto Game Sanctuary, July 8, 1952

(6U8a).

(Reference numbers in brackets following dates). 125.

Subtribe Macrosiphina

Macrosiphum frigidae (Oestlund)

Nectarophora frigidae Oeatlund, 1887*83,

Macrosiphum frigidae, Essig, 1911c*5U6; Gillette and Palmer,

1928*6 and 1931**179; Knowlton and Allen, 1938c:80;

Palmer, 1952*306,

This rather dark metallic, shining green species has been taken only once on the host, Yarrow, Apparently it is not too com­ mon in Nova Scotia, The colony was entirely apterous, located in the inflorescence and directly under it on the stem feeding head down. Samples taken in cans yielded alatae in a few days.

The apterae are characterized by dark metallic green body color with cornicles, cauda and anal plate black, Cauda constricted near base, rather long; cornicles cylindrical, apical tips reticu­

lated, not longer than antennal IV and with one or two lateral hairs

near middle, Antennal III with 12-26 sensorla, Alatae similar

except head and thorax black; antennal III with from 23-30 tuberculate

sensoria* More complete descriptions with figures of all forms of the

species are found in Gillette and Palmer (193^*179) and Palmer (1952*

306), who also report taking it from leaves and tender stems of Art­

emi sia sp, Linn, (Wormwood),

Collections* On the base of floral inflorescence of Achillaea

Millefolium Linn, (Yarrow), Lunenburg County, Tancook Island, August

9, 1952, (Reference number 678), 126*

Subtribe Macrosiphina Macro siphiaa granarium (Kirby)

The l&iglish Grain Aphid

Plate 6l, Fig* 139

Aphla granarium Kirby, 1796*238#

Siphonophora granarla, Euckton, 1876:11U; Pergande, 190U*lU*

Macrosiphum granarium, Phillips, 1916*1463; Theobald, 1926:70

(Synonymy); Gillette and Palmer, 193^:182; Palmer, 1952:

310.

A small colony of apterous viviparous females and nymphs was found on grass, Poa sp*, feeding on the inflorescence and on the stem at the base of the inflorescence* Alate forms developed in cans taken to the laboratory. A typical colony is seen in Plate 61, Fig. 139*

The apterous stem mother is dark apple green above and darker below, almost silvery with head brownish* Eyes deep red-brown. Cor­ nicles black, reticulated at distal ends* Cauda pale green with six lateral hairs and one sub-apical hair* Femorae green, rest of legs dark* Antennae less than body length*

Summer apterous forms are grass-green to yellow or pink* Head brownish; dark spots on dorsun* Cornicles black, cylindrical, wider at base with apical (^ to l/3) portion reticulated] shorter than an­ tennal III* Cauda long, pale yellowish-green, slightly constricted near base and when seen laterally is curved upward; about 2/3 length

of cornicles* Legs yellow, with distal ends and tarsi black* Alatae 127. similar, except head and thoracic lobea yellowish-brown; antennal

III with from 5—12 sensoria; only 1-2 in apterae. All forms of this species are fully described and figured in Phillips (1916*U63) and in Theobald (1926*71) which the reader may consult for further tech­ nical details.

The species is very cosmopolitan infesting a large variety of different host plants such as, wheat, barley, oats, corn, and many graces. Occasionally it becomes a serious pest on corn and wheat.

Hottes and Frison (1931a:308) report that in Illinois this species

"overwinters both in the egg stage and as viviparous females on grasses and autumn-sown cereals". Theobald (1926*7U) infers that overwintering is in the egg stage only# Alate forms appearing on grass in spring migrate to c o m , reproducing there by parthenogenesis until fall. On corn these aphids attack the young ears and cause the developing grain to become hard and dry, at which time fall alatae develop and fly back to grasses and produce sexuales, mostly females, joined later by males frcm elsewhere. Hottes and Frison (1931a:306) state that the pink forms are "mainly responsible for the production of the sexual forms"*

This species is subject to many parasites and predators which aid greatly in holding their numbers in check. Theobald (1926*75) states that they are frequently attacked by chalcids causing the aphids so parasitised to turn deep brown in color. Buckton (1876*

Hi*) lists two Braconlds, one of which is a hyperparasite on the oth.r* Phillips (19l6ili63) lists 8 Coleoptera, 3 Dipt era and 8 128.

Hymenoptera, sons of which are hyperparasites. The species Is fur­ ther preyed upon by several kinds of mites as well as certain fungi.

KacGillivray and Spicer (1953*U28) in their list of Aphid Parasites in New Brunswick do not list this species, though in the light of its known occurrence and habits, one would expect it would be found parasitized.

Collectionsi At base of inflorescence and in the floral buds of Poa spp. (Grass). Guysborough County, East of Melrose, July 16,

1953* (Reference number 81*0) .

Subtribe Macrosiphina

Macrosiphum ludovicianae (Oestlund)

The Wormwood Aphid

Plate 51, Pigs. 116, 117

Siphonophora ludovicianae Oestlund, 1886*23.

Hectarophora ludovicianae, Oestlund, l8b7*80.

Macrosiphum ludovicianae, Soliman, 1927*117; Hottes and Frison,

1931a:3l5; Gillette and Palmer, 193li*l87; Knowlton and

Allen, 1938c:81; Palmer, 1952:313.

There may be some question as to the correct identification of this aphid. It keys out to this species in Hottes and Prison

(1931a* 29ii), but there is no further description concerning it to verify the deteraination* In Palmer (1952* 287) it kqys out to M. frigidae (Oestlund), but it fits more closely her description of 129.

M. ludovicianae as to structural characteristics, i.e., cauda, corn­ icles, antennae, number of sensoria on antennal III, rostrum and hairs but varies in color pattern as well as the host plant from which it was taken.

The apterous forma have pale yellowish head and thorax, with

dark to slate—green abdomen, possessing darker dorsal stripe, extend­

ing from thorax to tip of abdomen, and seven segmental, laterally

placed dorsal pulverulent spots. The antennae, appendages and corn­

icles are shining black. Wings clear with normal venation. Alate

forms are similar but with head and thorax black. (See Plate 91,

Fig. 117). Collections; On the upper part of stem of Achillea Millefol­

ium Linn* (Yarrow). Hottes and Frieon (1931a:315) report it from

Artemisia sp.; Palmer (1952t3lli) lists it on Artemisia spp., Eurotia

sp. and Tanacetum sp.

Cumberland County, Chignecto Game Sanctuary, July 8, 1952 (6U9).

Antigonish County: St. Andrews, 10 miles South, July h9 1953 (826)j

West River Road, July 30, 1952 (652).

Lunenburg County, Spondu Lake, August 8, 1952 (672).

(Reference msnbers in brackets following dates). 130.

Subtribe Macro sip hi run

Macrosiphuw pisi (Kaltenbach)

The Pea Aphid

Aphis pi sun Harris, 1782:66.

Aphis onobrychis Boyar de Fonscolombe , I8lil:l69*

Aphis pisi Kaltenbach, 18U3:23*

Kacrosiphum pisi, Folsom, 1909:Ul; Davis, 1915* Bui. 276

(Synonymy) Theobald, 1926:127; Hottes and Frison, 1931a:

317; Collette and Palmer, 193^:193; Palmer, 1952:320*

Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), Hille Ris Lambers, 19li7a:2U7*

Greenish apterous forms were found on the underside of loaves

and along the stan just below the floral inflorescence. The indiv­

iduals were scattered and not in a compact colony. Alate forms dev­

eloped later in cans in the laboratory* This is another field

species which has not been commonly encountered in forested or semi-

forested situations in Nova Scotia*

The apterae are pale green, spindle-shaped, smooth, shiny or

glaucous. The tapering cauda and appendages are pale; tarsi and tips

of tibiae black; cornicles pale, blackish distally, rather long and

slender, without reticulations. Abdomen often with 6 spots on each

side*

Alate forms are various shades of green from pallid to grass-

green, and at tines with slight mealy coat* Head and thorax are yel­

low-brown. Eyes are deep red sometimes appearing Hack* Wings with 131. stigma yellow to greenish* Other characters are similar to apterae*

These and the other forms of the species are rather completely des­ cribed and figured by Davis (1915:Bui. 276 with synonymy) and

Theobald (1926:128).

The species is very cosmopolitan on a variety of leguminous plants and has no true alternate host plant of a different group, i.e,, woody plant. Clovers serve as the primary or winter host on which the eggs are laid, or on which the apterous viviparous females may also overwinter* The entire life cycle may be spent on the clover.

In late Juno or July migrants from the clover appear on peas or beans or other legumes and reproduce there until fall* At which time winged migrants return to clover or perennial peas and produce the sexuales* Both alate and apterous males may be produced* Ac­ cording to Davis (1915:Bui. 276) the average life span of the aphid is 39 days* Colder climate seems to induce sexuales to form; in the warmer climates the species may reproduce viviparously indefinitely; whereas in milder climates eggs as well as oviparous females over­ winter.

The parasites and predators of this species are described by

Folsom (1909:hi). MacGillivray and Spicer (1953:h29) list 2 Ptero- malids, one Ceraphronid and one Braconid as parasitizing this species in New Brunswick*

Collections: On underside of leaves and on stems of Trifol­ ium pratense (Linn*) (Red Clover)* Not common in forested or semi­ forested areas worked* Antigonish County, Antigonish, August 12, 132.

1953. (Reference number 882).

Subtribe Macrosiphlna

Macrosiphum pseudorosae (Patch)

The Green and Red Rose Aphid

Nectarophora pallida Oestlund, 1887*81* (preoccupied).

Macro siphun paeudoroaae Patch, 1919*206; Hottes and Frison,

1931a *318; Palmer, 1936b *71*6 and 1952:320.

This is apparently another marginal species occasionally en­ countered in semi-forested situations in Nova Scotia. According to

Patch (1919*207) it is found on wild rose and golden ragwort

(Senecio aureus Linn.)* Hottes and Frison (1931a*3l8) report taking it from wild rose, plus seven other herbaceous hosts including

Oenothera biennis Linn. Palmer (1952*321) lists three herbaceous hosts other than rose. Alate and apterous forms were found twice on Oenothera biennis Linn, in Nova Scotia, but not on wild rose.

This species resembles vary closely M. solanlfolii (Ashmead) but differs from it by its heavy black antennae and cornicles. Patch

(1919*206) reports the antennae to be so black "that it is difficult to prepare a mount which shows the distribution of the sensor la" •

Also, the apterous forms usually have longer antennae than in M. solanlfolii. The general body color is rose red or green, as is the case for M. gei, occurring in either color variety. The beak is

short and stout; antennal III with about lU sensor la arranged in a 133. row; none on IV, Cornicle never longer than antennal III, and retic­ ulated on apical end about one-fifth of length; yellowish cauda. The

sexual forme have not been described.

Collections i On underside of leaves of Oenothera biennis Linn.

(Common Evening Primrose). Kings County, White Rock, July 19, 19UB

(62). Antigonish County, Route 7$ July 30, 1952 (66U),

(Reference numbers in brackets following dates).

Subtribe Kacrosiphina

Macrosiphum rosao (Linn,)

Ihe Rose Aphid

Plate 62, Fig. lia Plate 68, Fig, 162

Aphis rosae Linnaeus, 1758:U52 and 1761t260,

Siphonophora rosae, Buckton, 1876:103,

Nectarophora rosae, Oestlund, 1887:81.

Macrosiphum rosae, Essig, 1911c: $$0; Patch, 1911ja:268; 1919:

20$; Theobald, 1926:6$; Soldman, 1927:119; Gillette and

Palmer, 193^:171; Palmer, 1952:321,

Alate and apterous forms of this aphid in both red and green

varieties in the same colony were found on the floral buds and ter­

minal stems of cultivated rose and wild rose (Plate 62, Fig, 11:1).

The species is found quite casmonly throughout the region, more

especially however, on cultivated than on wild varieties of rose host

plants. Patch (1919:20$) points out that there are at least three 13U* species of rose aphids, and each of them has two distinct color varieties* green and pink, i*e*, M. rosae, K* solanlfolii and M* pseudorosae* Theobald (1926*70) states that the usual or predom­ inant color is green*

Apterae are green with contrasting black antennae and corn­

icles; appendages with dark distal ends on femora, tibiae and tarsi, the remainder of the appendages are green* Basal region of antennal

III with 12-23 sensoria of two sizes* Cauda pale, with slight neck

and bearing 3-5 pairs of lateral hairs and 2 preapical ones* The

rod variety has exactly the same morphology as the green form*

Alatae have black head and thorax; pale green abdomen with

3 pairs of black lateral areas* Antennae are very long; antennal

III with L2-5& round sensoria* Cauda pale, cornicles black, long

and thin, with apical region reticulated, remainder imbricated*

Further technical descriptions with figures are found in Theobald

(1926*66) Soliman (1927:119) and Patch (19lUa:268).

Theobald (1926*69) states that the winter phase is passed

in the egg which is laid in very late fall, and as apterous females,

and that in mild winters viviparous reproduction may continue all

the time* The eggs hatch in early spring and by June alate forms

are produced which fly to other rose plants, or different branches

on the same host, and start new sexual colonies* According to Patch

(1919t205) M* rosae is monophagous on the rose, but hastens to add

that there is the possibility of a secondary food plant used as a

summer host. Theobald (1926*70) mentions Plpsacus sp* as being in- 135. fested with M, rosae. The colonies are usually well attended by several species of ants.

The species Is parasitised by several kinds of wasps. Mac-

Gillivray and Spicer (1953*1*30) list one Braconld and one Ceraphronld as parasitising this species in New Brunswick. A number of species of La^y Bird Beetles and their larvae, as well as at least two kinds of Syrphids prey upon M. rosae. Theobald (1926*69) also states that

"sparrows and chaffinches eat them in large numbers”.

Collections* On Rosa spp. (Wild Rose) and Rosa floribunda

(Cultivated Rose) feeding on floral buds and terminal stems* Antigonish

County, Antigonish, July 21, 1950 (U50) and July 2k, 1950 (U5U)*

(Reference numbers in brackets following dates).

Subtribe Macrosiphina

Macrosiphum rudbeckiae (Fitch)

The Goldenglow Aphid

Plate 59, Figs. 135, 136 Plate 6b, Fig. 1U6 Plate 70, Figs. 195

Aphis rudbeckiae Fitch, 1851*66.

Macro siphum rudbeckiae (Fitch), Essig, 19Ua*l*00; Sol 1 man,

1 9 2 7 * 1 2 Hottes and Frison, 1931a* 330} Gillette and

Palmer, 193U:193; Palmer, 1952*322} MacGillivray and

Spicer, 1953*U30.

This is one of the cosnaonest and most widespread aphid species 136. in Nova Scotia. It ha a been found, rather abundantly, in all coun­ ties studied, with the possible exception of the most northern part of Cape Breton. It appears to be cosmopolitan in nature, but con­ fined to sunnier herbaceous hosts, more especially various species of

Solidago (Goldenrod). It makes its appearance early in the season and continues to be found on the same hosts throughout the season.

Hottes and Frison (1931a:321) "indicate that it is not a true migra­ tory species"• The records thus far from Nova Scotia would substan­

tiate this statement. Perhaps Solidago spp. serves as the primary

host upon which the species lives throughout the year. Summer alatae,

flying to nearby herbaceous hosts of closely allied species, setting

up new viviparous parthenogenetic colonies. The fall winged forms,

then migrate back to Solidago spp., producing sexuales, the oviparous

females of which oviposit on that host. This is a supposition based

on available evidence; further investigation is needed for verifica­

tion.

The stem mother av pears dull brick-red with a dusky shade on

head and abdomen. Legs and cornicles are brown. Body length about

two-thirds that of apterous summer fonts. Sensoria on antennal III

about 8.

Apterous summer forms are blood red with shiny abdomen. An*l

plate pale red; cauda pale red, tapering to point and with slight con­

striction near base, bearing 8 pairs of lateral hairs and 3-6 dorsal

ones, 2/3 or more length of cornicle. Cornicles with proximal half

brownish, distal half dusky black, and reticulated, not longer than 137. antennal III. Bocty length 3. 7-1*. 5, largest of forms. Legs with yellowish tibia* tips black; tarsi black.

Alatae similar to sunnier apterae except head and thorax red*

abdomen blood-red. Antennal i n with 3U-1*1* sensoria. Wing venation

normal. Body length approximately 3/1* that of apterae. For further

descriptive data with figures and measurements * see Essig (1911a* UOO),

Soliman (1927*121*) and Palmer (1952*322).

According to MacGillivray and Spicer (1953:1*30) the species is

parasitized by one Braconid, one Cynipid and two species of Pteromal-

ids in New Brunswick. Predators observed in Nova Scotia include one

Aphis lion (Chrysopidae) found on Solidago sp. and several larval

Syrphida also on that host.

Collections* On stems and underside of leaves of at least

3ix species of herbaceous plants. One of the most common and wide­

spread aphid species in Nova Scotia.

Host* Aster (Tourn.) Linn, spp., on terminal stems feeding head down.

Inverness County* Maple Ridge, August 13, 1953 (890 and 892);

Glendale, August 15, 1953 (907).

Host: Aster usibellatus Mill. (Tall White Aster), on terminal stems

and base of inflorescence.

Kings County, Scott*s Bay, August 23, 191*8 (76p).

Halifax County, Halifax, September 10, 191*9 (31*3).

Antigonish County, Route 7, August 9, 1950 (1*63).

Host* Hieracium (Tourn.) Linn. spp. (Hawkwaed), on terminal parts

of the plant. 133.

Guysborough County, Country Harbour, July 16, 1952 (81*2).

Host: Hieracium scabrum Michx. (Rough Hawkweed)• Aphids feeding

head downward on hairy stems (Plate 59 , Figs* 135* 136).

Cumberland County* Collingwood* July 7* 1952 (61*1).

Host: Senecio Jacobaea Linn. (Ragwort, Stinking Willie) on terminal

stems and floral inflorescence.

Antigonish County, Jimtown, August 21, 1953 (917a).

Host: Solidago Linn. spp. (Goldenrod), on terminal stems and under

floral inflorescence, typically feeding head downward* (Plate

61*, Fig. lli6).

Kings County: Wolfville, June 17* 191*8 (5 and 6); July It, 191*8

(51); September 8* 191*8 (ll*p). White Rock, August 3, 19l*8

(105p and 107p).

Halifax County: Sandy Lake, July 20, 191*9 (338); Waverly Game

Sanctuary, August 12* 191*9 (31*)*).

Antigonish County: Fairmont Road* July 3, 1950 (1*?6); June 28,

1951*; July 3, 1951*; June 26* 1952*; July 27, 1953 (868).

Malignant Cove, July 12* 1950 (1*1*6). Crystal Cliffs, July

21*, 1950 (1*56). Route 7* August 9, 1950 (1*62); September 7,

1950 (1*62.1)* (Not as abundant as in August); July 10, 1953

(832.2)* Beech Hill, August ll** 1950 (1*69). West River Road,

July 30, 1952 (652). Antigonish* June 5, 1952 (607)*. Cape

George, June 23* 1953 (812.1)*. Route 1*, June 27, 1953 (016)*.

Cloverville, July 28* 1953 (871.1)*. Jimtown* August 21, 1953

(918). Lochaber* July 25, 1951 (U26)*. 139.

Richmond County, Lochlotaond, July 11, 1991 (126).*

Inverness Countyj Maple Ridge, August 13, 1993 (891). Port

Hood, August ll, 1993 (903). Inverness, August ll, 1993

(906*1)*• Glendale, August 1£, 1993 (9ll).

Victoria County, Baddeck, July 16, 1991 (5ll).

Cumberland Countyi Chignecto Game Sanctuary, July 8, 1992

(618)*. Wentworth Valley, July 7* 1992 (610)*. Colling­

wood, July 7, 1952 (613)*.

Pictou County, Green Hill, July 5, 1952 (630).

Colchester County, Rossville, July 6, 1952 (637)*.

Guysborough County: Country Harbour Road, July 16, 1953 (81l).

Country Harbour Valley, July 17, 1953 (815).

Lunenburg County, Spondu Lake, August 8, 1952 (672)*.

*Field Observations; specimens not taken.

(Reference numbers in brackets following dates. ll*0.

Subtribe Macrosiphina

Macroaiphum solanlfolii (Ashmead)

The Potato Aphid

Siphonophora euphorbiae and S. euphorbicola Thomas, 1877*6.

Siphonophora solanifolli Aahmead, 1882:92.

Nectarophora asclepiadis Cowen (in Gillette and Baker), 1895*

123.

Nectarophora heleniella Cockerell, 1903a:168.

IlHnoia 3olanifolii (Aahmead), So liman, 1927:133*

Macrosiphum gei (Koch), (miaidentification or disputed s y n o n y m y ) ,

Theobald, 1926:108; Hottes and Frison, 1931a*306; Hllle

Ris Lambers, 1933*170 (Synonymy).

Macroaiphum euphorbiae, Gillette and Palmer, 193^*178; Hille

Ris Lambers, 1939*8U.

Hacrosiphun solanlfolii (Ashmead), Patch, 1907*235, 1911*81,

1915c*111, 1925a*10; Gillette and Palmer, 193U*195» Palmer

1952*32Uj MacGillivray and Spicer, 1953*U30*

This is another fairly common cosmopolitan species occurring in

Nova Scotia on a number of summer herbaceous plants as veil as the com­ mon wild and cultivated rose* It is probable that no other aphid has

attracted any more attention nor resulted in the publication of more papers than this species, largely because of its economic importance

as a pe3t on crops such as potatoes, peas, pumpkin, squash, raspberry,

currant, etc. It is likewise true that probably no other aphid species 11*. has acquired any more different synonyms than this one* (see Hille

Ris Lambers, 1933*170 and 1939*8k)*

The life cycle was worked out by Patch (1907*238, 1911:83*

19l5ctlll and 1925a:13) through a period of years* Reading her

various accounts of the many attempts to solve this problem, in an

effort to try to find a vulnerable point in its life cycle, as a

possible means of control, is like reading the story of an adventure,

which indeed it was* But it places before one the pictures of the

complexities involved and the various and devious ways and means

used to surmount the problan* Stated now, vary briefly, it has been

found that the rose seems the most likely winter or primary host

upon which the eggs are laid late in the fall, turning shining black

with age* In the spring both green and pink forms develop from the

giving rise to one or more generations of apterous forms on

the rose, feeding on the succulent growth and especially around the

base of the floral buds* Alate forma appear very soon and fly to a

number of alternate herbaceous summer hosts* Patch (1919c:111)

states that both apterous and altae forms migrate* These alate mi­

grants may produce up to 50 young in a fortnight, which under favor­

able conditions mature in two weeks and repeat the process* Thus

during late July and August whole fields of potatoes, peas, etc*,

may be covered by these aphids* By mid-September the return of the

fall migrants (alatae) to the winter host, rose, has largely taken

place, where sexuales are produced and eviposition occurs* These

aphids, no doubt, play an important part in serving as vectors for Ili2* potato mosaic diseases and as carriers for other fungoid parasites*

Fortunately, the species is one of the most highly parasit­ ized known as well as being subject to much predation by syrphid larvae, Aphis lions, lady-bird beetles, etc* NacOilli-vray and Spicer

(1953 *U30) list 8 Braconlds, 2 Cynipids, 6 Pteromalids and 2 Ceraph- ronids known to parasitize this aphid in New Brunswick* It would a; pear from this, that perhaps the best control in the long run, is biological, utilizing this rather vast number of different predators and parasites, in addition to the fungus which also destroys the aphids*

The stem mother on rose is medium green with slight yellowish head; pale appendages except tips of antennal segments and cornicles;

tibia dusky; cauda pale* Apterous summer forms are either pink or

pale green and may occur together in the same colony* Cornicles

pale, elongate and with dusty- reticulated tip equal to hind tarsal

II* Cauda rather elongate and pointed with 5 pairs of lateral hairs,

and one preapical one* Antennal III with 10-18 sensoria in alate and

from 2-6 in apterous forms, in single row; segments III, IV, and V

with distal ends dusty and VI entirely black* Alate forms very sim­

ilar to apterous except head and thoracic lobes yellowish* Very com­

plete descriptions of a~n forms are found in Theobald (1926*108) and

Patch (1911*81 and 1915c *111) as well as good summarised version in

Palmer (1952*325).

Collections* On at least four different hosts as follows*

Host* Eupatorium perfoliatum Linn. (Boneset) on base and in the 113.

floral inflorescence; colonies scattered*

Kings County, White Rock, July 19, 19U8 (6U)*

Lunenburg County, Spondu Lake, August 8, 1952 ( 675).

Host: Hieraciure floribundisn Wimm. and Grab, (Kingdevil); stem

feeding alate and apterous forms in scattered colonies*

Cumberland County, Chignecto Game Sanctuary, July 8, 1952

(618b).

Host: Lathyrus japonlcus Willd, (Wild Pea); in scattered colonies

on stem and both sides of leaves, all apterous taken, alatae

developed in cans later in laboratory,

Lunenburg County, Tancook Island, August 9, 1952 (685).

Host: Rosa floribunda (Cultivated Rose); both alate and apterous,

green and pink forms feeding at base of floral buds; dense

colony,

Antigonish County, Antigonish, July 2h, 1950 (l^Ua),

(Reference numbers in brackets following dates).

Subtribe Macrosiphina

Macroaiphum valerianae (Clarke)

Nectarophora valerianae Clarke, 1903:253*

Kaerosiphum valerianae Soliman, 1927:137 (Types lost); Gillette

and Palmer, 1928:18 and 193U:199; Palmer, 1952:329.

This alate viviparous aphid was part of a mixed colory found on

Ragwort, and made up of M* rudbeckiae and Rhopaloslphum sp* Koch* It Ihh. definitely differs from these latter two species and keyed out in

Palmer (1952*286) to the above named species. However, she does not mention having taken thi3 species from Senecio sp., but lists

Valeriana edulis, Rudbeokia sp. and Epllobium angustifolia as hosts.

Representatives of all three of these latter host genera are found

in hova Scotia (see Roland, 19Ui). Either the aphid taken is abber-

ant to Senecio ap. or the identification is incorrect, or it is a

new host. With the exception of having 20 sensoria on one antennal

TIT and 23 on the other, the rest of the description fits very

closely. Palmer lists antennal H I with from 15-19 sensoria in alate

viviparous forms.

The body color is brown, with rostrum extending to between

second and third coxae. Cauda are dusky, long and tapering to sharp

point, bearing U-6 lateral pairs of hairs and single dorsal preapical

one. Cornicles black, except base, which is pale; elongated cylind­

rical, wider at base, tip reticulated and flanged, extends poster­

iorly to tip of cauda with imbrications denticulate. Hairs slightly

capitate, especially on antennae. Wing venation is normal.

Collectionsi On Senecio Jacobaea Linn. (Ragwort, Stinking

Willie) feeding at base of inflorescence. Antigonish County, Jim­

town, August 21, 1953. (Reference number 917c) 115.

Subtribe Macrosiphina

Genus Myzus lasserini

Passerind, i860* 27, 1920a:57 (synonyay)j Mason, 191*0:3.

The prominent antennal tubercles, converging or gibbous, espec­ ially in the apterae, serve as one distinguishing character for the members of this genus. The six-segmented antennae have segnent I gibbous, secondary sensoria circular. Wing venation is normal*

Cornicles are long, cylindrical, sometimes clavate; cauda short and conical. Hairs are blunt or slightly capitate and short on append­ ages, No lateral tubercles are present.

Genua type (fixed by Passerini i860), Aphis cerasi Fabricius,

Kez_ to the species of the Genua Myzus

(Modified after Hottes and Frison, 1931*335)

1, Cornicles distinctly imbricated throughout; hind tarsal II longer

than rostral IV and V; primary sens orturn on base antennal VI

equal in size to surrounding sensoria (p, ll*6)...... cerasi

-• Cornicles not distinctly imbricated throughout! hind tarsi II

not longer than rostral IV and V; primary sensorium on base an­

tennal VI larger than small surrounding sensoria (p. 11*9) . * •

.>••«••••• ...... persicae 1U6.

Subtribe Macrosiphina

Kyzus cerasi (Fabriciua)

The Black C h e r r y Aphid

Plate US, Figs* 102, 103, IOI4 Plate 6 8 , Figs. 1 6 1 ,I 6 J4 Plate 69, Fig. 170

Aphis cerasi Fabrlcius, 1775:73h.

Myzus cerasi, Gillette and Taylor, 1908a:U2; Gillette, 1908d:

362; Ross, 1917: k3lj; Wimshurst, 1925:85; Theobald, 1926;

292 (synonymy); Gillette and Palmer, 193U:2Q1; Eichmann,

1936:1-6 (Life history); Mason, 19U0:6; Palmer, 1952:335.

The black cherry aphid is a very common and widespread pest

on cherry trees throughout Nova Scotia. It is propagated on the

common wild pine cherry which serves as the primary winter host.

The colonies are usually found heavily infesting the terminal growing

tips, locating on the underside of young leaves. They propagate rap­

idly into a compact colony resulting in dense sticky masses, causing

leaves to curl into closed tufts and deforming the young shoots. The

whole mass is attended by numerous ants which feed on the sticky

honeydew produced. This honey-dew exudate being caustic, results in

burning the foliage causing it to turn brown and die. It also serves

as a base upon which black soot fungus grows to further disfigure the

foliage and fruit. See Plate h$, which illustrates the condition

found in late June of the growing season. The terminal infested leaves

on an infested host such as this will be dead by rald*^july, thus affect-

the over-all total growth and thr if tineas of the cherry tree. 1U7.

In the fall* sexuales occur on the cherry, the females ovi­ positing amongst the bud scales or on the bark* Wimshurst (1925:85) reporting on the life cycle of this aphid describes the newly laid eggs as yellowish-green, becoming shiny black* The spring fundatri- cea hatch before the buds open and feed upon the buds and leaves as they open* These give rise to msnerous generations of apterae, which by late June produce earner alatae* Wimshurst (op* cit*) re­ ports that these alatae fly to a summer host such as, Lepidium sp*

(Peppergrass) or Galium sp* (Bedstraw) and there produce numerous summer generations. Apterae left on the cherry continue reproducing throughout the sumner* In the fall, alatae front the summer hosts are produced which return to the cherry and there give rise to seoc- uales* Apterae left on the cherry do likewise, with the possibility that male sexuales are only produced on the summer host* Theobald

(1 9 2 6 :2 9 9 ) makes the suggestion that if this latter condition is true, then "the continuance of the life-cycle depends on the existence of a secondary host plant"*

Eichmaim (1936x1-6) failed to find this species migrating to

Lepidium spp* or any other possible summer host, although the aphids left the cherry* Ross (1917 tU3b), however, found them migrating to

Lepidium spp* as a summer host* Palmer (1952x336) suggests that possibly this difference in observation may be due to the fact that two different species are Involved* At any rate no alternate sunnier host has been found in the Colorado region*

Very complete technical descriptions with figures of all forms of this species are found in Theobald (1926*292) with synonymy, and

Palmer (1952*335) to which the reader is referred.

According to Wlmshurst (1925*85) in Theobald (1926*299),

Myzus carasi (Fab*) is parasitized by six species of braconids, one prototrypid, and oib cynipid wasp* Predators include adult coccindel-

lids and larvae, syrphid fly larvae, immature Anthocoris bugs, and

young immature spiders of the family Epairidae.

Collections; On the underside of leaves of Prunus pensylvan-

ica Linn* (Pin Cherry) causing severe leaf curl and browning of the

leaves, eventually killing them* Veiy common throughout province

and severe pest on all types of cherry.

Kings County* Wolfville, June 22, 19UJ (22); June 28, 19U8 (16);

North Mt* Lookoff, August 23, 191*8 (7l*p); White Rock, August 3, 191*8 (in)

Halifax County, Mill Lake Road, July 8, 1959 (331*1) (Other notations

of its occurrence in this county made).

Antigonish County* Route 7, June 12, 1950 (1*02); June 29, 1950 (1*20)

September 6 , 1950 (Infestation gone on this date fro* 1*02); July

21*, 1951 (Sane host as 1*02, but not infested in 1951). Antigonish,

June 5, 1952 (606); June 1*, 1953 (803). Fairmont Road, June 26,

1952 (Notation of occurrence). Beech Hill, June 5, 1953 (806).

St. Andrews, July 1*, 1953 ( 825a). Antigonish, two miles S*E*,

July 1 1 , 1953 (833.3). doverdale, July 28, 1953 (871.1).

Pictou County* Green mil, July 5, 1952 (631). Guysborough County* Port Felix, July 18, 1953 ^858a). (Reference msabers in brackets following dates). 1U9. Subtribe Macrosiphina

Myzus peraicae (Sulzer)

The Green Peach Aphid

Aphia peraicae Sulzer, 1776:109.

Aphis dianthi Schrank, 1001:111:.

Siphonophora achyrantes Monell, 1 8 7 9 :18.

Ityzus malvae Oestlund, 1886:31 •

Myzua peraicae, Pasaerini, 1860:35; Gillette and Taylor,

1908a:32; Gillette, 1908d:399; Theobald, 1926:310;

Hottee and Friaon, 1931a:339; Mason, 19UO:l5 (desc,

and synonymy); Palmer, 1952:3U0; MacGillivray and

Spicer 1953*U30 •

Despite the cosmopolitan nature of this species and the wide

variety of its summer hosts, it has been taken only once, and in

this instance was part of a mixed colony with Myzua cerasi (Fab.),

It is apparently quite cassaon in occurrence in New Brunswick as is

revealed by the study of its parasites by MacGillivray and Spicer

(1953:^30), The only possible explanation might be that field

work has been largely confined to forested and semi-forested situ­

ations, This species would be more apt to occur in the agricultural

areas of the province. It is a potential enesqr of considerable econ­

omic importance, infesting as summer hosts a wide variety of cultivated

flowers, garden crops, plants grown in greenhouses; as well as the

winter hosts, peach, apricot, cherry, plum, and flowering almond, ISO. the only wild winter ho at being the Pin Cherry (Prunus pensylvanlca

Linn.) on which it was found.

There is a considerable literature available concerning this species dealing with practically all phases of its biology; its des­ truction and control. The species is subject to a great deal of variation in color and is somewhat polymorphic depending upon the host on which it feeds. The summer form on vegetables and herbs has often been confused with Rhopalosiphum spp. because of its swollen cornicles, swollen frontal processes, and longer antennae in the apterae. The spring form on the winter host has cylindrical corn­ icles, large frontal processes, and apterae with short antennae, which is typical of the Genus Myzus. Very complete descriptions and technical data with figures on all forms of the species can be found in Gillette and Taylor (I908a*32), Theobald (1926;3l8), Kason

(19^0:15), and a good concise summary in Palmer (1952:3U0).

According to MacGillivray and Spicer (1953:It30) in their list of Aphid parasites in New Brunswick, Myzus peraicae (Sulzer) is para­ sitized by eight species of braconids, one cynipid, four pteromalids, and two ceraphronld wasps. Outside of Macrosiphum solanifoil1 (Ash- mead) this species is the next most heavily parasitized aphid found in New Brunswick. The proximity of this province to Nova Scotia would lead cne to expect a similar situation to prevail in Nova Scotia as regards this aphid species. Theobald (1926:327) includes further,

the Chalcid wasp, Aphelinus sp. which turns the aphid shiny black,

and Lysiphlebus sp. which causes the host to swell and turn gray or 151. light drab color. Predator* include several species of Syrphld lar­ vae and Lady-bird Beetles respectively, in additition to fungi which is a very effective means of natural control, similar to that in the case of Myzus cerasi (Fab.).

Collections: On underside of leaves of Prunus pensylvanlca

Linn. (Pin Cherry). Uncommon in forested areas of the province.

Guysborough County, Port Felix, July 18, 1953. vReference number 858b).

Subfamily Aphinae

Tribe Lachnini Wilson

Wilson, 1911b:51; Palmer, 1952:9*

The monbers of this tribe are considered the most primitive of

the subfamily Aphinae; the Mindarlnae are the most primitive of the

Aphidae. The stigma of the fore wing is elongate and the radial

sector straight (except in part, Anoecina and Lachhlna). Rostrum is

often five-segmented with short unguis (shorter than base of VI);

sensoria oval or subcircular; antennae and body hairy; frontal tu­

bercles lacking. Cornicles on cones, raaramiform, hairy and with flange.

Cauda and anal plate are rounded. Sexuales generalized, similar to

other fcms) females apterous. 152.

Kgr_ to the Subtribes of the Tribe Lachnirri.

Radial sector of fore wing curved and of moderate length; hind tarsal I triangular, hardly longer than w i d e ...... 2

Radial sector short and straight; near tip of wing; hind tarsal I trapezoidal, longer than w i d e ...... 3

Hind tarsal II £ or more of length of tibia, tarsal I minute; cornicle mere ring or absent; head divided; wing venation usually faint (Not taken in region)...... Tramina

Hind tarsal II never exceeding l/3 length of hind tibia, tarsal I normal size; cornicle mammiform; stigna short and thick (i • 1 5 3 ) ...... Anoecina

Rostrm needlelike, V well developed and distinct (p, l5f>) . *

...... Cinarlna

Rostrum obtuse, V vcstigal, sometimes appearing coalesced • ii

Form elongate, very narrow; radial sector straight; cornicle mere ring or small cone, not hairy; antennae with bristles; eyes without ocular tubercles* Feeding on needles of conifers

(p* 1 6 9 ) ...... Eulachnina

Form not elongate; radial sector more or less curved (in Long- istigma stigma is elongate, reaching apex of wing); cornicles on hairy cones; eyes with ocular tubercles* Feeding on twigs, bark and leaves of deciduous trees and shrubs* (Not taken in region)...... Lachnina 153. Tribe Lachnini Subtribe Anoecina Baker

Baker, 1920a*13.

The members of this subtribe are characterized by having the

radial sector of the fore wing curved and the media once-branched

but not faint. The antennae are six-segmented, with long hairs and

subcircular sensoria. The cornicles arise from shallow hairy cones.

Only one genus found in Nova Scotia.

Tribe Lachnini

Genus Anoecla Koch

Koch, 1856:275; Baker, 1920a:13> Palmer, 1952:9.

In addition to the characters listed under the subtribe, the

terminal filament (unguis) is shorter than VI; cauda and anal plate

are rounded; hind wings have two cross veins. Baker (1920a:13)

notes that the spring forms are colonial and exposed, while the sum­

mer forms are usually subterranean on roots.

Genus type (monotypical), Anoecla corn! (Fabricius). 151a. Tribe Lachnini Anoeoia querci (Fitch)

The White-Banded Dogwood Aphid

Briosoma querci Fitch, 1859:80lu

Eriosonia comlcola Walah, 1862:301*.

Anoecla querela Baker, 19l6e:359i Outright, 1925*187; Hottea

and Friaon 1931a:152; Gillette and Palmer, 1931*833;

Palmer, 1952:12.

Characteristically this apeciea alternates in its life cycle between its eunmer host, roots of grasses, and its winter host.

Cornua sp. Hottea and Prison (1931a:152) suggest that "querci" is a misnomer, since the apeciea normally does not appear on oak except as a "drift" errant to oaks. Baker (19l6e) gives a good des­ cription of this species and the problem related to its synoncmy;

-aimer (1952:12) summarizes specific character descriptions.

Collections* Only one alate specimen was taken on Sagjttaria sp. in the Greenhouse, Acadia University, Kings County, May 25, 19^•

The species is errant to Sagittaria, probably being a "drift" on way to summer host. (Reference number 2x-3p)• 155. Tribe Lachnini

Subtribe Cinarlna B o m e r

Bomer, 1930:125} Palmer, 1952:19* Only one genus*

Genus Clnara Curtis

Cinara Curtis, 1835*sec, 576; Hottea, 1930b:185; Palmer, 1952:

2 0 *

Lachnlella Del Guercio, 1909a:286; (syn* of Lachnus, same type

set),

Wilsonia Baker, 1919**212 and 1920a:18 (preoccupied),

Dilachnus Baker, 1919**253 and 1920a: 1 6 (preoccupied),

Lachnus Burmelster, (misidentification), Baker, 1920a:16,

Panimerus Laing, 1926:322 (preoccupied).

Neochmosls Theobald, 1929*129*

The general characteristics of this genus are as follows:

Robust body from 3-5 long, usually bearing rather long erect hairs;

bronze to black in color, with sometimes a pattern of white powdery

exudate* The cornicle is a mere rim usually found on a mammiform

hairy base* The six-segmented antennae, with unguis shorter than

half of base, is shorter than body and covered with hairs* Fore

wing with straight radial sector reaching almost to tip of wing,

and rather elongate stigma; media is faint and either once or twice

forked* Rostrum is long, reaching length of body or beyond, seg­

ments IV and V lance like, and V distinct* Found on bark and twigs

of Coniferae* 156.

Species appear to be rather specific as to host according to

Palmer (1952*20) who has conducted host transfer tests in an attempt to prove otherwise. Uhtil further information is available, espec­ ially concerning the sexual cycle, it seems wise to hold to the idea of rather strict host specificity. Hottes and Frison (1931**153) point out that the genus Clnara is considered to be one of the most primitive of living aphids and that they show rather strict fidelity to the pines of Pinaceae upon which the entire nonwaigratory life cycle is spent. The stem mothers hatch from the over-wintering egg and produce apterous viviparous females. These in turn produce parthenogenetically others like themselves, as well as viviparous slate females, and finally alatae or apterous males and oviparous females are produced in the fall which mate, the oviparous females laying the over-wintering eggs.

Species differentiation in this group is exceedingly difficult, especially of forms from closely related host plants. Identification of collected species was made by the use of keys In Palmar (1952*20) and Hottes and Prison (1931*153), a stsamaxised version of each is in­ cluded, sufficient to key out the seven species taken in Nova Scotia.

Genus type (fixed by Curtis 1035:Sec. 576), Aphis pin! Linn. Key to the apeciea of the genua CInara (A)

(Modified from Palmer, 1952*20)

Hairs on hind tibia of apterae not longer than diameter of tibia , ...... 2

Hairs on hind tibia of apterae longer than diameter of tibia...... 8

Hind tarsal II hardly equalling one-tenth of length of hind tibia. On Abies (p, 15 9 ) ...... curvipes

Hind tarsal II one-tenth or more of length of hind tibia; hairs not capitate on body, may be blunt on hind tibia • ,3

IV 1,5 or more times VI with unguis ...... • • • • , b

IV shorter than 1.5 times VI with un g u i s ...... 6

Hairs on hind tibia ,05 or lo n g e r ...... 5

Hairs on hind tibia not longer than ,05. (Not taken in region) ...... coloradensis orschwarzii

III not longer than ,60 on Pinus (Not taken in region). . .

...... edulis

III longer than ,60 on Abies (p,l59) ...... curvipes

Hairs on hind tibia strongly reclinate, at angle of 30 degrees or less ...... , • • 7

Hairs on hind tibia, at angle of more than 30 degrees with t i b i a ...... (other species not taken in region). Rostral IV *20-.23, antennal V not longer than IV (Not taken in region)...... schwarzil

Rostral IV .28-.33, antennal V longer than IV (p. 168) . . * •

...... t hate her!

Cornicle, at base, not more than .20 in diameter; hind tibia in apterae longer than half body; rostrum attaining cornicles,

(p. 1 6 U ) ...... piceicola

Cornicle, at base, more than .20 in diameter; hind tibia less than two-thirds length of body; rostrum surpassing cornicles

(l . 1 6 2 ) ...... palmerae

Key to the species of the genas Cinara (B)

(Modified from Hottes and Frison, 1931a:153)

First tarsal segment nearly l/5 length of second segment ex­ clusive of claws (p. 1 6 5 ) ...... pinicola

First tarsal segment l/3 to l/2 length of second segment ex­ clusive of claws ...... 2

Hind tibia uniformly dark brown (p. 166)...... strobi

Hind tibia with basal and apical portions dark brown, area between yellowish brown, the two colors contrasting • .... 3

Hairs on antennae short, spine-like, little if any longer than width of antennal segments (p. 160) ...... laricia

Hairs on antennae longer, up to twice the width of antennal 159.

segments (p. 162) palmerae

Subtribe Cinarina

Cinara curvipes (Patch)

The Bow-legged Aphid

Plate 16, Fig. 29, 30

Lachnus curvipes Patch, 1912a-l6l; Wilaon, 1923*267; Khowlton,

1930:158.

Cinara curvipes, Gillette and Palmer, 1931*850; Palmer, 1952:

28.

Cinara utahenais Knowlton and &rith, 1938b*55 (new synonymy).

This large bronze colored aphid with both alate and apterous forms was found feeding on the stem of the previous year13 growth near the top of a young White Spruce at the junction where the new growth occurred* The colonies were very dense and attended by numer­ ous large black ants. Patch (1912a*l6l) reports it as comron on

Abies balaamea I'ill, but to date it has not been found on this host in Nova Scotia.

The apterous forms have a dark brown to blackish head, black thorax and bronze colored abdosien, very slightly flocculent caudad of cornicles. The legs are yellowish in region of femora, yellowish brown tibiae, with distal tips black, tarsi black. Tuberculate corn­ icles, cauda and anal plate are black. The species is very active when disturbed.

Collections* On stems near new growth of Picea glauca (Moench) Voss. Beaver Mountain, Antigonish County, July k, 1952.

(Reference number*62k).

Subtribe Cinarina

Cinara laricis (Hartig)

Plate lk, Figs. 2k, 25, 26 Plate 69, Figs. 175, 183 Plate 70, Figs. 202, 203

Lachnus laricis Hartig, 1839*6k5-

Aphis laricis Walker, I8k8a:102.

Cinara laricis (Hartig), Hottes and Frison, 1931a*155*

Lachnus laricifex Fitch, Patch, 1912a:l6k.

Panlmerus laricis Walker, Theobald, 1929*135.

Wherever stands of Tamarack (Larch, Hachmatack) have been found, Cinara laricis (Hartig) is found feeding on some of the trees in the stand. The colonies are usually rather small, but compact and from one to several colonies will be found on trees infested.

They prefer bark feeding situations on stems from one to three years old, clustering about the stem between and at the base of needle clumps. The alate forma, especially, are very active, the apterous and nymphal forms crawling away more slowly when disturbed.

Alate forms have dark brown heads with bronse colored thorax and abdomen, with prothorax and thorax marked by black lines. White pulverulency occurs both dor sally and ventrally on head and thorax.

The abdomen is sparsely hirsute, dark bronze in color, slightly pul­ verulent and with a pale mid-dorsal line as well as scattered black spots and dark transverse markings. Apterous forms are very similar to alataej younger nymphs are more uniformly lighter brown color with little or no pulverulence•

Shoutenden (1906:203) describes the oviparous females; Theo­ bald (1929*135) and Wilson (1923) give good descriptions of the other forms* Under the name of Lachnus larlcifex Fitch, Patch (1912a

16U) presents drawings and descriptions of apterous and alate forms from Maine*

Collectionsi On younger stems of Larix laricina (Du Roi)

Koch feeding on Lark*

Antigonish Oounty* Antigonish, June 2, 1952 (600); September 17,

1952 (703); June 17, 1953 (810); Big Marsh, July 28, 1953 (877);

Route 7, June 12, 1950 (1*01); June 29, 1950 (1*21); September 6,

1950 (1*01.1); July 10, 1953 (832.1). West River Road, July 3,

1951 (1*01); July 30, 1952 (652).

Cape Breton County: Gill is L a k e , July 15, 1951 (5U).

Ciaaberland County: Wentworth Valley, July 7, 1952 (61*0).

Guysborough County: Aspen, July 25, 1951 (5H). Melrose, July 16,

1953 (836). New Harbour, July 17, 1953 (81*8); July 18, 1953

(852). Sloane Lake, July 27, 1951 (511).

Inverness County: Glendale, August 15, 1953 (910); Kingsville,

August 11*, 1951 (511). Maryville, August 11*, 1953 ( 901).

Queansville, August 15, 1953 (916).

Kings County: Lake George Road, July 26, 19l*8 (10l*p).

Richmond County* Black River, July 11, 1951 (506). Isle Madame, 162

July 11, 1951 (506,1).

Victoria County: Baddeck, July 16, 1951 (511).

(Reference numbers in brackets following dates).

Subtribe Cinarina

Cinara palmerae (Gillette)

The Spotted Spruce Aphid

Plate 15, Figs. 27, 28 Plate 20, Figs. 39, i*0

Lachnus palmerae Gillette, 1917a:135.

Cinara palmerae (Gillette) and Palmar, 1931*863; Hottea and

Prison, 1931a:1$6; Palmer, 1952:38.

Large dark brown, bronze, to blackish aphid living in small

to very large colonies on the bark of spruce. Forms collected on

Picea glauca were more brownish; those from Picaa marl ana more black­

ish, and colonies on this latter host were far larger and more dense,

extending in some cases up to two feet along the main trunk of young

Black Spruce (Plate 20, Figs. 39, 1*0). On P. glauca the colonies were largely confined to the apical part of young trees located in

the stem axils of the topnaost new branches; usually with many red ants in attendance. Adjacent trees of the same species in any given area were not necessarily infested. Colonies seem to occur on spruce here and there, but the host Infested may have up to several colonies distributed over its branches. Younger trees are usually far more heavily Infested than older ones of the same species. This aphid is 163. found sporadically on Individual spruce trees over wide areas in the counties studied, but its incidence has never been so great as that of Kindarus abietinus Koch on Abies balsamea (Linn.) Mill, especially in the summer of 1950, when practically every tree in areas infested was attacked.

The first instar nymphs are ashen grey covered with consider­ able pulverulenco. The dark brown or bronze apterous forms have a broken pattern of pulverulence , especially, on lateral aspects of abdomen. Extremities in general are black!ah. Alate forms are sim­ ilar in color and size with apterae. Gillette (1917a:135) and Palmer,

1952:38 have full descriptions and figures of ail forma of this spe­ cies.

Collections: On stems of spruce and Larix lariclna (Du Roi)

Koch (Larch).

On Pjcea glauca (Moench) Voss, (White Spruce): Pictou County:

Oolington Forks, June 21*, 1950 (1*12). Antigonish County: Beech

Hill, June 5, 1953 (807); Sonar* s Road, June 13, 1950 (1*01*).

Cape Breton County: Oillis Lake, July ll*, 1951 (509); Gillis

Lake, July 12, 1951 (510). Guysborough County, Larry*s River,

July 10, 1953 (853a).

On Pjcea mariana (Mill) B.S.P., (Black or Bog Spruce): Gnysborough

County, Mew Harbour, July 17, 1953 (81*9); Whitehead, July 18,

1953 (856); Inverness County: Maple Ridge, August 13, 1953 (891*);

Inverness, August ll*, 1953 ( 906). 161*.

On Larix laricina (Du Hoi) Koch, (Larch): Halifax County, Waverly

Game Sanctuary, August 22, 191*9 (31*8).

(Reference numbers follow dates).

Subtribe inarlna

Cinara piceicola (Cholodkovsky)

The Dark Drown Spruce Aphid

Plate 17, Figs. 31, 32.

Lachnus piceicola Cholodkovsky, 1 8 9 6 c *11*8; 1898:659•

Cinara piceicola, Palmer, 19li5*U*7; 1952*39.

Apterous and alate forms were found feeding head downward on

a young green stem of White Spruce attended by rather large black

ants. They affix themselves in such a fashion beneath adjacent nee­

dle, that they are difficult to see, especially the younger rymphal

forms which are lighter green in color, more or less blending with

the green color of the stem. Apterous females are greenish to gray­

ish yellow with black specks on the abdomen. Alatae are similar,

but with head and thorax dusky to blackish, and with two dark green lateral stripes along each side of the abdomen.

Cholodkovsky (1896c*11*8) gives a brief account of the life

history as reported by Palmer, (191*5*1*1*8), "Living on last year1 s

bark of Pjcea excelsa and by the end of May often covering entire

limbs of younger trees at which time the alate viviparae appear.

Sexuals appear by the end of June and beginning of July. However,

the viviparae as well as the sexuals continue till the middle of 165.

September. The egg*, yellowish for the fir*t few day*, then black, are laid on the needle*”. Palmer, (19k5:Uli8; 1?52:39) describe* and figure* this specie* giving diagnostic character*#

Collections; On new and last year's stems of Picea glauca

(Poench) Voss. Inverness County, Port Hastings, August 12, 1953.

Not common. (Reference number 887) •

Subtribe Cinarina

Cinara pinlcola (Kaltenbach)

Lachnus pinicola Kaltenbach, 18U3:15U.

Lachnus abietis Fitch, Wilson, 1923:262.

Dilachnu* pinlcola (Kaltenbach), Wilson, 1923:262#

Cinara pinicola (Kaltenbach), Hottes and Frison, 1931a:l56.

Panlmerua pinicola Kaltenbach, Theobald, 1929:129.

This aphid was identified by means of key* in Hottes and Frison

(1931a:l53) and Wilson (1923x260). This identification was questioned by H. E. MacGillivray. It may be a different species than that listed

since its color pattern does not seem to fit that described by Wilson

(1923x262). Apterous specimens were pale green to dark green rather than light cinnamon-brown. Key characters used in both keys, however, brought it to C. pinicola (Kaltenbach). Until further verification is possible, tentatively it will rest as this species.

This species occurred in sdattered colonies along the stem of

White Spruce# No alate forms were present on June 2 nor on June 7, 166.

but one alate was found on June 19, and more were obtained from

samples taken into the laboratory on this latter date*

Good descriptions and figures concerning this aphid are given

by Theobald (1929:129) and Wilson (1923:262).

Collections: On young stems of Pjcea glauca (i’oench) Voss,

(White Spruce), Antigonish County: Fairmont Road, July 1*, 1950

(1*31); Beech Hill, July 2, 1952 (618); Antigonish, June 2, 1952 (601).

Inverness County: Port Hastings, August 12, 1953 (087). Not common.

(Reference numbers in brackets following dates).

Subtribe Cinarina

Cinara atrobi (Fitch)

The Pine Bark Aphid

Plate 21, Fig. 1*1, 1*2, 1*3. Plate 22, Figs.U*, 1*5 Plate 67, Fi^*156

Eriosoma strobi Fitch, 1851:69.

Lachnus strobi Fitch, 1851:69 (Cited in Wilson 1923:266).

Dilachus strobi (Fitch), Wilson, 1923*266.

Cinara strobi (Fitch), Hottes and Frison 1931**157•

These rather large active aphids are found in more or less com­

pact colonies feeding on nascent or year old bark of youngWhite Pine

usually attended by numerous black ants. When disturbed they crawl

around on the underside of the stem or up or down from their place of

origin. They occur generally throughout the counties studied, though 167* never very abundant. Host trees are scattered or occur in isolated areas in central or northern counties* Younger hosts are the most heavily infested*

Apterous females are bronze to shirqr metallic black, with a mid-dorsal line extending from prothorax to cauda* Usually with three pairs of white pruinose spots, one pair laterally placed on thorax, one anterior and one posterior to the jet black cornicles on abdomen* Legs are black and strongly curved* Antennae are long and slender, with unguis on VI finger-like; III, IV, and V light colored at base and black distad; VI black; III longer than IV and

V; rostrum extends to beyond hind coxae; cornicles with wide sloping base; cauda with rounded tip, broadly acute; long drooping hairs over body* antennae and legs. General color and size of alatae sim­ ilar to apterae* See Wilson (1923:266) for description and measure­ ments of this species*

Collections: On nascent or year old bark of Pinus strobus

Linn* (White Pine)*

Rings County: Aldershot, September, 19MJ (x-1); White Rock, July 23,

19U6 (93).

Halifax County: Wav e r ly Game Sanctuary, August 22, 19 U9 (3U7)*

Antigonish County: Fairmont Road, July 3, 1950 (U25); Jiratown,

August 21, 1953 (919).

Guyaborough County, Sleane Lake, July 27, 1951 (527).

Richmond County, C. B*, Grand Anse, July 11, 1951 (507).

Inverness County, C« B*, Glendale, August lU, 1951 (529); August 15, 168

1953 (913).

Lunenburg County, Spondu Lake, August 11, 1952 (686)*

Colchester County, West Roseville, July 6, 1952 (639).

Pictou County, Scotsbum, July 6, 1952 ( 633).

(Reference nunbers In brackets following dates)*

Subtribe Cinarina

Cinara thatcheri Knowlton and Smith

Cinara thatcheri Knowlton and Smith, 1930b:66; Palmer, 1952:50.

This aphid keyed out to C, thatcheri (Palmer, 1952:21)* Both apterous and alate forms were present on stem and needles of White

Spruce* Apterous forms cinnamon—brown; mottled and speckled with black or entirely black; with scattered patches and streaks of pul- vurulence, especially on median line* Alatae with dark brown thorax and lighter brown abdomen and similarly marked as apterae* Young nymphs are light yellow color with translucent appendages* Palmer

(1952:50) reports this species to be the same as C. schwarail except:

"longer rostral IV (.28-.30, not *20-.23) and antennal V (longer than

IV, not approximately equal)".

Collections: On stem and needles of Picea glauca (Moench)

Voss (White Spruce)* Only colony found* Antigonish County, Fair­ mont Road, July 27* 1953.

(Reference timber 870). 169. Tribe Lachnini Subtrlbe Eulachnina Baker Baker, 1920a *11*

The subtribe Eulaohnina and Lachnina can be separated from

the subtribe Anoecina and Tramina because in the former two the radial sector is straight, extending to the tip of the wing; in the latter two subtribes this vein is curved. The Eulaohnina are fur­

ther characterized by a narrow, elongate bod^y, eyes without ocular

tubercles, rounded cauda, shallow cornicles not elevated on hairy

cones, and an obtuse rostrum. Usually found living on conifers on the needles. Only one genus found in Nova Scotia.

Key to the Genera of Subtribe Eulachnina

1* Antennae six-segmented, with spines or hairs • •••..»• 2

-• Antennae five-segmented, naked or with minute bristles (Not

taken in region) ...... Basigella

2. Media once branched, antennae with long stout spines; cornicles

mere ring (p. 1 70) ...... Bulachnus

-• Media twice branched (Not taken in region) .... Todalachnus Subtribe Eulachnina

Genus Eulachnus Del Guercio

Del Guercio, 1909a:327; Baker, 1920a:l5; Palmer, 1952*16.

The character* in addition to those given under the subtribe are: six-segmented antennae with long spines; fore wings with media

once branched and faint; hind wings with media and cubitus faintly

indicated* Usually found on Pines, living on the needles*

Genus type (fixed by Wilson, 1911:51*), Lachnus agilis Kalten­

bach*

Subtribe Eulachnina

Eulachnus rileyi (Williams)

The Powdery Pine Needle Aphid

Lachnus sp* near agilis, Gillette, 1909c:385.

Lachnus rileyi Williams, 1910:2U*

Eulachnus rileyi, Davis, 191ija:169; Knowlton, 1930:158;

Gillette and Palmer, 1931:836; Hottes and Frison, 1931a:l57

Palmer 1952:17*

This species is very similar to E# agilis (Kaltenbach) but differs according to Gillette and Palmer (1931:837) and Hottes and

Frison (1931a:l57), on account of the absence of secondary sensoria on antennal III* However, Palmer (1952:17), states that neither

species has secondary sensoria on antennal III, but would differen­ tiate E, agtH s as follows: "Brown body, (E* agilis green) slightly 171. longer antennae and hind tibia and different host". Since the Nova

Scotia specimens are olive-brown color in the apterae; brown to bronze in the alatae and lack secondary sensoria on antennal III, E. rileyi seems a better designation that E. agilis* (One specimen, however, does show one secondary sensorium on antennal III.) Palmer admits to the close similarity between these species and states that none of the "characters are clearly distinctive", Davis (19ll*a:l69) also describes all forms of the species.

The apterous forms were lined up in a single row along the needles or Red Pine with their abdomens pointing upward. At inter­ vals, single individuals would waggle their abdomens as if to force the beak further into the needle substance. Their bodies were cov­ ered with a grayish flocculence including the appendages, Alate forms were more bronze in color with leas flocculence, Syrphid larval predators were present feeding on the aphids, and a number of alate forms were swelled up, probably being parasitized by braconid larvae; some dead, others dying. The apterous forms gave the general appearance of miniature "toads" lined up along a pine needle. Red

Pine is not native to Nova Scotia, those young host trees having been planted in the Chignecto Game Sanctuary, Cumberland County as a for­ estry experiment.

Coll actions i On needles of Pinua resinosa Ait, (Red Pine),

Chegnecto Game Sanctuary, Cwberland County, July 8, 1952, Not com­ mon, taken only once, (Reference number 6 W 0 , 172. Subfamily Aphinae

Tribe Panaphini Palmar

Calllpterlnl Oestlund, 1887:3U,

Panaphini Palmar, 19?2:?9.

Tho members of this tribe have long, slender antennae, with relatively few subcircular or oval sensoria in viviparae. Corn­ icles are truncate, rather short, and often sculptured, rarely elongate or mare pore or absent. Cauda are knobbed and anal plate bilobed; sometimes both are rounded. Fore wing with radial sector surved, often faint or absent; media twice branched. Tarsal I tri­ angular; rostrum obtuse, with I fused to VI. Living exposed on foliage of plants; some forms solitary, others colonial; one group,

Saltusaphina, can jump or leap. Sexuales similar to other forms; females apterous, males usually alate*

Key to Subtribes of Trifee Panaphini

1. Cornicles a mere ring ••••• ...... ••.,••••.2

-• Cornicle truncate or elongate ...... 3

2. Cornicle a more ring on a low conical base (p. 228) PhyHaphlna

-• Cornicle a mere ring not on a low conical base (p. 19?) • • •

...... (Monellia)Panaphina

3. Body, vertex and usually antennae with conspicuous spine like

hairs; anal plate not deeply divided; frontal tubercles not 173.

developed; radial sector distinct ...... It

Body# vertex and antennae not with conspicuous spine-like hairs

or if with conspicuous hairs, then anal plate deeply divided

(Panaphis) or frontal tubercles developed or radial sector

faint 5

U. Cornicle truncate, reticulated, enlarged at base (p. 173) •

...... Chaltophorina

Cornicle elongate, cylindrical or vasiform, not truncate, not

reticulated (p. 230) • •••••• Ptero commina

5. Fore wing with radial sector indistinct or lacking (except in

Kuceraphis, Qestlundiella and Neosymydoblus)jcornicle not much

longer than width at base (p. 195) • .*•••• Panaphina

-• Fore wing with radial sector distinct; cornicle much longer than

width at base (p. 190) Drepanosiphina

Tribe Panaphini

Subtribe Chaltophorina Baker

Baker, 1920a:33; Palmer, 1952:90*

The subtribe Chaltophorina is composed of aphids which are characterized by having numerous long hairs on the body, legs and usually antennae, as the meaning of the subtribe name implies.

Gther character* include rounded or knobbed cauda which are never elongate. Truncate cornicles, never much longer than diameter at 17 U. base, and vrLth reticulations on apical portion (except Hoplochaito- phorus). Anal plate ia rounded, or indented, but never divided*

Wing venation normal. Usually found as colonies and are slow moving when disturbed.

Key to the Genera of the Subtribe Chaitophorina

1. Cauda distinctly knobbed; cornicle reticulated; anal plate

rounded or merely omarginate (p. 17l*) Chaitophorue

Cauda rounded ••••• ...... 2

2. Cornicles with apical portion swollen, wider than basal portion

with distinct flange at apex (Clavigerus, Subtribe Pterocommina'

(p. 231) ...... Pterocomma.

-• Cornicles with basal portion wider than apical portion, trap­

ezoidal; third antennal segment short, less than twice width

of head through eyes (p. 1 7 9 ) ...... Perlphyllus.

Subtribe Chaltophorina

Genus Chaitophorua Koch

Koch, l8f?Utlj Baker, 1920a*33 (synonymy); Britton, 1923*281;

Palmar, 19^2*90.

The members of this genus are characterized by having the cauda knobbed, and anal plate rounded or Indented; the antennae are

6-segmented, with unguis twice or more times longer than base of 175.

antennal VI. The cornicles are truncate; in length about equal to

width; imbricated proxlmally with distal tip reticulated. Other­

wise, characters are as listed under subtribe.

Genus type (fixed by Gerstaecker, 1856:202), Aphis populi

Linn.

Key to the species of the Genus Chaitophorug

1. Antexmal III of alatae with 9-lU secondary sensorla arranged

in irregular double row; antennal IV with from 0-5 sensorla

(p. 177)...... populi foliae

-• Antennal H I of alatae with 2-7 secondary sensorla arranged

in a single row; ni sensorla on antennal III (p. 175) . . .

...... populellus

Subtribe Chaltophorina

Chaitophorus populellus Gillette and Palmer

The Clear-winged Poplar Aphid

Plate 37, Figs. 83, 81*

Chaitophorus populellus Gillette and Palmer, 1926:15 and

1931:917; Palmer, 1952:90.

In the descriptions given in the above references, nothing is said concerning how this aphid infests the poplar. The peculiar type of pseudo-gall In which it was found in Nova Scotia is shown in

Plate 37, Figs. 83, 8lu This type of pseudo-gall resembles very 176. closely that formed by Thecabius populi-condupllfolius (Cowen) (Pal­ mer, 1952:371) and was so classified tentatively. But the apterous forms within tho folded leaves upon examination are very close to the descriptions for Chaitophorus populellus Gillette and Palmer

(1928:15)* No alate forms were present and none developed in the laboratory. Hence, the identification is based on nymphal and apt­ erous material.

The infestation was found only once on the youngest terminal leaves of a small Balsam Poplar tree growing in a stand of mixed de­ ciduous trees and open plots of grass near the bottom of the west side of a rather steep slope. The infested loaves were tightly folded together in a loose type of pseudo-gall* Opening the leaf revealed the apterous colony feeding on either side of the leaf mid­ rib* Revisiting the area in three successive summers did not reveal its presence again.

The apterae were very lif^vt yellowish-green with a darker green spot on dorsum of abdomen. They were quite small and very slow to move when disturbed. Measurements and technical description fits closely that of Palmer, (1952*90).

Collections* In folded terminal leaves of Populus balsamifera

Linn. (Balsam Poplar). Antigonish County, Station U, North Shore

Road, July 12, 1950. (Reference number Uli7). 177 Subtribe Chaltophorina

Chaitophorus populifollae Davis

The Clear-winged Aspen Aphid

Plate 39, Fi-s. 38, 8 9 , 90 Plate 67, Fig. 108 Plate 6 9 , Figs. 172, 180 Plate 70, Figs. 193, 209.

A] his populifoliae Fitch, 1891:66.

Chaitophorus populifoliae (Fitch) (misidentification),

O'jstlund, 1837:38.

Chaitophorus populifoliae Oestlund, Davis, 1910d:U89»

Hottes and Prison, 1931a:163; dLllette and Palmer,

1931:918; Palmer, 1992:92.

This species was found most often infesting the petioles and

undersides of lcavos, sometimes the upper surface also, of Po; ulus

spt. It occurs infrequently, but hosts attacked are usually heav­

ily infested. The upper surface of leaves on large trees will glis­

ten with hone ydew exudate falling from aphids clinging to the under­

side of leaves above. In some cases the infested leaves will form

welts or become cup—shaped or curled and turn partially brown, even­

tually rotting as a result of secondary fungoid infestation, (see

Plate 39, Fig. 89). The colonies varied from rather compact to

quite scattered, though for the most part the individual aphids were

fairly well separated* A brown species of ant is usually in attend­

ance upon the colony* 178.

Hottes and Friaon (1931a*163) state that "very little is known concerning the biology and distribution of this species"*

Palmer (1952:92) lists two species of Poplar and one of Quercus as hosts, indicating dates of summer apterae from June 13 to Oct*

2, alatae from June 22 to September 25 and sexuales, October 2*

The inference would be that this is possibly a monophagous aphid since no mention is made of an alternate summer host, or else it is not known* It has been found on two species of Populua and one of Salix in Kova Scotia in either late June or July, not being found as yet in August or September.

The apterous forms are pale green with a tinge of yellow, with thorax and abdomen marked by transverse darker bands which thin out in the center of dorsum giving the appearance of a lob- ulated lighter colored oval spot* Alate forms have black head and thorax with Bimilar abdominal markings* Sensorla on antennal III range from 9-17 end are irregularly arranged; from 0-5 sensoria are found on antennal IV* All forms of this species are figured and described by Palmer (1952*92) or Gillette and Palmer (1931:918), to which the reader is referred.

Collections* Found on three host species as follows:

Host* Populus grandldentata (Michx) (Large-toothed Aspen) on under­

side of leaves, occasionally upper surface*

Kings County, Aylsford, June 30, 19U8 (U5)*

Halifax County* Paper Mill Lake, June 28, 191:9 (315)* Still

lrfater Lake, July 8, 191:9 (332b). 179.

Antigonish County: North Shore Road, July 12, 1950 (UU3).

Crystal Cliffs, July 25, 1950 (U57).

Inverness County, Margaree Forks, July 17, 1951 (515).

Host: Populus tremuloides Pichx. (Trembling Aspen), on petiole and

underside of leaves, colonies scattered.

Pictou County, Green Hill, July 5, 1952 (632).

Host: Salix (Tourn.) Linn. (Willow), on stem and underside of leaves

in heavy infestation.

Antigonish County, Fairmont Road, July 27, 1953 (069).

(Heference number in brackets following dates).

Subtribe Chaitophorina

Genus Periphyllus van der Hoeven

Hoeven, van der, 1063:7; Baker, 1920a:3U (synonymy); Palmer,

1952:9U.

The members of this genus are characterized by possessing cornicles which are rather short, truncate, wider at base, with apical end imbricated or reticulated. Cauda and anal plate are rounded. Antennae 6-segnented (except for small lamellate or hairy dlmorphs usually produced in summer); sensorla on antennal III of alatae oval; none on apterae. Normal wing venation* Prominent spine-like hairs over body and extremities. Sexuals with function­ al mouth parts; males alate

Genu8 type (monotypical), Periphyllua teatudo van der Hoeven

(synonym of P„ testudinacea Fernie).

Key to the species of the Genus Periphyllua

(Modified after Palmer, 1952t95)

1. Terminal filament (unguis) at least 3 times or longer than base

of V I ...... 2

Unguis shorter than 3 times base of V I ...... 3

2. Unguis about 3 times length, base of V I; antennal I I I of alatae

with 19-25 sensorla (p* 188) ••••• ...... testudinacea

Inguis at least U times length base of VI; antennal III of

alatae with 8-12 sensorla (p. 183) lyropictus

3. Unguis hardly twice length base of VI; wings with veins heavily

bordered with fuscous; cornicle shorter than base of VI . . • .

(p. 18b) • •••••*• popul i colus

Unguis 2-3 times length base of VI; wings cloar; cornicles

longer than baso of VI (p. 18 1 ) ...... am eric anus 181.

Subtribe Chaltophorina

Pariphyllus americanus (Baker)

The American Paple Aphid

Chaitophorus anericanua Baker, 1917a:U28 and 1918:86*

Periphyllua palmerae Knowlton, 19li7b:2k.

Periphyllus americanus (Baker), Craighead, 1950:129 (list);

I>almer, 1952:95*

Apterous and alate foms of this specios were taken during

the early part of June on Acer s> p. In all cases, by June 17-23

the colonies were gone or only a few forms were left on the maple

hosts* The aphids were located on the underside of leaves along

the principal veins and at the apex of the petioles* When exam­

ined the first week in June the infestations were heavy, the

colonies being rather compact and dense*

Nothing is said in the available literature as to the mig­

ratory habits of this species, the inference being that it is

possibly monophagous on maple. However, the fact that in all cases,

on three different species of maple, the colonies were practically

gone fcy June 17-23 would infer that they had migrated to some other

summer host. On June 19 scattered alate forms, rather large and

dark in color, were found on the underside of leaves of horse chest­

nut in the same vicinity* No colonies were as yet visible* These

could have been the migratory alate forms in transit to another sum­ mer host, or possibly the horse chestnut was that host* The observa- 182. tion is only significant for what it is worth.

The apterous forms are green with a slightly darker dorsal median line on the abdomen. Alate forms have blackish head, thorax, antennae cornicles and distal ends of femora. The abdomen is marked by darker lateral areas and band across the dorsum. Unguis is 2-3 times length base of antennal VI; wings clear with normal venation; cornicle longer than base of VI. According to Palmer (1952:95) the species produces dimorphs between Kay 10 to September 2 in the

Colorado region. Dimorphs are rather characteristic to members of this genus; none, thus far, have been taken in Nova Scotia. For further descriptive data with figures and measuranents refer to

Palmer (1952:95).

Collections: On \mderside of leaves and on leaf petiolesof host. Not common in regions studied in Nova Scotia.

Host: Acer rubqrjn Linn* (Red Kaple), Antigonish County, Antigonish,

June 2, 1953 (801).

Host: Acer saccharinurn Linn. (Silver Kaple), Antigonish County,

Antigonish, June 2, 1953 (802).

Host: Acer aaccharm Karsh (Suger Maple), Antigonish County,

Antigonish, June 2, 1953 (800); Cape George, June 23, 1953

'813).

Host: Aesculus Hippocastanum Linn (Horse-Chestnut); Antigonish County,

Antigonish, June 19, 1953 (8lla).

(Reference numbers in brackets following dates). 183. 3ubtribe Chaltophorina

Paripfryllus lyropIctus (Kessler)

The florway Maple Aphid

Chaitophorus lyropictus Kessler, 1886:171.

Chaitophorua aceria Linn, (misidentification), Gillette,

1909c:337; Davis, 1910d:laU*

PerlphylJuB lyropictus, Hottes and Frison, 1931a:170;

Hille Ris Lambers, 19^7:228; Craighead, 1990:129

(list); Palmer, 1992:97.

These aphids were found feeding on young sterna and on the underside of young leaves of Acer spp. As in the case of P. amer- icanus, they make their appearance in May and early June. Collec­ tions on June contained no alatae; on June 10 they were present

In noticeable numbers and by the last week in June the colonies had disappeared from the Maples. Hottes and Friaon (1931a:170) state that "the entire life history is spent upon its host". The simple question becomes, if this is so, why did they leave this early spring host? And upon leaving, whence did thary migrate?

They also state, further, that "no dimorphs have thus far been observed" in Illinois* None have been taken to date In Nova Scotia*

The apterous fonas are characterized by extremities being black, rest of body pale green* Cauda send-lunar; cornicles almost cylindrical with distal ends reticulated* Alatae are similar but antennal III with 8-12 sensoria, more in apterse* Unguis is h-5 181*. times base of antennal VI. Body haira of two kinds, fine and heavy,

spine-like. Wings clear with normal venation. Other forms, with more complete descriptions and figures, are found in Palmer (1952*

97) to which the reader is referred*

Collections: On underside of young leaves and stems of host.

Rare in occurrence in Nova Scotia, Found most frequently in Hay and

June,

Acer rubrum Linn (Red I'.aple): Halifax County, Kearney Lake, June lit,

191*9 (306).

Acer saccharinum Linn, (Silver Haplo): Kings County, Wolfville, June

3> 19U9 (x-25); Antigonish County, Antigonish, June 1*, 1952

(601*).

(Reference numbers in brackets following dates).

Subtribe Chaitophorina

Periphyllus populicolus (Thomas)

The Cloudy-winged Aspen Aphid

Plate 1*3, Figs. 93, 99 Plate 67, Figs. 151*

Chaitophorus populicola Thomas, 1877:10; Essig, 1909c:9 8 .

Periphyllus populicola (Thomas), Gillette and Palmer, 1931:

921*; Hottes and Frison, 1931a* 172.

Periphyllus populicolus (Thomas), Palmer, 1952:99.

This is one of the cownonest aphids found on poplar trees in

Nova Scotia. Wherever poplar grows, young trees in a given area 105. will almost inevitably be infested with this aphid on the terminal growing tips, and in practically every instance are attended by medium sized black ants in considerable numbers. This is likewise the case in Illinois as reported by Hottes and Frison (1931a:172), who also state that dimorphic forms are not produced by this species.

Perhaps because of its prevalence and easy accessibility, feeding as it does on the upper leaf surface, female syrphids are vary often found ovipositing on or near the aphid colony. (see Plate U3, Fig*

98).

Trembling Aspen is a very common tree found in practically every type of open or seni-open, or cut-over situation In the prov­ ince* These aphids very definitely favor the younger, faster grow­ ing trees and invariably locate on the younger terminal leaves and

stems* The infested leaves at first curl upward at the sides, later becoming discolored a dirty blackish color. With the continuance of the infestation secondary fungoid parasites begin to take root in

the honey-dew exudate on the leaves, resulting finally in the ruin­ ation of terminal growth and together with syrphid larvae predators and internal parasites, bring a great reduction in numbers to the aphid colony* However, alate forms are present throu^iout most of the growing season, hence migration to new leaves on the same or to another host continues all summer, and colonies in various stages of development are found throughout the season* The species ie ap­ parently monophagous living out its entire life cycle on the poplar.

The stem mothers have a brown head and prothorax with a deep 106. ixayish-green abdomen, Distal parts of tibiae, tarsi, antennal VI and distal tip of V are black. Apterous forms appear sometimes brownish and at other times almost black or very dark green, with a pale V-shaped area on dorsum with its apex pointed anteriorly.

(Plate 13, Fig. 9?).

Alatae are similar to apterae except abdomen more often shows du3ky bands and lateral spots. The most distinguishing character is the heavily fuscous bordered wing veins, especially in fore wings.

Cornicles are shorter than base of antennal VI, with broad base and reticulated tips; cauda rounded and anal plate sinuate. Hair3 are spinolike on vertex of head, but mixed with fine and heavy hairs over body and rather numerous. Antennae 6-segmented with III bear­ ing 11-21 secondary sensoria with narrow rims; unguis hardly twice length base of VI. For further description data with figures see

-aimer (1952:99) or Gillette and Palmer (1931:921).

Collections; On the upper surface of new leaves, especially on young trees of Populus (Tourn.) Linn. spp. Colonies usually clus­ tered along principle veins near base of leaf. Very common through­ out the province wherever poplar is found. Found on the following hosts:

Host; populus tremuloides Kichx. (Trembling Aspen)

Kings County; Wolfville, July 17, 1916 (61); August 9, 1910

(70p) and (lip). White Rock, July 19, 1910 (65); August 3,

1916 (106p) and (108p). Lake George, July 26, 1918 (97).

Aylsford, June 7, 19l9 (119). 187.

Halifax County: Sandy Lake, July 7, 1969 (329.1)• Rocky

Lake, July 21, 1969 (360). Waverly dame Sanctuary, August

12, 1969 065). Sackville Race Track, August 23, 1969 (350).

Antigonish County: Fairmont Road, July 3, 1950 (62?); July 27,

1953 (866)• Crystal Cliffs, July 2$, 1950 (656b). Route 7,

July 2I4, 1951 (519); July 3 0 , 1 9 5 2 (656). West River Road,

July 30, 1952 (652)*.

Inverness County, r.ast Lake AJnslee, August 15, 1951 (531).

Victoria County, boil's Harbour, August 17, 1951 (532).

Lunenburg County: Spondu Lake, August 6 , 1952 t "73)^; August

12, 1982 {■:9 0 b> and (691). Ladder's Cove, Anjpist 6 , 1952 (667).

Cumbjrland County, Collingvc od, July 7, 1952 (663)*.

■iueeris County, Caledonir,, August In, 1952 (6 9 0 ).

Cost: Pop ulus grar.di dontata (b.ichr) (Large-toothed Aspen)

Kings County: Sunken Lake, August 3, 1958 (Il6p). Rlomldon,

August 23, 1968 (llflp).

Halifax County: Paper Mill La’^e, June 28, 1969 (316). Still

Water Lake, July 8, 1969 (332a). Rocky Lake, July 21, 1969

(339c) Waverly Same Sanctuary, August 12, 1969 (365a);

August 22, 1969 (369)*. Sheldrake Lake, August 30, 1969

(353)*.

*Field observations; no specimens taken.

(Reference numbers in brackets following dates). 188*

Subtribe Chaltophorina

Periphyllus testudinacea (Fernie)

The European Maple Aphid

Plate 35, Fig. 77

Periphyllus testudo van der Hoeven, 1863:1.

Phillophorus testudinatus Thornton, 1852 (desc* not pub*).

Chaitophorus testudinatus (Thornton), Baker, 1910:87.

Periphyllus testudinatus (Thornton), Theobald, 1929:37 and

355; Gillette and Palmer, 1931:920.

This aphid is of very infrequent occurrence in Nova Scotia.

It was taken twice on Acer sp. and twice on Fraxinus sp. The latter host has not been recorded for this aphid, but scattered colonies were present on the terminal steins and petioles. Theobald (1929:39) records it from four species of maple and also from Ribes sp. Though he does not mention any alternation of hosts, possibly Ribes spp. might serve in this capacity. Palmer (1952:102) briefly describes this species but indicates it has not been found in Colorado.

A similar condition exists in this species as was found for p. americanus and P. lyropictus in that th'- apterous colonies appear in middle to late May or the first week in June. On June ii, no alatae were found on the host, though they were obtained two days later in the laboratory from collected apterous forms. On J^ne 6 alatae were found on the host plant. By June 19, there were only a few scattered aphids left on the maple. Apparently the colonies had migrated elsewhere* Further observations will be taken for al 1 three 189. of those species* Published accounts do not include comments on the possible biology of the life cycle, except to infer a monophag- ous existance*

The species appears to be not only highly polymorphic but as well varies considerably in coloration. On the same host plant, two different colonies were located which gave the appearance of two distinct species. One being composed of dark colored apterous forms,

and the other of rather whitish-yellow aphids. After mounting, they both keyed out in Palmer (1952:95) to this species. Theobald's des­

cription (1929:38) more or less substantiates this observation since

he states that the color varies from dark green to slaty gray-rreen.

Both alate and apterous forms vary in color from dark black-

ish-green to yellowish-gray* Wings clear, veins not bordered with

fuscous as in P. populicolusj but costa yellowish. Legs yellowish-

white to yellowish-green, except femora which is dark; distal ends

of tibiae and tarsi black. Antennae dark, shorter than body; un­

guis about l/3 shorter than III; 19-20 sensoria on III of alatae*

Cornicles truncate, ruticulated and deep olive-green. Dimorphs

occur with 6 longitudenal rows of dorsal plates, and foliate lat­

eral plates* Antennae li-segnented. More inclusive descriptive

data with figures are found in Theobald (1929:37) and Palmer (195>2:

102) to which the reader is referred.

Collections: On young stems near petiole and stan axils, and

on underside of leaves of host*

Host: Acer saccharum March (Sugar Maple), in dense colonies in early 190.

June. Left host by last week in June. Antigonish County,

Antigonish, June h f 1952 (603)J June 20, 1952 (612b).

Host: Fraxinus americana Linn. (White Ash) on terminal stems and

on both sides of leaves in dense and scattered colonies.

Antigonish County, Antigonish, June 20, 1952 (6ll, 615).

(Reference numbers in brackets following dates).

Tribe Panaphini

Subtribe Dropanosiphina Raker

Daker, 1920a:31; Palmer, 1952:85.

The members of this subtribe have the cornicles more or leas prominently developed, much longer than broad. Frontal tubercles somewhat exceed vertex; antennae lon^r than body. Cauda, knobbed anal plate indented slightly. Wing venation normal* Oviparous fe­ male with ovipositor elongated.

Key to the Genera of the Subtribe Drepanosiphlna

1. Cornicle swollen at base (p. 1 9 1 ) ...... Drepanaphis

-• Cornicle not swollen at base (Hot taken in region) .•••••

...... prepanosiphum Subtribe Drepanosiphina

Genus Drepanaphis Gel Guercio

Del Guercio, 1909b: i:9; Baker, 1920a:31; Smith, 19i4lt226;

Palmer, 195>2:85*

This genus is characterized by elongate cornicles, over twice as long as broad; somewhat swollen at base* Cauda knobbed; anal plate indented in viviparae* Frontal tubercles distinct; antennae bearing minute hairs* First femur stout compared to second and third* Elongate ovipositor in oviparae; fundatrix alate* Found on leaves of trees.

Genus type (monotypical), Siphonophora acerifolii Thomas*

Key to the Species of the Genus Drepanaphis

1, Dorsal tubercles on abdominal I developed into finger-like pro-

jactives . .2

-* Dorsal tubercles on abdominal I underdeveloped ••••••• 1;

2* Dorsal tubercles on abdominal I, II, and III not all same

s i z e ...... * 3

Dorsal tubercles on abdominal I, II, and III all the same

size (Not taken in region) .*.•••.•••..* granovskyi

3* Dorsal tubercles on I and III nearly the same length and

diameter (p. 1 9 2 ) ...... acerifolii 192.

Dorsal tubercles on I and III not of the same length or di­

ameter; I shorter and analler than on III (p. 193) . • • parvus

Lu Dorsal tubercles on abdominal III .22 - .30 long, united more

than halfway (Not taken in region) ...... spicatum

Dorsal tubercles on abdominal III .07 - .12 long, united very

shallowly, less than halfway (; • 19U) ...•••• utahensis

Subtribe Drepanosiphina

Genotype Drepanaphis acerifolii (Thomas)

The ITaple Aphid

Plato 2h, figs. h9f50.

Siphonophora acerifolii, Thomas, 1877:k.

Drepanaphis acerifolii, Baker, 1923:286; Hottes and Frison,

1931a: 21^6 .

(Description of soxuals); Gillette and Palmer, 1931:912;

Palmer, 19^2:86 .

Mostly alatae were found with a few light yellow colored im- maturae on the undersurface of leaves, both actively feeding. The alatae were of brown color speckled with wliite and with white floc- culence exuding from the abdomen, which bore dorsal spines* The eyes were conspicuously crimson colored. The colonies were gener­ ally scattered over the leaf surface, not compacted into a dense mass and were fairly active when disturbed, which made them diffi­ cult to photograph. Hottes and Frison (1931a:2l*6) states that the species is monophagous api>earinj in early spring and producing sex­ ual forms in the fall. The walks beneath infested trees are kept moist by the falling of honey-dew. Most maples in the area of

Antigonish were heavily infested, although similar hosts in more wooded situations were not infested or only lightly so. Descripti r of this species are found in Sanborn (190k); Patch (1923b); Kottes and Prison (1931a) and Palmer (19^2).

Collections; On underside of leaves of Acer saccharinum L.

(Silver T'aple). Kearney Lake, Halifax County, June lk, 19k9;

Antigonish, Antigonish County, August If, 1991; ' elroso, Guysbor-

ugh County, July 16, 1993. Taken annually (1990-93) on same tree on St. Prancis Xavier Campus, Antigonish, Nova Scotia.

(Reference numbors: 30k, 93k, 039).

Subtribe Hrepanosiphina

Drepanaphis parvus (Smith)

Plate 23, Figs. k6 , k7.

Smith, 19kl; Smith and Knowlton, 19k3.

Both alate and apterous forms of this light green si ecies were found in scattered colonies on the underside of the terminal leaves of red manle, causing than to form a type of loose pseudo­ gall. The leaves bending downward at the petiole attachment and the sides of the leaves curling inward to form a loose hemisphere.

The edges of the leaves were dead, turning a dark brown color. By 19k. mid-July this species had left this host. Descriptions for the spec i es of thu genus Drepanaphis are found in Smith (I9 I1X) and Smith and

Knowlton (1 9 I43).

Collections: On the underside of leaves in pseudo-galls of

Acer rubrum L. Antigonish, Antigonish County, June 20, 195>2* Mot common. (Reference number: 113).

Subtribo Oreganosiphina

Drenananhis utahensis ICnowlton and Sr:ith ------1 - - x ----- ■ ■■ ■ 1

Plate 2a, Fig. ho

Drepanaphis utahonsi s Knowlton and Smith, 19Ji3:17Jj.

T'ne infestation of this spocios ic similar in type to that of D. acerifolii on Silver ! a’lo , occurring in scattered colonics on the undersurf--ce of the loaves of Sugar i aple. Ilow ver, it was much more abundant, every loaf within r-jach being heavily infested.

The upper surface of all leaves was covered with honey-dew exudate

from the anhids on the leaves rd/nvr- them. Alatae and all stages of nymphal development occurred together. The thorax of the alatae is dark, but covered with a whitish powdery secretion. The fore x/ings

shew the presence of fuscous markings along tips of veins, base of radius and border of stijjna; the base of the hamuli of the hind vfngs is also narked with fuscous. liymphal forms are light yellow

in color and rather translucent.

Collections: On underside of leaves of Acer saccharum Marsh. 19>.

Aid igonish, A;1ti jymi sh County, August 22,lb9lJ dune 3_ ,1992;

A \ir,t 26,1992, oil on sane host. Cordon in area of Antigcnlsh.

(I'■>for> nee numbers: 939>612a, 702)

r;ri.'<' Panaphirii

Snbtr.i bo Panaphl na Palmer

Call i pterina baker, 1920a :25*

FanapbJna Palmer, 1992:62.

There are a number of inturestin,_, characters which tie the

'.Tibers of this subtr'b. to, other, one thing, the nr ocios art:

usual!y solitary, though smaller snoci es nay colonize. They live

n the bark and leaves of riant:; and are active when disturbed,

A] borons viviparous f.males other than fundstrix, are :vt produced

'.a some ^cncra, bales arc alate, oviparae apterous. Cornicles are

tr'u cate, ah >rb, n> nretj ciliated; nay be rim or pore, Cauda usually

■:nnl.Ded, rounded, or rarely elongate, Anal plate usually indented

or bilobed. f-v.ro-win;. with mod.; a twice-branched, but with radial

■■ct r usually indistinct or absent; wings ofton cloudy with fuscous,

m ttled or banded, Capitate hairs often found on aptorae; spines

and tubercles frequently found on body, Antennae 6-3Cf;munted,

sensor;a circular to elongate, segments with setae or spines. Six

,,oncra ;u*e represented in collections from liova Scotia, 196.

(Key to tlie Genera of the Subtribe Panaphina (Callipterina Raker;

(Modified after Palmer, 1952:63)

1. Frontal tubercle not exceeding vertex •....••••••••2

F'rontal tubercle exceeding vertex ...... • • • 3

2. Anal plate distinctly divided or bilobed (r. 207) • • Myzocallis

Anal plate only slightly indented or entire (p.220) Neogymydobius

3. Hairs capitate in alatae (p. 199) ••*.•••• Ccpogilletaa

-• Hairs not capitate in alatae ...... U

I. Secondary sensoria circular or oval; hairs capitate or pointed . .

...... 5

-. Secondary sensoria transverse, more or lees narrow; hairs

minute and not capitate even in apterae (p. 2QEL) • . • Euc or aphis

5. Cornicle not on mammiform base; hairs capitate in nymph and

apterae (p. 1 9 6 ) ...... Calaphis

-* Cornicle on mammiform base; hairs short, not capitate in

apterae (p. 2 2 6 ) ...... Oestlundiella

Subtribe Panaphina

Genus Calaphi3 Walsh

Walsh, 1862:301; Baker, 1920a:26; Palmer, 1952:63.

The members of this genus may be characterized by possessing secondary sensoria on antennal 1 1 1 , circular or oval; permanent 197. sensorium at base of unguis oval and ciliated; antennae longer than botfy; unguis much longer than base of VI. Cornicle not on mammiform base, but short and truncate. Cauda knobbed; anal plate bllobed at least in viviparae# Fore—wing with veins smoky; media twice-branch­ ed; radial sector faint or absent# Frontal tubercles developed beyond vertex# Living on ioliage more or loss solitary. Only one srecios found in Nova Scotia.

Genus type (monotypical)• Calaphis betulella Walsh,

Subtribe Panaphina

Calaphis hetulauculcns (Fitch)

Plate 29, Figs. 63, 61*.

Aphis betulaecolens Fitch, 1851:66.

Calaphis betulaecolens (Fitch)# Davis, 1909a:30-lj2; Baker,

1916b: 18U-189; Hottes and Fi*ison, 1931a: 2hh; Palmer,

1952:65 (Footnote): MacGillivray and Spicer, 1953:li28*

The light yellowish-green, translucent apterous agamic forms of this species, with nymphs, are shown in characteristic scattered, isolated configuration on underside of leaf of Betula sp.

(Plate 29, Figs 63,61j)# The species is not indicated on the plate because alatae could not be obtained in the specific instance at hand. However, comparison with other material would place them, in all probability, in this species# In two othsr instances this species was taken from a mixed infestation, one containing Euceraphis deducta

Baker; the other Euceraphis betulae (Koch). No particularly apparent 198. damage was evident on the host plant leaves other than a slight wilting effect. In some cases, practically every leaf was so infested, which in such instances, would certainly affect the thriftiness of the tree,

Alate viviparous females are described as follows from material oollectod: head and thorax orange; yellow to brownish- yellow; abdomen pale, rather translucent yellowish-green, some­ times vi th wooly flocculencc on dorsum. Wing veins bordered with fuscuos, especially at marginal tip; radial sector faint becoming dark at wing edge. Frontal tubercles prominent. Anal plate pale yellow, indented slightly, Cauda pale, knobbed, with 3 or I* pairs pointed hairs. Cornicles (,12) truncate, short with slight medial constrictions, poorly flanged. Rostral IV and V (*16) rather 3lim and pointed, extending to second coxae. Appendages with distal lialves of tibiae dusky; hind tarsi 1 1 (.16) dusky.

Width of head through eyes (.56); ocular tubercles present.

Antennal 111 (1,26) with 1$ oval sensoria; IV (,n3); V (.69); base of VI (.27) with ciliated circular sensorjurn; unguis (.73); antennal hairs pointed, shorter than diameter of segment bearing them. Distal halves of antennal 111, IV, V dusky; proximal halves pale yellow. Apterous agamic females similar to alatae in measurements and coloration.

KacGillivray and Spicer (1993:^287’ list 3 Braconids and one

Pteromalid wasp as parasitizing this aphid species in New Brunswick. 199.

Similar parasites would be expected in the adjoining province of

Nova Scotia, though no work along this line has been attempted as yet.

Collections: Scattered on underside of leaves of:

Host: Betula lutea Michx. {Yellow Birch). Pictou County, Green

Hill, July 5, 1952 (628).

Host: Betula papyrifera Harsh (White, Paper Birch).

Guysborough County, Larry's River, July 18, 1953 (85Ua).

Inverness County, Glendale, August 15, 1953 (912).

Host: Betula populifolia (Wire Birch).

Inverness County, Margaree, July 16, 1951 (5l2a).

Halifax County, Sandy Lake, June 29, 19h9 (318.1).

(Reference numbers in brackets following dates).

Subtribe Panaphina

Genus Cepegillettea Granovsky

Granovsky, 1928b:113-119; Hottes and Frison, 1931a:2U6 (list).

Description for genus unavailable. Only one species taken in

Nova Scotia. 200.

Subtribe Panaphina

Cepegilletea myricae (Patch)

Calaphls myricae Patch (in Britton, 1923:27$).

Cepegilletea myricae (Patch), Granovsky, 1928bilI3-119.

A young apterous colony of olive-green colored aphids of this species was found scattered on the underside of leaves of the sweet fern, moving very quickly when disturbed. No alatae were present but two developed in cans in the laboratory two days later. This is the only recorded instance of taking this aphid in Nova Scotia.

Hosts of this type however, have not been examined as frequently as trees and shrubs. Apparently the life history is unknown.

The alate females have prominent frontal tubercles, inner margins approximately length of antennal I. Veins of fore wings bordered with light brown fuscous; radial sector absent, otherwise venation normal. Antennal VI (.20) with from l8-2ii sensoria In nearly straight row, in center of segment. Antennal IV (.lii), V

(.12), base of VI (.Ok) and unguis p . 7 ) . Cauda knobbed, spatulate, and as long as cornicle, with long hairs on spatulate knob. Apter- ae with capitate hairs; antennal III with 1 3 - 2 0 circular sensoria in straight row. For further descriptive data see Patch (in Britton

1923:275).

Collections; On underside of leaves in scattered colonies on

Comptonia peregrina (Linn.) Coulter (Sweet Fern). Lunenburg County,

Spondu Lake, August 12, 1952. (Reference number 6 9 6 ). Subtribe Panaphina

Genus Euceraphis Walker

Walker, 1870:2001; Baker, 1920a:28 (Synonymy); Theobald, 1927:

372; Palmer, 1952:68.

The species of this genus are characterized by the possession of well developed frontal tubercles; six-segmented antennae, longer

than body and with narrow to transverse sensoria on III located near

the base; unguis about equal to base of VI; sensorium at base of VI

ciliated. Wings with normal venation. Cornicles short and truncate;

cauda usually knobbed and rather large; anal plate entire to slight­

ly indented. Body hairs pointed in all forms. Forms usually large,

solitary, living on leaves and twigs of trees. Sexes similar to

other forms. Three species taken In Nova Gcotia.

Genus type (set by Walker, 1870), Aphis betulae Linn. (Syn.

Callipterus betulae Koch).

Key to the species of the Genus Euceraphis

1. Unguis (antennal filament) nearly equal to base of VI (two-

thirds or longer (p. 2 0 2 ) ...... betulae

-• Unguis shorter than base of VI (not longer than two-thirds

of b a s e ) ...... 2

2. Unguis approximately one-half length of base of VI; antennal

III (1.5) i* three times width of head through eyes (p. 206)

...... gillettei 202.

-* Unguis approximately one—third length base of VI; antennal III

(2.2) is four times width of head through eyes (p. 205) • • •

...... deducts.

Subtribe Panaphina

Euceraphis betulae (Koch)

Tho European Birch Aphid

Plate 30, Figs. 65, 66, 67 Plate 67, Fig. 157 Plate 6 9 , Fig. 106 Plate 70, Fig. 206.

Callipterus betulae Koch, 1855:217; Buckton, 1881:15*

Euceraphis betulae (Koch), Gillette, 1910:371; Baker, 1917a:

U25; Theobald, 1927:373; Palmer, 1952:60; KacGillivray

and Spicer, 1953:U29*

This rather large yellowish-green aphid has been taken on

four species of Birch, but is present on Betula lutea llichx. more

frequently than other species* It is often found to; ether with

the closely related species, E* gillettei Davidson and E. deducts

Baker. In fact, when collecting samples from host trees it is im­

possible to distinguish between these three species. Only after

the material is mounted and then microscopically examined can any

difference be observed, and even then, these differences are to be

questioned as to whether they are significant, or merely possible

variations within a large specie* complex* palmor (1952:69) when

describing E. gillettei Davidson points out that "this specie* may

be a variety of E* betuiam (Koch), being separated apparently by 203. the shorter unguis in proportion to ba3e of VI (not exceeding one- third of the length of base of VI, while in E. betulae the unguis exceeds one-third of the base of VI.). However, the variations merge together." This last statement agrees with the findings of material in Nova Scotia.

Comparative checks with the number, distribution and kind of sensoria on antennal III merge, ranging from I6 -2I4 in all three var­ ieties. The length of rostral IV and V overlap. Within a series of mounted specimens, the relative length of unguis to base of VI ranges from one possible proportion to another* Because of these apparent similarities all specimens are called E. betulae, unless clearly meeting the extremes represented in the other two species as indic­ ated in key to species above. The woolly colony photographed in

Mate 30, Fig. 65, is a case in point. I ost of the Individuals in this colony are E. betulae but some vary to become E. gillettei.

As is indicated in Fig. 67, the nymphs tend to colonize on the underside of birch leaves forming a woolly mass. The leaves curling upward between the principle veins and becoming discolored.

Alatae are solitary, usually also on the underside of leaves and are very active when disturbed. Fig. 66 pictures one alate viviparous

female showing the woolly body covering and fuzzy legs and antennae.

Theobald (1927:376) states that apterous viviparae are not known in the species, which is a rather peculiar variation in the typical

aphid life cycle. The sexuales, described by Theobald (op.cit.) and

Palmer (1952:68), occur In numbers late in November. Hottes and 20U.

Frison (1931a:2h,9) indicate that because of the extensive records concerning this species across North America, E* betulae is likely to be found wherever its host grows as a native tree*

Alate viviparous forms have head and thoracic lobes brown; prothorax and abdomen yellowish-green, sometimes with black dorsal bands on abdominal IV and V; more or less completely covered by a woolly substance* Cornicles short, greenish, with apex dusky* Cauda

knobbed, greenish, about equal in length to cornicle. Anal plate

pale, slightly emarginate. Antennae longer than body, with from 18-

transverse sensoria near base of III, longest antennal segment

(2*2), almost equal to IV and V* Body length frcn 2.7 to 3. Rostral

IV and V (*lh) and reaching between first and second coxae* For com­

plete descriptions of all forms with figures see Theobald (1927:373)

and Palmer (1952:68).

MacGillivray and Spicer (1953:^29) list one species of Bracon-

id wasp as parasitic on this aphid in New Brunswick. None have been

observed from Nova Scotia, nor have predators been found feeding on

these aphids. Often, however, ants have been in attendance*

Collections: Scattered on underside of leaves of the ho3t,

more or less solitary, usually dropping when disturbed* Usually plen­

tiful when found, but very scattered in occurrence throughout region.

Hostj Betuia alba Linn* (White Birch). Kings County, WolfviHe,

June 30, 19U8 (3a)*

Host: Be tula lutea Michx. (Yellow Birch)*

Halifax County, Kearney Lake, June lli, 19U9 ( 307). 205.

Antlgonish County, Jimtown, August 12, 1950 (U6 6 ).

Victoria County, New Harris, July 16, 1951 (U66.1).

Inverness County, Route 19 (Margaree), July 16, 1951 (5l2b).

Host: Betula papyrifera Harsh (Paper Birch). Antigonish County,

Crystal Cliffs, July 2U, 1950 (U55a).

Host: Hetula populifolia Michx. (Wire Birch).

Halifax County, Rocky Lake, July 21, \9h9 (339a).

Inverness County, Route 19, (Margaree), July 16, 1951 (512b).

(R^erence numbers in brackets following dates).

Subtribe Panaphina

Euceraphis deducta Baker

The Birch Aphid

Euceraphi3 deduct a Baker, 1917a:U29; Britton, 1923:279.

This species is considered as a variant of E, betulae as dis­ cussed under that species (see p. ). It occurs on the same hosts and in similar locations on the underside of leaves and often is mixed In with E. betulae in the same colory. It is here considered distinct on the basis that the unguis is approximately one-third the length of base of VI; and antennal III (2.2) is about It times width

of head (.52) through the eyes. Body coloration and habits similar

to E. betulae. Hot common in region.

Collection3t On underside of leaves of Betula spp.

Host: Betula lutea michx. (Yellow Birch). Halifax County, Sandy Lake, July 6, 19^9 (322.1), (32ljb).

Hosts Petula populifolia Michx. (Wire Birch). Halifax County, Sandy

Lake, June 29, 19U9* (318)*

(Reference numbers in brackets following dates).

Subtribe Panaphina

Euc crap his gillettei Davidson

The Birch Aphid

Euceraphis sp. Gillette, 1910:321.

Euceraphis gillettei Davidson, 1915:^21; van der Goot, 1913:

69-155; Gillette and Palmer, 1931:90h; Palmer, 1952:63.

This species occurs in the same situations as K. betulae and

i;> considered by van der Goot. (1913:69-155) and Gillette and Pal­

mer (1931:905) to be a "variety of E. betulae (Koch)" and further

that "that species appeals to be quite variable and authorities dif­

fer as to characters". E. gillettei is here distinguished by usually

having fewer sensoria on antennal III; unguis shorter, aptroximately

one-half length of base of VI, and antennal III (1.5) is about three

times width of head through the eyes. Any variants collected in

Nova Gcotia not meeting these criteria were called E. betulae (Koch).

Alatae have brownish head and thorax with abdomen yellowish-

green usually covered with woolly flocculence, and showing presence

of two pairs of wart-like dorsal tubercles. Other characters are as

for the genu3.

Collections: On the underside of leaves of Betula spp. Alatae 207. solitary, apterous nymphs usually more or less colonial*

Host: Petula alba Linn* (White Birch). Halifax County, Rocky Lake,

July 21, 19U9 (3142). liost: He tula lutea i'ichx. (bellow Birch) *

Halifax County, Candy Lake, July 6, 19U9 (322), (32Ua).

Antigonish County, Antigonish, August 26, 1953 (92l).

Host: Petula papyrifera ! arsh. (Paper Birch).

Halifax County, French Village, July 7, 19^9 (326), (327)*

Antigonish County, Antigonish, August 26, 1953 (?2)i).

Host: Bctula oopulifolia ! ichx. (Wire Birch).

Halifax County, Hill Lake, July ■% I9I9 (,730a).

Antigor.ish County, Crystal Cliffs, J^ily 21, 1950 (h^Hb).

:1 ictou County, Breen Hill, July H, 1962 (629a).

Host: Bogus grandifolia Ehrh. (: eech'1. ; ixed colony in which was

found Bhyllaphis f agi (Linn.) and many E. gillettei Davidson

The latter is errant to Fagus 3: ., and may have been in trans­

it.

Halifax County, Kearney Lake, July 2C, 19^9 ( '3 9 ).

(inference numbers in brackets following dates).

Cubtribe Panaphina

Genus F.yzocallis passerini

Passerini, 1860:26; Baker, 1920a:29 (synonymy); palmer, 1952:70,

The species of this genus are characterized by possessing fore win;;:; with radial sector usually faint, remaining venation normal.

Antennae vrith minute hairs; unpui: reater than half length base of

I'l. Apterae and nymphs with capitate hairs; inconspicuous and pointed in alatae. Cornicles truncate with distinct neck, and on widened base. Cauda knobbed; anal plate bilobod, not divided.

Cor. own at obtuse rostrum. Frontal tubercles not well dovoloj ec3, but

- rtex in alatae usually produced forward. round living on leaves of hosts. F ‘ve s: eci'-s taken in kova Cc otia.

ienus type (fixed by . ’ a.oner ini , lboO), Apni. s roryli ''^oze.

Key to the sped os of 1 h anus Fyzocallis

.. ':n.uis longer than base of antennal V .7 ; uinps clear, veins not

bordered with fuscous; or only very sliplitly s u ...... 2

■» "rpnr s same as or shorter than lease o f .ant ermal " j winy veins

bordered with fuscous • ...••••...... **3

• Vertex produced siiphtly boy on t; :i luier n u i r ins of antennal tuber-

cles; winps clear, nit bordered with fuscous, small sti yuil

sp'Ot brown; hind tibia (."-1); rostral TV and ’/ (,13-.lu)

r.-f.h'ir pointed (p. 2 1 3 ) ...... corylf

"e-rt ex produced about onual to inuer marpins of antennal

tuik .- rcl•. s; wines with costal region liyhtly bordered with

fuscous, veins not bordered; hind tibia (,i;2); rostral IV and

V ( •0 6 ' blunt (: • 210) . walshii « 1 1 _V •

s about sane length as baso of antennal 7T; ti-6 circular

cr oval secondary snnsorin on antennal U J spaced near middle

or proximal two-thirds of sclent; winys heavily bordered :;ihh

fuscous, or on c« >r;in1 n.usii:, sti.-jua and w:np, tip ...... J,

'ir.piu u sh rtor than has .• of antennal *.Q ; 12-16 oval ho trans-

secondary 5 ore- r : 1 at • as-- of sepr-ent; winps th fuscous

at mar;,i nal ends of veins anti, alor.p c stal re. :ion f, . 216) . . .

...... t :i 1 1 a e

Anton: al . '• 1 with 3-<; c ircu'l .ar secondary sensoria near middle

of hairs on antenj'u.e pnin.ed frontal tubercles

c VLlop. u si; p,htly beyon 7-reduced v< -rt»?;•: . . 209) * i'ollae

Antennal 111 ;< i t: 1 t-6 oval second.'cy sensor‘a, well spaced In

■ruxinal two-thirds '-£ so, jnent; iiairs on antennae cai It ate (• _'?3.

'rental tubercles ;dj; \th even with uroduced vortex (. . 211) . bel^La

btribe Panaphina

I -yzoctillj s alnlfoliae (I i to!.)

Plato Id,;. lOf Plato 60, "b p. 163 Plate 69, Fiy. 179 Plate 70, rip. 192

L'-chnus aln i foli ae Pitch, lfhl:' 7.

: .yzocall i s alnifoli ae (Fitch), dranovsky, 1923a; f!>6 (dose,);

Hottos and irhion, 1931^:296 (list'.

These small li^ht-yellowish aphids are usually found scattered on t,ho orders>de of leaves of Alnus sr., though occasionally they in­ fo-:; t Hazlenut in the name fashion* Plate 56, Fig. 105, shows their typi eel scat to nod position on the lower loaf surface rest i n-; in the ar.,-1 s between the median and radial leaf veins. because of their small size and scattered location, they do not a- ; car to produce too much damage, though when a host J s attacked, nest of the leaves on

't I ecoma s ! inf^atoa, thus to jmduce a total effect which must re­ sult ‘n some debilitation to the host, Hottes and Prison (1931a: ft; ) rei'ort taking it in Illinois and was found "to be exceedingly abundant on the underside of loaves of Alder (Alnus s p . ) " . Tr, i.ova be; tin the species is not too common, but crops up hero and there on

noons mentioned above.

Alat’ vivriiuirae are described from material taken as follows:

■ ody color li 0ht yellowish preen to light {Teen; eyes rod with red i o'- 1 ar tul>cre 1 *;c. nps with veins bordered with fuscous especially near uroxbmal onus; radial sector faint; media twice—branched. Fron­ tal tubercles slightly developed beyong vertex, body length 1*6.

.•uitennae (1.77) with distal ends of Til-Vi black; 5 circular sensor- ia on Ij 1 near middle; unguis (.lldt)> base of in (.llo). Cornicle

truncate with base vrider than black tip. Cauda (.12) knobbed with Ion*, spines. Anal plate deeply cleft, 2-lcbed and with numerous spines. Rostral IV and V (.11) extends slightly beyong first coxae, rather blunt. Hind tibia (.1) with hairs (.029) pointed, le3s than

diameter of segjnent; hairs on antennae, very short (.01) and pointed,

Granovsky (l?28a:556) describes all forms with figures, and summarize present known distribution,

Co] lcctl ons: On underside of leaves scattered alone mid—vein and radial leaf vein. Sporadi c iri occurrence but more coru .on in cen­

tral part of province,

best.: Alnus n. L'nrh. su; : , (Alder),

Colchester County, Harmony, duly 21, 13e8 (89).

Kin^s Co’inty, White Rock, July 23, 1968 (96), north '.contain

L • k Isy.t 23, 1968 (75p).

iialifa:: County, Kearney Lake, June 5, 1589 (308),

Art: .cnish Count;, Jimtown, Aup.ust 19, 1950 (873)*

Inverness County, Port Hastings, August 13, 1951 (528),

dost: Corylus cornuta Harsh (Hazelnut), Lunenburg County, Sponriu

Lake, August G, 1952 (672),

( .( fi.'i'once nuj.-.bt-rs In brackets following dates),

Cubtribe panaphina

1 yzocaltis Ijella (Walsh)

Plate 56, Pic, 106 Plate 67, Fie, 155

Ai h's bell a Walsh, lo62:299*

Tlyzocallis bolla (Walsh), Davis, I91ud:607; Hottes and ^ri son,

1 9 3 1 a :257.

This small preenish-yellow aphid is found scattered along the mid—rib region on the underside of leaves of Oak* in the few cases found both alate and apterous forms were present. In no case was the 212. infestation severe and on a given host only a few leaves v;ore found infested; the d.unage, therefore, a: |ears to be rather slight. All forms are exceedingly active and immediately crawl to other side of leaf when 'disturbed, or alatae may fly, Plate Ij6, fir,. 106 shows what was loft of a scattered colony of about two dozen individuals, mos t of which crawled to the other side of the leaf before the cam­ era could be focused. The species has been found only three tines

In three di Terent years. ( aks are not too abundant in l.pva Scotia, hence perhaps to account for the scarcity of this aphid speci<-s.

Alate viviparous f

Cauda, anal plate and cornicles pale yellowish green to 1:ght brown.

Frontal tubercles slightly dev,loped about even with produced ver­ tex, Body length (l.ij), Antennae (2) yellowish, with distal seg­ mental ends brownish on III and IV; $ oval secondary sensoria on

111 well spaced in proximal two-thirds of segment; hairs small (.023), well spaced and capitate; unguis (,112) and base of VI (.112), Corn­ icle truncate, small (,08), wider at base by nearly twice width of t u . Cauda (,11) knobbed, pale and hairy on tip. Anal plate deeply cleft, 2-lobed and liairy on tip. Ko3tral XV and V (.11 ) blunt and extending slightly beyond first coxae. Hind tarsal II (.13); hind tibia (1.3) hairy with hairs pointed and .0$ long. Both fore and hind wings heavily bordered with fuscous on costal margin, sti^na and wing tip; radial sector of fore wine indistinct.

No predators or parasites were encountered for this species and nothing concerning its life cycle1 is available. Very few ants were found in attendance.

Collections: In scattered colonies or isolated individuals on underside of leaves of Cuurcus boruali s I.ichx, (Red Oak), usually along mid-rib. Very scarce in province, No significant damage pro- due -*d.

Kings County, White Rock, July 23* 19U3 (9k),

Halifax County, Sandy Lake, July 7, 19U9 (329)*

Lunenburg County, Spondu Lake, August 3, 1952 (677)*

(Reference numbers in brackets following dates).

Subtribe Panaphina

:.yzocallis coryli (Goeze)

Aphis coryli Goeze, 1773:311*

kyzocallis coryli, Davis, l9lC

Gillette and Palmar, 1931:333; Palmer, 1952:72,

T1 iis rather small pale yellowish-green or white aphid is found quite commonly on Alder and Hazelnut throughout the province. It h a b ­ itually locates on the underside of leaves of the host plant in scat­ tered colonies of nymphae or as isolated alate forms. The type of infestation is very similar to that of IJ, alnifoliae and M_, bella which is more or less common to all the species of this genus. Like- 21h. wise, they do not appear to produce extensive loaf damage to the host plant. Their numl*ors vary greatly from one infested host to the next; from one to a f'iw leaves infested, to an occasional host with nearly all the leaves attacked. The infestations arc, further­ more, sporadic in occurrence, only one or a few hosts in a given area being infested*

The alate viviparous female is characterized as follows from material taken in Uova Scotia. The hoc£,r color varies from light yellowish-green to alnost white, including extremities, with win^s clear. The produced vertex extends beyond inner margins of slightly developed frontal tubercles, Rody lenirth varies from 1 to 1*5* Antennae (1,3-1#7) have distal tip of segments III-VI brown; antennal II] with 3 round oensoria located near base of seiyrient; un­ guis *28 and base of VI ,112, Cornicles arc small, truncate, pale

(•OJj-,06); cauda knobbed (,03); anal plate bilobod (,08} with bris­ tles on tips of cauda anti anal jlate, Rostrum IV and V (,136), hind tibia (.0-1) with hairs (.01-,02); hind tarsi (,1C). Hairs on body and vertex (*02-,03)# lyings and radial sector faint, media twice-branched, wings clear, not bordered with fuscous: small stig- mal spot brown,

No data concerning predators, and parasites is available nor likewise concerning the life cycle of this species.

Collections: In scattered colonics or as isolated individuals on the underside of leaves of host. Fairly common throughout region.

Hosts as follows: 215.

Host: Alnus r . Mir}:* spr. (Alder).

Halifax County, French Village, July 7, 1959 (32Ca).

'Juyoborouph County; Felrose, July 16, 1953 (237); Country

Harbour, July 17* 1953 (855); Stormont, July 17, 1953

(2.57.3)-:,; Whitehead, July 18, 1953 (857).

Inverness County; Port Histin/js, AuGusl 12, 1953 (885); Lorne,

Aur^ust 13, 1953 (8 9 8 ); Port Hood, August 1*5, 1953 (985);

Glendale, August 15, 1953 (915).

Hoot: G -rylus cornuta (Harsh) (Hazelnut),

Antiyonish County: Pooch I Li 1 1 Road, August 15, 195'0 (Ji71);

Copt-nber 7, 1958 (571*1)-- (apJiids still active), Heaver

Fountain Read, August 22, 1950 (575); July 5, 1952 (626);

Juno 5, 1953 (8o5). Route 5, September 7, 1950 (575.1)-

iaphids still active). Fairmont Road, July 3, 1951 (575.2,-::-.

Inverness County, F.arcareo Forks, July 17, 1951 (513).

Pictou County, L'cotsburn, July 6, 1952 ('35*1)--.

Queens County, Caledonia, Aupust 15, 1952 (700)-..

-i1 : Os try a virylniana (Fill) K. Koch (Hop Hombean).

.inti yonI sh County, Fairmont Road, July 5, 1950 (536).

-Field observations only

(Reference numbers in brackets following dates). Cubtribe Panaphina

Iiyzocallis tillae (Linn.)

The Linden Aphid

Plato UQ, Figs. Ill, 112

Aphis tili ae Linnaeus, 17?b:lib2*

Call ip terns (Eucalli pteru s) ti llao, Davis, 1909a:33.

This snocios was taken '>n Linden, listed as its normal host.

The linden as recorded in ’dative Trees of Canada (19^9t?6ii) 3s not

native to hova Scotia. It occurs occasionally as plantings along

driveways to estates or farms. Consequently, its distribution is

v<:ry sporadic as well as scarce in the province. The aphid species

under consideration has not been taken on any other host species,

and is apparently specific to the Linden. Its occurrence, there­

fore, in iJova Scotia is accidental and must have been brought in

with the original injortation of these trees. Furthermore, the

host trees examined are similarly infested each year. Whether this

aphid is monophagous to the Linden, or has an alternate summer host

ape arently is not known.

The Lindens infested with this aphid were large mature trees

hy mid-Au/just practically all the; loaves were so well populated on

the underside that the upper surfaces of the leaves glistened from

the honey-dew exudate falling on them from the aphids above. On

July 16, a few alatae were first found scattered amongst the more

or less isolated nymphae. TJy July 2U, the winged forms were very 217. plentiful as also on July 30* The alatc forms were still present on

August 30 and several were taken as late as September 17, when the last observation was made, Plate h9, Figs. Ill, 112, show the typ­

ical scattered positioning of this aphid on the underside of the leaf*

Alate viviparous females are described from material taken in

;;ova Scotia as follows: body color yellow, with two rows of lateral brown spots on dorsum (Plate L?). Abdominal V with an additional

pair of lateral spots near side of abdomen* Legs pale, with femora

and knees dark* Wings with fuscous at marginal ends of veins and

along costal region, this Tatter forming a dark stripe along edge

of fore wing which is very distinctive even to the naked eye, byes

are; deep red, with red ocular tubercles. Lateral margins of head

and thorax blackish. Vertex produced beyond slightly developed fron­

tal tubercles. Body length (2,2); antennae (2.3); segments I, II,

and II dusky; IV, V, VI with distal half dusky; lit oval to trans­ verse sensoria at base of III; unguis (.lli), base of VI (.32).

Cornicle (.08) pale, truncate and with tip oblique. Cauda (1.5)

pale, knobbed; anal plate pale (.16) bilobed and both hairy on tip.

Rostrum IV and V (.08) blunt. Rind tibia (.8-.9) with hairs (.02-

*03) pointed; hind tarsi (.15) dusky* Body and antennae with

;ointed hairs (.015-.02).

I Jo data is available concerning the complete life cycle, pre­

dators or parasites of this species. Ants are very common in attend­ ance. Further descriptive data concerning sexuales is found in Falmer (1952:75).

Collactions: In scattered colonies on the underside of leaves of Tilia americana Linn* (Linden, Basswood)* Forms very active when disturbed* Not common, except on imported Lindens*

Antigonish County: Crystal Cl:" "fo, July 16, 1950 (U4O); July

2h, 1950 (Wi.l)*, July 30, 1950 (hli0.2)-:t. Antigonish,

August 30, (U46.3 ), Oeptanber 17, 1952 (7u'j).

■ Field observations only. (Reference numbers in brackets after dates

Jubtribe Fana; hina

hyzooallis walshli (i .onell)

Plate 70, Fig. 105.

Callipterus walshi1 ; onell, Iu79i29

Myzocallis walshii (I.onell), Hottes and prison, 1931a:259.

These very small light yellowish aphids were found scattered along the median and radial veins on the underside of leaves of Red

Oak. They are very similar in over—all appearance to R. bolla

( nlsh) which occurs on the same host, but differ from it in their smaller size, lighter-colored legs, and lighter-colored wings and lateral stripes* The snecies has only been encountered twice In til*; province* The hosts are not too abundant in Nova Scotia and usually are well scattered in a given region* This may be a factor in explaining this aphid's infrequent occurrence, although it was found on only a very few of all the oal^s visited* Hottes and Prison 219.

(1931a:2^9) state that it is quite widoly distributed in Illinois

and found it on a v;iriety of Oaks and on Carya sp. Palmer (1952) does not record its presence in Colorado.

Alate viviparous females are described from material col­

lected in ilova Scotia as follows: body color light yellow, with lateral darker stripes on head, and thorax; body length (1.1); ex­

tremities pale yellow. Width of head through eyes (.32); eyes deer

red. Frontal tubercles about equal to vertex. Antennae (1.U) ser­

rate, with extreme tips of distal ends of segments III-V1 dusky;

2-3 circular sensoria near base of III (.3); unguis (.36); base of

71 (.16). Cornicle (.06) truncate, wider at base and with ti; ob­

lique. Cauda knobbed anal plate (.06) bilobed, and both with sol nos

on tips. Rostrum IV and 7 (.06), blunt. Hind tarsi (.07); hind

tibia (,li2); hairs (.02-.025). Roth pairs of wings with anterior

costal margin lightly bordered with fuscous; radial sector of fore

wing faint.

Ho data available concerning life cycle, predators and par­

asites. Arts often in attendance upon scattered individuals.

Collections: Scattered on underside of leaves of Quercus

borealis I'lchx. (Red Oak). Very infrequent in occurrence. Ho sig­

nificant damage produced.

Kings County, Wolfville, June 29, 19U0 (lol).

gueens County, Caledonia, August III, 1952 (699a).

(Reference numbers in brackets following dates). Subtribe Panaphina

Genus Heoaymydobius baker

Baker, ld20a:32; Hottes and Prison, 1931ai26l; Palmer, 1952

76.

The members of this genus are in many ways very similar to those of the genus Kyzocallis, but differ chiefly ‘n that these species possess a semilunar cauda, broader than long; anal plate slightly indented; bocty hairs simple, and spinelike. Other char­ acters include slightly developed frontal tubercles. Antennae minutely denticulate, with small hairs, and unguis as a rule not longer than YI. (except in annulatus); secondary sensoria on an­ tennal III circular or oval and present in apterae. Cornicles, iainutely denticulate, truncate, broader at base than at tip, which i.s flanged. Wing venation normal. Forms living in colonies upon the twigs and bark of trees. Only two species taken in h'ova o co tia.

Genus type (monotypical), Symydobius albasiphus Davis.

Key to the species of the Genus Ueosymydobius

1. Fnguis equal to twice or more length base of antennal VI;

secondary sensoria on antennal III (17-26) circular to oval

on raised base of different sizes, all along segnent; wing

veins heavily bordered (p. 221) ...... americanus

-• unguis about same length as base of antennal VI; secondary sensoria on antennal III (8-10) circular and located in prox­

imal 3/6 of segment; wins veins only slightly bordered with

fuscous (p. 22lj) amrilatus

.3;iltribe ganaphina

Heosymydob ’us amoricanus (laker)

The 'oar-k brown, Stri ped-ULng 7 iron Aphid

blate 28, Fi s. 61, 62 Plate 31, Fig. 68

SymydobiTis americanus Paker, 1913a:31? (dose.).

heosynydob ius aneri conns (baker), hottes and ”rlson, 1931a: 261.

This is a rather unconnon browni sh-black birch apliid, more fresuont in occurrence in hova Scotia than b, annulatus, This species has always been found in rather small compact colonies feeding head down on tiie sten of the host, Plate 20, Figs. 61, 62 and Plate 31, Fig. 63, picture the typical clustering and feeding positions of this aphid. The colonies found have always been at­ tended by numerous large1 black ants. At first this aphid is not easily disturbed, but then suddenly they begin to migrate up and

’own the stem from their original feeding position. Cnee disturbed they appear to have difficulty in relocating a suitable feeding po­ sition or situation. This restless type of activity is described as "fussy feeding habits". Their rather infrequent occurrence to­ gether with the rather small colonies formed on a given host, results 222.

in little visible daiuage to the host, other than general host debil­

itation in the case of severe infestation.

On the infested hosts examined, the species produced very few

alate forms during July and August. Their behavior seemed to indi­

cate rather strict host specificity, and nonophagous habits. One

jT'oun of colonies on a given host was examined at intervals tlirough-

.'ut the summer and fcund to be still present and active by August 2k when further observations cease* i* Occasionally alate forms would

develop in the laboratory in a few days after collection, as was the

case on July 17, 1953, but more often they would not. Alatae are

distinguished by the wing veins bordered with fuscous, which pre­

sented a rather striking contrast with the chocolate brown to black b o d y .

Alate viviparous females are described from material taken

in hova Scotia, as follows: body (1*8) dark brown to almost black,

with darker head and thorax. Syes black with dark rod ocular tu­ bercles. Logs are dark brown; blind tibia (1.2); hind tarsus (*lJi).

Antennae (2), with sefynonts I and II light brown, III all dusky,

IV, V, and VI with tips dusky, bases pale; III with 17-26 oval sec­

ondary, elevated sensoria of various sizes in more or less straight

row; unguis (.2 ) the same length as base of VI. Cornicle (.07-.08) pale, truncate, wider at base and flanged. Cauda pale (.0 5 ), r o u n d , hairy on end; anal plate (.08) pale, slightly indented and hairy on

end. Rostral IV and V (.15) rather blunt, dusky. Hairs on vertex

(.0 7 ), on antennae (.Oil), on hind tibia (.0 6 ), all pointed. Wing 223. veins, stigma, and costal region heavily bordered with fuscous; rad­ ial sector distinct. For further description of this species con­ sult Baker (1918:319) for all forms except the male sexual.

Other than the presence of attending black ants, no pred­ ators or parasites were observed for this species. The suggestion was made above that the life cycle is possibly confined to one host.

Colloctj ons; Clustering in small compact colonies on the younger stems of Pirch as follows:

Host: Petula lutea Hichx. (Yellow Birch), Antigonish County,

Route 7, July 2h, 1951 (520), August 2k, 1951 ( 5 2 0 . 1 ) .

Host: Betula papyrifera Harsh (< aper uirch).

Antigonish County: Route 1, June 27* 1953 (818);

St. Joseph's, August, 22, 1950 (1*75) •

Host: Betula populifolia I ichx. (Wire Birch).

Halifax County: Hill Lake, July 8, 19U9 (330b); Rocky Lake,

J u l y 2 1 , 19k9 ( 3 3 9 b ) .

Guysborough County, Country Harbour Valley, July 17, 1953

(816).

(Reference numbers in brackets following dates). Subtribe Panaphina

Keosymydobius annulatus (Koch)

P l a t e 6 9 , Pips- 177, 181* Plate 70, Fic. 200

Chai tophorus annulatus Koch, l89h:7*

Calaphis annulata (Koch) Mellette and Palmer, 1931:901*

Neosyinydobius annulatus (Koch), van der Ooot, 1919;

Davidson, 1917a:290; Hottes and prison, 1931a:262;

Palmer, 1992:76*

This small pale yellowish-green aphid was found in a colony of apterous and alato forms on the underside of leaves of Yellow

Pirch attended by numerous ants and apparently producing no signif­ icant damage to the host. Several trees in the same vicinity were

thus infested, but the species has not been encountered since in liova Scotia* Hottes and Frison (1931a:26l) found it generally dis­

tributed throughout Illinois on Metula pendula (Cut-loaf Pirch) and indicate further, that it is widely distributed in north America and Europe.

The species has questionable generic status having been placed in various genera in the past. As Palmer (1992:77) yioints out it ndoes not entirely fit Neosymydobius; disagreeing in the presence of more distinct frontal tubercles end longer unguis"•

Mottos and Frison (1931a:262) contend that "there is so little dif­

ference betwoen this species • • • and species already placed in

the genus Neosynydobius that we have placed it in the latter genus". The alate viviparous female is described as follow* from ma­ terial taken in Nova Scotia: body color pale yellowish-green with brownish marks on head and thorax# Eyes are black with deep red ocular tubercles* Body length 1,6-1,6. Antennae (1#6) with distal three-fourths of segments III-VI dusky; serrate to slightly dentic­ ulate; antenna! Ill (,96) with 6-10 circular sensoria in proximal three-fourths of segment; unguis (,2h) longer than base (#11) of

VI, C o r n i c l e (,u£) dusky and truncate; cauda dusky, and round; anal plate dusky, slightly indented. Rostral IV and V (,10-,1?) almost re idling second coxae. Hind tibia (,0-1) with long pointed hairs (,u6) longer than diameter of segment (,03-#01); hind tarsus

(,lh); pointed hairs on antennae (,02) shorter than diameter of segment (,029), Win..s clear, but with veins slightly bordered with fuscous as well as long costal margin; half of radial sector faint.

F^r further descriptions of all forms of this species consult van

Her of, (1916) end Davidson (1917a:290),

Concerning the life cycle of this species, Hottes and Frison

(1931a:262) state that in Illinois apterous viviparous forms are com­ mon throughout the year* Further data on this phase of the species' bu.lo:y as well as concerning its predators and parasites, is not available. Ants, however, are numerous in attendance upon their col­ o n i e s .

Collections: On the underside of leaves of Betula lutea Hichx,

(Yellow Birch) clustered in small colonies. No significant damage produced. Rare in occurrence in Nova Scotia, Kin^s County, Caspereaux, Pelanaton Road, J u l y 9f 1 9 ^ C *

(Reference ni^nber 55)*

G u b tribe Panaohina

■Genus ; n s tl im b 1 n 11 a Granovsky

■ranovsky, 1°30:63; Palmer, 19^2:To*

The members of oh i a (jenus ore- characteri nod b y possess; ip; a n ­ tennae Ion.• *r than body; an tt sinal Ill of alatae arid aptoran with

j CHKPiry o-‘iiaoria subcircular* Cornicles art* on manrn form base, and w 1 th enlar» :ed d Istal ti y ■:■* Caaoa spntulatej anal "late with disti net

-shaped cleft. Distinct frontal tubercles on head* l.udlal sector

resent in fore wini..* Some Ton c wellp. 7 und on leaves and twins

>.f I re s and woody shrubs* C nly one a* ec.i es taken In Pova Scotia*

ienuc type (inenotyi leal), Hue e rap his flava Davidson*

Gul .tribe P an a y h i r-a

Gestlundlella flava ’Davidson)

The Alder Aphid

Encer aphis flava Davidson, 191C:h('C (ori^. dose.), 1915:523

( do sc . sexes } ; Knew1 t e n , I ? 2 ? a : Jj *

i.Ucaljpterus flava (Davidson), Swain, 1919:PC'*

Oestlundi el l a fl ava (Dav \ d so n 1,

*alner, 1952:79*

This fragile delicate a: ; earinp; aphid was found on the 'indcr- 227.

.i'M e c'f 1 of Alder i r, rather dense colonies* lho alulae ore v; • >]: y ■ vor dors'in. Mdy color pale yellow, with lateral .'Areas of ubd *r en dusky. Cornicles dark brown and on nanniiform bases (.1C1) w'th enl.'tr r.od otill quo- db-tal tin. Cauda pal a .'And spatulate shared.

*-j ■ 13 ; late w'th shall low shaped cleft. Appendures dusky x;i kb *»• x- i.'-ntM hot tl ends and ■, ;rs' M a c k . Win/s clear with. sli ;;htly tinted st 1 ro.

A]-Mr. os evd .x'a(: or■ .• y l : ■ v:j th dark 1 r* ant s: ots arranged ■- n

Vi.- M u 1 nd* ■ ial - a dcrsiari; otherwise s h b l u r t ulatae. For

or" 'a >r ; !■ !■■ d -scr ‘; t i ( ns VT"fh f : yu ’es, ennsMt M l ! et M and Palmer vlV31:i/d3) or • aim or (lihMw^;.

M e s; ocies has been take:: 1, Cali fond a on Alnus rhomb! folia by 'oviosen (1 yly: -. T’,3) who also states that seres a; ;*;nr 1 r ■ •; ctober,

■■ _.s be":, i.ild ’: 1/ ’ey-.l er at lie ax'lls of new buds. Hatch! n._ oc­ curs in Ayr 11 whan funuatrix ay: ears. Palner (1°!"Cj M j) re-orM b May it fror. throe srocios of Alnus sir • in Col* -rado. !>. s; M e the tact that Alder is a very cannon shrub throughout l.'ova Scot:a, and hay been examinM nany tir.is, this species has been taken but once

‘ r. Any.eh, If- '.P. "lot r.uch concerning the life cycle is avail able at

’ h ' ■; writin.,, and nothin.; concernin'; r re da tors or * ora.s M< js*

Collect 1 one: On underside of leaves of Alnus sp. M khrh.

(Alder). Kinys County, Uorth Mountain Lookoff, August 23 j 19h^«

(reference number 72^). 228,

Tribe Panaphini

Subtribe Phyllaphina Palmer

Phyllaphidina Baker, 1920a:25*

Phyllaphina Palmer, 1952:59*

The members of this subtribe are characterized by having cornicles which are mere rings on low conical base. Frontal tu­ bercles underdeveloped; antennae 6-segmented, with transverse sec­ ondary sensoria; unguis shorter than base of VT• Cauda knobbed or semilunar; anal plate bilobed. Wing venation normal. Oviparae are often alate. Forms living free or in pseudo-galls; often cov­ ered with flocculence.

Key to the Genera of the Subtribe Phyllaphina

1. Anal plate deeply cleft and U-shaped (Not taken in region) • •

...... Shivaphis

-• Anal plate entire or somewhat bilobed, not deeply cleft . * .2

2. Cauda rounded, anal plate entire (Not taken in region).Tamalia

-• Cauda knobbed, anal plate somewhat bilobed (p. 229) • • • •

...... Phyllaphis 229.

Subtribe Phyllaphina

Genus Phyllaphj s Koch

Phyllajhis Koch, 1897:2h6.

The species of this genus possess cornicles which are chitin- ized rings on conical bases. Fonr.s with normal wing venation; cauda knobbed; and anal plate slightly divided. Antennae 6-s evented,

slender, minutely setose, with narrowly oval sensoria. Living on fnliage, occasionally causing leaf curl. Males alate; females apterous.

Genus type (monotypical), Aphis fagi L.

Subtribe Phyllaphina

Phyllaphis fagi (Linn. ■

Plate 39, Fig. 70 Plate 69, Fig.176 Plate 70, Fig.189.

Linnaeus, 1767:739: Swain, 1919:13; Theobald, 1927:391.

This 3pecies has been found to occur on beech wherever it was found in Nova Scotia. The aptarae and nymphae, especially, produce a large quantity of white flocculent waxy wool-like material which passes well beyond the ends of their bodies and makes than appear much larger than they really are. These flocculent colonies occur on the underside of the leaves causing them to shrivel or turn light yellow and die. The heaviest infestation was found in Southern

Halifax County in 19lt9. Theobald states that the alatae are subject 230. to much variation, some have dark abdominal spots only, others have ttin hands almost continent, Both Swain (1919) and Theobald (1927)

,'ive rood descriptive accounts of this aphid.

Collections: On underside of leaves of Fagus grandlfolia

(■hrh.) (Beech). Kearne • Lake, Halifax County, July 20, 19^9; t,f7w

"arris, Cape Breton, July 16, 1991; Antigonish County, 1950-1993*

nly moderately abundant.

(haference numhe-" 33^).

Tri he Pana; h.i n i

Subtribe Pterocorrd na Baker

"akor, 1920a:33: "aimer, 19.92:101.

The n^bers of this sub tribe are characterised by possessing

•orn.ici»-'S which are more or less elongate, cylindrical, swollen or elavate, and usually not reticulated and if imbricated, only slightly so near apex. Ocular tubercles are present; lateral tubercles on the

roth-'^ax and abdomen well develor d; *’rontal tuVercles underlevel- m d . Both,- and extremities covered with prominent hairs. Anal plate entire; cauda setnilunar. Usually found feeding on the bark of decid- t h u tree's. nnly one genus represented in Vova Scotia. 231.

Sub tribe Pterocommina

'Semis Ptorucoirima Buckton

Ptorocom~.a Buckton, 1379:162; Baker, 1920a:36 (synonymy);

Palmer, 1952:106.

Plocamaphi s Oestlund, 1922:122.

Cl a vl per ns Bzepligeti, Baker, 1920a: 39; Hottes and Frison,

1931a:165.

The members of this ^enus possess 6—so fronted antennae, shorter

V.ar. body, with pointed hairs longer than diameter of segment on wliich

they occur; sensoria subcirotilar* Cornicle cylindrical to swollen

with -with flange. Cauda semi-lunar; anal nlate entire. Body and ex-

tremiti ea conspicuously harry. Normal wing venation; wings clear,

lateral and ocular tubercles present. Usually found feeding on bark

Populus or Ualix, Only one species found in Nova Beotia.

Benus type (monotypical), Pterocomma pilosa Buckton. Subtribe Pterocomnina

Pterocomma populi foli ae (Fitch)

The Beddish-Brown Poplar Aphid

Plate 60, Fig, 159 Plate 69, Figs. 173,176 Plate 70, Fig. 191.

Aphi s populifoilae Fitch, 1851:66.

Clavigerus populifoliae (Fitch), Hottes and Frison, 1931a:

165.

Pterocomrna populi foli ae (Fitch), Baker, 1916a: 280; lillette

Palmer, 1931:933; Palmer, 1952:103; KncOillivray and

Spicer, 1953:629.

A small colony of this reddish-brown poplar aphid was found

fending on the bark of large-Tbothed Aspen. Both alate and apterous

Forms were present and the whole aggregation was attended by numer­

ous ants. This species was found once in August 1968 and has never been encountered since during four summers of subsequent collecting.

The apterous forms are reddish brown with whitish markings between intersegmental lines. The cornicle is slightly swollen on

distal two-thirds, with apical flange; non-reticulated, and only

very slightly imbricated near distal end; longer than unguis. Cauda

semilunar; anal plate entire. Antennal III with or without a few

circular sensoria; the number varying on right or left segments.

Body hairs fine and numerous. Alate forms are similar to apterae.

Wings are clear. For more complete descriptions with figures and 233. measurements, consult Gillette and Palmer (1931*933) and Palmer (1992*100).

Mo predators or parasites were observed in this colony; how­ ever, ’lacGillivray and Spicer (1953*1*29) in New Brunswick list two

species of Braconids as parasitizing Clavigorus populifoliae (Fitch) which is here considered as a synonyn.

Collections; On bark of Populus grandldentata (Michx.)

(Large-toothed Aspen). Kings County, Sunken Lake Road, August 3*

I9 I4C. (Reference number 115p).

Subfamily Aphinae

Tribe Thelaxini Raker

Raker, 1 9 2 0 a:2 0 .

Thi3 tribe is characterized by forma having 5“30gmented an­

tennae with terminal filament shorter than base of antennal VI, some­

what setose and with oval sensoria; cornicles present as mere ring on

shallow hairy cones; cauda distinctly knobbed or semicircular; round­

ed anal plate; stout spines or hairs on body; oviparous females us­

ually laying solitary egg.

Key to the Genera of the Tribe Thelaxini

1. Cauda distinctly knobbed (Not taken in region) • • • . Thelaxes

-• Cauda not knobbed, rather semicircular P. 23h • . . . Glyphina 2314. Tribe Thelaxini

Genus Glyphina Koch

Glyphina Koch, 1857:259; Theobald, 1929*77.

Travar cisI ell a Del Guercio, 1911*299.

Characters as given for trib^; and in addition: fore wing with media once-branched; hind wing with media only; cauda and anal plate rounded, never knobbed; bot^y hairyj antennae minutely setose with subcircular sensoria; rostrum rather long and acuminate.

Living on foliage and more or less gregarious.

Genus type (monotypical), Glyphina betulae Kalt.

Trib*; Thelaxini.

Glyphina alni (Schrank)

The Alder Aphid

Aphis alni Schrank, 1801:107.

Vacuna betulae Kaltenbach, 18U3*177.

Vacuna alni Passerini, 1863*83.

Glyphina betulae Koch, 1857*260.

Thelaxes betulina Buckton, 1883*17.

Thelaxes alni Schouteden, 1906:137.

Glyphina alni Del Guercio, 1 9 0 0 :6U; Theobald, 1 9 2 9 :7 7 .

The forms are somewhat variable as to color, younger nymphs being lighter green, gradually turning to black. The abdomen is marked by four white pulverulent areas, the posterior pair sometimes 235. uniting to form one large patch. Apterous forms are dark to olive green, sometimes brown or even bright green, marked by two white broad bars on each side, the posterior pair being the larger. Apter- ae appear dark preen, with head and thorax dark brown or black with two white patches of pul ve rule nee on each side of abdomen. Character descriptions and figures are given by Theobald (1929*77).

Collections; Found only once on stem and leaves of Alnus sp* h. Ehrh. (Alder). Kings County, Sunken Lake Road, August 3* 19^8.

Though this alder is very common throughout the province, this aphid has not been taken since this date.

(Reference number 112p). 236. family Aphidae Subfamily Erioaomatinae Kirkaldy

Kirkaldy, 190S:Ul8.

Because of the degree of specialization exhibited in this subfamily there is a difference of opinion as to its status. Essig

(19U2:329) gives it family status, whereas Baker (192Qa:62) and

Palmer (19f>2:3h7) assign it to a subfamily. It is most generally thought of as a subfamily of the Aphidae and will be so treated

here* Baker (1920a:62) gives an interesting account of the prob­ able evolutionary relationships which exist in this subfamily and

to its closely allied forms in the subfamily Hormaphinae and tribe

Thelaxini. He bases his argument chiefly upon the premise that

the "sexual forms give a true understanding of the relationships"

which exist between the genera of this subfamily and other closely

allied tribes. In this subfamily the sexes are very snail, apter­

ous, and with atrophied mouth parts being unable to feed; the ovi­

parous female laying but a single egg. In the closely related

tribes Hormaphini and Thelaxini, sexual females have normally dev­

eloped ovaries and lay sexual eggs.

In other respects the subfamily shows specializations large­

ly by reduction: fore wing with media once-forked or simple; hind

wing may show loss of cubitus; rostrum only four-segmented; with

V rudimentary; terminal filament of antennae shorter than base of

VI; cornicle either absent or reduced to chitinized rings slightly

elevated on shallow hairy cones; cauda semilunar and inconspicuous; 237* variation in eye, three—faceted in fundatrix, rudimentary in sum­ mer apterae, and compound in alatae. Many of the species produce galls, pseudo-galls, leaf rolls, excrescences, and other types of malformations on the host plant; these traits, however, are also found in other tribes, but are more of a parallelism than any in­ dication of relationship. The primary hosts are usually woody shrubs or trees; secondary hosts are grasses, annuals and peren­ nials; roots as well as other parts of these plants being infested.

Key to Tribes of Subfamily Eriosomatinae

(Modified from "^laker 1920a: 65)

1. Cornicles present, always in alatae; often mere rings .... 2

-• Cornicles absent 3

2. Living in pseudo-galls, galls, or free; sensoria annular nearly

encircling segment in alatae; wax glands developed (p. 238) • •

...... «Eri o somati ni

Usually living in true galls; sensoria narrow, transverse,

somewhat oval or irregular or absent in alatae; wax glands

poorly developed (p. 2Ui) ••••••••••••* Pemphiginl

3* Living in true galls or pseudo-galls •••••••••••• U

Living in ant nests or are subterranean; antennae of alatae

short and thick; sensoria oval; (Not found in region) • Fordini

U. Antennae with annular sensoria living in true galls; wax plates 238#

poorly developed on head and thorax (Not found in region) • « •

...... Helaphini

Antennae of alatae long and slender, with narrow oval or

rounded sensoria; wax plates well developed on head, thorax

(p. 2 h 7 ) ...... Prociphilini

Subfamily Eriosomatinae

Tribe Eriosomatini Baker

Baker, 1920a:65; Palmer, 1992:3^7*

Most of the members of this tribe are formed on elms living in galls, pseudo-galls, or free on roots, limbs or leaves, usually

forming excrescences; secondary sensoria on antennal III annular;

cornicles distinct and with wax glands present.

Key to the Genera of the Tribe Eriosomatini

(Modified from Baker, 1920a:69)

1. Fore wing with media once-branched ••••••••*.••• 2

-• Fore wing with media simple • • • • (Forms not taken in region)

2, Hind wings with both media and cubitus present; antennae 9-

segmented; cornicle inconspicuous (p. 239) Eriosoma

Hind wings with only media present; antennae U-aegmented;

cornicle distinct (Hot taken in region) •••••• Gobiashla 239.

Tribe Kriosomatini

Genua Eriosoma Leach

Erloaoma Leach, 1818:60; Baker, 1920a:66 (synonomy);

Davidson (J.), 1929:101; Palmer, 1992:3^9*

Forms with six-segmented antennae in summer viviparae; five- segmented in fundatrix and sexuals; annular secondary sensoria.

Hounded cauda and anal plate; cornicles on mammiform base as distinct rings. Media of fore wing branched once; hind wing normal. Vivipar­ ae with wax glands.

Genus type (monotypical), Aphis lanigera Hausmann

Key to the species of the Genus Eriosoma

(Modified after Palmer, 1992:3U9).

1, Antennal III shorter than segments TV, V and VI together in

alate and apterous forms* (Found in rolled leaves of Him us

americana or on roots and leaves of Amelanchier sp.)

(; , 21*0)...... americanum

-, Antennal III same or longer than setenants TV, V and VI to­

gether in alatae and apterous forms • • • ...... 2

2, Antennal VI usually without annular secondary sensoria;

sensoria on V, l*-6. (Found in leaf clusters or rosettes on

elms (p* 21*2) ...... lani gerum

-• Antennal VI usually with annular secondary sensoria; sensoria on IV, 6-9; on V, 6-10* (Never causing leaf clusters; found on

lower sides of branches of hawthorn in dense flocculent colon­

ies (p* 2 I4I) * ...... crataegi

Tribe Eriosomatini

Eriosoma americanum (Riley)

The Wocllv Elm Leaf-Rolling Aphid

Schi2 oneura americanum Riley, 1879iU; Patch, 1913b:268,

Eriosoma americanum, Patch, 1919a:197; axson, 1923:313;

Gillette and Palmer, 193^:211; Palmer, 1992:3h9*

This species is very close to E. lanigerum, but is separated according to Patch (19136:269) and Palmer (1992:3^9) in having an­ tennal "III typically shorter than TV, V and VI"; also It "inhabits the roli or curl type of leaf deformation on Plums americana"* E, lanigerum inhabiting curled terminal leaf-clusters or rosettes on the elm*

The apterous summer viviparae of this species are found on

Amelanchier sp* and are light pink and woolly In appearance* The alate viviparae also occur on this host, being dark green to slate- black, woolly and with extremities black, similar to the alate vivi­ parae on elm* Good descriptions of this species are found in Patch

(19136:268) and Palmer (1992:3^9)*

Collections: Only one sample found, on summer host, Amelan- chier Wiegandli Niels (Wild Pear)* Antigonish County, North Shore

Road, July 12, 1990* Not common* (Reference number Uhh)- 2ia.

Tribes Friosomatini

Eriosoma crataegi (Oestlund)

Schizoneura crataegi Oestlund,1887*27.

Briosoma crataegl, Baker,1915*15; Hottes and Frison, 1931a:

351; G illette and Palmer, 193li:211; H e r io t , 1938: Feb*

16; Cox 1939:U77; Palmer, 1952*350.

This species was taken on September 17, 1952 from the same host from which, on June 10, 1952, Aphis crataegifoliae Fitch was found. The colony was clustered around the stem of the host plant and was conspicuous because of the large amount of white flocculent or woolly secretion present*

The apterous forms appeared dark gray with brown appendages, the w o o lly substance extending in two long filaments from the end of the abdomen* The dorsum was covered with a compact granular flocculence, flat white in color. Alate forms appeared d u H black with cottony-like projections*

Hottes and Frison (1931a:351) points out the difference be­ tween this species and the closely allied E. lanigerum, which is characterized by a flocculent secretion in "long, silken, fluffy threads and often a bluish white, whereas in this species (E* crataegi) the flocculent secretion is more granular, compact and chalky white in color"* Palmer (1952:350) describes and gives fig­ ures for the forms of this species*

Collections: On stem of Crataegus menogyna Jacq* (English Hawthorn). Antigonish bounty, Antigonish, September 17> 1952*

(Reference number 703.)

Tribe Eriosomatini

Genotype Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmarm)

The VJoolly Aprle, Elm Rosette Aphid

Plate 50, Figs. 113, Ilk, 115 Plate 6 8 , Fig. 165 Plato 69, Firs. 178, 182 Plate 70, Fig. 201

On Apple*

Aphis lanigera Hauanann, I802:kk0.

Schizoneura lanigera, Gillette, 1908d:306 and 1915a*100; Patch,

1913b:26k and 1916:330; Baker, 1915:1; Kaxson, 1915:367.

Eriosoma lanigerum, Peckner, 1918:3; Sirams, 1927; Karchal,

1928*1; Theobald, 1929:275; Hori, 1930:35; Gillette and

Palmer, 193k*210; Heriot, 1938:Feb. 16; Cox, 1939:k77;

Palmer, 1952*351.

On elm:

Schizoneura americana Riley, (Fisidentification); Gillettt*,

I8 9 8 :Fi g. 3 2 .

Schizoneura lanigura, Patch, 1913b:26k and 1916*329.

Eriosoma lanigerum, Gillette and Palmer, 193k:210; Palmer,

1952:351.

Eriosoma roeetti Gillette (in List and Gillette), 1936*3

(nomen nudum).

Eriosoma crataegi (Oestlund), Heriot, 1938:Feb. 16. 2U3.

The woolly apple aphid is common in central and north central

Nova Scotia, It is present on Ulmus americana in June through the middle of July and sometimes as late as the end of August, Many

collections have been made on apple of AphiB poml, but none of Erio-

soma lanigerum. The important discovery that lanigerum migrates

to apple in spring and early sunmer from leaf clusters or leaf ros­

ettes on elm was first brought to general attention by Patch (1913b:

26h), whose observations have since been confirmed by numerous

studies by others. Since apple is very common in Nova Scotia, F,

lani reruir.1 s occurrence on apple should be expected to occur, A very

thorough biological and morphological stucty of this species has been

worked out by Baker (191^).

Plate $0, Figs, 113-11$ show the typical leaf damage caused

by this species resulting in rather tight leaf curls or rosettes.

The upper surface of the attached leaf turns lighter yellow and

swells outward in the area of discoloration. Entire clumps of young

terminal leaves may be so infested resulting in over-all debilitation

of the elm host. The alatae and apterous summer viviparae are pink­

ish to reddish brown, darker on tip of abdomen; covered with fluffy

waxy secretions.

Collections t On Ulmus americana L., in curled terminal leaf-

clusters or rosettes. Kings County, Wolfville, June 23, 19^8 (32);

Antigonish County, Antigonish, July 8, 1950 (lj37a,b), June 18, 1951

($00), June 16, 19$3 {8 0 8 ), August 26, 1953 (925.1).

(Reference numbers in brackets after dates). Subfamily nriosomatinae

Tribe Pemr> hi fp.ru Paker

Paker, 1920a:68; Palmer, 19.92:39h,

The members o*' this tribe are true gad 1 formers; usually alternating between hosts during the summer; alate forms have six-

S‘ fTnent'xl antennae wit) linear, oval or irregular sersorhi; f’orn-

: cles are distinct, iexual forms shov; some degerieratl on bei ng s: .;l I1 , tieakloss and apterous; ovinarous form:; somewhat specialized;

Haying but a single erg, i'ostly found on Populus sp. Paker (1920a

6f:) lists seven genera under this tribe of which only pemphi gus is r'Trosentei in t is paper with two specie.-:, Palmer (1992:39L) ap—

. <;.u*s to combine the genera of the1 trib*1 Pr* >o iph 1 li ni (Paker, 192 .a

79) with the tribe Pemphi gini. However, Fakor's tribal divisions w: 11 be followed here.

Tribe Penphigini

ienus Penphi gns Parti g

Harti^, 1839:6h9; 18'1:366; Jackson, 1908a:l63; Paker, 1920a

71; f.axson, 1923:326; Palmer, 1992:398*

The members of this genus have fore wings with media simple; both media and cubitus present in hind wing antennae li-segmonted in star, mother; 6-segmented in alatae; sensoria usually transverse or irregular; cornicles developed in alatae as mare rings; cauda semilunar, Sexuals arc small, apterous and beakless; ovipara 2U5. develop single egg. Baker (1920a;71) discusses the problem in syn- onomy for thiB genus and summarizes with Palmer (1952*358) the genus characters.

Genus type (fixed by Passerini, i860), Aphis bursaria Linn.

Key to the species of the Genus Pemphigus

(Modified from Palmer, 1952:359# and based on alatae from galls).

1. Antennal III longer than IV and V; secondary sensoria somewhat

coalesced, h-5 on IV; in petiole leaf galls on upper surface of

Vopulus sp* (p. 21*5)...... junctisensoriatus

-# Antennal IT I equal to or shorter than t v and V; secondary sensor­

ia distinct, not coalesced, 2-5 on TV; in cockscomb-like gall on

leaf upper-surface of populus sp. (p. 21*6) . . * populi-venae

Tribe Panphigini

Pemphigus junctisensoriatus Maxson

The Poplar Petiole—leaf Gall Aphid

Plate 38, Figs. 85, 86.

Pemphigus junctisonsoriatus Max eon, 1 9 3 /4*314; Gillette and

Palmer, 193ii;223; Palmer, 1952:361.

These aphids were found inside a gall formed mostly from the petiole and partially from the upper surface of the leaf near the base. One stem mother with Immature^ were usually found inside each

gall, together with several predaceous larvae (Syrphidae) which were fast reducing the number of aphids.

Alatae obtained are characterized as follows: head and thorax blackish with green to yellow green abdomen, somewhat powdery; sec­ ondary sensoria transverse, raised, somewhat coalesced and nearly encircling the segment; cornicles discemableas small pore. The nymphs were lig h t yellowish—green and appeared to be somewhat under­ developed or generally vestigal in character.

The gall was pale yellowish-green tinged with reddish spots and seemed to be composed mostly of the distal part of the petiole together with the upper surface of the central part of the leaf base; the whole structure twisted and swollen. The exit hole was not too evident, but appeared to be a s lit or crevice extending between the petiole and the leaf.

Collections: On Populus balsamlfera Linn. (Balsam Polar) in p e tiole-leaf galls on upper surface of leaf. Antigonish C unty,

F airm o n t Hoad, June 26, J u ly 3,5, 1951* Not common in region.

(Reference number 502).

Tribe Pemphigini

Pfsnphigus populi-venae Fitch

The Poplar-vein Gall Aphid

P la te 38, F ig . 8?

Pemphigus populi-venae Fitch, 1859:851; Thomas, 1879:15U;

Jsckeon, 19O0a:19U; Maxson and Knowlton, 1929:2614.;

Gillette and Palmer, 193b:228; Palmer, 1952:365* 2h7.

This species forms a cockscomb-like gall, greenish-yellow to reddish in color, along the mid-rib on the upy^er surface of the leaves of Balsam Poplar* The gall is located generally nearer the central part of the loaf in contrast to the gall of P. junctisensor- iatus near the leaf base* The exit hole is slitlikeand lo c a te d on underside of leaf beneath gall next to mid-rib*

Alatae taken had blackish heads and thorax with light green abdomen and brown extremities* Fore wing venation reduced, media simple* Nymphae in gall, pale yellowish green 3nd somewhat vestlgal in character,

Hottes and Frison (193la:368) records this species from

Tllinois, on Pppulus deltoides; Palmer (1952:36$) from Colorado on nopulus augustifolia* Palmer gives a brief description of the alate and fundatrix with figures. The only detailed description with syn- onomy is found in Maxson and Knowlton (1929:2 6 k ) •

Collections: In cockscomb- l i k e galls on upper leaf surfaces

Pop11!113 balsamifera L in n * (Balsam Poplar) as probable winter host,

Richmond County, C* R#, Loch Lomond, July 1 1 , 1951* Common on this host in this area*

(Reference number $08),

Subfamily Sriosomatinae

Tribe Prociphilini

The members of this tribe d iffer from those of the Peraphigini 2h8. and Eriosomatini chiefly in the complete absence of cornicles and their replacement with lar^e wax areas. Found liv'ng in pseudo-

rails, crumpled or twisted leaves; fundatrix with 9-3eemented an­

tennae; alatae with 6-oe; Rented antennae with transverse to oval

sensoria.

Key to the Genora of the Tribe ProcIpli ilini

(F.odified after Baker, I920a:79)

1, Fore winp with media once-branched; fundatrix without wax

plates (p. 21*8)...... Asiph'im

Fore winp with media sinpl* \ ^undatrix with several r<. ws of

wax ;dates, on thorax well developed (p* 251*) , tProclphilus

ir're Prooiphilini

Genus Aslphxim Koch

Koch, lbB6i2h6; Gerstaecker, 1359:2h9 (type fixation); Baker,

1920a:79; Theobald, 1929:217; Palmer, 1992:39k.

Baker (1920a:79) discusses the synonomy for this yenus and

together with Calmer (I992:3lk) summarizes the yenus characters,

which largely apj-ear above under tribal summary and in key to genera.

Forms live in nseudo-palls or crumnlnd leaves of host.

Genus type (fixed by Gerstaeckor, 1899), Aphis popull. Fabricius

(syn, tremulae FeGeer). Key to the species of the Genus Asiphum

(''edified from Palmer 1952:355) •

Hairs inconspicuous, equal to or shorter than diameter of

antenna; fore win; cl^ar ...... ••••••••2

Hairs conspicuous, longer than diameter of antenna; fore wing

3moky (p. 252) saccnli

Hind tibia equal to 3 tines antennal TIT; hind tarsal II of

alatae almost two times as lonr as antennal IV (’, • 251)

...... * ...... * . rosettei

Hind tibia shorter titan 3 times antennal ITT: i ind tarsal IT

of alatae shorter tliae 1~- times antennal TV (p# 2U9) ....

...... pseudo bin" sum

be i'roci/'hilin

Asiphum paeudohyrsum (Walsh)

The Poplar Leaf-pur3e Aphid

Pry3acrypta pseudobyrsa Walsh, 1862:306.

Potnphi pus pseudobyrsa, Oestlund,- 1387:2u.

Schizoneura populi, (misidentification) Gillette, 1908e:l.

Asiphum pseudobyrsa, Gillette, 1916a:269; Hottes and Prison,

1931a: 368; Gillette and Palmer, 1931: *217; Palmer, 1952:

355.

This species was found feeding on leaf petioles and on the 250. undersides of leaves of Trembling Aspen, causing the leaves to bend around on themselves forming a type of pseudo-gall, or to cause ad­ jacent leaves to become more or less held together in a type of leaf canopy. Alate and apterous forms were present with many exuviae, together with numerous ants in attendance*

Gillette (191^a:269) gives good descriptions (also Palmer,

1952x355) of the known forms and interesting observations concerning some of their habits. The fundatrix inhabits a small almond-shaped pseudo-gall on the midrib of the leaf. The young nymphs leave this structure and migrate to the lower side of the leaf where they feed along the main leaf veins, soon becoming covered with a white floc- culence. The fundatri enlae (second generation alatae) leave the poplar and migrate to an unknown summer host. From the age of the colony it is probable that our specimens are the second generation alate viviparae, finding them just previous to migration to summer host.

The alate viviparae are dull black with some flocculence on abdomen; appendages yellow; wings clear with dark line bordering

subcostal vein and media branched once or simple.

Collections: On petioles and underside of leaves of Populus

tremuloides Ilichx. (Troubling Aspen), or in pseudo-galls of same.

Antigonish County, Fairmont Road, July 5> 1950* Infrequent in oc­

currence. (Reference number U33)» Tribe Prociphilini

Asiphum rosettei Maxson

The Aspen Rosette Aphid

Plate h 2 , Fig* 96

Asiphum rosettei Maxson, 193h:hO; Gillette and Palmer, 193k*

218; Palmer, 1952:355.

This species has been found only once in the counties studied in fova Scotin. It is peculiar in the kind of damage produced, caus­ ing the loaves to clump together forming a kind of protective canopy over the aphid colony* The infestation was that of an older colony judging by the number of exuviae* hostly apterous in form but a few alatae present, apparently migrating to unknown summer host* Several separate apterous colonies were scattered over the same host plant chiefly on leaf petioles, alatae tended to be located on underside of adjacent leaves} also found on a few nearby trees of the same species.

Palmer (1952:356) reports that this species feeds on petioles and leaves of host "causing leaves to be bent backward at base and stunting stem3 so as to form a rosette (fundatrix feeds on petiole and fundatrigeniae on unexposed side of leaves)"* Her descriptions io not mention the woolly and waxy appearance of this species (Fig*

96), perhaps because balsan mounted specimens were described* De­ tailed descriptions and figures of this species are given in Gillette and Palmer (193kt218) and Palmer (1952:355)*

Collections: Found only once in counties studied on Populus 252. tremuloides Pichx. (Trembling Aspen) feeding on petioles and under­ side of leaves, forming loose rosette of clumped leaves. Antigonish

County, Fairmont Road, July 3, 1950.

(Reference number Li28).

Tribe Prociphilini

Asiphum sacculi Gillette

The Aspen Leaf-Pockot Aphid

Plate UO, Figs. 91, 92, 93 Plate IfL, Figs. 9h, 95

Asiphum sacculi Gillette, 19lUb;65j Gillette and Palmer, 193^:

217; Palmer, 1952:356.

Pempliiglachnns Kaibabensis Knowlton, 1938a: 26U*

This rather long gall-forming aphid is relatively rare in the counties of Nova Scotia studied, found only twice in two different locations in Antigonish County, on Aspen poplar* In the Fairmont

Road region one smalltree was studied ovjr a period o^* three sum­ mers. Each year in late June or early July this same tree was in­ fested with this leaf-pocket gall. None of the adjacent poplars observed in the same region were so infested. Unfortunately when the region was reviBited on the fourth summer, the plot had been cleared with the resultant end to the observations on this tree*

Gillette (191i4b:66), the original describer of this species, re­ ports that "all the young of the flindatrix, the second generation, become winged and leave the galls". He also reports finding the 233. two empty rails near the half-way house, Pike's Peak. If this species has a summer alternate host which Is unknown, and which is implied in

Gillette's comments, how is it possible to find this same leaf-pocket gall on the same host in three consecutive summers, and not find It on any nearby Aspens?

From the facts at hand it Is possible that the species is mono- phagous, and if so, would account for the observations given# The fact that Gillette found some empty galls, does not necessar ily imply that they have migrated. Syrnhid larvae predators have been observed in some galls opened, which by this means could dispose of the con­ tained aphid3.

Specimens of this species were at first verified by H. E#

EacGillivray as A. rosettei, her determination being based solely on alatae in balsam. ,Fpon further comparison with Gillette's A. sacculi

(191^b:63, figs. 10-lh) and Plates LiO and ill in this paper, there is little doubt that the species is A. sacculi Gillette. His description of the fundatrix and nymphs fits these specimens as does also the peculiar leaf-pocket gall*

The fundatrix is very large, oval and dull gray and pulver­ ulent* The nymphs have a dark olive green abdomen and gray head and thorax, the abdomen being white tipped on five lateral tufts along the abdominal margins, and with Intersegmental darker bands trans­ versely placed across the dorsum# The wings of the alate second gen­ eration are slightly smoky; head and thorax bla cklsh, abdomen dark olive-green# 25U.

Collections: In leafpocket pseudo-galls on Populus trem-

uloides Nichx (Trembling Aspen)* Antigonish County, Fairmont Road.

July U, 1950 (U29); Juno 28, 1951 (501); June 26, 1952 (501); West

River Road, July 30, 1952 (652)

(Reference numbers in brackets following dates).

Tribe Prociphilini

Genus Prociphilus Koch

Koch, 1856:279; T u llg r e n , 1909:7U; Baker, 1920a:76; Palmer,

1952:366.

This genus is characterized as follows: fore wings with

media unbranched, hind wing normal* Fundatrix with 5-segmented

antennae; 5-6 segmented in summer apterae; 6-segnented in alatae*

Mo cornicle; cauda semilunar, with b to several hairs* Wax glands

large, well developed* Hairs variable from sparce and fine, to

equal in length of diameter of segment on which they occur. Sexes

undeveloped, small and beakluss* Oviparous females lay single egg.

Found living in pseudo-galls, usually fundatrix and nymphs together.

(P* venafuscens on bark.) Baker (1920a:76) discusses synonony in

the genus and together with Palmer (1952:366) summarize genus char­

acters*

Genus type (fixed by Garstaecker, 1859), Aphis bumeliae

Schrank. Key to the species of the Genus Prociphilus

(Modified from Palmer (1952:366) and based on alatae from pseudo-

rails) .

1. Secondary sensoria on antennal V O-Uj hind tibia with hairs

sparse, not equal to diameter of tibia# $n pseudo-galls of

loosely curled leaves) (p# 255) • ...... corrugatans

Secondary sensoria on antennal V absent (in fundatrigenia),

hind tibia with numerous hairs, longer than diameter of

tibia (on bark of host) (p* 256) • .#••*.• vertafnscus

Tribe Prociphilini

Prociphilus corrugatans (Sirrine)

The Woolly Hawthorn Aphid

Plate 33, Figs. 72, 73

Pemphigus corrugatans Sirrine, 1893:129*

Prociphilus alnifoliae Williams, 1910:7; Davis, 1911b:U#

Proclphllu3 corrugatans, Haxson, 1923:322 (synonomy);

Gilletto and Palmer, 193^:230; Palmer, 1952:366#

Several colonies of this aphid were found on a young Hawthorn with both alate and apterous forms on the underside of the leaf and causing a rather tight leaf roll or pseudo-gall, which was colored a dark purplish-red# Many large black ants wore inside the gall when opened# The material kept well in paper carton and was taken to the laboratory and photographed by strobe light (Plate 33)# 256*

The nymphs were light olive green, elongate oval in shape, and marked by tufts of woolly flocculence protruding laterally from each abdominal segment* A single row of large woolly tufts pro­ truded dorsally from the prothorax and thorax, dividing into two rows of smaller dorsal tufts over the dorsum of abdomen* Alate forms with head and thorax dark green; abdomen olive-green and flocculent with dark appendages* Palmer (1952:366) describes the f\uidatrix as "light greenish^rellow, black on head; woolly; ap­ pendages black"*

Collections; In curled leaves, pseudo-galls, of Crataegus macrosperma var. acutibola (Garg.) Eggl* which is thought to be the winter host* Summer host unknown* riot common in region*

Antigonish County, Jimtown, July 6, 1953*

(Reference number 831)*

Tribe Prociphilini

Prociphilus venafuscus (Patch)

The Smoky-Winged Ash Aphid

Plate 3U, Figs. Ik, 75, 76 Plate 68, Fig. 166 Plate 70, Fig. 197

Pemphigus venafuscens P a tc h , 1909:319 (original description)*

Prociphilus venafuscus Baker, 1916:1118 (synonomy); Patch,

1919:U5; Maxson, 1923*323; Hottes and Frison, 1931a*373;

Gillette and Palmer, 193ln232; Palmer, 1952*368*

The winter host of this aphid, White Ash, occurs from Cape 257.

Breton and generally throughout the Province. Tt will thrive on a wide range of sites, but makes its best growth on a deep, well- drained soil along streams and on lower slopes in protected situ­ ations, where it is found scattered or jn small groups among other hardwoodb . It never forms pure stands. Very often it is planted in farm yards as a shade tree. The relatively isolated occurrence o° this tree may account for the few occasions it has been found

Infested with this aphid, plus the fact that by the end of June or first part of July it leaves that Ash and migrates to the roots of its summer host, Abies balsamea, according to Patch (l938:h5)> and

Maxson (1923:3?3). Tt has not been taken on these roots in this region as yet.

Swain (l91?:lk^) reports its presence on the leaves (not bark) of Ash (winter host) in San Francisco Pay region, and (ac­ cording to Wilson, 1915a:85) on roots of Douglas fir in Oregon as summer host* Gillette and Palmer (193U:233) have found it in

Colorado on the bark of Fraxlnus pennsylvanica as winter host, but not on summer host. Hottes and Frison (1931a:373) indicate its rare occurrence in Illinois having found but a single fall migrant.

Patch (1909:319)* w^° first described the species, points out that the fall migrants are found on lilac and elm as well as ash. Sex­ ual forms are produced on these hosts and winter eggs deposited.

Spring forms occur in the region of "the angles of the twigs or about the swelling buds " of lilacs and ash.

This rather large brown aphid was first found in an extensive 2^8. compact colony a foot or more in length along the stem of an iso­ lated ash in a farm yard, adjacent to an apple orchard in Kings

County (July 2, lpJjfl). Only apterous fonns w ere present, but alatae developed later ^n the laboratory. The colony is characterized by its compactness, extensive amount of white woolly flocculenee and waxy secx'etion produced (Plate 3M# The species was not encountered again until. June of 1951 in Antigonish County, Cape Oeorge area, on an isolated ash host planted as a shade tree. Each June thereafter

(l?52-53) this same ash was so infested until about -the end of the first week in July#

The fundatrix is medium brown with intersegmental rows of tufted flocculenee, three rows extending along the dorsum, and one on each lateral margin of the abdomen (Plate 3^# Fig. 75)# Alate forms are darker brown, flocculent and with extremities nearly black. The wings smoky, veins narrowly bordered and body slightly longer than fundatrix. Apterae similar to fundatrix. Complete descriptions are given by Patch (1909:319) and Palmer (1952:366);

Baker (1916:1118) discusses synonomy as well as giving descriptions and notes on this species.

Collections: On b a rk near term inal branches and new buds of

Fraxi nuB am ericana Linn* (White Ash), winterhost; suniner host, roots of Abies balsamea(Linn) Mill# (Not taken on latter host in

Nova Scotia). Kings County, Porter’s Point, July2, 19li8 (h6 ),

Antigonish County, Cape George, June28, 1951 (503)i June 23, 1953

(8lU). (Reference numbers in brackets following dates). 259.

Family Aphidae

Subfamily Hormaphlnae Gillette and Palmer

Hormaphidinae Baker, 1920a*81*

Hormaphinae Gillette and Palmer, 193k12klj Palmer, 1952:376*

The members of this subfamily are characterized by having wings with reduced venation; media of fore wing simple or once- branched; cubitus and anal veins often fused near base; hind wing with cubitus often absent* Frontal tubercles and thoracic lobes lacking* Cornicle mere ring or absent. Scalolike or aleyrodiform generations often occur. Sexuales small and apterous. Living in galls or free on leaves of host.

Key to the Tribes of Subfamily Hormaphinae

1* Aleyrodiform generations not developed. (Not taken from

this region) Ore^TTLirti

* Aleyrodiform generations developed 2

2. Cornicles absent; insects usually gall formers (p. 260) * • •

...... H o m a p h inl

-• Cornicles usually present; insects usually not gall formers;

(Not taken from this region) *•••••••.* Subfamily Hormaphinae

Tribe Hormaphini Gillette and Palmer

Hormaphidini Baker, 1920a:83*

Hormaphini G illette and Palmer,193k:?k2; P a lm e r, 1952:377*

The members of this tribe are separated from the other tribe o f this subfamily in that the cornicles are absent and aleyrodiform generations are developed* Waxis secreted from specialglands, secondary sensoria annular; cauda knobbed and anal plate bilobed#

Two genera are represented in Nova Scotia,

Key to Genera of Tribe Hormaphini

1, Antennae of alatae 3-segmented; h in d w ing with o n ly media

262)...... * H om aphis

Antennae of alatae5-segnented; h in d w ing with both m edia

and cubitus (r, 260) •*••««.*••••• Hamamelistes

Tribe Homaphini

Genus Hamamelistes Shiner

S h im er, 1867:281; B a k e r, 1920a:83; P alm er, 1952:378.

Genotype Hamamelistes spinosua Shimer

P la te 31, F ig . 69

Hamamelistes spinosua Shimer,1867:28k; P ergande, 1901:25;

Hottes and Frison, 1931*:375; G illette and Palmer,

193k:2h2; P a lm e r, 1952, 378. 261.

Purplish-black apterous and alate forms were found in dense

colonies on the underside of leaves of the host, Betula papyrifera

Farsh, This same species was taken on Hanamelis virgin!ana Linn.

It was found by Pergande (1901:25) to alternate in its life history between the same two hosts, i.e., witch-hazel and birch. The over­ wintering eggs are laid on witch-hazel in the spring or early sum­ mer and do not hatch until the following spring, at which time the

stem mothers produce bud—galls of spiny appearance on witch-hazel*

Ar. overwintering coccidiform generation is also known to occur on

birch, and their offspring produce the common corrugations or

pseudo-galls between the lateral veins of birch leaves (Plate 31j

Fig. 6 9 )* The winged migrants produced on the birch return to

witch-hazel in late spring and produce the sexual generation.

Collections: On underside of leaves of Betula papyr * fera

Parsh, Pictou County, Scotsburn, July 6, 1952 (6U3). On underside

of leaves of Hamameli 3 virginlana Linn*, Cumberland County, Col-

lingwood, July 7, 1952 (6L2)*

(Reference nund>ers in brackets after dates)* Tribe Hormaphini

Cienus Hormaphi g Osten-Sacken

Osten-Sacken, 1861 :1422; Sanborn, 190lj:17; Baker, 1920a: 8)4;

Hottes and Frison, 1931a:376.

Hormaphi 3 hamamelidl3 (Fitch)

Brysccrypta hanamelidis Fitch, 1891:69,

Hormaphis hamamelidis (Fitch); Fernanda, 1901:29; Baker,

1920a: 8I4; Hottes and Frison, 1931a: 376.

This small gall-forming aphid was found on practically all

Ham am ells virginlana Linn. (Witch-hazel) in the vicinity of Halifax and Sackville, Halifax County, The upper leaf surface was covered with small cone-shaped galls, red and yellowish-green in color, winch projected upward from the leaf surface, Alatae, apterae and nymphs were taken from within these galls.

The rather complicated life history of this species was worked out by Pergande (1901), The egg stage overwinters on witch- hazel, hatching into stem mothers in the spring which cause the formation of these conical galls on the upper surface of the leaves.

The second generation produced in these galls are alate and migrate to birches (as did H, spinosua) in late spring or early summer.

These alate migratory forms produce "aleurodiform" generations on the birch. By late summer the aleurodifom generations produce alatae which migrate back to witch-hazel and then produce sexual forms that the eggs which overwinter. Collections: On Hamamelis virginlana Unn. in region of

Halifax and Sackville, Halifax County, August 9, 19^ 9 • Common in this area* None taken from alternate host, Betula spp,

(Reference number 355)- Family Aphidae 2cli.

Subfamily Mindarinae Baker

Baker, 192Qa:6l.

Characters described below under genus Mindams.

Subfamily Mindarinae

Genus Mindarus Koch

Koch, 18^6:277; B a k e r, 1920at62; T h eo b ald , 1929*318; P alm er, 1952:3^6.

This genus is characterized by having the radial 3ector of the fore wings arising at the proximal end of stifjna; media is only once-branched; stigma long and tapering, reaching to tip of wing hind wing with both media and cubitus present* Frontal tubercles lacking; vertex slightly convex# Antennae 6-sef?nented; unguis short­ er than base of VI; secondary sensoria oval to transverse* Cornicles mere rings; cauda small, elongate, not semilunar* Rostrum obtuse, V

indistinct* Sexuales an all, and apterous with functional beaks; ovi- parae without tibial sensoria; lay 8-9 eggs* Forms living free upon twigs of conifers, causing curling of needles*

Oertus type (monotypical), Mindarus abietlnus Koch* 265.

Subfamily Mindarinae

Mindarua abietinus Koch

The Balaam Twig Aphid

Plate 12, Figs. 19, 20, 21 Plate 13, Figs. 22, 23 Plate 67, Figs. 153 Plate 69, Fig. 187

Mindarus abietinus Koch, 1856:277; Patch, 1910a:2h2j Theobald,

1929:310; G i l l e t t e and P alm er, 193U:2U2; P alm er, 1952:

3U6.

Schizoneura pinicola Thomas, (1879:137).

These aphids feed between the needles of the host along the

growing meristems of Abies balsamea (Plate 12, Fig. 21), producing

so much flocculenee that it appears like a covering of snow on the

light green new growth of the stem tips (Plate 12, Fig. 20). The

young needles are caused to curl and remain malformed until they

drop off. Plate 13, Figs. 22, 23 show the result of a widespread

infestation on fir during June and July of 1950 in most of the

central and northern counties of Nova Scotia. The 1951 infestation

was estimated approximately one-third that of 1950 and in 1952,

only a few isolated trees were so infested. In 1953 there was an

increase of infestation approximately similar to that of 1951 and

in June, 195U the infestation again nearly approximated that of

1950. In most cases only apterous forms were present, but alatae

were produced in the laboratory in about three days after collec­

tions. 266.

On Picea glauca this same aphid foeds at the base of the needles on the stem near the distal end of growing branches, pro­ ducing whittish flocculent masseB encasing droplets of honey-

some other host, though specimens have been taken on spruce and

fir as late as mid-August*

The fundatrix of this species is pale yellow with dusky lateral areas and woolly secretion posteriorly. Alate viviparous

forms have a brown head and thorax with pale greenish abdomen, marked by dusky dorsal dashes and covered with flocculenee. For

further descriptive data on all forms consult Theobald (1929*318)

and Palmer (I952*3k6).

Collections! On growing meristem of Abies balsamea (L) Mill.

Halifax County: Kearney Lake, June 2k, 19k9 (310); Hammond Lake,

June 28, 19k9 (312); Sandy Lake, June 29, 19k9 (319); Sheldrake

Lake, August 30, 19k9 (35k); Fletcher's Lake, August 12, 19k9

(3k6.1).

Antigonish County* Beech Hill Hoad, June lk, 1950 (k07), June 16,

1950 (k09), June 21, 1950 (kll), Juno 30, 1950 (k09), June 15,

1951 (k09), J u ly 2, 1952 (617). Culington Forks, June 2k, 1950 (JH3-U15); Beaver Mountain Road, June 2 h t 1950 (kl7); Fairm ont

Road, July 3, 1950 (U09); Locliaber (10 miles east), July U, 1953

(829vj Route 7, August 9, 1950 (1*6£); Route ij, June 27, 1953 (816)

Forth Shore Road, July 11, 1950 (U09). cuysborough County: Sloane Lake, July 27, 1951 (^09); Larry's River,

July 18, 1953 (855).

njetou County, Sunnybrae, July 28, 1951 (h09).

Richmond County: Rort Hastings, August 13, 1951 (809); Orand River,

pa3t St. Peter's, July 11, 1951 (807).

Inverness County; Rlendale, August 18, 1951*; East Lake Ainslee,

Au.ust 15, 1951-*.

Victoria County: Aspee River Valley, August 17, 1951-*; Bay St.

Lawrence, August 17, 1951-tt; Neil Harbour, Au.gust 17, 1951-*5-;

Dingwall, August 17, 1951-*.

Host: On young stems of Picea glauca.

Halifax County: Route 2, Aurust 12, 1989 (386.1); Fletcher's Lake,

August 12, 19^9 (386.1); Fairmont Road, July I4, 1950 (831.1 and

832); Hammond Lake, June 28, 1989 (313).

Antigonish County: Fairmont Road, June 26, 1952 (616); Jlmtown,

J\ily 8, 1952 (830).

*Field observations only.

(Reference numbers in brackets following dates). 266

PART III

SUMMARY

Thin treatise, upon the Forest Aphides of Nora Scotia, is a faunlstic or synoptic study of aphids o f plant lice found in for­ ested areas in several counties of Nova Scotia, Canada, which have been observed and where collections have been made during a six stunners' study. To date 95 aphid species in 33 genera have been listed. Free use was made of all available keys and descriptions

of published reports of the aphid fauna in North America and Great

Britain* The plan of classification followed is mainly that of

A. C. Baker (1920a), using for the most part observable external

characters*

Field investigations were started in the summer of 19U8 and

were largely confined to Kings County* A fairly detailed collection

of the aphids of this county was made, to form the basis of the

larger collection for the province as a whole* Several field sta­

tions were set up representative of as many different ecological

forested situations as was possible* These were visited at inter­

vals of from two to three weeks throughout the suour* Southern

Halifax and northern Lunenburg counties were worked in 19U9*

Antigonish County was used as a center of activity in 1950* in 1951

53 the counties in Cape Breton were investigated, i*e*, Richmond,

Cape Breton, Inverness and Victoria* Field trips were also made

into Quysborough and northern Halifax oountiea; Picteu, Colchester 269. and Cumberland counties; and Lunenburg, Queens and Annapolis coun­ ties*

Alate, apterous and immature aphids were collected, together with a part of the host plant* The sample host plants were pressed and preserved forming a host sample collection for reference pur* poses* Aphid material was preserved and mounted on microscope slides making a collection to date of some 1700 slides, labelled and identi­ fied* Unidentified material Is still to be checked with other col­ lections or authorities, and if then unidentified and considered to be unknown, to be named or temporarily designated as new species*

Only identified material is included in this manuscript*

The discussion is accompanied by a series of 71 plates with

207 figures of which 131* are photographs of the various species of aphids found on coniferous, deciduous and herbaceous plants In their natural feeding positions; 13 are photographs illustrating as many different types of ecological areas which were studied* Taxonomic keys to the species are included together with $h figures of pen- line drawings of aphid characters used in species identification; one chart of the phylogenetic tree of the Aphidae; one outline draw­ ing of a composite aphid; one plate illustrating a typical aphid life

cycle; and one outline map of the Province of Nova Scotia* In con­

nection with these studies some 320 kodachrome transparencies were

taken to supplement the black and white photographs. These have been used as aids to color descriptions, the general biological de­

scription of each speoies in relation to its host plant And for 270. lecture purposes, but are not Included In the dissertation.

Data concerning each species is placed under the description

for that species, which includest a list of established references,

synonony, general discussion of observations made, some correlation

with existing published works dealing with the same species, remarks

on the biology of the species, i.e., its life cycle, host damage,

predators and parasites where known, and its known distribution and

prevalence in the province.

There Is also included a section on the probable phylogeny of

the Aphidae, which serves to relate the various tribes of the Aphid*

ae and to give an understandable picture of the probable interrela­

tionships which exist between the various members of the family. A

host plant list is presented with names of the species of aphids

found on each species of plant and an index to the genera and species

appears at the end of the paper preceded by a list of 261 citations

to the literature used. 271

HOST FLniiT LIST

This list includes all host plants recorded in connection with the foregoing descriptions of the aphids collected in the

regions of Nova Scotia herein treated* The identifications of

the plants were made with the assistance of the following bot­

anical works: Roland, A. E. (1144-45); MacDonald, D. A. (1149);

P r e s t o n , R. J., Jr. (lt?4b); B a i l e y , L. H. (1942); a n d Dore, ft. G.

and A. E. Roland (lo42).

These host determinations were checked by various students

and members of the department of biology of Aca lia University,

lfville, N. S. where exists the best and most, extensive hei—

barium in the Maritime provinces.

A b i e s b a l s a m e a (L) I'ill. a c e r s a c c h a r l n u m L. (Balsam Fir) ("Silver Map l e )

I.'indarus a b i e t i n u s (Koch) Drepanaphis acerifolii (Thomas) Acer Pensylvanicum L* leriphyllus americanus (Striped Maple) (Baker) Periphyllus lycopictus Eriosoma lanirerum (Hausmann) Kessler)

Acer rubrum L. Acer saccharum Marsh (Red Maple) (Sugar Maple)

Drepanaphis spp. Del Guercio Drepanaphis utahensis Drepanaphis parvus (Smith) (Knowlton and Smith) Periphyllus americanus (Baker) Periphyllus americanus ieriphyllus lyropictus (Kesslar) (Baker) Periphyllus testudinacea (Fernie) Periphyllus testudinacea (F e r n i e ) 272.

Achillaea Miliefolium L* Macrosiphum ambrosiae (Yarrow) (Thomas) hacrcsiphun frigidae (Cestlund) Macrosiphum erigeronensis Macrosiphum ludovicianae (Oest- (Thomas) lund) Macrosiphum rudbeckiae (Fitch) Aescuius hippocastanum L. (Horse chestnut) Aster umbellatus Mill. (Tall White Aster) Periphyllus americanus (Baker) Macrosipnum ambrosiae Alnus spp. B. Ehrh. (Thomas) (Alder) Macrcsiphum rudbeckiae (Fitch) Drepanaphis acerifoliae (Thomas) Glyphina alni (Shrank) Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. Myzocallis alnifoliae (Ft ten) (Sweet Rocket") hyzccallis coryli (Goeze) Oestlundiella flava (Davidson) i Jioy alosiy rum pseu iobrass icae (:)av is) Amelanchier Aiegandii Riels. (Vrild Pearl het.H a a l b a L. (Turch) Aphis cerasifoliae (Fitch) Aphis crataegifoliae (Patch) L u c e r a p h i s b e t u l a e (L) Eriosoma americanum (Riley) Eur-eraphis gillettei Mindarus abietinus Koch Javidson Possibly a stray) ruiof alosiy hum fitchii (Sanderson) betula lutea Michx. ("Yellow Birch) Anaj halis mar aritacea (L .) (I early Everlasting) Aphis maculatae (bestlund) Galayhis cetulaecolens Macrosiphum ambrcsiae (Thomas) (Fitch) Kacrosiphum. erigeronensis Euceraphis betulae (L.) ( T h o m a s ) Euceraphis deducta Baker Ei:ceraphis gillettei Aral la nudicanlis L. D a v i d s o n (V.ild Sarsaparilla) Myzocallis spp . Neosymydobius annulatus ay terouc only ^ Ko c h ) Neosymydobius americanus Arcti.m minus (hill.) Benth. (taker) (C omm o n Burdock) Betula pay yr if era Larsh. Aphis fabae Scopoli (TJKite. T’ap er 'or Ganoe (Aphis rumicis (L.)) Birch) Macrosiphum spp.

Aster spp>. (Tourn.) L. (Aster) 273

Aphis pomi (DeGeer) Amphorophora crataegi Calaphis betulaecolens (Fitch) (bonell) Euceraphis hetulae L* iiyzus cerasi (Fab.) Euceraphis pillettei Davidson i'Tociphilus corrugatans Hamamelistes sy inosus (Shimer) (Sirrine) Neosynydobius americanus (Laker) Crataegus monogyna Jacq. he tul a p o p u l i f o l i a filchx* (English H awthorne) (Aire Birch) Aphis crataegifoliae Calayhis netulaecclenc (Fitch) F itch Lucera; his etulae (L.) Eriosoma crataegi Encerayhis deducta baker (Oestl mi ) Euceraihis gillettei Davidson 1 eosymydofcius americanrs leaker Dances carota L. faild Carrot, iueen Chon op odium ai burn b. Anne's bace) (bamb 1 s Q u a r t e r s , I i -v.i-od) Toxopera aurantii (Fonse) isyaloj terus atr I; 1 ic is (L.) (Errant to Daucus) itrsiurn (Tourn) L. ri y . Diorvilla Lonicera kill. (Thistle) {"Push H o n e y s u c k l e )

A t Pis c ard ’ b (I..) apterous only

Cony tonia per opr Ina (b) C m liter Ey ilobiurn angm-tifoliun L* (Sweet Fern) "~ (Firefteed)

Cei o r i l l e t e a r.iyricae (latch) Ay bis oenctherae Oestlund

'b rylus cornuta barsh ErIgeron L. spp. (hazelnut) (Fleabane)

byzocallis alnifoliae (F^tch) ?.'acros ip hi m am b r o s i a e !'yzocallis cv.ryli. (Gcoze) ( T h o m a s )

'Jornus s tolon! idra M i c h x . Eupatorlum maculatmn b. (Tied Osier Dogwood) (Joe Fye ,Veed)

A t I 1 b « s y } • Macrosiphun ambros iae Ay : ! s hel iantni bonell ( T h o m a s ) Arbis neogillettei palmer E up a tor ium y crfcliatum L* Crataegus macrosperma var. acutibola TBoneset) (Hawthorne") (Sarg.)Fggl. 27U.

Macros ij hum slnn'Tolli (Am : Macrosiphum rudbeckiae me id) (Fitch)

Fa 13ns grandifolla Ehrh. Impatiens capansia Meerb. (BeucTT) (Spotted Touch-me-not)

Zuceraphis beta]as (Koch) Mactosiphum sp. EucerajnLs troll etei Davidson apterous only thvllaphis fapi (L.) Kalmla angus tifolia L. Fraxin is amer icana L. (Sheej Laurel, Lambskill) (711.1 te Arh) a] terous only peri rhyl lus tortudinacea (i’er- n \e) Larix laricina (DuRoi) Koch. Trocljhilus venafusouF (1atcn) (Tamarack, Lar on, Hackmat­ ack ) '■aloorsis Vetrai. 11 L. (Hemp 'liettl o) Cinara lar'eis (Hartig) Findarus abietinus ^K^chj C a r i to? he r n s rir is U ..} L a t h y r .ts japonic us Ailld. H a n n n e l i s virpinana L. ^.i'/iid iea; (7/i’tc h - n a z e l ) i.’acr m s iphum solanofclii uanamelistes sj inosus (Shined (kshmead) hnrmap'iis hananslid's (Fitch) Lupinus (Tourn.) L. ;.ei i an thus tuner jdus L . rnrine) (ArticnokeT M a c r o s i 7 hum albifrons At r. is car iui L. (Lssig) i:israciun (Tourn.) L. S}p. I.lalus p u n i l a L. (hawkweed) CSpf l'e)

l.'.acrosiphum rudbeckiue (FLtch) Aph is pomi (DeGeer)

:. 1 erac:ar:i f 1 or ibun Pm iVinun. and Matricaria matricarioides (King Devil") Grab. (Pineapple Aeed) ^Less.) P o r t e r Kakiina purpurascens (Uestlund) ...acros i? hum , asserini spj . Rhoyalosiphum maiiis ^Fitch) Macrosiphum erireronensis (Thom­ as) ■'yrica pensylvanica (Loisel) i,.acrosii hum solanifolii ( B a y b e r r y ) (Ashnoad) Aphis L. srp. Kioracium scabnum Michx. (RoughHawkweed) Oenothera biennis L. (Common Evening Primrose) 275.

Macrosiphum pseuiorosae Patch Amphorophora nebulosa (H. and F.) Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch. Macrosiphurn granarium (Kirby) (Hop Hornhean) Populus balsaiuifera L. Myzocalis coryli (Goeze) (Balsam Poplar)

Parthenocissus qninquefolia (L.) ChaitOohorus popullolus (Virginia Creeper, Flanch. G. ^ P . Boston Ivy) Pemphigus junctisensoriatus (Mason) Aphis folsomii (Davis) Pemphigus opuli-venae (Fitch) Picea glauca (poench) Voss [TThlte St race) Populus graniidentata (Lar re-tooth - ( : i c h x .) Jht-raes abietis L. (Adelpid) ed Aspen) Chermes lariciatus i atch (*delgld) Chaitophorus popuil ifoliae Chernies similis (Gill<-tte) (Davis) ( Atielgid) Perij’hyllus populicolus Cinara curvipes (latch) (Thomas) Cinara laricis (Hartig) J terocomma potulifoliae Cinara palmerae (Gillette) (Fitch) Cinara piceicola (Cholod— k o v s k y / Populus tremuloides Michx. Cinara jinicola (Kaltenhach) ( T r e m b l i n g Aspen") Cinara thatcheri Knowlton and S m i t h Amphorophora sonchi (Oest- Vindnrus abietinus (Koch) lund) Aphis maculatae Oestlund P icea m a r i a n a (1:111.) r S P . As iphum pseudobrysum (Walsh) ("Black or Bog S r ruce) Asiphura rosettei Maxson Asiphum sacculi Gillette Cinara palmerae (Gillette) Chaitophorus pofulifoliae ( Oest l u n d ) I inns resinosa Ait. Periphyllus populicolus ("ked~PineT (Thomas) Pterocomma populifoliae Eulachnus rileyi (Williams) (Fitch)

I inns Strobus L. Prunus pensylvanica L. (White Pine) (1 in Cherry)

Cinara strobi (Fitch) Aphis cerasifoliae Fitch Myzus cerasi (Fabricius) Poa spp. llyzus persicae (Sulzer) fGrass) 276.

Prunns virginiana L. Sambucus canadensis L, (Choke Cherry) (Common Elder)

Aphis cerasifoliae Fitch Aphis sambucifoliae (Fitch)

Pryus (Aronia) spp. Sambucus pubens Michx. Chokeberry) (Red-berried Elder)

apterous only Aphis sambucifoliae (Fitch)

Cuercus borealis Llichx. Scirpus (Tourn.) L. spp. (Red Oak) (Bulrush)

LIyzocallis bella (halsh) apterous only L'yzocallis walshii (l.onell) Senecio Jacobaea L, itosa L. spp, (Ragwort, Stinking Willie) (¥ild Rose) Aphis cardui L, Capitophorus fragifolii Macrosiphum rudbeckiae (Cockerrell) (Fitch) Llacrosip hum rosae (L.) Llacrosiphum valerianae (Clarke) Rosa florabunda Rhop>alosiphum spp. Koch (Cultivated Rose) Solidage L . a; p. Liacros iphum rosae (L.) (Golaen-rod) llacrosiphum solanofolii (Ashmead) Macrosiphum ambrosiae (Thomas) hubus L, spp, Macrcsiplium erigeronensis (Rasberry, Blackberry) (Thomas) Macros iphum rudbtsckiae Amphorophora rubi (Kaltenbach) (Fitch) Amphorophora rubicola (Oestlund) Cerosipha rubifolii (Thomas) Sonchus (Tourn.) L. (SowThistle) Rumex crispus L, (Curled Dock) Amphorophora sonchi (Oestlund) Aphis fabae Scopoli Spiraea latlfolla Borkh. Salix (Tourn.) L. spp. (Meadow-sweet, Hardhack) (Willow) Aphis spiraephila (Patch) Apnis saliceti (Kaltenbach) Hacrosiphum Passerini spp. Chaitophorus populifoliae Davis Spiraea tomentosa L. (&t®®pl«bush) apterous only

Tilla americana L. (Linden, Basswood)

Myzocallis tiliae (L.)

Trifollum pratense (L.) (Red Clover)

Macrosiphum pisi (Kaltenbach)

I Humus americana L. ('American Ellm)

Eriosoma laniperum (Hausmann)

"lmiis Montana (imported Sim )

apterous only

Vaccinium (L.) spp. (Blueberry)

Cinara Curtis spp# Mindarus abietinus Koch (Errant to Vaccinium)

V Lburnum alnifolium (Marsh) (Hobble Bush)

Aphis viburniphila Patch

Viburnum cassinoides L. (Aithe-rod, Wild Raisin)

Aphis viburniphila Patch

Zea ‘.lays CCuTt'Tvated Corn)

nil opal os iphum maidis (Fitch) 278.

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i860. Gli afidi con un prospetto del generi ed alcune species nuove Italians. Parma..1-1*0.

1863. Aphididae Italicae hucusque observatae. Archlvo per la Zoologia, l ’Anatomia c la Fisiologia. Vol. 2 fasc. 2: 129-212.

Patch, Edith M# 1907. The potato plant louse. Maine Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 11*7 * 235-257.

1909a. Chermes of Maine Conifers. Maine Agr. Ebcpt. Sta. Bui. 173 * 277-308.

1909b. Pemphigus venafuscus. BnCiffWT 26* 315-352.

1910m. Oall aphids of the elm. Maine Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 181* 193-21*0. 1910b. Four rare aphid genera fron Maine* Maine Agr* Expt, Sta* Bui* 182: 2141-2U8*

1911> Two species of Macroalphum, Maine Agr* Expt* Sta* »ul* 190: 81-92*

1912a* Aphid pests of Maine* Maine Agr* Expt* Sta* Bui* 2021 159-176*

1912b* W o o l l y aphid migration from elm to mountain ash* Jour* Econ* Eht* 5* 395-398.

1913a* Aphid pests of Maine: part II* Maine Agr* Expt* Sta* Bui* 213: 73-92*

1913b* Woolly aphids of the elm* Maine Agr, Expt* Sta* Bui* 220: 259-273*

191U. Maine aphids on the rose family* Maine Agr* Expt* Sta* Bui* 233: 253-280*

1915a* Woolly aphid of elm and Juneberry. Maine Agr* Expt* Sta* Bui* 2bl: 197-2GU*

1915b* Pink and green aphid of potato* Maine Agr* Expt* Sta* Bui* 2U2: 205-223*

1915c* Two clover aphids* Jour, Agr* Research 3: U31-U33*

1916* Elm leaf rosette and woolly aphid of the apple* Maine Agr* Bxpt* Sta* Bui* 256: 329-3UU*

1917* Eastern aphids, new or little known: Part I* Jour* Econ* Eht* 10: ijl6-ii20*

1918* Eastern aphids: a few species of Prociphilus* Maine Agr. Expt* Sta. Bill. 270: U5-U6*

1919* Three pink and green aphids of the rose* Maine Agr* Expt* Sta* Bui. 282: 205-209.

1923a* The stumer food plants of the green apple aphid* Maine Agr* ficpt* Sta* Bui* 313: U5-68f

1923b* Aphididae in Hemiptara of Connecticut* Connecticut State Oeol* and Nat* Hist* Surrey Bui* 250-256, 290-311, 329-335* 29U.

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Pergande, Theodore 1901. Two species of plant lice inhabiting both the w i t c h - hazel and birch. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bit. Tech. Ser. 9: l-Ul*.

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PHOTOGRAPHIC P'LATr.5

Ecological Areas

PLATES 5-11, figs. 6-18 M g, 6* A mix ad i U u l of both hard and toftoood trust* and alto roprttantlng a youogtr fat tar groving ttand. Thla ttatlon wat rogularly obtarrtd and oollaotod from tar thraa t t a i n until out ovar la 1953. Aatlgonith County* faimont Road* Station 1* July 4* 1950. (429)

fig. 7. Young n&atd grttrth ooaflaod to tba south tldo of a rathor stoop tlopt undlag in dost# groarth In tho rallsy balov. This a tat ion yltldod mtak dlTorto aphid natorlal. intlgtalih County* faimont Road* Station 3* (Clooor* dalt)* July 12* 1990* (447) P U T S 5 301

rig. 8. An Isolated *laland" of taa*raok, bordarad by oharry, wild poor, appla and a fow fir traaa and aurrauadad by a on It ir at ad flald to tba aouth and opan billy paatura to tha north and waat. Tbia atation waa rlaitad at i a t a m l a throughout four diffarant a w a n n and yialdad wuoh intaraating data. Antigoal ah County, Waat HAwnr Road, Juna 29, 1950. (*19)

n g . 9. An amnpla of an iaolatad boat, appla, in an opan flald, haarily infaatad with Anbla M d DaGaar. Aatlgomiah County, Wartb Shorn Road, Juna 29, 1950. (419.1)

914X1 6 302

Jig. 10. Fart of a blroh and aaplo stand ooaposod of young to aaturo troos. Antlgonlsh County* aaar Crystal Cliffs, July 24, 1990. (453a,b)

Fig. 11, d stand of aaturo spruoo and fir, sooond groath, looking through aa old log trail, la tho oontor of a do#ply voodod aroa. Halifax County, Idsoaab Caa* Saaotuary, July 27, 1991. (526) tlATZ 7 303

fig. 12, A typioal oacanplo of blaok or bog apruoo growing In a swaap oror- laying prooaabrlan rooka. Many of thoao trooa woro lnfoatod with tho largo* bark-' foodlng aphid* Clnara pal— rao (Qlllotto), Cuyaborough County* noar Now Barbour* July 16, 1933, (901.1)

fig* U , A out—oror araa with good aooond growth of fir, Foro-growid araa raoontly burned orar. Praotloally all firo in thla and neighboring araaa woro «x- ooaaiToly lnfoatod with tho aphid* Mjodama ablotlnua Kooh, Thia atatioa waa ob- aorwod ot Intervale for four a n a n n , A— lg— lah County* Boooh Hill* Btation 1* Juno 16, 1930. (d09) tt<# 14. A roadslio planting of sufar naplos aland dxiuo on St. frmnols Url«r Qdvtralty oupoa aarral as host for taros spoolos of aphids whloh woro oaally obssrrsd booauso of thslr proximity to ths laboratory. Antlgontsh County. Antigonloh* infust 22* 1991. (935)

fid. 15. Ilmmy trooa la this roads Ida planting of balsam poplar In south oast- orn Capo Btooton woro found lnfoatod with tho loaf gall-fomlaf aphid* Fonahldus (fltoh). Kiahmond County* Looh Lomond* July 11* 1991* 1300) F U T E 9 305

Pig* 16. Blaok apruoe growing In barren, tundra— like trtt, with ground ooverof lioheno and (read plnoa. This typo of irei La oharaoteriatlo of nuoh of tho aenl-barren load along tho ooaatal region of northern Oqraborough Comity. Hoar Now Harbour, July 16, 1953, (901.l)

n g . 17. Typo of ground oarer oonpoaed of llohons and ground plnoa overlapp­ ing tho prooonhriaa roofca along tho ooaatal ragiona of northorn (htyaborough Coun­ ty. Haar Bow Harbour, July 16, 1953. (901.1) P U T S 10 306

Plf• 19* A roadaldo oloaring with now tfrowth of wild mialn, ftmi and bloo- borrjr with tuaraok and apruoo foroat la baokfromd, Tho aphid, Aahli rlburnj— phlla Fatoh was found hoarlly InfoatInf tho at on tlpa of wild raialn. ’ ftalifax ^'ounty, Loohabor MLnoa, July 24, 1931* (525)

P U T B 11 307 PHOTOGRAPHIC ILATCS

Coniferous Hosts

Abies balsamea (L.) M ill, Balsam Fir.

Plate 12, figs., 19, 20, 21, Mlndarus abletinus Koch (409, 816).

Plate 13, figs., 22, 25, effects three years after infestation

(601.1, 601.2).

Larix larlcina (DuKoi) K. Koch, Tamarack.

Plate 14, figs., 24, 25, 26, Cinara laricus Hartig (421a, 421b,

6 0 0 ).

Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, White Spruce.

Plate 15, figs., 27, 28, Cinara palmerae (G illette) (509).

Plate 16, fig s., 29, 30, Cinara curvipes (Patch) (624).

Plate 17, fig s., 31, 32, Cinara piceicola (Cholodkovsky) (887).

Flate 17, fig s., 33, 34, llindarus abletinus (Koch) (830).

Plate 18, figs., 35, 36, Adelges abietis Linn. (464, 464.1)

Plate 19, fig ., 37, Adelges similis (G illette) (526).

Plate 19, fig ., 36, Adelges abietis Linn. (464).

Picea Mariana (M ill)B. S. P., Swamp or Black Spruce.

Plate 20, figs., 39, 40, Cinara palmerae (G illette) (849),

Pin us Strobus Linn., Eastern White Pine.

Plate 21, figs., 41, 42, 43, Cinara strobi (Fitch) (527, 633).

Plate 22, figs., 44, 45, Cinara strobi (Fitch) (919). fig. 19. X n M l otoa tips of Bnloon Hr. ibU» koloonoi (Linn.) Mill, ngs. 19 u i 20, Boook Hill Kn I, latlgonloh County, Juno 16, 1950. (409)

r

- * * ■ r0 * ~

A Tig. 20* Young i t m tips of ! > ! ♦ ! fig. 21* Clooo-up of lnfoatod. trig M i n t * ( U t . ) Mill, lnfoatod m a o - of Boloaa fir vlth aphid, Iftilam Ml*- ■U.4. W*4*WI ohlotl— bak, roanlt- tlnua Kook. JUuto 4, 2 nl. I. T. Aati- lag in » ootto^y or n u r y appoaranoot gooiak, irtigoriak County, Juno 27, 1953. oauatag tvlotlng or onrling of now (Hid) noodloo. (409) P U B 12 rig. 22. ft**i tfftoti of 1990 infoatatioa of aphid* Mladnrnj ablotlnua Zooh, oaualng oorly aoodloa. Tho 1991 growth on tlpo of Abioa balanaoo (lino* ) kill la noranl. Sunnybmo, Piotou County, July 28* 1951. (401.2)

Pig. 23. dial lor hoot ao la fig. 22 oaoopt showing additional aoraal 1952 yonr'a growth* Spoadn Ufco, U m t a r g Comty, daguot 12* 1992. (601.1)

P U R 12 31C

rig. 24. Alata and aprfcarous forna of the larofc Aphid, Cinara larloia (Hartig), faading on atan of U r l § lariolna (DuRol) fooh. Vast R W a r Road, Antigonlsh Coun­ ty, Juna 29, 1950. (421b) A

fig, 25. Saattamd oolony of Cinara fig* 25. Cloaa—up of typioal oolony larloia (Hartig) on tha staai of tba tana of staa faading aj hoax as in fig, 24. Vast U r n Road, (Bartig)t host, Jntigoaish County, Juna 29, 1950. Xodi, Antigonii (421a) Juna 19, 1952. (000) PLUS 14 Tig. 27. Young White Spraoe. £&92± (Moenoh) Th i in open field in fas­ ted vlth aphid, Cinara p U n r u ((alltttV), looated m axillary kruohti near tap of tree. Glllia Lake, Capa Braton County, C. B., July 12, 1991. (909)

fig. 2B. Cleae-«p af a pat tad apraae aphid, QLaara aelaerna (Qillatta) in top- aoit n i l l u 7 k r u d t M af yaaag Flaaa glanoa (Moeadk) Yea a, attaadad By larga rad ant. Glllia Lake, Capa Brataa Ceenty, C. 1., Jtly 12, 1991. (909) FLAT! 19 312

Pig. 29, Aptaroua and alata fonu of larga bronaa atom faading aphid, Cinara ourrlpaa (Patoh), at ration of naw growth oa at am of vhlta apruoa, Ploaa glaupa (UoanohJ Voaa, Baarar Uountaln Road, Antigoalah County, July 4, 19% 2. (*24)

Pig, 30. Cloaa-up of both aptaroua and alata forma of tha bow-laggad fir aphid, Cinara ourrlpaa (Patoh) faading on young atam of Ploaa £lauga (Uoaadh) Voaa, BaaVar Uountaln Road, Antlgoniah County, July 4, T55J7 (624) PLATS 16 Pig. 31. Young stea of Plop* glauoa fig* 32. Close-up of s u m host and (Moenoh) Voss infested with Cinara ploel- aphid as fig* 31 f showing dark brown oola (CfcolodkoTsky)* Port rfZeTTnisT'BEpe to greenish aprtsrous spruoe aphids on Brecon, August, 12, 1953* (887) young stow attended by ants* (887/

Pig. 33, Young braaoh of Pigga glauoa fig* 34, Close-up of saae host and (Uoenoh) Voss infested with floooulent aphid as fig* 331 showing flooouleaoe aphid, Mlndarus ablgtinus (Xoohj* Jis- and drops of honey daw produoed by town, Aatlgonish County, July 5, 1933* this stea feeding aphid, |B30) (830) PUTE 17 ri|, 33, Yto| Vhlte Ipnut* flaw il«aa> (Hamdk) T m i ,

f l | . 96* Onvlal itaa tlpe o f Piooo flwni (Me— oh) Ten ik«ria| oene-like or pineapple folio feroed hgr f— 1— ef Wool peril— of oeedlee oo reeult of lafeeta- tl— ef Adoldoo ahlotlo Idem, Meet tl— r Rood, Astifeaiah County, Aufust 9, 1 9 9 0 . (464) r u n is 315

fig. 37. Loot* teminal falls on current year’s growth of Ploos glauoa (Uoenoh) Voss* oaused by the adelfld* AdsIdss sinilie (QllletteJ*imich attack spruoe alone* Sleaue lake* Guys bo rough County* inly 27* 1951* {326}

fig. 38* Close-up of Easter* Spruoe (Jail AAslgld {Aphid)* Adelges abietis Idan* illustrating fusion of swollen needle bases resulting in oene-llkeorpine- applo-ehaped galls an flosa glauoa (Uoenoh) Vees* Route 7* Aatigonish County* August 9* 1990* (464) P L & R 19 316

Fig. 36. Part of largo donao oolony of blaafc aptorouo •pottod aprto* aphida* Cinara oalnorao (G&llotto). Tho oolony oztondod orar a foot along tho a ton of tho swanp or ilaoic'aprooo, Fiona nariana (10.11) B.3.P. Maw Harbour* Quyaborough County. July 17* 1953. (846)

fig. 40. doao-np of onno hoot aa fig. 39 ah owing a pot tod apruoo aphlda food- Ing on atoai boloo aoodloa with hoada pointing downward along tho at on. Mow Har­ bour* Quyaborough County* July 17* 1653. (849)

PLttl 2D Pig. 41. Sm II oelany tf apterous aphids* Cinara strobi (ntoh)f feeding am stan tip of yonag ^ l t e Pina* Finns Strebns Idnn. with ants la attendance. Sloane Lake* Quysberough County* July 27* 1931. (527)

Plg« 42* Penr alata • te»-feedlag Pig* 43. A few scattered apterous f a m e af Cinara atrebl (Pitch) with ap- forss af Itrebi (Pitch) an stan terens young an otasi tip af young Finns ef naia Strobes ttrobua‘ Idnn. Soatsbnrn*“ ‘ “Floto* * <5=ty* Sloane (ska* Quysboroughh County.County* July 27* July 6, X052. (633) 1P51. (527) P U I S 21 ttf. 44. largo oolooy of aotlvo aptsroa* Whits Pino Aphids* Cinara strobi (fitoh) on baric of Main truak of host* Flaoa strobns Linn, Many ants in attan- danos. Jiatoon* Antlgonish County* August 21* 1953* (919)

ri|, 49. Closo-up of Claara strobi (lltoh) oa >iaus strobus Idan. sborial astallio blask aptoroos foras vlth vhito poalaoso spots oa dsraai aad throo lat— oral vhito spots* Avail trass* hoarily imfostod vlth this aphid* nay bo ssrloaaly lajurod or kilLsd, Jlatooa* Aatifoaiah Couaty, August 21* 1993* (919) KATE 22 319 PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES

Deciduoua Hoata

Ac t rubrua Linn., Red lhple.

Plate 25, fig*»» A6, 47, Drepanaphia parrua (Salth) (615).

Ac t aaccharua Harah, Sugar Haple.

Plate 24, fig., 48, Drepanaphia utahenaia (Knowlton and Smith)

(555).

Acer aaccharinua Linn., Silver Haple.

Plate 24, figa., 49, 50, Drepanaphia acerifoliae (Thoaaa) (554).

Alnua ap., Alder.

Plate 25, figa., 51, 52, Proclphilua ap. Koch (899).

Aaalanchler Wiegandii Nells, Wild Pear.

Plate 26, figa., 55, 54, 55, Aphla erataegifoliae (Patch) (422a).

Plate 26, fig., 56, Rhapaloalphf fitchii (Sanderaon) (422b).

Plate 27, figa., 57, 56, 59, Aphla ceraaifoliae (Pitch) (521).

Betula lutea Hichx., Tellow Birch.

Plate 28, fig., 60, Aphia aaculatae Oeatlnnd (645).

Plate 26, figa., 61, 62, Meoayydobiua aaerlcanne (Baker) (520).

Plate 29, figa., 65, 64, Calaphia ep. Walah (628).

Betula papyrifera Marah, Paper Birch.

Plate 50, figa., 65, 66, 67, Buoeraphia betulae Linn. (455a, b).

Plate 51, fig., 68, Meoayydoblua aaericanua (Baker) (616).

Plate 51, fig., 69, Haaaaeliatea aplnoaua (Shlaer) (654). 3 20 Crataegua monogyna Jacq., English Hawthorn.

Plata 52, figa., 70, 71, Aphia crataaglfollaa Fitch (610).

Crataegua macroaperwa var. acutibola (Sarg.) Bggl., Hawthorn.

Plata 55, figa., 72, 75, Prociphilua corrugatana (Sirrine) (651).

Praxlnua amartcana Linn., White Aah.

Plata 54, figa., 74, 75, 76, Prociphilua renafuacua (Patch) (505).

Plata 55, fig., 77, Periphyllue ta&tudinaceaa (Farnia) (615).

Fagua grandifolia Ehrh., Baach*

Plata 55, fig., 78, Phyllaphia fagi (Linn.) (450). lialua pumila Linn., Appla.

Plata 56, figa., 79, 80, 81, Aphia poni DaQaar (419).

Plata 56, fig., 82, Aphla poni DaQaar (459).

Populua balaaau-fara Linn., Balaam Poplar.

Plata 57, figa., 85, 84, Chaltophorua populallua Gillette A

Palmar (447) •

Plata 58, figa., 85, 86, Pemphigua Junctiaanaoriatua Haxson (502).

Plata 58, fig., 87, Pemphigua populi-renae (Fitch) (508).

Populua grandldentata Hichx., Large Toothed Aapen.

Plata 59, figa., 88, 89, Chaltophorua populifollaa Daria (445).

Plata 59, figa., 90, Chaltophorua populifollaa Darla (457).

Populua tramuloidaa Hichx., Trembling Aapan.

Plata 40, figa., 91, 92, 95, Aaiphum aacculi Gillette (429).

Plata 41, figa., 94, 95, Aaiphum aacculi Oillatta (501).

Plata 42, fig. 96, Aaiphxwi roaettei Haxaon (428).

Plata 42, fig., 97, Pterocca— t populifollaa (Fitch) (458a). Plate 43, fig*, 96, Perlphyllus pop-ulicolus (Thomas) (654).

Plate 43, fig., 99, Periphyllus populicolus (ihomas) (458b)* *

Prunus pensylvanica Linn, f., Pin Cherry.

Plate 44, figs., 100, 101, Aphis cerasifollae Fitch (882).

Plate 45, figs., 102, 103, 104, My?; u s cerasi (Fabricius) (420)

Corylus cornuta Marsh, Hazel Hut.

Plate 46, fig*, 105, Myzocallxs alnifoliae (Fitch) (672). puercus borealis Michx, f., keel Oak.

Plate 46, fig., 106, Myzocallis hella (Aalsh) (677).

^allx spp. (Tourn.) Linn., Willow.

Plate 47, figs., 107, 108, Aphis sa'liceti Kaltenbach (517).

Plate 48, fig., 109, Aphis saixceti Kaltenbach (517).

Plate 48, fig., 110, Aphis saliceti Kaltenbach (865a).

Tilla amerlcana Linn., Linden, Rasswood.

Plate 49, figs., Ill, 112, liyzocallis tiliae (Linn*) (437b)*

Ulmus americana Linn., White Kim.

Plate 50, figs., 113, 114, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausman) (437b)

Plate 50, fig., 115, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausman) (437a). rig, 46. Normal unlnfeated leaves of rad maple, Aoor rubrum L. Antigonish, Antigonish County, Juna 20, 1952,

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Fig. 47. Terminal la are e on branoh of Aoor L. Infoatad on underalda by alata and apterous forma of Drepanaphia parrua oaualng leaves to ourl. forming a type of peeudo-gall. Antlgoniah, Ant County, Juna 20, 1952, P U T S 23 Fifi. 46. Heavy infestation of scattered colonies of Drspanaphls utahenals (Knowlton & Smith) on underside of leaves of the au^ar maple. Ac t saooKarum Marsh. All stages of agamic individuals are present. Antigonish, Antigonish County! Aug­ ust 22, 1951, (535)

fig. 49. Soettered oolonlea of Djfay rig. 50. Close-up of one elate and ana phis aoerlfolll (Thomas) on uaderstle immature PrapaMtthli aoerlfolll (Thomas) of leaves of silver maple, Acer saoohai*- on undsrslAe o^ leaf of Aper saooharinm lnuas Linn. Antlgonish, Anttgonish <5ouss* Linn. Antlgonlsh, Antigomlsh County, "ty> August 18, 1951. (534). August 18, 1951. (534) S24

rig. 51* Very dent* oolonlet of the berk feeding woolly elder aphid, Prool— ^LUjJ* epp, extending along sheltered tide of stems of Ain us epp. Xooh in olumps of from on* to twelve inohes. Lorn*, Cape Breton, August l5, 1953, (899)

rig. 52. Close-up of the woolly alder aphid, Proolphilus epp, feeding on bark of Ai»iie epp, Iooh, The white flooouleat spots are arranged in transverse rows aldfl^TO* dorsvei. Ko other alder in this vaoinity was Infested, Lome, Cape Bre­ ton, August 13, 1953, (099) P U T S 29 t52E

rig. 53. Normal unlnfostod tornlnol rig* 54. T*min*l shoot *nd undor*- loovos of wild j m u 1, Aool*nohlor Wltgto* ■Id* of Iootoo of Ann l*pohlor Wloi dll Nlolo, Moot Rlwor Ho U | Intigonloh Nlolo infostod withrpafisMBaim County, Juno 29, 1950. (422*) 1 * 0 (P*toh). Woot RlT*r Ro*d, Antlgo- nioh County* Juno 29, 1950* (42?*)

rig. 55. tbdoroldoUMoroias oiof lo*wos of — rig. 56. Ubdorsldo of lo*f of 4jj- «Nlolo U 1 « Infostod wlTC olnnohlor Nlodondll Nlolo donooly TS- inoo ooj r of Anhlo or*i tmsi iostodwith T O p lO>iDh« fltohll (3*»- (Potoh)* lyrphld _ .______l a m o upon _. doroan). Voot h n r R o m , Antlgo[onloh •phido. Wost RlTor Rond* Antigonish County, Juno 29, 1950. County, Juno 29, 1950.(422*) PLATE 26 (422h) 326

Fig. 57. Uhdaraid* of loaf of Aaalanohlar Wlagandilw: Mala haarily infaatad with -rarloua atagaa of laaf-faadlng aphid. ApnlT oaraal■lfollaa (fitoh}. Station II, Rout* 7, Antigoniah County, July 24, 1951* (521a)

r w K

fig. 58. Manrnl uninfaatad taminal Curling taminal laavaa at laavaa of Analanahlar Wlagandil Hi a la. Mala oauaad by Station H , Rout a 7, Antigonish County, toh} on undoraid* July 24, 1 951. (321a) , Rout* 7, Anti— goaiah County, July 24, 1 9 5 1 , (521a) PLATE 27 Fig. 60. Terminal growing tip of young yellow biroh, Betula lutea kiohx., attaoked by the spotted poplar aphid. Aphis aaoulatae Oestlund, oausing the young stem and leaves to wilt and disoolor, Collin^wood, Cumberland County. July 7, 1952. (643)

i

Fig. 51. Small oompaot oolony of Fig. 62. Dense oolony of barfe-feed- ohooolate oolored aphids. WeosYuydoblue ing aphida, Maoevmrdobius amerioaaus (Baker) feeding on nardened (Baker) on siem of Aetula siem of Jetula lutea Mlohx. Station II. Q u o i a n form and very aotivs when die- Route 7. Antigonish County, July 24. 1951. turbed. Station II, Route 7, Antigonish (520). PLATS 20 County, July 24, 1951. (320) 528

rig, 63. Young aptsrous oolonios of Calaphit spp. Walsh fooding on undaroids of loaf of yallow biroh, Batula lutoa Miohx., tanding to oluator along aidrib. Crssn Hill, PiotoP County, July i9 1952, (628;

I

i

Tig. 64. Light groon, traaoluoont aptsrous agaaio fonts of Calaphis a pp. Walsh, soattorod on tho undaraido of loaf of Batula lutoa Miohx. in typical faadlng position. Ctraan Hill, Piotou County, July 7, 1972. (628) PLATE 29 Pig. 63. Normal uninfaatad boat, whit* blroh, Batula papyri fara Marah. rig. 66. Alata Europaan blroh aphid, Kuo#r*phi* batula# Lion. op thumb nail, rig. 67. Dana# oolony of aptaroua and alatawoolly Europaan blroh aphida, Ijf oaraphl* batula# Uan. on uadaralda of laaf of Batula papyrlfara Marah. Crystal fill/fa, Antigoniah County, July 12. 1930. (453a,b) FIATE 30 330

fig. 66. Small oolony of item-feeding aphida* Ne o aymydob 1 ui ijmrl oan ua (Bakerj feeding on the baric of Batula papyrifera Marah. Rout'e4, f 'm f . W. Antigonlah, intigoniah County, June 1953. (61a;

rig. 69. Alata and apteroua forma of Bamameliitea opiaoaua (Shlaer) feeding on tha undereIda of laavaa batwaan tha principle vaina of Batula papyrlfera Marah. Scotabum, Piotou County. July 6. 1952. (634) PUTS 31 r 331

rig. 70. Young ston tip of English Hawthorn, Cratasgus aonogyna Jaoq. in- fastsd with tho long-b«aJcod olovai— hawthorn aphiA.Aphis oratasglfollao fitoh. Antigonish, Antigonish County, Juna 10, 1052. (610)

Pig. 71. light grwsn Aphis orataogjfollaa fltoh on lsarss and twigs of Crataatfus aonogyna Jaoq. aswintar nosx. S u m r host is rod olorwr. Antigo­ nish, anxlgonlan County, Jons 10, 1952* (010) PLATE 32 fig. 72. N o nul and infaatad leaTaa of tha Hawthorn, CratMfti naoroaparaa r a r . aoutlbola (Sarg.) Eggl. Alata and aptaroua foms of Prool phllua oorrugatana (Sirrlna) on undaralda of lnarat* oauaad laaraa to ourl and turn a dark purpla In ration of psaudo-gall. Jiatown, Antigoniah County, July 5 f 1953. (93l)

fig. 73. l«rga black ant attandlng aptaroua oolony of Proolnbllua oomigatana (Sirrlna) Inal da purpla paaudo-gall on undaralda of loaf of Crataagua naoroapama m r . aoutlbola (Sarg.) Eggl. Jiatown, Antigoniah County, July 3* 1953. (831) PLATE 33 355

rig. 74. Infastad branch, of tha winter host* White Ash, fnarinui ansrloona L, with tha barfc—feeding, •moky-wlngad Ash Aphid* Prool phi lm ranafuaoua (Patch). Capa George, Antigoniah .County, Juna 28, 1951* ' (503)

s

(503 ) fig, 79. Young oolony with ataai Moth­ Pig* 76. Madlua bream, heavily floo- er of nraglj^i^ia vana^uagug (Patoh) on oulant aphida, Proolphllua vanafeaoue branch of saae host aa above but taken two (Patch) feed] on baric of winter boat yaara later, Capo George, Antigoniah Co,, L.I at hoat, Juna 23, 1953, (814) roots or ADioe acaa (L) Mill, Capa PLATE 34 Georg* Aal o., Jtma 28, 1951, rig, 77. Blaolciah -graa n to grayish—yello* apterous and alata forma of Pori- phyllua teatudinaoaa (Pernio) feeding on petioles and both sides of leaves of white Ash* ftuuclnua a marloans L, The European Maple Aphid la normally reoorded from Aoar spp*» bui soatierel oolonias vara present on this Whita Ash, Anti— gonish, Antigoniah County* Juna 20, 1952, (615)

Pig, 78, Whitish floooulaaoa and exuviae on tha undaralda of laavaa of tha Beeoh* Padua grandlfolla Ehrh, indicating tha prasanoa of Phyllaphla f«jfl (L). Eaah floooulent mass oontaina ona aphid* antIraly hlddan by It, Interval nel areas on doraal laaf surfaoa ara diaoolorad light yellowish and svollan, Sta­ tion I* Palnaont Road* Antigoniah County* July 4 * 1950* (430) PLATE 35 J535 k . A \/

„ * k - * '• V V- VTi

Fig, 79. Normal unlafested ■tom tip Fig. 80. Hearily infested growing of apple, Ualus pumila L. » W. Rirer stem tip of Mfclni £umila L. with ter­ •load, Antigonish CowEy, Jun« 29, 1950, minal buds, leareeand stem attacked (419) by ths appls aphid. Aphis poml DsGeer, W. AlTer Road, Antigo[oni'sh County, June 29, 1950. (419)

lFig. oi«81, Apterous anaand alateftisvi forms of Fig. 82. Ventral leaf surface of Anhls pomi DeGeer oausing leafleal our ling Malus pumlla L. attacked by Aphis poml on stem t!lp of Malus msslla L.L, N, Shore beGoer, ill stages of agamio, apter- Road, Antigonish County,;ouaty, July 11, 1950. ous forms are present with many exurlast (439) W. Hirer Road* Antlg. ,June 29,1950. PLATE 36 (419) 336

f rig. 83. Terminal leaves of young winter host, Balaam Poplar, Populua balaaro- lferaa Linn, forming peeudo—gall aa result of aphid, Chaltonhorua populsllua flli- Tette• and Palmer, living on underaide of younger leaves folded under on midrib. Station 4, North Shore Road, Antigoniah County, July 12, 1950, (447)

Pseudo-gall from Populua balsam!fora Linn, opened showing apterous tophorui populellua Gillette and Calmer soattered along either aide x m : m sttn on 4, North Shore Road, Antigonish County, July 12, 1950. (447) PLATS 37 rig. 85. The poplar petiole— leaf gall on Balaan Poplar* Populua balaaalfera Linn, caused by the gall aphid* PawpMtfua dunqtissneorlatua Maxi on. flia gall cora*- poaed mostly of swollen petiole* ia pale yellowish—grven tinged with reddiah apota. Station 3* Fairmont Road* Antigoniah County* July 3* 1951. (502/

Pig* 66. Bala an Poplar patiole-leaf fig* 07. The poplar-veia gall aphid* gall cut open revealing agaaiio females Pemphigus populi-veaae (Fit oh) on P o q and immature* of Naphiftti Junotlsenaor- lus bslaamlfere L. pausing greenish yel- latua Maxaon. larval prwoetora were am to reddish galls along leaf midrib. found In each gall. Sta. 3* Fairmont Rd.* hooh Lonond* Cape Breton. July 11. 1951. Antig. Co.. July 3. 1951. (502) P U T S 38 (508) 338

Tig. 88. Normal unlnfoatod loaf of Largo Toothod Aapon. Populua drandldontata filchx. Station 4, North Shoro Road. Antigoniah County. July l2,' IwO,

TA

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fig. 89. Saattorod oolony of oloi fig. 90. Bottom loaf aurfaoo of « ingod Aapon Aphid. Chaltophorua popull- Pojn^U drandldontata llLohx. attaokod folia# Dario. on top of loaf surfaoo or by palo yollooloh groon. tranarorooly ,uo o r a a ^ M U U Mlohx. (Loaf toara ■tripod, aptaroua forma of Chaltophorua not oauoodod by tpU^aj. Sta. 4. N. Shoro DaTia. Poaall Rd. . JUtiTZpopulifollao Rd.t July 12. 1950. (443) PLATE 39 Co., July 25, 1950. (d57) rig. 91. Inrga psaudogall on host, Populua tremuloldas Ml oh*., oausad by tha As pan Laaf—Pooka t Aphid, Aslphxv aaooull dllatta. Station 1, fairmont Hoad, Antigonish County, July 4, 1950. (429)

Pig. 92. Psaudogall of Aslphun aaoou- Pig* 93. Psaudogall of Aslphun n o ­ il Glllatta In ralatloo to"normal laarat oull Glllatta In prooass of formation of" host, Populua trtwuloidaa Mlohx. Sta» on host, Populua tramuloldas Mi oh*, Sta. tion 1, Pair*ont Ha., Antlg. Co., July 4, 1, PaimontRd., Anilg. <2o., July 4,I960 1950, (429) (429) PLATI 40 rig. 94. Large pseudogall taken from same host, Fopulus triHttlolltl Miohx. as in Pig. 91, hut a year later. Pseudogall oaused by Is pen Laaf—I^ooket Aphid, Aei- uhum saooull Gillette. Station 1* Tairmont Hoad, Antigonish County, June 23, 1951 (501)

Pig. 95. Pseudogall as in above figure, out open to reveal apterous agasiio fonts and young of Aajphun saooull Gillette on hoot Pooulus tremuloldes Miohx. Station 1, Fairmont ftoad, Antigonish County, Juno 28, 19^1. (501) PLATE 41 r

r rig, 96. Patiola f*«ding aphid, Aalphuw roaattll Maxaon on Aapon Poplar, Popu­ lua tranuloldaa Uiohx,, oauaing laavaa to clump to^athar forming protaotivu oan- opy ovar aphiia. Moatly aptaroua and faw alata forma prasant. Station 1, Pair- mont Road. Antigoniah County, July 3, 1950, £*28) r

/ V

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fig, 97, Tha Spottad Poplar Aphid, Aphia maoulataa Oaatlund faading an uppar laaf furfaoa of Populua tranulolAaa id onz. Aptaroua forma vith'whita a pot a on doraal and lataral lntaraagmantal linaa. Cryatal Cliffa, Antigoniah County, July 25, 1950. PLATE 42 (458a) Pig. 96. PtrlpterUm populloolus (Thoms) an terminal stems and upper leaf surfaoes of Aspen Poplar* ropulus trsunloldes Uiohx. Syrphld fly ovipositing near edge of leaf. Station 2, Vest River Road, 'Antigonish County, July 30, 1952* (654}

rig. 99. Dense oolony of apterous forms of the Cloudy~winged Poplar Aphid, PerlnhvHus populloolus (Thomas), on basal portion of upper leaf surfaoe of P o ^ - ulus tresmuoldes ktohtl Crystal Cliffs, Antigonish County, July 25, 1950. (3 5 5b ) PLATE 43 fig. 100. Tominal l i t m of young Pin Chorry» Prunui ponaylyanloa L. f. our lad and u l f o n t d as roiult of Choko Chorry Aphid. iiEI» oorylfollao Pitch, fooding on undaralda of Im t m . Station 1, St. 7, Antig. Co., July 10, 1953. (832)

Pig. 101. Syrphld fly ovipositing in young oolony of Anhlo oornoifollao Pltoh on undaralda of omrlad loaf of Pmnuo nanaylyanloa L. f. Station 1, Routo 7, Antig* Co., July 10* 1993, (832) PLATS 44 Fig. 102. M o m l uninfosted torminol looms of Pin Chorry* Prunus ponsylmnloo L, f. Wost Riror Rood* Antigonish County* Juno 29, 1970* (420)

Pig. 103* Lhdorsido of curling torw- Pig, 104, Tightly ourlod and rij>- insi looms of young Prunus ponsylTonloo plod undorourfsoo of Infostod loof of L, f. infostod with opto'rous and slot# Prunes ponsylTonloo X*. f• * onusod by f o n u of Hlsok Chorry Aphid* Mrs us ooro— foodlng of w i m oorosl (fob rial us). V. •1 (rabrloius), W. Rlv, Rd.* Antlg.* Co. Riy. Rd,, Antlg. £o,* Juno 29* 1990, Tuno 29, 1950. (420) PLAT! 45 (420) Jig. 109. Otderslde of loaf of Haaol Mrt( Corvine oornate Marsh, with groon apterous aphids. Mrsooallla alnlfollao (Jltoh)* foodlng along nidrlb and lateral t o Ins. Spondu Lnke, Lunenburg County. August 8 . 1992. (972)

Fig. 106. CMorolde of Bod Oak. (hwroao borealis Mlahx., infostod with light greeniah-yellew aphid* lhmooallla hollo rWalshJ, with apterous and elate fono soattored nostly along the nidrlb.Spondu lake* taonburg County, August 8. 1952. («77) FLATS 46 H | , 107. Craving sten tip of Soils op* (Tourn.) Linn, heerlly Infostod with tho freon and Pink Willow Aphid. Aphis sallootl Xaltenbaoh. Station 1. Routs 7. Antigonish County. July 24. 1091* (917) r

*

1 f A ll|. 106. Colony of l A j A snliootl Inltonbeoh feeding on bark of terminal shoots of Sails sp« (Tourn. ;Liam. Seas individuals aro applo-greeni others piak^ ish to rust-red in ooler. Station 1. Route 7. Ant ideal sh County. July 24. 1991. rust <7 r i | ( 109. Toralnal shoot of jrMBf Solix op. (Tourn.) Linn. lnfostod with lartfo oolonv of Ankis oaliootl Saltonbaoh. Station 1* Rout* 7. latlfonioh County, July 24, 1 9 5 1 . ------(517)

fid. U O . IMoroldo of lonf of ltll» op. (Tourn.) Linn. attaokod hy Iphlo oollooti Ealtoafcaoh, oauolnf loocroo to ourl and dlooolor. Ono prodotor tyrphid larva prooont and oovoml optorouo aphids vlth ohdonlao soollod to round hall no rosult of la torn al larval paraoltoo. Station 1. Vklnoont M . , Jatif. Co., July 27, 1953. (6M>a) * FLATS 46 *

<

/ A M|, HI . Saattered oolony of tho Lin don Aphid, Itraonallls till— (Linn.), on tbo underside of lonf of tho Llndon (Boawood), Tlllo anorlosna Linn. Crystal Cliffs, Antigonish County, July 19, 1950. (440)

Plf, 112* Oidoraldo of loaf of Tllla aggglooga Idnn* with ooattorod oolony of apterous and aInto ferns of Mraooallls tlllao (Idnn.). Alate rlrlpara, light yel- lov with bln ok lateral Tittae on head and thorax, oontlnuod on abdoaln by aodlally broken blank bands and lateral areas. Tory entire when disturbed* Crystal Cliffs, Aatifaoiah County, July 13, 1990. (446) FLAT! 49 349

' \ //JP"

Mg. 113. Mar— 1 imlnfootod torminal lo*T«a of tho Whlto Ela* aaorloaaa Lion. St. Proaols lari or Cutpua, Antigoniah, July 8, 1990. ( I m i

fig. 114. Typloul light yellow loaf- fig. 113. Ikdoreido of lnfoatod oluotor gallo or rooottoo oo Q m i aaorl— loaf of P L m m aaorloaaa U m . with ap— oaaa Idjuu oauood hy tho *ftt11xiiB ‘p |j| tooua a i l aaoy alatao of fc-loooMa laa- K o i c o a laaldorwa (lauoaaa). St. F* X . l iKSC (■**•*>*) vlth floooulonoo aad GaapueV Aatigoaiom# July 8 . 1990. (437b) aoaoy door ondato. St. f. X . Caapao, P ( > f | go Aatlgoaieh, July 8. 1990* (437a) 350 PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES

Shrubs and Herbaceous Plants

Achilleae Millefolium Linn., farrow*

Plate 51, figs., 116, 117, Macroslphmn ludovieianae (Oestlund)

(826).

Sonchus sp., Sow Thistle.

Plate 52, fig., 118, Amphorophora sonchi (^estlund) (881).

Anaphalis margaritacea (Linn.) 8. & H., Pearly Everlastinr.

Plate 52 fig., 119, lacroslphun ambrosiae (Thomas) (445).

Arctium spp. Linn., Bur

P l a t e S3, 1'i.g. 12C, Arhis fabae Scopoli (452).

Arctium minus (Hill), Common burdock.

Plate 53, figs., 121, 122, Aphis fa> ae Scopoli (980).

Aster umbellatus bill., Tall White Aster.

Plate 54, figs., 123, 124, Macrosiphun ambrosiae (Thomas) (304).

Barbarea vulgaris ii. Hr., Yellow Hocket.

Plate 55, figs., 125, 126, 127, Rhopalosipnum pseudobrassicae

(Davis) (505).

Cornus atolonifera Michx., Red Osier Dogwood.

Plate 56, fig. 128, Aphis hellanthi Monell (434).

Plate 56, figs. 129, 130, Aphis neopillettel Palmer (522).

Eupatorlum maculaturn Linn., Joe Pyo Weed.

Plate 57, figs., 131, 132, Macrosiphum ambrosiae (Thomas)

(461). 351 Helianthus tuberosus Linn., Artichoke.

Plate 58, fig., 153, Aphis oardul Linn. (453).

Galeopsis tetrahit Linn., Hemp Nettle.

Plate 58, fig., 134, Capitophorus ribis Linn. (697).

Hieracimri scabrum Michx., Hough Hawkweed.

Plate 59, figs., 135, 136, Macros iphum rudheckiae (Fitch) (641)

Luplnus polyphyllus Lindl., Lupine.

Plate 60, figs., 137, 138, Macrosiptnjn albifruns Lssip (504),

Poa spp,t Linn., Grass.

Plate 61, fig., 139, Macrosjphun granarium (Kirby) (040).

Plate 61, fig., 140, Ampihorophora nebnlosa H. cv P. (693).

Kosa florabunda, Cultivated Rose,

Plate 62, fig., 141, Macrosiphum rosae (Linn.) (450).

Kumex crispus Linn., Curled Dock.

Plate 62, figs., 142, 143, Aphis rumicis Linn. (637).

Senecio Jacobaea Linn., Ragwort, Stinking Viillie.

Plate 63, figs., 144, 145, Aphis cardui Linn. (570).

Solidago spp. Linn., Goldenrod.

Plate 64, fig., 1 4 6 , Macros iphum rudbeckiae (Fitch) (903).

Plate 64, figs., 147, 148, Macrosiphum erigeronensis (Thomas)

(523, 523.2).

Spirea latifolia berk, Meadow Sweet.

Plate 65, fig., 149, Aphis spiraephlla Patch (423).

Plate 65, fig., 150, Aphis sr iraephila Patch (888).

Viburnum cassinoldee Linn., (did Raisin.

P l a t e 66, figs., 151, 152, Aphis viburniphlla Patch (525). ng. 116. Thm m m Ymtw. 4ehlU#> MXllmtoUm Lina.. lafaatad with tha >phld| I t o o w i l A i lndorlolawaa (Oaatlund). V. St. t o i m i . Aatlgooiah County. (826)

rig. 117. larga yallawiah alata-graaa, allgbtly yvlvarmlast aphid. Maoroal lit (OaatluDd), with hath apiaroua aad alata fame ftadlag ha ad d ^ n f ^ i t t a ^ o l * y 2 m , iahlllaa M U & S & i l S ^ u * *• *• *'• ladrawa, Aatigoaiah Couaty. July 4, I M S . VtATB 91 (835) 353

118, l U t i tni apt*roue fo of Awphorophora aoaohl (Oestlund) heart Ly infecting growing it** tip and blocs of tho Sow Thistle. Sonohua sp. (Tourn.) Linn, ao i n w r boat* Vint or host* loavos of Hi boa tpp. intlgoniah* Aatlgo- nlah County* August 12* 1953* (8B1)

fli, 1 1 9 . Tomlnal Im t m of Pearly Brarlaatlag* flAniuj B. stad !•* iafostod with tho Broon Jabroaia Apua* (Thosaas). Spittle laaoota in looor loaf axila. Station 4* iatigonish County* July 12* 1990* (449) P U T ! 92 (089) Cfi.asru •ccfft 'or * 9k w «*©q (ow) ‘U« t •*%»« (i t th ) aitss? *© m i *tc«i *ot *>n ** *f»«f ( m i ) mtkjk mftSSf **D©pMg vem ¥ ♦wnm m — w ‘m il *%•* -**o j* m um iw im *t *»•%■ m >«t -!•© *TTo4oef PSfif *W F ’BT *fW -P**j n^Mf Ww TIT *IW

P*

(icO *zz V 1 » ? -n»r «M*mTf • i i *« t ; i ©p t m »p m m 9« tp*« j < n n r »n©x©og © m *j ' m i l P«T?»*J «•** X* Xl©*i©u©%» * *WFt •d* eK^iBSy «^Depjtmg *(x t *nx

PSS *U. 123. The Brown Anbrootn Aphid, Ihoroilihni anbroalno (iktnu), foodinf on framing atom of i i f r wnbollntnn Mill. Port Boo4, inToraaaa Coonty, C. B.. Aufunt 14, 1953. (904)

ri|. 124. Alnto u l optoronn fomo of tho i u k Brown or aopin oolorod ophid. Mi ar a oink— oahrooioo (Hmwi), foodtnd Bond down on nton of Attor onhoUntoa E f i r f S t r a r S e r w M Connty, C. B.t Anfust 14, 1953. (904)

? U n 54 356 I V W

V

-V \ i rig* 125* Yollor KMkatf Bi — K. Br. M l f o n a i n i tying no ro— suit of tko Tnmip ifhU, PMHoteMilQM (Doris), footing In t: ■tadow a«ab«n n l M m » atoms ossono orortno ontiro plant. Jntlgsalsk, Antigoalah Camtji Jaly 7, 1931. (90S)

n g . 125. rig. 127. l ook aloto ant groonlst apt#mo of (Baris). Hoot. ( £ £ • ) f o J ^ s T i ^ T o f *Io?Saroa*Tol~ Aatlg. » Aatlg. OoT. Paris ft. Br. Jntlg.. Aatlg. Co., J o ly (»») 771551. (909) r u n SS 357

* ? i

A ri|, 12B* lad Oalar Da|>»sd, Caraaa atononlfara MLokc. lafastad with Aphi< ha 11 anthi liaaall at tha baaa af tarainai flavors and fruits. Many larfa blaok ant a TnTKantaaoa. Station 2, fairaoat Road, Antlgtmlsh County, July 3, 1930. (434)

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4 * * V ..A

- 4

ri|. 129* Largs blaok ants la attaar- Fig. 130. a l i w -p a a aytai— ttpM oalsay sf A»jbl« oolaay af Falaar « undaraida sfIsaf oftwiil bad la atalaalfaralftakx« 3ta. 2, tk. ifsim Ml oka. Sta. *. »t.T, ^f j ? 2 r A . , J u y l d , 1951, July 24, 1951. (522) (522) F U S S 56 M | . 131. H o m m tip* Of Joo fr* Impotorlm M o w d o t m IAaa. lofooto* witk ( T k n u ) on p c t l o l M M T n M M , E m u 7, i i t l | o o i d Craty, J&2«s1 (461)

>

fl|. 132*32. «|u m i f*«* of jfrorfUig MfcTtV? foo4in« toad i m m i t M of ttiontorl— — quin W M ^ a . Kirto 7, Antlfooloh C o m t y , i>|ut 0| 1990. (461) N A T B 97 r u . 133. Tho jtlle«likF|rHB TllitU Iphid, Akl» oordal U u . iwtttnd u d olwptd oror tba U m t rarfuM of U w oootrol youof |r«rii| u m i of Artiohoka, U w r t k M tabarona Ida*. la dakllltatios and ikbiafont dooth of hoot. Stl|nltt« A a t i f m a k C m t j i Jmly 7, 1990, (453)

t

» /

L Fl|. 134. U ^ i f m a oftorooo forms of Oositoihoros ribls Ida*, m m d o r - olds of loaf of R m f Vottlo, Golospslo totrohlt Ida., to lou* ooloalos ofcoo m - diotuxhod. VsgotiTSly ykototwopio ohoaloof Is tmrood lots soalidkt. Syoodu loka» Uzaooburf Comity. FlJttS 3B Aofost 12, 1952. (#97) fl|. 139. Mamtfb HuutoModm . n . Hltrtolwi ■oubruw Ulahx.. lnfaiUd with itM foodlaf (fltoh). Colllntfvood.cSmborltnd County, July 7, 1052. (Ml )

ru. 136. tell briak-rod Coldoutflow Aphid, Mnroilafcn rudbookluo (Titoh) food- inf htad d o n on pobooooat it on of Roudb H— too— d. llmolii io«3ri>Blobi. ^6 4 1 ) llafiood, Cnterlnd County. July 7, 1952.

r U O M 50 Yltf, 137* Colony of MoagoolohoB olblfront lailf bo inf proyod upon by Indy Bnf Bootlo, Co ool no 111 dot. Hoti. Umlnm ptlrmrUw Lindl. Jntigoniofc, Jntifoniob Conty, July 10, 1931. (904)

A

■a

V H I * 130* M o b of 1u L | H oolrofcrllmt 14tll, bolnf ottnofcod by blolob-Croon pulTornloot Uwlno IMrillilHi nlblfrtno Kooltf. iitlfwlak, irtl- fonloh QmmXft Jnly ID, 1991* (904)

•¥ run «o Fltf* 139. Grass-grooa aptoreas font* of tho laflisfc Crala Aphid, Macro>lph\a l^aariaa (Urby), on laflorosooaoo u d stoa at bass of iaflarososaoo of frui, roa ap. Lina. Bast of Mslroso, Cayoboroutfh County, July 16. 1953. (B40)

ri|. 140. faall grayish ' b r o w apterous and alato fora* of Jwshorophora oob- slosaosa lottos aad Wisoa, la doaso ooloalos oa bads a d stoa tips of grass, Foa apf m a n . Spoada Iako, laaonbargk County, Anfast 12, 1932. P U T ! 61 n | , 141, R o m floroboad* hMflly iafoitod on tondiol shoots tad bod* with tho polo grooa aoaldllisoroslphw ro>M (Man.), A fov pink or polo ( m s U, s o - laaofolii (iakiatd) ooottom aimd foraor opooloo. iatitfoaish. intidbnloh*County. July a ; 1950. (490)

M|. 142* »toa foodlad Dook Aphids, fig, 143. Tolroty, dull slaty blaok Ls Idnn* so s f lsd dook, kawsx oolony of tpiorou dook aphids, a o a n - _ [aa, kossrillo, Colohostor ^ois Idaa,, olustorsd arouad stoa sador /» July 2, 1952, rloaor axils of Raa» orisons Man, Ross- (637) Tills, Colohostor Gouaty, July 2, 1952, FLAK 62 (637) Pitf* 144* Tho fro an! alr-y allow Thiatlo Aphid* iphii otrdfll Idnn* donaoly oluatorod around atan of Ratfwort, Sonoolo Jaooboao Linn, intltfonlah. Antlfonioh County* August 7* 1953* (678)

fl|. 149* Aptoroua a|iaio form of Anhlo oardni Idnn. oluatorod on atom of Sonooio Jaooboao Idnn* Antlfonioh* Ant lfonioh County * Anfuat 7* 1993, (878)

p u n 63 365

Fig. 146. ilat* and aptaroui form of tho Coldonglov Aphid. Maorooiphw rud— (Fitoh) in tjpioal foodlag position on a t w of Goldoarod. Solldndo i p . nn. Fort Hood. Inrornooo County. C. B., Aagoot 14. 1033. (903)

ni. 11dado op. Idas, ia f o o - FIs. 148. Ught yolloviah larral tod with orldorcttoaolo (flico- prodntor on looor right oido of it o o of no) food: o n on yoiag oton and S o U ^ f s op. Linn, proyiag noon Mnoro» looms. Stn. 3, St. 7, Aatig. Co.. Jnly • i P h f oridorononolo (Thoms). fltn. 3, 25, 1991. g * 7, latlg. Co., Jniy 23, 1931. (323.2) FLATS fig. 149* lit Brown Spiro* Aphid, Anhlo Pntoh in footing stow and tatdoroido of torainnl lonroo onuoing lonf oorl on tnoHoodon Svoot, Splraon Inti- folin Borkh. Tnolvo oopnrnto donso oolonioo worn oollootnd fron thio boot* Sta­ tion 1, Boot Riror Rond, Antlfonioh County, J m 12, 1990. (423)

Pig, 150, Tnrainnl fclooooning ohoot of M g n Inti folin Borkh. oonplotoly oororod with donooly oonpaot oniony of gmyioh nlnto and aptTrouo f « of Ag^g Irtrtltlll* Pntoh, nt hnnn of lnflomoonnon and on mdoroido of onrling lnnmo, Mnplo H lXc o , Inwomooo County, C. B,, Angust 13, 1993. (BBS) PLATB 65 * i

i - /

rij. 151, Hoot, Wild Rail In, Vlburnun oMilaoldii Linn, infiitod at ban* of fruit with aphid, Anhli ▼iburuiphlTa raton. Looabor Mlaoi. hlifnx County, July 26, 1951, (525)

* 4

Tig*t* 152152, Tibural|hlla/ Patoh oluotorlnf on itoa at haso of fruit of Tlbumua oaaiolnoldoo Linn, Looabor ULaoo, Halifax County, July 26, 1951, (525) P U T I 66 TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS

o f

Alate Viviparous Females

PLATE 67, figs. 153-158 Wings

PLATE 68, figs. 159-168 Head and V.'ings

PLATE 69, figs. 169-187 Cornicles and Antennae

PLATE 70, figs. 188-206 Cauda and Anal Plates 369

BFLAlUTIOIf QT PUT! 67

Tor* Wings of Ale to Ylvipsroiu Females

Pig* 153 MiaAaros abletlaas Xooh, fora wlag.

Pig* 154 Perlahylisa (lhaau), fore wlag. Fig. 155 tenooeUls tolls (Walsh), fore wlag.

Fig. 156 Clears strohl (Fitoh), fore wlag.

Pig. 157 geoerephls hstulas (Pooh), fore wlag.

Pig* 156 ChaltoBheraa populifsllae (OSyis), fore wlag. 370

153

154

155

156

157

P U T ! 67 371

npujurcoK or p u n 69

bat ud fia |i of ila t* TlvipamaN m 1 * i

ng. 199 F frnnjjWi popullfaUaa (ntoh). b»d«

ng. 160 InUa aaafraolfollaa (rttob), haad.

ng. 161 bw > oaraal (fabrloiwa), haad,

Plf. 162 Maoroalafcm n » M (idu), bad.

P l|. 163 UnooalUa alalfollaa (ntoh), haad.

fig* 164 Mrm oorMl (fabriolua). hiad wlag.

rig . 165 frloaona Ualgarwn (Xanaaaan), hlad wing.

ng. 166 Praolphll^na rwaafnaona (F a to h ), portion of fora wlag.

n g . 167 labia f a la o n il(Daria), fora wlag*

n g * 169 dphla ponl (DoGoor). fora alag. 9 9 StTIJ

191

99T 591

£91

991

291 19T

09T AST

ZLZ 373

BPUMTIQV Or PUIS 69

Cornioloa aad iatauiM of Alata Yivlparoua I W l * t

rig, 169 >lMroil^» ag££2£4£i (Thonaa ), oornlolo.

rig. 170 16r»na Q«rtil (rab.), oomiola.

rig. 171 Aohlt folaonll (Davis)* oornlolo. rig. 172 jOUjUfo)^ Davit, ooralola.

rig. 173 Pttrmtaa popallfollao (ritoh). oornlolo.

Pig. 174 Pttroowaa popullfollao (Pitoh). tip of oornlolo.

fig. 175 Clnara larlola (Hartig). oornlolo.

n g . 176 Phrllaahla £a£^ (Idas.), oornlolo.

rig. 177 Maoavnydoblna ^nm»T«.t\it (Eooh). oornlola.

rig. 178 Irloaana laalgort (Hauaaaa). oornlolo.

rig. 179 M/aooaUla alnlfollao (ritoh). third aatonnal aognoat.

rig. 180 Chaltophorua popnllfolia# (Ooatlund), third aatoaaal sognoot,

rig. 181 Chaltophorna put 1 H o t Hottoa and Triton, third aatonaal

aognoat.

rig. 182 Kg&gosa l«u>ldorpn (Kauaaana). third aatoaaal aognoat.

rig. 183 Clonm larlola (Hartig). antoana.

rig. 184 dphlt a all oat 1 Xaltoabaoh. sixth aatoaaal aognant.

rig. 185 Maotvnydoblna ogauj^tua (Sooh). third aatoaaal oagnant.

rig. 186 Soooraphla batalao (looh). third aatoaaal aognoat.

rig. 187 IHadama ablotlana (Eooh). third aatoaaal sogaoat. 69 s i r w

i®* T0»

901 oan

sex 6LT.

t-01

C0T 9iT LL X ClZGZtlil 201 n t

9n SL~ ?<£> >J\I\ ‘vA L 'y

vn IL\ ZlT Til C r:. \ V -!!1 - ‘-‘-L' 1 1 -Uy

Oil 69X

c

w e EXPLANATION Of* PLATE 70

Cauda M i d Anal Plata* of Alata Viviparous Feaalas

n g . 180 Ihrzooallis valshii (Monell). anal plate. r i g . 189 Phyllaphis fagi (Linn.). anal Plata. r i g . 190 Aphis poal (DaGaar). anal plata. r i g . 191 Pterocosata populifoliae ffitoh). anal Plata. n g . 192 Uyaooallis alnlfollaa (Fitch), cauda. r i g . 193 Chaitophorus populifoliae (Qestlund). o r -da. n g . 194 Maoroslphum alblfrons (Essig). oauda. r i g . 195 Macros iphun rudbeokiaa ( ritoh). oauda. r i g . 196 Cavarialla pastlnaoaae (Linn.). dorsal tubercle and oauda. n g . 197 Proolphilus venafuscus (Patch). anal plate. r i g . 196 Aphis saabuoifoliae (ritoh}. oauda and anal plate. r i g . 199 Aphis folioali (Davis), oauda. n g . 200 Nsosyadobius annulatus (Eooh). oauda. n g . 201 Xrloaoaui lanigartaa (Ha us man n ). oauda and anal Plata. n g . 202 Cinara larlols (Hartig). anal plate. n g . 203 Clnara larlols (Hartig). oauda. n g . 204 Chaitophorus neglect us Hottas and Prison, color pattern of ahaoaen. n g . 205 Chaitophorus populifoliae Davis, oolor pattern of abdoaen. n g . 206 Euoermphis betulae (Eooh). anal plate. 3 76

V

IBS 189 190 191

\ T w 'i

192 193 194 195

V /■' V' \i 197

190 199 196

\ V , ■ ‘ . , . w - * r l( ) V i( 200 201 202 203

\ * -4

f . -

204 205 206

PLA.TI 70 ttf r 64* 62* i MAP OF NOVA SCOTIA

I VI A PR! A ! PRINCE EDWARD jNVEBNtSSI ' i * -ISLAND V V* v_ ' ! “i NKV. 1 A 5 \ . \ ,/ . 4 ^ "BRUN5WIC K c" w C a p e ; - vHreton '' Richmond • At T, {ft'ni Sh \ P l C T D U \ A n 1 HaC-N I ‘iH CuMBE HL AND' ■ . \ \ * / \ — GuY'jRORCyOM L. O l t HE'.ifFR 'i\ /14 'lie Hali rah Ki N6«i - h AN T S

' v tHoTif a * ' AnNACCL l‘_. -s. \ J V * ^ ' L UNI NPLIU, J ATLANTIC P lent 4 4 - Q C’l L N*. OCEAN

_44° VArtMocji h / ^ N MILES ; She i hi rh o 40 40 IOC L. J L -J

64 62* *£L x _i_

Plate n,f;§.ROR 378 INDEX TO GENBIA AND SPECIES

The names of all species discussed in this paper are listed

under their generic names, and also in alphabetical order.

abietinus, Mindarus...... 25,26$ annulatU3, Neosymydobius . . 22h

abletus, Adelgee ...... *36 Anoecla K o c h ...... 153

aeerifoliae, Drepanaphis . . . 192 querci (Fitch)...... l$h

Adelges Vallot...... 35 Anoeclna ...... 26,152,153

abietus (Linn.) ...... 36 Aphidae...... 21,.!4l

lariciatus (Patch• • • • • 38 Aphidoidea...... 21,25

similis (Gillette) • . . • . hO Aphina 29,55

Adelginae ••••••••••. 3h Aphinae ...... 2h,29,$1,52

albifrons, Macrosiphum • • • • .119 Aphini . . . 25,27,29,53,5^

Aleyrodldae...... • 21,25 Aphis Linnaeus •••••••56 alni, Olyphina ...... *23U cardui IAnnaeu3 • • . . . 60 alnifoliae, Myzocallis .... 209 cetasifoliae Fitch .... 62 ambrosiae, Macrosiphum . . . . 120 crataegifoliae Fitch • • • 61* americanum, Erlosoma • • • * . .2^0 fabae Scopoli ...... 66 americanus, Neosymydobius . . . 221 folsomii Davis ..... 68 americanus, Periphyllua • • • * 181 helianthi Monell .... 70

Aiqshorophora Buckton ..... 100 maculatae Oestlund .... 71

crataegi (Monell) ..... 102 neogillettei Palmer . . . 73

nebulosa Hottes and Frison . 103 oenotherae Oestlund . . . 7h

rubi (Kaltenbach) . • . . . lOij pond DeGear • . . hS,h9,50,76

rubicola (Oestlund) • . • * 106 saliceti Kaltenbach . . . 79

sonchi (Oestlund) ..... 107 sambucifoldae Fitch . . . 81 379.

spiraephila Patch ...... 83 Ceroalpha Del Ouercio • • 55,87

viburniphiia Patch ...... 85 rubifolii (Thomas) .... 87

A3jphum Koch ...... 2U8 C^ruaphina...... • 29

pseudobyrsum (Walsh) ..... 2h9 Chaitophorina .... 27,28,173

rosettei Maxaon ...... 251 Chaitophorus Koch • • • . • 17U

sacculi Gillette...... 252 populellus Gillette and Palmer...... 175 atriplicls, Hyalopterus • . . . * 89 populifoliae Davis . • • .177 Auchenorrhyncha...... • 20,33 Chermes Linnaeus (see Adelges) aurantii, Toxopera ...... 98 Chermidae (Payllidae) . . . .21 bella, Myzocallis 211 Cicadidae ••••.••••.20 betulae, Euceraphls ...... 202 Cicadollidae ...... 20 betulaecolens, Calaphis .... 197 Cinara Curtis...... 155 Calaphis Walsh. ••••.••• 196 curvipes (Patch) . • • • 159 betulaecolens (Fitch) .... 197 laricis (Hartig) . . . • 160 Capitophorua Van der loot . . . 109 palmerae (Gillette) . . . 162 fragaefolii (Cockerell) . . . 110 piceicola (Cholodkovsky). 16U ribis (Linnaeus) ••••..•112 pirdcola (Kaltenbach) . • 165 cardui, Aphis ••••.••.. 60 strobi (Pitch) . • • • . 166 Cepegillettea Granovsky . . 196,199 thatcheri Knowlton and myricae (Patch) •••••.. .200 S mith...... 168 cerasi, Myzus ••••••••• .IJ16 Cinarina ...... 26,152,155 cerasifoliae, Aphis ••••.••62 Coccldae ...... 2 1

Oerataphini ••...... 2 5 9 , 3 0 corrugatans, Prociphilus • 255

C^rcopi dae ...... 20 coryli, Myzocallus • • • . 213 380. crataegi, Amphorophora .... 102 fabae, Aphis ••••..••66 crataegi, &*losoma...... 2Ul fagi, Phyllaphis . • • • • .229 crataegifoliae, Aphis . . • . 6li fitchii, Rhopaloslphum . • • 92 curvipes, Cinara .•••••• 159 flava, Oestlundiella . . . 226 deducts, Buceraphia • • • • • 205 folsomli, Aphis ...... 68

Drepanaphls Del Guercio. • .190,191 Fordini...... 30,237

acarifolii (Thomas) . • • • • 192 fragjfolii, Capitophorus • .110

parvus (Smith)...... * 193 frigidae, Macrosiphum • • • 125

utahensis Knovlton and Fulgoridae •••••••• . 2 0 Smith •••••••••• 19^i Fullawayina ....•••• 28 Drep&nosiphina . • • 28,1)7,173,190 gillettei, Eucnraphis . . . 206 erigeronensis, Macrosiphum . • 123 Glyphlna Koch ...... 233,231* Briosoma Leach • ••*•• 238,239 alni (Shrank) ...... 23li americanum (Riley)...... 21*0 granarium, Macrosiphum • . 126 crataegi (Oestlund) • • • • • 2L1 Greenideini ••••••.27,29 lanigerum (Hausmann) . • . 50,2h2 liamamelidis, Hormaphi s . • 262 Eriosomatinae.22,2l),26,27 ,30,52,236 Hamamallstes Shimer . • • • 260 Briosomatini • • • • • 30,237,238 spinosus Shimer . . • • • 260 Buceraphis Walker . • • • • 196,201 helianthi, Aphis • • • • • 70 betulae (Koch) .•••••• 202 Hemlptera ••••••••• 20 deducts Baker • ••••«•• 205 Hoteroptera...... • 20 gillettei Davidson . • • • . 206 Homoptera •••.••••• 20 Eulachnina ••••••. 26,152,169 Hormaphinae . • 259,52,30, 25,21* Bulachnus Del Guercio . * 170 Hormaphini • • • • • 260,259,31 rileyi (Williams)...... 170 Hormanhis 0sten Sacken 260,262 381.

hamaroelidis (Fitch). . • solanifolii (Ashmead) . .11*0

Hyalopterus K o c h ...... 56,89 valerianae ...... 11*3

atriplicis (Linnaeus) • • . . .89 maculatae Aphis . . • •

junctisensoriatus, Pemphigus . 21*5 maidis Rhopalosiphum . . . ,9h

Kakimia Hottes and Frlson « . . Ill Melaphinl ......

pururascens (Oestlund) • « . 115 Membracidae ......

Lachnina...... 26,152 Mindarinae . . . 22,25,51,261i

Lachninl . . • • * 25,26, 27 ,53,151 Mindarus Koch . • • • • 22,261*

Lanigerum, Eriosoma . . . .50,21*2 abietinus Koch . . . .25,265

lariciatus, Adelgas • • • Monaphina ......

laricis, Cinara ..... myricae, Cepegilletea . . .200

ludovicianae, Macrosiphum * . . 128 Myzocallis Passerini . 196,207 CO • lyropictus, Pariphyilus • • • alnifoliae (Fitch) • . . 209

Macrosiphina • • • • • 27 ,29,55,99 bella (Walsh) . . . .

Macrosiphum Passerini • • coryli (Goeze) . . . . 213

albifrons Essig .... tiliae (Linnaeus) • • . 216

ambrosias (Thomas) • • • walshii (Monell) . . . . 218

erigeronensis (Thomas) • # . 123 Myzus Passerini . . . .

frigidae (Oestlund) • • • . 125 cera3i (Fabricius) . • . 11*6

granarium (Kirby) . . . persicae (Sulzer) . . 1*9,119

ludovicianae (Oestlund) ♦ 128 nebulosa, Amphorophora . . 103

pisi (Kaltenbach) . . . • . 130 neogillettei, Aphis . • . 73

pseudarosae Patch . . . • . 132 Neosynydobius Baker . 196,220

rosae (Linnaeus) . • • « , 50,133 americanus (Baker) • . . 221

rudbeclciae (Fitch) • • , annulAtus (Koch) • • . . 2?1* 382. oenthsrae, Aphis ...... 71* pisi, Macrosiphum . . . . 130 palmerae, Clnara...... 162 pomi, Aphis . . . 1*8,1*9,50,76 parvus, Drepanaphis • •••.. 193 populellus, Chaitophorus • 175

Oestlund!ella Granovsky . • 196,226 populicolus, Perlpf^rllus . 181*

flava (Davidson) • ••••• 226 populifoliae, Chaitophorus 177

Oregmini...... • • • • 30,31,299 populifoliae, Ptorocomma . 232

Panaphlna • . • • 27,28,1*7,172,195 populi-venae, Pemphigus .. 21*6

Panaphini . . . .2*,26,27,28,53,172 Prociphi li n i ...... 30,21*7

Pemphigini • • • • 2l*l*,30,22 Proclphllus Koch . • • 21*8,251*

Pemphigus Hartig...... 2J.il* corrugatans (Sirrine) . 255

junctisensoriatus Maxson * . #21*5 venafuscus (Patch) . . . 256

populi-venae Fitch • • • • • 21*6 pseudobrassicao, Rhopalosiphum ...... 96 Pentalonlna...... 29 pseudobyrsum, Asiphum . . .21*9 Perlphyllus Van der lloeven .171*, 179 pseudorosae, Macrosiphum . 132 americanus (Baker) • • • . • 161 Pterocomma Puckton • . 17l*,231 lyropictus (Kessler) • • • • 183 populifoliae (Fitch) . • 232 populicolus (Thomas) • • • . 181* Pterocommlna . . . 28,173,230 testudinacea (Fernis) . • • 188 purpurascens, Kakimia • • .115 perslcae, Myzus ...... l*9>ll*9 querci, Anoecia ..... 151* Phyllaphina...... 27,514,172,228 Rhopalosiphum Koch . . . 56,91 Phyllaphls K o c h ...... 228,229 fitchii (Sanderson) . . . 92 fagi (Linnaeus)...... • • 229 maidis (Fitch) ..... 91* Phylloxeridae .••••• 21,33*31* pseudobrasslcae (Davis) . 96 piceicola, Clnara .••••.. 161* ribis, Capitophorus . . . 112 pinicola, Clnara ...... 165 383* rileyi, Eulachnus . • • . • spinosus, Hamamelistes • • . 260 roaae, Macrosiphum • • • . • 50,133 spiraephila, Aphis • • • • . 83 rosettei, Asiphum • • • • . Sternorrhyncha •••••20*21,33 rudbeckiae, Macrosiphum • . . . 135 strobl, Clnara •••••• • 166 rubi, Amphorophora • • • . testudinacea, Periphyllus . 198 rubicola, Amphorophora . * . • 106 thatcheri, Clnara • • • • . 168 rubifolii, Cerosipha • • • Thelaxini .... 2$,27, 53,233

rumicis, Aphis (see fabae, A.) . 66 tiliae, Myzocallus • • • •

sacculi, Asiphum • . . . . Toxoptera Koch ...... 56,97

salicoti, Aphis • ••••« aurantiao (Fonse) . • • •

Saltusaphina ...... utahensis, Drepanaphis • • . 19^

Tramlna......

Setaphina • • ...... valerianac, Macrosiphum • • 11*3

similis, Adelges • . * . . venafuscus, Prociphilus . . 256

. . 11*0 CD solanifolii, Macrosiphum • vibumiphila, Aphis • • • •

sonchl, Amphorophora • • • walshii, Kyxocallus • • • • 218 564 AUTOBIOGRAPHY

I, Kalman Dale Archibald, was born in Brockton, Massachusetts,

January 19, 1910. I received my secondary school education in the public schools of Lowell and Brookline, Massachusetts; Cleveland and Youngstown, Ohio. LIy undergraduate training was obtained at

Capital and Denison Universities, receiving from the latter the de­ gree of Bachelor of Arts in 1933. P'rom The Ohio State University,

I received the degree Master of Arts in 1934. While in residence at The Ohio State University, i acted in the capacity of graduate assistant in the Department of Zoology and Entomology during the years 1934—36; 1940-41 and as Instructor in the same department the winter quarter of 1S41. I attended the Franz Theodore Stone Labor­ atory, Put-in—Bay, Ohio, the summers of 1934-36 and 1939, acting as laboratory assistant the summer of 1936. P'rom 1936—40; 1941—43 I was Associate Professor and head of the Department of Biology,

Ouachita College, Arkadelphia, Arkansas, in 1943 1 enrolled at Col- gate-Rochester Divinity School, Rochester, New York, receiving the degree Bachelor of Divinity In 1946. i was special instructor in

Biology for nurses at Keuka College, New York in 1946-47. in 1947 i accepted the position of Associate Professor and head of the De­ partment of Zoology, Acadia University, V»olfville, Nova Scotia, Cana­ da. From 1948 to the present time I have been Assistant Professor

of Biology and Director of the Life Science General Education Core

Course at Denison University, Granville, Ohio; part of which time

I was enrolled in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University 385 in Off-Campus Research, while completing the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy* During the summers from 1948 to the present time 1 have conducted research with the Nova Scotia Re­ search Foundation, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, on the forest in­ sects of the province with special reference to the forest Aphidae

(plant lice). This latter research constituting the material for * the dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy.