DOCSLIB.ORG

Small and Medium Business Agenda Final

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Small and Medium Business Agenda Final Small and Medium Business Agenda Final 1 Table of Contents 0.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................................ 4 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 4 1.1 Definition of SMEs ...................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Characteristics of SMEs in Jordan ........................................................................................ 6 1.3 SMEs and Employment ............................................................................................................. 7 1.4 Jordan's Economy ...................................................................................................................... 9 1.5 Moving Forward ......................................................................................................................... 12 2. Tax Incentives .................................................................................................................................. 14 2.1 Background and Issues .......................................................................................................... 14 2.2 Benchmarking and Best Practices ...................................................................................... 22 2.2.1 VAT Collection Threshold ............................................................................................... 26 2.2.2 Less frequent filing requirements for small firms ................................................ 27 2.2.3 Cash accounting for small firms ................................................................................. 28 2.2.4 Income Tax Simplification Provisions ....................................................................... 28 2.2.5 Simplified Financial Accounting for Small Firms ................................................... 29 2.2.6 Other Simplification Measures ..................................................................................... 30 2.3 Gap Analysis ............................................................................................................................... 31 2.4 Recommendations .................................................................................................................... 32 3. Innovation .......................................................................................................................................... 34 3.1 Background and Issues .......................................................................................................... 34 3.2 Benchmarking ............................................................................................................................ 37 3.2.1 Global Innovation Best Practices ................................................................................ 39 3.2.2 United States of America ............................................................................................... 41 3.2.3 Germany .............................................................................................................................. 42 3.2.4 Sweden ................................................................................................................................. 42 3.2.5 UK ........................................................................................................................................... 43 3.2.6 Singapore ............................................................................................................................ 44 3.3 Gap Analysis ............................................................................................................................... 45 3.4 Recommendations .................................................................................................................... 49 4. Access to Capital ............................................................................................................................. 52 2 4.1 Background and Issues .......................................................................................................... 52 4.1.1 Debt Finance ...................................................................................................................... 52 4.1.2 Commercial Banks ........................................................................................................... 54 4.1.3 Seed Money and Venture Capital (Equity Capital) .............................................. 56 4.1.4 Incubators ........................................................................................................................... 60 4.1.5 Loan Guarantees ............................................................................................................... 61 4.1.6 Other Financial Support Instruments ....................................................................... 62 4.1.7 SMEs and Interest Rate Structure ............................................................................. 62 4.2 Benchmarking ............................................................................................................................ 64 4.2.1 International Reports ...................................................................................................... 65 4.2.2 Experience of Other Nations ........................................................................................ 69 4.3 Gap Analysis ............................................................................................................................... 71 4.4 Recommendations .................................................................................................................... 74 5. Improving Exports .......................................................................................................................... 78 5.1 Background ................................................................................................................................. 78 5.2 Benchmarking ............................................................................................................................ 81 5.3 Gap Analysis ............................................................................................................................... 87 5.4 Recommendations .................................................................................................................... 88 6. Education ......................................................................................................................................... 90 6.1 Background ................................................................................................................................. 90 6.2 Benchmarking ............................................................................................................................ 93 6.3 Gap Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 93 6.4 Recommendations .................................................................................................................... 94 7. Government Procurement ........................................................................................................... 95 7.1 Background ................................................................................................................................. 95 7.2 Benchmarking ............................................................................................................................ 98 7.3 Gap Analysis ............................................................................................................................. 100 7.4 Recommendations .................................................................................................................. 102 3 0.1 Overview Sawtouna is Jordan's first Civil Society led, proactive, entrepreneur, start-up, and small/medium enterprise (SME) advocacy effort. The project strives to make grassroots entrepreneurship commonplace in the Jordanian business environment. Sawtouna was formed, and is overseen by, the Public Policy Advocacy Committee (PPAC) at the Young Entrepreneurs' Association (YEA), which has been advocating public policy reform through proactive position papers to legislative bills since the YEA's inception in 1999. The third round of Sawtouna focuses on developing a Small and Medium Business Agenda (SMBA) for Jordan. The components of the small business agenda include several key pillars: I. Small and Medium Business Tax Breaks: Within this component, potential legislation improvements and a tax credit system will be suggested. II. Improved Access to Capital: Examining bank lending practices, support to smaller communities, and increased support for underserved communities, as well as support for rural business. III. Improved government procurement options that will help grow SMEs and expand their employment potential. IV. Increased SME Exports: Advocating trade promotion and export regulations, helping micro-enterprises export, improving export access to finance, amongst other factors V. Development and Education Opportunities for Entrepreneurs: Developing programs, focusing on disadvantaged groups, looking at entrepreneurial infrastructure VI. Encouraging innovation: Focus on
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Israeli Human Rights Violations and Hamas Support Ii Preface
    IIssrraaeellii HHuummaann RRiigghhttss VViioollaattiioonnss aanndd HHaammaass SSuuppppoorrtt RReesseeaarrcchhiiinngg PPeerrcceeppttiiioonnss ooff PPaallleessttiiinniiiaann rreeffuuggeeeess iiinn JJoorrddaann Lidwien Wijchers IIssrraaeellii HHuummaann RRiigghhttss VViioollaattiioonnss aanndd HHaammaass SSuuppppoorrtt RReesseeaarrcchhiiinngg PPeerrcceeppttiiioonnss ooff PPaallleessttiiinniiiaann rreeffuuggeeeess iiinn JJoorrddaann Cover photo Lidwien Wijchers Banner in Irbid refugee camp, Jordan: “The Palestinian case and Jerusalem are always in the heart and consciousness of his Majesty the King” Lidwien Wijchers s0801240 Master Thesis Human Geography Center for International Conflict Analysis and Management Radboud University Nijmegen Supervisor: Dr. S. Vukovic Second Reader: Dr. J. Wagemakers July 2013 Israeli Human Rights Violations and Hamas Support ii Preface This thesis is submitted as part of the Human Geography Master specialization Conflicts, Identities, and Territories at the Center of International Conflict Analysis and Management associated with the Radboud University Nijmegen. It is the result of fieldwork conducted in Jordan from August 2012 until March 2013. Throughout the process of writing this thesis, many people have been of help to me. Not in the least the respondents of my questionnaire, and experts with whom I conducted interviews. I hereby express my appreciation to all of them. Furthermore, I would like to extend gratitude to Dr. Siniša Vukovic who supervised me through the writing stages of the thesis, and to my second reader Dr. Joas Wagemakers. Acknowledgment must also be given to Dr. Gearoid Millar, for his guidance in the initial stages of the project. Four other individuals deserve recognition. Lauren Salathiel and Mohamed el Atfy; thank you for your willingness to be sounding boards. Hashim Taani and Rakan Odeh, I am much indebted to you both for the amount of time and help you have selflessly given.
    [Show full text]
  • Jordan: the Geopolitical Service Provider
    GLOBAL ECONOMY & DEVELOPMENT WORKING PAPER 70 | FEBRUARY 2014 Global Economy and Development at BROOKINGS JORDAN: THE GEOPOLITICAL SERVICE PROVIDER Emmanuel Comolet Global Economy and Development at BROOKINGS Emmanuel Comolet is an economist in the Middle East and North Africa department of the French Agency for Development. Acknowledgements: This paper benefitted from excellent assistance from Riana Razafimandimby Andrianjaka, and I am grateful for thoughtful comments from Hafez Ghanem, John Page, Mary Hallward-Driemeier, Akihiko Koenuma and Akira Murata. Needless to say, the shortcomings of the paper are my own. Abstract: Jordan is in the eye of the Arab cyclone. It remains stable while surrounded by chaotic political situations in Syria, Iraq, Palestine and the Sinai Peninsula. Jordan has not experienced the massive demonstrations aimed at regime change that have been seen elsewhere in the region, and its relative stability has enabled it to cash in on the geo- political services it provides. These services include: hosting refugees from Palestine, Iraq or Syria; remaining a reliable ally for many international powers; featuring a strong army that plays a stabilizing role in the region; serv- ing as an intermediary when neighboring countries need a host or a dealmaker; and providing qualified Jordanian workers to fill open vacancies for companies and countries, especially in the Gulf. The current stability in Jordan matches well its historic capacity to resist and adapt to shocks. However, the contemporary situation of the labor market reveals that the weaknesses observed in the countries having experienced revolutions (e.g., Tunisia and Egypt) are also present in Jordan; labor market participation is low with very few women active, and the unemploy- ment rate of educated young people is worrisome.
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Agriculture in Camp Communities: New Perspectives
    Urban agriculture in camp communities: new perspectives Recommendations for action for community-based projects in the scope of urban agriculture in Palestinian refugee camps in Jordan Julia Mira Brennauer | Svenja Binz | Phil-Torben von Lueder Urban agriculture in camp communities: new perspectives Recommendations for action for community-based projects in the scope of urban agriculture in Palestinian refugee camps in Jordan Julia Mira Brennauer | Svenja Binz | Phil-Torben von Lueder Eidesstattliche Versicherung Hiermit erklären wir, dass wir die vorliegende Arbeit selbstständig und eigenhändig sowie ohne unerlaubte fremde Hilfe und ausschließlich unter Verwendung der aufgeführten Quel- len und Hilfsmittel angefertigt haben. Berlin, den _____________________ (Julia Brennauer) _____________________ (Phil-Torben von Lueder) _____________________ (Svenja Binz) Acknowledgements This project would not have been possible without the exeptional help of Mahmood, Ah- med, Joker, Jalal, Hussein, Fadi and all camp inhabitants from Talbiyeh Camp, Husn Camp, Dheisheh Camp and Jerash Camp. Special thanks to Nico, Lisa, Don Fabianski, Nadja, Isa, Nina, Kilian and our lovely families for your unlimited support. We are particularly grateful for the openess and trust of all our interview partners. Special thanks to our supervisors Philipp Misselwitz (Habitat Unit), Emily Kelling and Martina Löw (Fachgebiet Planungs- und Architektursoziologie). List of abbreviations CBO – Community Based Organisation CBRC – Community Based Rehabilitation Center CBRC – Community
    [Show full text]
  • By Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Of
    FROM DIWAN TO PALACE: JORDANIAN TRIBAL POLITICS AND ELECTIONS by LAURA C. WEIR Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Adviser: Dr. Pete Moore Department of Political Science CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY January, 2013 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES We hereby approve the thesis/dissertation of Laura Weir candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree *. Pete Moore, Ph.D (chair of the committee) Vincent E. McHale, Ph.D. Kelly McMann, Ph.D. Neda Zawahri, Ph.D. (date) October 19, 2012 *We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained therein. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables v List of Maps and Illustrations viii List of Abbreviations x CHAPTERS 1. RESEARCH PUZZLE AND QUESTIONS Introduction 1 Literature Review 6 Tribal Politics and Elections 11 Case Study 21 Potential Challenges of the Study 30 Conclusion 35 2. THE HISTORY OF THE JORDANIAN ―STATE IN SOCIETY‖ Introduction 38 The First Wave: Early Development, pre-1921 40 The Second Wave: The Arab Revolt and the British, 1921-1946 46 The Third Wave: Ideological and Regional Threats, 1946-1967 56 The Fourth Wave: The 1967 War and Black September, 1967-1970 61 Conclusion 66 3. SCARCE RESOURCES: THE STATE, TRIBAL POLITICS, AND OPPOSITION GROUPS Introduction 68 How Tribal Politics Work 71 State Institutions 81 iii Good Governance Challenges 92 Guests in Our Country: The Palestinian Jordanians 101 4. THREATS AND OPPORTUNITIES: FAILURE OF POLITICAL PARTIES AND THE RISE OF TRIBAL POLITICS Introduction 118 Political Threats and Opportunities, 1921-1970 125 The Political Significance of Black September 139 Tribes and Parties, 1989-2007 141 The Muslim Brotherhood 146 Conclusion 152 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Newsletter WINTER 2021, ISSUE 211
    newsletter WINTER 2021, ISSUE 211 in this issue 1-2 Anera is Back in Jordan! Anera is Back in Jordan! 3 With an influx of refugees from four regional wars in just 70 years and a By the Numbers: lack of water and other resources, the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and Some Facts About Refugees and its people face many challenges. Millions of refugees from these conflicts Vulnerable Communities in Jordan live in Jordan. The country has more than two million Palestinian refugees registered with UNRWA. It has the second highest number of 3 UNHCR-registered refugees in the world, at 655,000. Doing Something to Help Palestine by Janah Szewczyk The refugee population places a huge burden on the country's services and resources. In order to help respond to the enormous needs, Anera 4-5 returned to Jordan in 2019, after an eight-year absence. Our support in Map of Water, Sanitation & Hygiene the initial stages focuses on medical aid and humanitarian relief and Projects in Gaza educational programming, which are particularly important during COVID times. 6 In Case You Missed It: Delivering Medical Aid The Latest From anera.org Shortages of medicines and healthcare supplies are a chronic problem in Jordan's refugee camps. Anera has a venerable track record in delivering medical donations across Palestine and Lebanon, and we are well positioned to do the same in Jordan. In 2020, Anera delivered two pilot shipments to Jordan as a test to continued on page 2 credits Anera is Back in Jordan! continued from page 1 BY THE NUMBERS The Anera newsletter is published quarterly by American Near East Refugee Aid (Anera), a non-profit agency established in 1968 and dedicated to providing development, health, education and employment programs to Some facts about refugees and vulnerable Palestinian communities and impoverished families throughout the Middle East.
    [Show full text]
  • Key Long-Term Development Issues in Jordan
    LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENT ISSUES IN JORDAN Tayseer Abdel Jaber Working Paper 9522 A C 7 9522 The Economic Research Forum for the Arab Countries, Iran and Turkey (ERF) was established in June 1993 as an independent, non-profit regional networking organization. Its mission is to pro- mote policy-relevant economic research with a broad representation of views to help activate the policy-formulation debate in the region, by encouraging and funding quality research, and by disseminating results of research activities to economists and policy-makers. The ERF Working Papers Series disseminates the findings of research work in progress to promote the exchange of ideas and encourage discussion and comment among researchers for timely revi- sion by the authors. The Working Papers are intended to make preliminary research results available with the least possible delay. They have therefore not been edited nor made subject to formal peer review by ERF staff and ERF accepts no responsibility for errors. The views expressed in the Working Papers are those of the author(s) and not those of ERF. Unless otherwise stated, copyright is held by the author(s). Requests for permission to quote their contents should be addressed directly to the author(s). IDRC - Lib. // 1-/ -"7 7 KEY LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENT ISSUES IN JORDAN Tayseer Abdel Jaber Working Paper 9522 Please address correspondence to: Tayseer Abdel Jaber, Director, Arab Consulting Center, P.O.Box 926550, Amman 11110, Jordan. Fax: (962-6) 696714. KEY LONG TERM DEVELOPMENT ISSUES IN JORDAN* Tayseer Abdel Jaber Arab Consulting Center This is the revised version of a paper presented at the workshop on"Strategic Visions for the Middle East and North Africa" held in Gammarth, Tunisia on 9-11 June, 1995.
    [Show full text]
  • POSITION PAPER- Palesinian Refugees
    The Question of Palestine in the times of COVID-19: Position paper on the situation for Palestinian refugees in Jordan, Lebanon, occupied Palestine and Syria (No.2) June 2020 This position paper is part of a series that the Global Network of Experts on the Question of Palestine (GNQP) is producing to document the impact of COVID-19 (Coronavirus) on the Question of Palestine, by studying the effect of the pandemic on Palestinian refugees in the region. This brief focuses on Palestinian refugees residing in Jordan, Lebanon, occupied Palestine and Syria. Purpose of the brief approximately 5.6 million are registered The brief shows how the COVID-19 as “Palestine refugees” with the United crisis is affecting Palestinian refugees Nations Relief and Works Agency for in Jordan, Lebanon, occupied Palestine Palestinians in the Near East (UNRWA) in (Gaza Strip and West Bank, including East Jordan, Lebanon, occupied Palestine and 2 Jerusalem) and Syria. Following a general Syria. A smaller number was displaced background, the paper presents: when Israel occupied the Gaza Strip and West Bank, including East Jerusalem · a summary of available regional in 1967; while these are not officially and country-specific facts that registered with UNRWA, some receive its indicate that COVID-19 is aggravating services on humanitarian grounds. Less the humanitarian conditions and than half of these refugees, including vulnerability of Palestinian refugees; their descendants, live in one of the 58 · a brief overview of applicable legal recognized refugee camps, while an obligations toward Palestinian unknown number live in urban and rural refugees; (camp) settings across the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Marriage and Love in the Palestinian Camps of Jordan (1948-2001)
    FRAGILE INTIMACIES:MARRIAGE AND LOVE IN THE PALESTINIAN CAMPS OF JORDAN (1948–2001) ST´EPHANIE LATTE ABDALLAH This article focuses on conjugal love as an articulated, lived emotion; on relationships between spouses within the context of the family; and on how these emotions and relations have changed over time in Pales- tinian refugee camps in Jordan. Based on interviews with four gener- ations of Palestinian camp women, the article charts evolving marital patterns and attitudes toward marriage in relation to changing po- litical circumstances and diverse influences. Particular emphasis is given to the third generation and the emergence of individualiza- tion of choice and its consequences. The influence of the family and the role of protection in the formation of conjugal bonds are also addressed. ALTHOUGH FEELINGS AND EMOTIONS inform almost all social interactions, not to mention individual and group agency, they have traditionally been curiously absent from studies of marriage patterns and the history of the marital bond. Since the mid-1980s, some groundbreaking works have appeared that illu- minate the social context and patterning of emotion and sentiment—showing how they shape power relations and underpin symbolic exchanges—but these studies focus mainly on Europe and the West.1 When it comes to the Middle East, the role of emotions remains largely ignored. This article will focus on conjugal love as an articulated, lived emotion; on relationships between spouses within the context of the family; and on how these emotions and relations have changed over time in Palestinian refugee camps in Jordan. In the refugee camps, the weight of traumatic collective history and “community-becoming” has deeply affected individual stories and agencies.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Jordan National Report 2019/2020
    Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Jordan National Report 2019/2020 Jordan Enterprise Development Corporation (JEDCO) & Center for Strategic Studies (CSS) October 2020 www.jedco.gov.jo Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) Jordan National Report 2019/2020 The Ministry of Industry, Trade and Supply Jordan’s government has made great steps to supports its economic progress, guided by ambitious and achievable goals, as defined in “Jordan 2025”; a vision for Jordan’s eco-nomic future. Given that (96%) of the total corporate economy in Jordan is the economy of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SME), achieving the goals and objectives of “Jordan 2025” depends on the performance of this important economic sector. The successive Jordanian governments have also been keen to enhance Jordan’s economic competitiveness, as they have taken serious steps to enhance leadership through their institutions. In 2019, the Ministry for Digital Economy and Entrepreneurship was estab-lished to “support entrepreneurship and in-novation in Jordan,” based on its belief in the importance of entrepreneurship and crea-tivity and necessity to provide supporting components, and to encourage creative ideas and creative talents, as they have a major role in achieving sustainable development. Today, the government of Jordan recognizes the importance of the national (GEM) report as a leading global study aimed at improving the understanding of entrepreneurship and promoting evidence-based policy. Jordan in year 2019, had achieved the 34th rank glob-ally in the early stage
    [Show full text]
  • Report of the Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East
    A/51/13 United Nations Report of the Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East 1 July 1995-30 June 1996 General Assembly Official Records · Fifty-first Session Supplement No. 13 (A/51/13) A/51/13 Report of the Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East 1 July 1995-30 June 1996 General Assembly Official Records · Fifty-first Session Supplement No. 13 (A/51/13) United Nations · New York, 1996 NOTE Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. ISSN 0082-8386 [Original: English] [11 October 1996] CONTENTS Chapter Paragraphs Page LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL ............................................ v LETTER DATED 22 SEPTEMBER 1996 FROM THE CHAIRMAN OF THE ADVISORY COMMISSION OF THE UNITED NATIONS RELIEF AND WORKS AGENCY FOR PALESTINE REFUGEES IN THE NEAR EAST ADDRESSED TO THE COMMISSIONER-GENERAL ....................... vii I. INTRODUCTION .......................................... 1 - 41 1 II. GENERAL DEVELOPMENTS IN AGENCY PROGRAMMES ............. 42 - 80 16 A. Education ......................................... 42 - 51 16 B. Health ............................................ 52 - 62 20 C. Relief and social services ........................ 63 - 70 23 D. Income generation ................................. 71 - 75 26 E. Peace Implementation Programme .................... 76 - 80 28 III. FINANCIAL MATTERS ..................................... 81 - 98 31 A. Fund structure .................................... 81 - 87 31 B. Budget for the biennium 1996-1997 and biennial expenditure for 1994-1995 ......................... 88 - 89 32 C. Income and sources of funding ..................... 90 33 D. Current financial situation ....................... 91 - 98 33 IV. LEGAL MATTERS ......................................... 99 - 113 35 A.
    [Show full text]
  • Coronavirus Effects on the Economy of Jordan
    http://ijfr.sciedupress.com International Journal of Financial Research Vol. 11, No. 5; 2020 Coronavirus Effects on the Economy of Jordan Khaled Abdalla Moh'd AL-Tamimi1 1 Department of Financial and Administrative Sciences, Irbid University College, Al-Balqa' Applied University, Jordan Correspondence: Dr. Khaled Abdalla Moh'd AL-Tamimi, Associate professor, Department of Financial and Administrative Sciences, Irbid University College, Al-Balqa' Applied University, Jordan. Received: June 26, 2020 Accepted: September 6, 2020 Online Published: September 21, 2020 doi:10.5430/ijfr.v11n5p129 URL: https://doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v11n5p129 Abstract This paper reports the effects of coronavirus on Jordan's economic growth by using quarterly data for the period (2018/2019 Q1 – 2019/2020 Q4), where the numbers of people who are sick with coronavirus and those that have died from the virus are explanatory variables, and economic growth is an affected variable. The research concentrates on analyzing reviews of theoretical and empirical literature to show the effect of coronavirus on economic growth and explaining this effect in Jordan in this period by using the ARDL technique in Eviews. By using quarterly data for (2018/2019 Q1 – 2019/2020 Q4) at a significance level of 5%, this research demonstrates that the numbers of people who are ill with coronavirus and those that have died from the virus have a weak positive effect and a negative but significant effect on the economic growth of Jordan, respectively. The research also shows a recommendation of limiting the negative effects of coronavirus by reducing the number of deaths via strengthening the health service and opening some economic sectors to boost economic growth in the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Government Spending As a Tool for Economic Growth in the Economy of Jord an of Jordan
    WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BUSINESS and ECONOMICS DOI: 10.37394/23207.2020.17.75 Khaled Abdalla Moh'd Al-Tamimi Government Spending as a Tool for Economic Growth in the Economy of Jord an of Jordan KHALED ABDALLA MOH'D AL-TAMIMI Department of Financial and Administrative Sciences Irbid University College, Al-Balqa' Applied University, Irbid, JORDAN Abstract:- This paper shows the impact of government spending on Jordan's economy for the period (2010 – 2019), where government spending and tax revenues as percentages of GDP are explanatory variables and economic growth is the affected variable. This research concentrates on analyzing theoretical and empirica literature reviews of to show the effects of government spending on economic growth and explaining this effec in Jordan for this period using the Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method in Eviews program. This research reports insignificant effects of government spending and tax revenues as percentages of GDP onl Jordan's economy for the period (2010 – 2019). The research concludes with a recommendation that othert variables affect the economy apart from government spending and tax revenues as percentages of GDP. Keywords:- Government Spending, Tax Revenues, Economy of Jordan, Economic Growth, Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Received: July 20, 2020. Revised: August 14, 2020. Re-Revised: August 20, 2020. Accepted: August 24, 2020. Published: August 27, 2020. 1 Introduction spending on the economy, and estimating government spending effect on Jordan's economy The effect of government spending on economic for the period (2010 – 2019) by using the growth has been an issue of sustained interest for a Autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) technique lot of decades.
    [Show full text]