ANIMAL WELFARE Dedication

To those in the front line

COLIN SPEDDING

EARTHSCAN London • New York First publishedin the UK in 2000 by EarthscanPublications Ltd

Copyright CI Colin 5pedding,2000

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Earthscanpublishes in associationwith WWF-UK andthe International Institute for Environmentand Development Contents

List of Tables vii List of Boxes Ix Preface xl Acknowledgements xiii Acronyms and AbbreviaHons xv Glossary xix

Introduction 1 2 What is animal welfare and why doesit matter? 9 3 All animals - or only some? 31

4 The nature and scale of the welfare problem 45

5 The need for standards 69

6 Organizations concerned with an imal welfare 87

7 Achieving improvement 101

8 Action needed 117

9 Future welfare issues 137 10 Reflections, unifying themesand conclusions 155

Appendix I BFF and WSPA Recommendations 169 Appendix Z The Major Animal Welfare Organizations 171 References 177 Bibliography 183 Index 185 This page intentionally left blank List ofTabies

1.1 Characteristicrights and responsibilitiesof a citizen 5 1.2 Responsibilitiesof the citizen relating to animal welfare 5 2. [ The Five Freedoms II 2.2 In responseto the Five Freedoms [2 3.[ The main speciesof sentientanimals used 35 3.2 Animals usedfor work in 39 3.3 Animals usedfor sport, recreationand entertainment 4[ 4.[ UK and world farm livestock 46 4.2 Numbersof farm animalsslaughtered ann~ally in the world for meat 52 4.3 The main mutilations 57 4.4 Numbersof companionanimals in the UK 58 4.5 Zoosand circuses 60 4.6 Numbersof animals usedfor experimentsin the UK in [992 67 6.[ Advisory bodiesin Europe 89 6.2 Animals in needof rescue 89 6.3 UK chantiesengaged in rescueand rehabilitation 90 6.4 CUltural festivals involving cruelty 96 9.[ Medically-useful compoundsthat canbe producedby animals, geneticallyengineered and doned 143 This page intentionally left blank List of Boxes

2.1 Basic needsof animals 10 2.2 Discussionof the term 'Natural' 13 2.3 Discussionof the term 'Coping' 15 2.4 Hunger 16 2.5 Examples of welfare needsspecific to animal type 17 2.6 UK law on the protection of animals 23 2.7 Ethics 28 3.1 Fish farming 37 4.1 Battery cages for hens 48 4.2 Veal crates 50 4.3 PMU farms 50 4.4 Uvestock transponation in Europe 51 4.5 'Religious' slaughter 55 4.6 Puppy farming 59 5.1 Zoochosis 75 5.2 World Zoo Conservation Strategy 76 5.3 The Convention on lnternation al Trade in Endangered Species 78 6.1 Trapping 90 6.2 Concerns abom pest control 91 6.3 Pest control research 92 6.4 The need for sanctuaries 95 6.5 Education in animal welfare 98 7.1 EU Commission proposals on veal crates and sow stalls 105 7.2 Summa r y of FAWC recommendations concerning bauery cagesfor laying hens 107 8.1 The welfare of valuable animals 124 9.1 Feed conversion efficiency 141 9.2 Bovine somatotroph in 141 9.3 Passportsfor pets 150 This page intentionally left blank Preface

Reviewingthe sufferingof animalsin the world canbe a depressing experience,but reviewingthe efforts madeby all thoseworking in the front line, to reducesuffering , eradicatecruelty, to rescue, treat andrehabilitate animals, is both impressiveand encouraging . I hope this book will help themby increasingpublic awarenessof both the problemsand their efforts to solve them. In talking to many different groups about ani.mal welfare, it becamevery clear that people who were closely involved with animals generallygot usedto what they were doing but that this often looked very different to those not so involved. And this was true independentof whether the animals were farm livestock, laboratoryanimals, show animals, petsor animalsused for sportor entertainment. Thoseinvolved generallybelieve that they are caring for their animals, but often with little knowledgeof their welfare needsand how they shouldbe kept. Much poorwelfare - andev en cruelty - is causedby ignorance or simply thoughtlessness:so awarenessneeds encouragement. All this led me to theview that, whateverone 's own involvement, it is helpful to think about the welfare of other animals, kept for otherpurposes by otherpeople . I havewritten this book in the hopethat a wider view will help to clarify ourown responsibilitiesas animalkeepers and ascitizens, and result in greatersupport for thosein the front line. This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgements

I am greatly indebtedto the many animal welfare organizationsfor the unstinting help that they have provided in the preparationof this book. Nearly all the organizationslisted in Table 6.3 and in Appendix 2 have gone to a greatdeal of trouble to sendme information, not only about their aims, objectivesand activities but their views on what are the major issuesnow and for the future. I had to resistthe temptationto describeaU their impressivework in detail: this was not feasible,but it deservesto be betterknown and I hopethat the organizationswill receive ever-increasingsupport from the public. I am also greatly indebtedto my secretary, Mrs Mary Jones, for all her help at all stagesof writing and seeingthe book through[0 completion. This page intentionally left blank Acronyms and Abbreviations

AHA Association AHT Animal Health Trust AI Artificial insemination ACT Animal Care Trust ANZCCART Australia and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Researchand Teaching APC Animal ProceduresCommittee ASPCA American Society for the Prevention of AWA Animal Welfare Act (USA) AWAC Animal Welfare Advisory Committee (New Zealand) BDH Battersea DogsHome BFF Born Free Foundation BSE Bovine spongiform encephalopathy BST Bovine somatotrophin BVA British Veterinary Association CAP Common Agricultural Policy CAWC Companion Animal Welfare Council CFHS Canadian Federation of Humane Societies CITES Convention on Interll2tional Tn.de in Endangered Species CIWF Compassionin World Farming CT Computed Tomography DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid DSPA Dutch Societyfor the Protection of Animals EC European Commission EEC European Economic Community EHPPS EssexHorse and Pony Protection Society xvi ACRONYMS A ND AHHREV IAll0NS

ET Embryo Transfer EU EuropeanUnion FASS Federationof Animal ScienceSocieties FAWAC FarmAnimal Welfare Advisory Committee FAWC Farm Animal Welfare Council FCE Food ConvenionEfficiency FDR FederalDemocratic Republic (Germany) FRAME Fund for the Replacementof Animals in Medical Experiments GAIT GeneralAgreement on Tariffs and Trade HRT HormoneReplacement Therapy HSA HumaneSlaughter Association HSUS HumaneSociety of the United States IFAW InternationalFund for Animal Welfare ISO InternationalOrganization for Standardization Committee IUCN InternationalUnion for the Conservationof Nature ruOZG InternationalUnion of Directorsof Zoological Gardens LD ~ Lethal Dose50 MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheriesand Food MRI Magnetic ResonanceImaging MSPCA MassachusettsSociety for the Preventionof Cruelty to Animals NAEAC National Animal Ethics Advisory Committee(New Zealand) NCOL National CanineDefence League NVBO Ned Ver tot Beschermingvan Dieren POSA People's Dispensaryfor Sick Animals PMS PregnantMare Serum PMU PregnantMare Urine RCO Rabbit Calcivirus Disease ROS ResearchDefence Society RNZSPCA Royal New Zealand Societyfor the Preventionof Cruelty to Animals RSPCA Royal Societyfor the Preventionof Cruelty to Animals RVCACf Royal VeterinaryCollege Animal CareTrust SPANA Societyfor the Protectionof Animals Abroad sse Captive BreedingSpecialist Group of IVCN A<'RONYMS A]'I;O AlI BREVIAnONS xvii

SSPCA ScottishSociety for the Preventionof Cruelty to Animals S1'5 SchweizerTierschutz TB Tuberculosis UFAW UniversitiesFederation for Animal Welfare UKEG UK ElephantGroup UKXIRA XenotransplantationInterim RegulatoryAuthority USAMRICD United StatesArmy Medical ResearchInstitute of ChemicalDefense WAN World Animal Net WSPA World Societyfor the Protectionof Animals wro World TradeOrganization WZCS World Zoo ConservationStrategy This page intentionally left blank Glossary

Arachnids Spidersand relatedanimals, characterized by possessing eight legs Bovine somatotrophin (BST) A hormoneinjected into cows to increasemilk output Cellulase An enzymefor digestingcellulose not normallypossessed by animals CetaceansMembers of the whale and dolphin family ehelonions An orderincluding tortoises, turtles and terrapins Cloning Duplicatinganimals or plantswithout sexualreproduction ConspecificsOther animals of the samespecies Coprophagia Eatingo nc's own faeces(called 'refection' in rabbits) Declawing Removalof claws(in birds, dew and pivot claws) Dtsplasia Displacememof the hip Oratze Test Standardtest for ophthalmicirritancy

Dubbing Removalof all or part of the male comb(in poultry) Embryotransfer (ET) The transfer of an embryo from one female animal to another- whetherof the samespecies or not Hlnny Crossbetween a male horseand a female donkey In vitro Outsidethe live animal In vivo In the live animal :xx G LOSSARY

LDSQ The dose level of a substancethat kills 50 per cent of the animalsdosed Monoclonalantibody An antibodyproduced artificially from a cell clone and thereforeconsisting of a single type of immunoglobulin Mule A crossbetween a male donkeyand a female horse Mules operation An operation, usedin Australia, to reduceskin folds abovethe tail in Merino sheep Mutilations Defined as procedurescarried out for otherthan thera · peuticor diagnosticpurposes and resultingin damageto or the loss of a sensitivepart of the bodyor the alterationof bonestructure , or causinga significant amountof pain and distress Pelagic Relatingto the opensea Pharming The keepingof animals for the productionof pharma· ceuticals PheromonesChemicals given off by animals, usually to attract a mate; often effective at greatdistances Raptor Bird of prey SentienceCapacity to suffer 'Spent'hens Laying hensthat havefinished their productivelives StereotypiesProlonged , obsessive performance of apparently purposelessactivity Surrogate mothersSubstitute mothers, bearing the offspring of others TransgeniCanimal An animalinto which new DNA sequenceshave beendeliberately introduced VegetariansThose who eat no meat but may consumeeggs and dairy products Vegans Thosewho eat no animal productsat all XenotransplantaUonThe transplantationoCtjssues or organsfrom one speciesinto an individual of anotherspecies ZoochosisMental damagedue to captivity 1 Introduction

'Our civilization is largely definedby the way living beingsare respectedand how we deal with them' (van Wifen)

An important starting point is how we define animal welfare (see Chapter2). Clearly, it is difficult to make any progress- even in discussion- if we all meandifferent thingsby thesame words. Simply bandyingabout highly-individual opinionson welfare is hardly likely to be productive. It would be a laudable objective for society to have an agreed definition, but that would not preventindividuals disagreeing with it and trying to persuadeothers of their point of view. Even so, an agreeddefinition - or oneaccepted by society- acts as a focus for debateand a form of words that can be the target for improvement.After all, attitudesto animals,their welfare and the importanceof fosteringit , haveall changedover time ands till vary greatly from onecountry and region to another. In the UK, for example, attitudesto bear·baiting, cock-fighting, dog-fighting and badger-baitinghave changedmarkedly over the years, as haveviews on the ways in which working horses, petsand farm animalss hould be treated. Currently, the debatefocuses on the hunting of wild animals, the culling of over·numerouspopulations , the control of pestsand the waysin which animalsarc kept on farmsand in zoosand circuses , but the emphasisis quite different in different countries. 2 ANIMAl WElJ'ARE

Chapter3 discussesthe questionof which animals should be included in our concernsfor welfare, in our own and in other countries. For, as with the treatmentof people, concerncannot simply be confinedto one's own village, town or nation. It is wise to beclear about exactly why we should be concernedanyway (see Chapter2) and the extent to which this should be related to the natureand scale of the problem( seeChapter 4). For example, there are more chickensthan cows, more wildlife (of somespecies) killed on the roadsthan in hunting, moremarine fish killed thanfreshwater fish andso on. Doesthis affect how concernedwe shouldbe? In any case,we haveto ask what 'the problem' is. Justbe causea lot of animalsare involved, doesit follow that there is a problem? Or is it that, if there is a problem, it is a bigger or more important one if large numbersare involved? In all this - and this will be a recurring theme - to an animal that is suffering, it doesnot make any difference whetherit is the only oneor oneofthousands; just as it doesnot matterto the animal why anythingis beingdone to it, or for what purpose. What matters to the animal is the degree, extentand durationof the suffering. So the essentialquestions to be askedare: Is the animal suffering?Are we sure?How canwe tell? Are theresigns or teststhat can be used and is it the samefor different species? In someimportant respects, things must be different for different species.For example, if a hensuffers because it is deprivedof a nest box in which to lay its eggs, this cannotbe true of a bullock or a ewe. In otherwords , to theextent that beingdepriv ed of the oppor· tunity to exercisenatural behavioural pauerns is a causeof suffering or poorwelfare , it is likely thatthere are differen ces not only between species, but also betweensexes, sizes and agesof a single species. It is thereforenecessary to lay down standardsfor the waysthat different animalsare kept, in generalterms but also, it turns out, in very greatdetail. The needfor suchstandards is discussedin Chapter 5. This requiresa greatdeal of information,from scientific investiga· tion and from practicalexperience, because standards have to be basedon evidence. Somepeople will arguethat it is perfcctly obvious when an animal is suffering and, in somecases , this is obviously true. Not always, however. For instance, grazing animals, such as caUie and sheep, have evolved not to show pain, in order not to reveal weaknessto a watchingpredator . Television regularly illus· tratesspectacular examples of antelopeleaping about in an exagge· INlll.ODUCTION 3 rated manneras if to say to a predator'don't botherwith me, I'm exceptionallyfit andtherefore difficult to catch'. So it does not follow that becausewe observeno sign of pain that the animal is not suffering. Humansalso vary in the degreeof pain they cantolerate and the extentto which they showit. lt is customary,at this point, to warn againstanthropomorphism, believingthat, becausewe would be distressedby something,there· fore the animal mustbe similarly affected. Clearly, we cannotassume that becausewe would feel pain from something,the animal does so too. We cannotknow that it does; but, equally, we cannotknow lhat it doesnot! We shouldtherefore keep an openmind and base our judgementon evidencewherever possible . Unfortunately, evidencemay be lacking andvery hardto obtain. In manycases, one would not wish to seethe necessaryexperiments carriedout to producehard evidence.Fortunately , the technology of painlesslyassessing all kinds of changesin the physiology and behaviourof unconstrainedanimals is developingvery rapidly. In many cases, we only needthe evidenceof our eyes: a goat dropped from a tower requires no supporting evidence(much less experimentalevidence) to tell us that intolerablesuffering is involved. Even in this obviousexample , it is salutaryto ask how we actually know that the animal suffers. This is not to suggestthat it doesnot , but it may be helpful, in judging ratherless obvious cases, to be clearabout our reasoning. Bear in mind that droppingfrom a greatheight is not a problemfor very small animals,such as ducklings of tree·nestingducks and mice. In the first example,this is what happensin nature- ducklingssimply drop to the groundand run off. The fact is that the smallerthe animal, the greaterits surface arearelative to its weight, andthis greatlyaffects its air resistance. If we wish to descendsafely , we increaseour air resistanceby means of a parachute. Wherethere is real doubt aboutwhether an animal suffers,it is preferableto give the animal the benefit of it and assumethat a practice should be avoided if there is a possibility that it causes unacceptablesuffering. It is necessaryto insertwords like unaccept· able, howeversuspect they may appear, becausesuffering is a part of life. Giving birth may involve considerablesuffering, so may some fighting betweenanimals that is necessaryto establisha hierarchy of dominance,whether in a herd of dairy cows or betweencom· petingstags. 4 ANIM AL WF1FA Rii

Wherewild animalsate concerned, we cannotsensibly interfere in their lives: predamrsmust live as well as prey. But if we do interfere, we acquire responsibilitiesfor welfare. If we exhibit dolphinsin a pool, we haveinterfered , oftenin waysthat we do not understandor evenknow abom.This is also an examplewhere most of us would need no evidenceto support our instinct that, for example, too small a pool is being used. Where it is right that standardsshould be set, how canthey be enforced?Who is going to act? Who is already doing what about it? Thesearc the questions posedin Chapler6. Since there is much that needsto be done, Chapters7 and 8 discusshow improvementsin animal welfare can be bestachieved - and by whom. Many peopleare not surewhat they could do or, indeed, what needsto be done, but, in any case, feel that they can makevery IittJe differenceby themselves. This is by no meansalways true: all those who consumeanimal productscould refuseto buy those thai have involved cruelty or poor welfare, and thosewho pay to go to animal circusesor watch dancingbears, for example, L"Ould stopdoing so. Fortunately, individuals do not haveto act entirely on their own. Therearc at least6000 animal welfare organizations across the world, in total doing an enormousamount of good in an astonishingnumber of ways. Somerehouse stray dogs and cats , somerescue wild animals from natural disasterand war zones, somedeal with the casualties of pollution (eg oiled sea-birds),some lobby governmentsto bring aboutchanges in the law (all dealt with in Chapter6). All welcome membersand needsupporters, in howeversmall a way. So there are many ways in which we can all help, including persuadingothers that we all have responsibilities,as citizens. By a citizen I simply mean one who belongsto a human society (eg a town, city, state,nation or organizedgroup of nations)in the sense that onehas accepted the responsibilitiesand been granted the rights normally accordedby that society to its citizens. In other words, citizenshiphas to be conferredon an individual and can be with· drawn if the rules of that societyare seriously infringed. Both rights and responsibilitiesmay be relatedto age, sex, status,wealth and, historically, a whole rangeof otherconditions . In broad terms, the nature of the rights and responsibilities usually hascertain characteristics (see Table 1.1). I NTRODlJ<.."ON 5

Table 1.1 Characteristic Rightsand R esponsibiliti es ofa Citizen

Rights Responsibilities

To play some part in the legislative To contribute to the debates on proceedings of the state to whfch whk:h decis;ons and act;ons of the the citizen belongs state are based Freedom of speech, movement, To obey the law and to exercise rel igion, association etc, within the freedoms within it law To avoid infringing the rights and To seek changes in the law freedoms of others (by appropriate means) To influence the behaviour of society in relation to its treatment of people, animals and the environment

Thus it is both the right and the responsibility of a citizen to help shapethe way in which societybehaves, and thi s includes its treat· mentof animals. Theserespon sibilities relatingto animal welfareare not diffi cult to definein generalterms (see Table 1.2) but arc very hanl to translate into detailedpropositions , andit is the purposeof subsequentc hapters to explorethe problems and difficulties as well as possibleso lutions. Animal welfare is a subjecton which many peoplefeel very strongly and aboutwhich people may hold very different vit-"Ws. However, althoughindividual s are quite entitled to highly emo· tional attitudesto the ways in which animals aretreated and a society in which no one cared would be intolerable to most of us, we do have to accept that suchsocie ties may exist and others also believe that they are right.

Table1.2 Responsibilities ofthe Citizen Relating to Animal Welfare

1 To obey the law 2 To operate personally to high standards 3 To persuade others that standards should be raised (it is unlikely that improvement wi ll not be needed on any foreseeable time-scale) 4 To encourage and partK::ipate in informed debate (both public and private) 5 To acquire (and help others to acquire) the knowledge and expertise needed to discharge these responsibilities 6 ANIM AL WELFARE

But if every citizen has a responsibilityas an individual, how can this be discharged?Is the currentscene satisfactory ? Are there enoughwe ll-supportedorganization s in the field? Is thereactually a needfor further action?If so, exactlywhat further action is needed? But the future may hold new welfare problemsand, in somecases , it may be possibleto avoid them by controlling the developments that cause them. Chapter9 discusseswhat thesedevelopments are likely to be. Finally, in Chapter10 , I have summarizedconclusions I have reachedwhilst preparingthis book that I did not necessarilystart with, but which have confirmedmy instinct that the welfare of all the different kinds of animalsshould be treatedas onesubject . Some conclusions, however, canbe reachedvery quickly. The moral basis for concernand the principlesof animal welfareshould be the same for all countriesand all people, but theymay not beequally accepted , recognizedor actedupon . Indeed, what is possiblewill vary from one country to anotherand so wi.ll the nature and scale of the problems(Chapter 4) andwhat is beingdone about them . Of course, wealthierco untries can, and do, help to deal with animal welfare problemsoccurring outsidetheir own boundaries, but this has to bedone senSitively. In lessaffluem societies, improvementin animal welfare may nO[ be economicallypossible . We have to recognize, for example,that thosewho train and exhibit dancing bearsmay have no othermeans of supportingtheir families. The principlesmay be the samebut theexamples that exemplify them are different. In selectingexamples to illustrate points being made, thereare risks of beingtoo parochialand giving an unbalanced picture of the currentstate of affairs. Even if the information was available, it would not befeasible to compilea comprehensiveaccount of the stateof animal welfare worldwide. Nor would it servea very useful purpose,since it is far betterfor eachcountry to assessits own situation. But it hasworried me considerablythat , in giving examples, an unbalancedor biasedpicture may emerge, as if some countries(or industries)are worse or betterthan others. Not only would it be impossibleto makesuch j udgements, it would also be unfair: some countriesare beneror worsein somerespects than others. So , within my own limited knowledge, but also drawingon the experienceof others,1 have usedexamples to i.llustrate problemsand principles i Nl'RODU<.T10N 7

in the hope that it may be sufficient to warn against jumping to unjustified conclusionsbecause of my selection. When it comesto taking action, it is necessaryto define the problemand £hen to identity workable, effectivesolutions. The people who feel most strongly, and vigorously draw attentionto the fact that thereis a problem,may not alwaysbe the bestqualified to define exactlywhat it is. They may be evenle~s able to work out effective solutions. A strong and clear moral position is neededto standup and say 'that is a problem and it is not acceptable'. Knowledge is neededto define exactlywhat the problemis, and both knowledge andgreat clarity of thoughtare needed to identify effectivesolutions. The purposeof the bookis not to tell you what to think or what to do. It is to help you to decide both of these for yourself, by providing the necessaryinformation and by helping you to think clearly aboutthese issues . To engagein a campaignto improve welfare in the future, it is necessaryto havesome faith that it is possible, somehope that others will shareyour aims, but above all clarity of thought. Faith, hope and clarity - and the greatestof theseis clarity.

Summary

2 The main issuein animal welfare is to avoid inflicting suffering and, whereit cannotbe wholly avoided,to minimize it. 2 Citizens have both rights and responsibilities, including a con- cernfor the welfare of animalsaffected by themand the sodety to which they belong. This page intentionally left blank References

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Hauskaninclten·Zuchtgruppen, DarmSladt·Kranichslein, KTBL· Schrift, 311, pp153-67 Stauffacher,M, (1992) 'Group housing and enrichmentcages for breeding,fattening and laboratoryrabbits ', Animal Welfare, vol I , pp105-25 Stevenson, P(1997)Factory Farming andthe Myth ofCheap Food, Compassionin World FarmingTru st Report, CIWF, Petcrsfield Studbooks,International Zoo Yearbook,TIle Zoological Societyof London, London, vol 31-32 Svendsen,E 0 (00) (1997) TheProfessional Handb ook ofthe Donkey, 3rd edn, Whittet Books, London Travers,W (1993) Wildlife Times,vol 2, no 2, Born FreeFoundation, pp12-13 UFAW (1990)Antmal Training , Proceedingsofa Symposium organ· ized by UFAW, September1989 , Cambridge UFAWjFRAME (1998) Selectionand Use ofReplacement Methods in AnimalExperimentation, UFAW / FRAME, Wheathampstead van Putten, G and Elshof, W) (1978) 'Observationson the effect of transporton the well·being and lean quality of slaughterpigs', AnimalRegulation Studies, vol I , pp247-71 WAN (1999)Intenwtional Directory ofAnimal Protection Societies, de Kok, W (ed), World Animal Net Inc, Boston Webster,) (l994)AnimalWelfare: A Cool Eye towardsEden , Black· well Science,Oxford Wernham, CV, Peach, W), and Browne, S) ( 1997) British Trustfor OrnithologyResearch Report 186, Thetford, Norfolk Wilkins, D (1992) 'A nimal Welfare and the Environment: Are they alwaysCompatible? ', Chapter8 in Ryder, R D (ed)Animal Welfare andthe Environment,Duckworth (in associationwith the RSPCA), London, pp73-80 Wimer, M, Fry, C and Carruthers, P (1997) Farm Animal Welfare and the Common Agricultural Policy in Europe, Compassionin World Farming Trust and World Society for the Protection of Animals Report,Oct 1997, CIWF, Pctcrsfield WSPA/BFF (1994) Wild Animalsin Captivity, Zoo report, WSPAj Born Free Foundation, london/Dorking Zinko, U,)ukes, N and Gericke, C (eds)(1997) Prom guinea pig to computer mouse, Euroniche, Leicester This page intentionally left blank Bibliography

General Otherpublications consulted included the following;

Bowles, D (ed)Agenda 2000 - The Future/or FarmAnimal Welfare in the European Union, RSPCA Report,RSPCA , Horsham CobhamResource Consultants (1997) CountrysideSports - Their Economic,Social and Conservation Significance , StandingConfer- enceon CountrysideSports , Colk.'8C of EstateManagement , Reading Eurogroupfor Animal Welfare (1988) Analysisof Major Areasof Concernfor Animal Welfare in Europe, Eurogroup for Animal Welfare, Brussels Harrison, R (1998) Farm Animal Welfare: What, if any, Progress? The Hume Memorial Lecture, 26 November 1987, Royal Society of Medicine, London, UFAW, Wheathampstead Lymbery, P (1997) Beyondthe Battery - A Welfare Charter jor Laying Hms, CIWF, Petcrsfield MAFF CAP ReviewGroup (1995) European Agriculture - the Case for RadicalReform, PB2279 MAFF , London O'Brien, T (1995)Gene Transfer and the Welfareof Farm Animals, CIWF, Pe(ersfield O'Brien, T (cd) (1995) Modern Breeding Technologiesand the Welfare of Farm Animals, a CIWF Report by d'Silva, J and Stevenson, P, CIWF, Pctersficld O'Brien, T (1998) Factory Farming - The Global Threat, CIWF, Petersfield POST (1992) The Use of Animalsin Research, Developmentand Testtng, ParliamentaryOffice of Scienceand Technology Informa- tion Foundation, London 184 BI8UOGR ,\ PII Y

Roslin Institute (1997) Annual Report 1996-97, Roslin Institute, Edinburgh Stevenson,P (1993) The Welfare of Pigs, Cattle and Sheepat Slaughter, ClWF, Petersfield Stevenson, P (1995) The Welfare0/ Broiler Chickens,CIWF, Peters- field Stevenson, P (1997) Factoryfarming andthe Myth o/CheapFood, CIWF, Petersfield

Legislation It is not possibleto list the relevant legislation for all countriesbut the following are examplesof what is available in the UK.

BSAS (1999)Farm AnimalWelfare - Who Writes the Rules?Russel, AJ F, Morgan, CA, Savory,CJ, Appleby, M C and Lawrence, T LJ (eds)Occasional Publication no 23, BSAS, Edinburgh Cooper, M E (1987) An introduction to Animal Law, Academic Press, London Eurogroup (or Animal Welfare (1987) Summaryof Legislation Relativeto Animal Welfare at the Levelsof the EuropeanEcon- omic Communityand the Council oj Europe, Eurogroup for Animal Welfare, Brussels HumaneSociety International (1999) Evolving: Moving into theNew Millennium - How CustomaryInternational Law can Change the IWC, Opening Statementof the 51st Meeting of the Inter- nationalWhaling Conunission, Grenada, May 1999, International, Washington MAFF (1996) Summaryoj the Law Relating to Farm Animal Welfare, PB2531,MAFF , London Michell, A R and Ewbank, R (eds)(1998) Ethics, Welfare, Law and Market Forces: The Veterinary Interface, Proceedingsof RCVS and UFAW Symposiumheld at the ReVS, Nov 1996, UFAW, Wheat- hampstead ParliamentaryEducation Unit (1997)Making a Law, EducationSheet 4, HMSO, London RSPCA(1992) Major AreasofConcernJor Animal Welfare, RSPCA Analysis, RSPCA, Horsham WSPA (1999) Focus on Legislation, WSPA, Born Free Foundation, London!Dorking