HANDBOOK FOR NGO SUCCESS

WITH A FOCUS ON ANIMAL ADVOCACY

by Janice Cox

This handbook was commissioned by the World Society for the Protection of Animals (now World Animal Protection) when the organization was still built around member societies.

INTRODUCTION

Marine Conservation Society Conservation Marine D.Philips INTRODUCTION The World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA) was created in was created of Animals (WSPA) Society for the Protection The World of for the Protection Federation of the World merger the 1981 through Society for the founded in 1953, and the International Animals (WFPA), 12 has WSPA Today, founded in 1959. (ISPA), of Animals Protection offices the world. worldwide and over 640,000 supporters around international largest Member Society Network is the world’s The WSPA with over 650 societies in organisations, federation of animal protection international large Member societies range from than 140 countries. more is a there believes that WSPA to small specialist groups. organisations – by groups animal protection need for close cooperation amongst and more and skills, greater working together and sharing knowledge can be made in animal welfare. sustainable progress or with Member societies work alone, in collaboration with each other and campaigns. The Network also supports and on projects WSPA is great there in communities where organisations develops emerging to animal suffering. indifference for your benefit, and includes The Member Society Manual was created work. guidance and advice on all major aspects of animal protection It also details many of the most effective and useful animal protection to be a helpful hope that it will prove materials available. We resource member societies. for WSPA source operating manual and reference ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Member Society Manual was collated by Janice H. Cox, MBA of The Member Society Manual was Pioneer Training. made by the following the contributions would also like to recognise WSPA Callaghan, Jasmijn de John Appleby, people to this manual: Dr Michael Jo Hastie, Dr Elly Hiby, Leah Garcés, Boo, Rosalie e’Silva, Alistair Findlay, Charlotte Scott and Peter Stevenson. Dr Roy Jones, Jonathan Owen, societies who have developed the also thanks the animal protection WSPA member society WSPA listed in this manual and the excellent resources and website its archives from Animal Net for the information World www.worldanimal.net STRUCTURE Animal Essential Skills. and of the Member Society Manual considers the various ways of of the Member Society Manual and personal skills gives an overview of many of the professional discusses the main components of running an animal protection discusses the main components looks at the welfare issues affecting companion animals, farm looks at the welfare STRUCTURE Part 1 animals in entertainmentanimals, wildlife, working animals, and experimental animals, and offers issues. practical strategies to tackle these Part 2 main of animals. The two the treatment raising the status and improving first, followed by practical examined legislation and education, are routes, and use the media to your benefit. advice on how to campaign, lobby Part 3 as well It outlines the key considerations for establishing a society, society. the fundraise. Finally, and manage projects as how to develop a strategy, importance of support services, libraries and publications is examined. Part 4 society: leadership, team to run an effective animal protection required building, time management, holding effective meetings, giving dealing with compassion fatigue, management, stress presentations, continuous learning and maintaining motivation. in the wider sense, the give a better understanding of animal welfare To to the manual outlines the basic concepts of animal welfare introduction movement has developed over the how the animal protection and explores in relation years. In addition, the ethical and philosophical considerations discussed. are of religion and impact and the role to animal welfare The Member Society Manual has been divided into four parts:The Member Society Manual has Protection Issues, Ways of Tackling an Issue, Running an Animal an Issue, Running of Tackling Issues, Ways Protection Society Protection TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 19. Leadership Building Chapter 20. Team Chapter 21. Time Management Chapter 22. Effective Meetings Chapter 23. Presentations Management Chapter 24. Stress Chapter 25. Dealing with Compassion Fatigue Chapter 26. Continuous Learning Chapter 27. Keeping Motivated Chapter 12. Establishing a Society Chapter 12. Establishing a Chapter 13. Strategy Management Chapter 14. Project Chapter 15. Fundraising Chapter 16. Support Services Chapter 17. Library Chapter 18. Publications Chapter 7. Animal Protection Legislation Chapter 7. Animal Protection Chapter 8. Humane Education Chapter 9. Campaigning Chapter 10. Lobbying Chapter 11. Using the Media Chapter 1. Companion Animals Chapter 1. Companion Animals Chapter 2. Farm Chapter 3. Wildlife Animals Chapter 4. Working Chapter 5. Animals in Entertainment Chapter 6. Animal Experimentation Part 4: Essential Skills Part 3: Running an Animal Protection Society Part 3: Running an Animal Protection Part 2: Ways of Tackling an Issue Tackling of Part 2: Ways Part 1: Animal Protection Issues Part Protection 1: Animal TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE The Five Freedoms framework, which is the ‘five freedoms’ Another popular concept used to quantify animal welfare concepts outlined previously. and considers all three takes a holistic approach and Council (FAWC) Farm Animal Welfare originally developed by the UK’s were The ‘five freedoms’ and have now internationally recognised They are valuable guidance on animal welfare. provide Assessing the welfare of an animal entails looking at its physical health (how fit it is), its mental of an animal entails looking at Assessing the welfare to as ‘telos’ in this chapter). to act naturally (referred health (including how it feels) and its capability suffering. from if it is fit, healthy and free of an animal can be described as good The welfare and not be affected mentally if it does a tumour, such as An animal can have a physical problem, an animal may feel fear and anxiety that is not associated not feel pain or discomfort. Equally, affect either the physical or mental state of A condition can therefore with a physical problem. an animal, or both. to fulfil its natural needs and desires. to the ability of the animal state – telos – refers The third and spend over 70% of its time rooting would For example, a pig in a natural environment performing It would also engage in complex social interactions. However, other oral behaviours. prevented are cannot even turn around, that they so narrow pigs confined in sow stalls which are of its natural needs leads to repetitive exhibiting their natural behaviours. The frustration from as bar biting. such unnatural behaviours, known as stereotypes, or in combination. either individually, often used to define animal welfare, concepts are These three defines the state of definitions focus mainly on the physical state of animals: “Welfare Traditional 1990). (Fraser & Broom, its attempts to cope with its environment.” an animal as regards critical and that this is not necessarily Duncan (1993) advocates that feelings (the mental state) are nor fitness is necessary and/or to health or fitness: “… neither health nor lack of stress related is dependent upon what animals feel.” Welfare sufficientgood welfare. to conclude that an animal has relevant that both mental states (pain and suffering) and telos are Rollin (1993) recognises of pain and suffering, it will also mean nurturing mean control “Not only will welfare to welfare: which I call telos.” and fulfilment of the animals’ nature, and any interconnected concepts are Whichever definition is used, it is clear that the three in one tends to affect two. the other significant compromise Animal welfarists believe that each individual animal has an intrinsic value and should be respected that each individual animal has an intrinsic Animal welfarists believe and needs and have biologically determined instincts that animals They recognise and protected. be permitted to live and suffering.can experience pain should therefore They believe that animals avoidable suffering have a good quality at the hands of humans. They should from their lives free or is not only about the absence of cruelty welfare good death. However, of life and a humane complex. ‘unnecessary suffering’. It is much more the physical, mental using a number of concepts including: is generally defined Animal welfare Each concept is elaborated upon needs and sentience. and natural states; the five freedoms; further in this section. Physical, Mental and Natural States BASIC CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL WELFARE OF ANIMAL CONCEPTS BASIC

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION by providing sufficient space, proper facilities and sufficient proper space, by providing by ready access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full and a diet to maintain water fresh access to by ready by ensuring conditions and treatment which avoid and treatment by ensuring conditions contribute to the quality of life by providing an appropriate environment including shelter and including environment an appropriate by providing avoidance of disease and injury must be met to ensure survival must be met to ensure , injury and disease by prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment or rapid diagnosis and treatment prevention , injury and disease by Life sustaining needs: Health sustaining needs: Comfort sustaining needs: Freedom to express normal behaviour normal to express Freedom own kind company of the animal’s fear and distress from Freedom mental suffering a comfortable resting area area a comfortable resting pain from Freedom Freedom from hunger and thirst hunger from Freedom health and vigour discomfort from Freedom • • • Are aware of their own surroundings aware • Are • Have an emotional dimension of what is happening to them aware • Are experience • Have the ability to learn from heat, cold etc. of bodily sensations: pain, hunger, aware • Are with other animals of their relationships aware • Are objects and situations animals, • Have the ability to choose between different • • • • • • These represent a useful checklist to identify situations that compromise good animal welfare; good animal welfare; compromise a useful checklist to identify situations that These represent or behavioural distress. disease pain, discomfort, injury, that is any situation that causes fear, Science, Ethics and Law perspective. the animal’s science considers the effectshumans on animals, from of Animal welfare legislation, and has of animal welfare Scientific evidence is often used as the basis for the reform research changes for farm animals, animals used in been instrumental in bringing about numerous as other less tangible and zoo animals. Science is not the only criterion for judging welfare, also involved. factors are There is now widespread recognition of the ‘sentience’ of animals, which reinforces the need to of the ‘sentience’ of animals, which reinforces recognition is now widespread There to be ‘Sentient Beings’ animals Union has officially recognised The European their welfare. protect signed in 1997. of Amsterdam in the Treaty on animal welfare since the inclusion of a protocol Sentience having feelings and emotions and being able Sentience implies a level of conscious awareness; to suffer. Sentience implies that animals: Needs of the animal, to obtain a particular fundamental in the biology Needs, defined as “a requirement, & Johnson, 1993), or bodily stimulus” (Broom to a particular environmental or respond resource welfare. an animal’s for to ensure should be provided enrichment comfort, environmental food, water, such as Needs may include a range of provisions importance, into: may be classified, in terms of relative and avoidance of infectious disease and been adapted slightly since their formulation. The current form is: form formulation. The current slightly since their been adapted (Humik & Lehmen, 1985). welfare. good animal All of these needs should be met to ensure HISTORY OF ANIMAL PROTECTION HISTORY Human Attitudes Towards Animals Human Attitudes Towards the 1500 to 1800 “it was conventional to regard Historical evidence in England suggests that from people lived to his wishes.” However, world as made for man and all other species as subordinate and became a normal closely with animals. For example the keeping of pets was widespread of family life as early as 1700. feature “The question about animals is not can most notable claim in the 18th century, Bentham’s Jeremy the fundamental concepts for the nor can they talk, but can they suffer?”, provides they reason, movement. During the same period, many writers and poets started to express animal welfare animals and criticised cruelty to animals and their exploitation. their sympathy towards of agricultural development, economic growth, have changed as a result Human-animal relationships changes urban expansion and political change. In Britain, 19th century industrialisation stimulated the natural world and also affected the urbanisation of social life. With the in attitudes towards people gradually lost contact and affinity with animals as traditional industrialisation of society, dependence on animals declined. with their pets. people developed a closer relationship As contact with working animals decreased, it was commonplace to keep household animals in Britain; this helped By the 19th century, applied to non-humans. were in which human qualities view, to develop an anthropomorphic Understanding the history of the animal protection movement is important for a number of reasons. Understanding the history of the animal protection that problems we learn about the animal welfare the history of animal protection, by studying Firstly, existed in the past, the efforts This helps us them, and specific achievements. made to address successes. mistakes, or repeat history and helps us to avoid the same learn from efforts movement will help us understand how today’s In addition, understanding the history of the will finally help animals to how gradual progress and may lead to significant changes in the future may not be able to see all the changes ourselves but We in our society. better treatment receive that our efforts in the moving we can feel assured by understanding the successes in history are right direction. history teaches us that the movement studying animal protection Finally and most importantly, economics. In fact, the development and social change, politics, culture cannot be isolated from to these areas. connected movement is strongly of the animal protection historical perspective, this section focuses primarily Although each individual country has its own England has the longest history of animal protection on the history of the movement in England. and North America. of the movement in Europe paralleled in the history and many of its themes are Ethics looks at the morality of human actions towards animals; how humans currently treat animals, treat how humans currently animals; human actions towards at the morality of Ethics looks animals. ought to treat and how they rules governing the of society’s animals; it is a reflection we must treat Legislation looks at how application of the current that law is simply the practical It is arguable of animals. use and treatment politicians. accepted by consumers and ultimately as ethics in a society, state of science and

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION , Animal Machines “EVERY GREAT MOVEMENT HAS TO EXPERIENCE THREE STAGES: HAS TO EXPERIENCE THREE MOVEMENT GREAT “EVERY ADOPTION.” ~ John StuartRIDICULE, DISCUSSION, Mill In 1781, the first law relating to animals was passed, which scrutinised the treatment of cattle in the treatment animals was passed, which scrutinised to relating In 1781, the first law license to slaughter. a requiring London. In 1786 legislation was passed Smithfield market in Parliament in 1800. in the British a bill to stop bull baiting was read Although it was not passed, of Cattle’ was passed by Treatment Improper the Cruel and Act to ‘Prevent Martin’s In 1822, Richard in the world, and legislation for animal welfare the British Parliament. This was the first parliamentary a number of animals such as horses, sheep and cattle. made it an offense to beat or ill-treat Animals (which became the Royal SPCA in 1840) of Cruelty to In 1824 the Society for the Prevention In 1835, the Act and prosecutions. on law enforcement was established. The society worked mainly all domestic animals, such as dogs and cats. of was amended and expanded to include protection of the American Society for the Prevention organisation, The first American animal protection other animal protection By 1900, several hundred Cruelty to Animals, was established in 1866. had formed in America. organisations organisation, woman to found a British animal welfare who was the first In 1860, Mrs Mary Tealby, Home for Lost and Starving named the Temporary founded the Battersea Dogs Home, formerly a home for stray dogs. to provide was the first place Dogs. The organisation used by vivisectors instead Beginning in the 1870s, mammals, particularly dogs and cats, were set were and 1840s. During the 1870s, groups which had been used during the 1830s of reptiles, Union for the Abolition of Vivisectionup to fight vivisection, such as the British the National and the outset as an abuse from Although the SPCA condemned vivisection Anti-Vivisection Society. to cruelty This ‘act to amend the law relating until 1876. of animals, legislation was not introduced and general a licensing procedure world, and regulated to animals’, was the first of its kind in the inspection of animal experiments. medical students exposed Two Dog Affair’ occurred. In 1906 a famous event known as the ‘Brown on animals used by medical institutions in the name shockingly cruel experimental procedures in Battersea Park, London by the dog being erected of science. This led to a statue of a brown International Anti-Vivisection a symbolic memorial for animals vivisected in Council. It was the statue but local citizens 100 medical students tried to remove laboratories. A year later, in 1910, in the same year several successfully defended it. Although the statue disappeared gained The incident Square. against vivisection in Trafalgar thousand people attended a protest deal of publicity for the anti-vivisection cause and also stimulated considerable discussion a great at the time. in the press of Animals Act was passed in the UK, which in 1911, the Protection The following year, legislation. consolidated all the existing animal protection Ryder, the movement was not very active. Richard Wars, During the First and Second World suggests that war has a numbing effect claims that the history of social reform a UK scholar, upon conscience. was In the 1960s the cruelty of intensive farming of ‘food animals’ (so-called ‘factory farming’) seminal book to the public and shocked the world. Ruth Harrison’s revealed Historical Milestones in the Animal Protection Movement Movement Animal Protection Milestones in the Historical published in 1964, was instrumental in increasing both public and government awareness and both public and government awareness published in 1964, was instrumental in increasing , the highly influential book by Peter Singer, motivated many book by Peter Singer, , the highly influential Animal Liberation activists at this time and led to increased mobilisation of the movement. Public demonstrations, mobilisation of the movement. and led to increased activists at this time farms, laboratories and factory of animals from The removal organised. and petitions were protests has continued since establishments, of hunting, laboratories and breeding as well as the sabotage public awareness way to increase a controversial the 1970s. Such activities and events provided of the animal rights issue. started of animals to split into two categories: the 1970s, the movement for the protection From natural right in animal rights believe in an animal’s and animal rights. Those who believe animal welfare for animals and stop the abuse and exploitation of animals to life. They seek to establish basic rights to accept human use of animals, as long as that tend by humans. Those who believe in animal welfare as animal protection to themselves often refer and rights groups use is humane. Both welfare animal between the difference views and ongoing debates regarding different are There organisations. between animal rights and differences that the philosophical Some argue rights and animal welfare. animals’ matters. for and that only ‘compassion, concern and respect irrelevant are animal welfare animals in its national constitution, to protect nation In 2002, Germany became the first European the natural foundations of life and protecting for by stipulating that “The state takes responsibility also acknowledged that animals were generations.” Switzerland of future animals in the interest change of status of animals in the legal systems a constitutional amendment. The ‘beings’ through movement. milestone for the animal protection of these two countries has served as a historic Union has been Legislation, the European Protection As can be seen in the chapter on Animal The European Europe. advances throughout animal welfare in carrying forward an enormous force institutions European back in 1997, requiring to its founding Treaty a Protocol Union introduced transport, of research, when considering legislation in the areas to take account of animal welfare has been the Council of and the internal market. Another major influence in Europe agriculture which, despite being established in 1949 as the bastion of human rights in Europe, Europe, of activities. in its sphere subsequently included animal welfare in Asia, South America Colonial influences led to the setting up of many SPCA-type organisations tackling issues set up decades ago with the majority of groups and Africa. Some of these were ‘western’ expatriates. Nowadays, concerning dogs and cats, and most of the founders were being are organisations new more and local people run many of these organisations however, issues. set up by local people to tackle a wide range of animal protection in Britain and North America have startedIn the last few decades, many groups to shift their international campaigns Various their own countries to countries abroad. campaign focus from calling for such as whaling, sealing, bear farming, long-distance transport and bushmeat, are movement have international attention and support. Many countries new to the animal protection such initiatives and have started to develop their own animal protection from gained awareness in these countries is vital for for organisations Long-term support and resources programmes. movement globally. the development of the animal protection order, the ages have discussed the place of animals in the world Although philosophers through Many countries may not in history. occurrence movement is a fairly recent the animal protection stimulating public debate. In 1967, Peter Roberts public debate. In 1967, stimulating to protest Farming in World founded Compassion abuse of farm animals. against the at the official hope of campaigners level little had changed in practice. The and legislative However, During the 1970s, public and frustration with government inaction. turned to disappointment was raised. the idea of stopping animal exploitation as of animal rights increased recognition humane, effective of the government to take action by the failure Activists became disenchanted on animal issues.

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

Marine Conservation Society Conservation Marine D.Philips are fundamentally opposed to animal use or ownership by humans. Some are “UNTIL HE EXTENDS THE CIRCLE OF HIS COMPASSION TO ALL LIVING “UNTIL HE EXTENDS THE CIRCLE OF HIS COMPASSION THINGS, MAN WILL NOT HIMSELF FIND PEACE.” ~ Albert Schweitzer “THE GREATNESS OF A NATION AND ITS MORAL PROGRESS CAN BE AND ITS MORAL PROGRESS OF A NATION “THE GREATNESS ARE TREATED.” ITS ANIMALS JUDGED BY THE WAY Gandhi ~ Mahatma ETHICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS ETHICAL AND Range of Views on Animal Issues of with animals. The variety relationship viewpoints concerning man’s many different are There person to person: consistent with the fact that ethics vary from to animal issues is entirely approaches Animal liberationists animals, believing that they have the moral right or rescue to illegal activities to release will resort inadequate. because existing laws are A historical study of certain illustrates that ethics evolve in line with cultural (and individual) societies – as can and rejected recognised are exploitation, injustice and oppression development. Gradually, the banning of racism and the introduction of slavery, be seen with examples such as the abolition of sexual equality. also championed causes of human welfare to note that many individuals who It is interesting include: Williamcampaigned against cruelty to animals. These Wilberforce, to who campaigned John Bentham and Jeremy Shaftesbury, such as Lord Victorian reformers, abolish slavery; great Abraham Lincoln. of Haiti; and even L’Overture Stuart Mill; black spokesperson Toussaint but the have evolved as a human-biased morality, Our ethical foundations, especially in the West, Animal exploitation and suffering a significant change. is past 20 to 25 years have brought but this invariably takes longer, and dealt with as ethical attitudes develop, recognised increasingly and compassion. of empathy degree a greater as human identification with animal suffering requires despite the being recognised is increasingly The moral and political importance of animal welfare an indication fact that “exploitation of them has ingrained into our institutions” (Midgely). This is and beyond feel growing Europe of animal ethics. Governments throughout of the moral strength issues. Consequently, of animal welfare their concerned electorates in respect from pressure forums such as the International and respected parliaments debate and legislate on animal welfare, conventions, prepare for Animal Health (OIE) and the Council of Europe Organisation situations. of animals in different covering the protection and standards recommendations The Evolution of Ethics Ethics are, in effect, a set of moral principles or codes. They are highly personal and change and highly personal in effect, moral principles or codes. They are a set of Ethics are, animals, code of ethics towards affect factors an individual’s Various our lives. evolve throughout and internal factors, education and upbringing, religion, such as culture, including external factors, and depth of thinking. level of compassion, ability to empathise such as an individual’s have a 200-year history like Britain in defending animals. However, there are more and more more are there However, in defending animals. history like Britain have a 200-year for the global and sow the seeds who have started the ground to cultivate and groups individuals movement. animal protection (French, 1533–1592) denounced any form of cruelty, whether towards 1533–1592) denounced any form of cruelty, (French, is a general term, which encompasses all categories of people seeking to of people seeking all categories term, which encompasses is a general focus on protecting species, populations and habitats, whereas animal welfarists whereas species, populations and habitats, focus on protecting denotes the desire to prevent unnecessary animal suffering; that is, whilst to prevent denotes the desire denotes the philosophical belief that animals should have rights, including the right belief that animals should have rights, denotes the philosophical do not eat any meat, poultry, game, fish, shellfish, or slaughter by-products such as game, fish, shellfish, or slaughter by-products do not eat any meat, poultry, signifies the legal use of animals, such as animal experimentation, farming etc. signifies the legal use of animals, such as is a way of life that seeks to exclude, as far as possible, anything derived from animals. far as possible, anything derived from is a way of life that seeks to exclude, as (Greek, 46–c.120 AD) spoke out strongly against animal cruelty. He did not support the against animal cruelty. 46–c.120 AD) spoke out strongly (Greek, (Greek, 384–322BC) firmly held the view that animals were on the earth for the use of 384–322BC) firmly held the view that animals were (Greek, Summary of Philosophical Beliefs philosophers have discussed animal ethics over the centuries. Examples of key Numerous highlighted below to illustrate how animal ethics continues to evolve. philosophical views are Aristotle domestic animals man: “Plants exist for the sake of animals and brute beasts for the sake of man – and various for his use and food, wild ones for food and other accessories of life, such as clothing made makes nothing purposeless or in vain, it is undeniably true that she has tools. Since nature all the animals for the sake of man.” countries have for the superior attitude that many Western initially responsible He was arguably was what and reason devoid of reason, animals. He believed that animals were taken towards animals. clearly distinguished humans from Plutarch upon by man and pointed to the intrinsic value put on the earth to be preyed view that animals were and Plutarch Unfortunately, grace and the way in which they enrich nature. of animals, their beauty, unable to change the general ethos of the times. others were Michel de Montaigne humans or animals. He pointed out that animals communicate effectively amongst their own Animal protectionist improve the status and situation of animals. It covers a wider span of beliefs than animal welfare. span of beliefs than It covers a wider and situation of animals. the status improve each individual animal is based on the belief that of animal protectionists The ethical standpoint permitted to live They should be and protected. and should be respected has an intrinsic value all animals kept avoidable suffering at the hands of humans. In this regard, from their lives free needs the where to their species and appropriate kept in circumstances by humans should be be met, the species should not be kept. of a species cannot Animal rights of humans. and ultimate death at the hands human intervention, from to live their lives free humans, although some opposed to the use of animals by philosophically Animal-rightists are animal ownership. such as companion accept ‘symbiotic’ relationships, Animal use Animal welfare a good quality of life of animals, wanting to ensure not categorically being opposed to the use and humane death. Conservationists momentum over the last movement has gathered focus on the individual animal. The conservation forty years. Vegetarians but many have numerous, vegetarian are for people becoming gelatine or animal fats. The reasons concern about the sufferingan ethical objection to eating meat, or a particularly of animals, in intensive farming systems. Veganism or honey and also including eggs, dairy products any animal products, do not consume Vegans wool, leather and silk. animals, such as derived from avoid the use of all products

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION (English 1748–1832) was the founder of Utilitarianism, a philosophy that (German, 1788–1860) felt the similarities between humans and animals were (French, 1596–1650) believed that animals were like machines and not capable like machines and not capable that animals were 1596–1650) believed (French, (French, 1694–1778) stressed that speech was not necessary in conveying feelings. that speech was not necessary 1694–1778) stressed (French, (German, 1724–1804) was a rationalist philosopher who did not consider that man had any (German, 1724–1804) was a rationalist philosopher who did not consider that man “PEOPLE MUST HAVE RENOUNCED, IT SEEMS TO ME, ALL NATURAL RENOUNCED, “PEOPLE MUST HAVE ANIMALS ARE BUT ANIMATED THAT INTELLIGENCE TO DARE TO ADVANCE [SUCH PEOPLE] CAN BESIDES, THAT MACHINES... IT APPEARS TO ME, THE CHARACTER OF ANIMALS, WITH ATTENTION OBSERVED NEVER HAVE OF DISTINGUISHED AMONG THEM THE DIFFERENT VOICES NOT TO HAVE OF ANGER, AND OF OF LOVE, OF PAIN, NEED, OF SUFFERING, OF JOY, THEY STRANGE THAT BE VERY ALL THEIR AFFECTIONS. IT WOULD NOT FEEL.” THEY COULD SHOULD EXPRESS SO WELL WHAT ~ Voltaire Kant animals although he denounced cruelty and believed that man should be kind duties towards direct mankind. to animals because this would develop humane feelings towards Schopenhauer that “compassion for animals is intimately He stated than any differences. incomparably greater connected with goodness of character and it may be confidently asserted that he who is cruel to animals cannot be a good man”. Bentham Jeremy (happiness) to the best ratio of pleasure believed in trying to find the action necessary to produce of the pain (suffering) amongst all those we affect. His most famous quote attacked the narrowness nor can they talk, “The question about animals is not can they reason, directly: ‘rationality’ argument but can they suffer?” a sector of the human He likened the plight of animals to that of slaves, in that slaves represented of as ‘lesser beings’. He held that the day would come when the rest treated species that were in the them by the hand of tyranny, the rights withheld from would similarly acquire animal creation same way that the slaves had. of experiencing pain. Therefore, he had few qualms about experimenting on them without had few qualms about experimenting on he Therefore, of experiencing pain. that animals were for his belief was of anaesthesia. The main reason administering any form speech or exhibiting emotion. not capable of using of any kind thought processes act in a machine-like fashion with no conscious The idea that animals this idea we find out about animals, the more But the more in philosophy. is one of the oldest ideas than has cognitive abilities that animals have far more is growing is disappearing. Evidence creatures. sentient traditionally been believed that they are on the centred (18th century), philosophers’ interests In the period known as the ‘Enlightenment’ Little of the human mind, with its power to reason. the superiority concept of ‘rationality’, stressing or to the importance of feelings; human rights and morals was given to the laws of nature regard this basis. defined from were Voltaire we could tell when his demeanour, mood from In the same way that we could tell a person’s and suffering. anxiety He noted that the experiencing feelings such as pleasure, animals were nerves etc. man, having pain receptors, that of physiology of animals closely resembled species and that it is arrogance in the extreme for humans to label animals as stupid and unfeeling animals as stupid and for humans to label extreme in the that it is arrogance species and understand them. humans cannot simply because Descartes , . Schweitzer , have put forward Animal Liberation Bernard Rollin Bernard and Philosophy of Civilisation Stephen Clark (German 1875–1965) most lasting legacy is the articulation(German 1875–1965) most lasting legacy of his basic (British, 1806–1873) supported Jeremy Bentham’s viewpoint. He felt that it was viewpoint. He Bentham’s supported(British, 1806–1873) Jeremy (English 1809–1882) felt it had been well established that ‘lower animals’ were felt it had been well established that ‘lower (English 1809–1882) , an American professor of law, has forced the animal rights movement to confront has forced of law, , an American professor did much to increase awareness of the inherent immorality of animal exploitation, of the inherent awareness did much to increase and other philosophers, such as ~ Albert Schweitzer ~ Charles Darwin “VERY LITTLE OF THE GREAT CRUELTY SHOWN BY MEN CAN REALLY BE SHOWN BY MEN CAN REALLY CRUELTY LITTLE OF THE GREAT “VERY OF IT COMES FROM MOST INSTINCT. TO CRUEL ATTRIBUTED OF CRUELTY, THE ROOTS HABIT. THOUGHTLESSNESS OR INHERITED STRONG AS WIDESPREAD. BUT THE THEREFORE, ARE NOT SO MUCH TIME MUST COME WHEN INHUMANITY PROTECTED BY CUSTOM AND BY THOUGHTLESSNESS WILL SUCCUMB BEFORE HUMANITY CHAMPIONED COME.” THIS TIME MAY WORK THAT LET US THOUGHT. “THERE IS NO FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MAN AND THE “THERE IS NO FUNDAMENTAL THE DIFFERENCE FACULTIES... HIGHER MAMMALS IN THEIR MENTAL AS IT IS, HIGHER ANIMALS, GREAT IN MIND BETWEEN MAN AND THE KIND. THE LOVE FOR ALL IS ONE OF DEGREE AND NOT OF CERTAINLY OF MAN.” IS THE MOST NOBLE ATTRIBUTE LIVING CREATURES the argument about animals having rights. This is a particularly attractive proposition in the USA, about animals having rights. This is a particularly attractive proposition the argument as has its drawbacks, the argument However, response. human rights evoke such a strong where lack, particularly sense. in a legal which animals arguably seen to come with responsibilities, rights are Gary Francione philosophy. an enormous dichotomy that exists between the welfarist stance and the animal rightist whom not things to His viewpoint is that if animals have any moral significance at all (i.e. they are to be moral obligations), then we must extend to them one right – the right not we have no direct published in 1974, explores the concept of ethics in the treatment of animals and asks such thought- the concept of ethics in the treatment published in 1974, explores and centres questions as “Why do we lock up chimpanzees in appaling primate research provoking the uncomfortable to the agonising and lethal, yet would use them in experiments that range from human being at a much lower mental level?” never think of doing the same to a retarded Regan Tom Contemporary Views Peter Singer form of discrimination. His seminal book which he felt was the last remaining philosophy ‘reverence for life’, culminating in his two-volume for life’, culminating in his two-volume philosophy ‘reverence John Stuart Mill Albert Schweitzer’s entirely natural, and moral, for man to care about the pain and pleasure of another species. of another the pain and pleasure about care moral, for man to natural, and entirely Charles Darwin animals, like man, manifestly feel emotions as humans. He stated: “The lower excited by the same animals, is never better exhibited than by young Happiness misery. and pain, happiness and pleasure His observations like our own children.” lambs etc., when playing together, such as puppies, kittens, heart muscle trembling, in the same way as on people; causing acts on animals showed that terror the positive stressed and making hair stand on end. He also relaxation palpitations, sphincter a dog for its master and the maternal of animals, such as the enduring love of feelings and emotions affection emotions, such as sympathy. such as primates and the display of altruistic of animals saw reverence for life as a practical lifetime ethic, rather than a philosophical message. He for life as a practical lifetime ethic, rather saw reverence and as sacred Life was regarded into universality. described it as the ethic of love widened anything living. would go out of their way to avoid injuring adherents

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION methods are not stunned, and are fully conscious when killed by having not stunned, and are methods are Humane slaughter involves pre-stunning, followed by killing. Stunning is Humane slaughter involves pre-stunning, halal Many religions have traditionally performed animal sacrifice. Despite remaining Many religions Fiestas take place in villages throughout Spain and other countries each year, often other countries each year, Spain and Fiestas take place in villages throughout and Moslem de la Polvorosa. de la Polvorosa. in Tordesillas. “NON-VIOLENCE LEADS TO THE HIGHEST ETHICS, WHICH IS THE GOAL OF LEADS TO THE HIGHEST ETHICS, “NON-VIOLENCE LIVING BEINGS, UNTIL WE STOP HARMING ALL OTHER ALL EVOLUTION. WE ARE STILL SAVAGES.” A. Edison ~ Thomas • A donkey being beaten, paraded and crushed in the Pero Palo fiestas, at Villanueva Vera. de la in the Pero • A donkey being beaten, paraded and crushed tower in Manganeses the church from and then thrown Goats being paraded in the streets • a line and having their heads pulled off (by hand) by horsemen in Nalda. • Chickens hung from pieces by blindfolded young girls with blunted swords a line and cut to Chickens hung from • RELIGION Village priests and nuns were reportedly involved in some of these fiestas, making the acts of reportedly Village priests and nuns were cruelty appear acceptable. Animal Sacrifice: animal have rejected most religions major traditional religions, in the holy books of the world’s it is still practised by the followers of Santeria and other ancient sacrifice in practice. However, as a means of curing the sick and giving thanks to the gods, for example to mark religions significant events such as a birth, marriage or death for example. Religious Slaughter: performed by special equipment (a captive bolt to give a blow to the head for example) to render the animal immediately unconscious this makes the animal unconscious. When performed properly, animals killed by Jewish and insensible to pain, until its subsequent death by bleeding. However, shechita Religion Causing Animal Welfare Problems Religion Causing Animal Welfare suffering. beliefs actually cause animal cruelty and/or Some religious cases where are There examples follow. Cruel Fiestas: Religion is all about beliefs – beliefs about creation, purpose, destiny, life and love. It shapes the purpose, destiny, creation, Religion is all about beliefs – beliefs about The lives of believers, affectingbehaviour. all aspects of their being, including their day-to-day belief systems about animals. shaping people’s movement is about changing and animal protection movement. Religion can can be important animal protection to the that religion It follows, therefore, either positively or treated, animals and the way in which they are affect attitudes towards cause. also be used in support and can of the animal protection negatively, acts of cruelty to animals, but many do. Previous to celebrate saints’ days. Not all involve cruelty have included: property. His is an abolitionist position. Francione differs from all other theorists who have gone all other theorists differs position. Francione His is an abolitionist from property. (beyond upon cognitive capacity not rest that his theory does in Peter Singer, him, including before for possession of this one basic right. the ability to feel pain) their throats cut. their throats probably texts and were religious laid out in their respective Both of these traditional methods are as can be written. However, the most humane slaughter methods available at the time these were – the mandate to prevent the ‘sorrow of the ‘sorrow – the mandate to prevent (harmlessness), and in India this is even written into (harmlessness), and ahimsa tsa’ar ba’alei hayim There are many stories in Hindu mythology portraying animals treated with love and with love portraying many stories in Hindu mythology animals treated are There is based upon a universal idea of compassion for all life. A man is holy if he has pity is based upon a universal idea of compassion is as much a code of practice for living as a religion and frequently brings animals into and frequently is as much a code of practice for living as a religion Jains believe that everything natural is living, and all life is sacred. Any kind of harm to and all life is sacred. Jains believe that everything natural is living, The Qur’an, the Hadith and the history of Islamic civilisation offer many examples of “THE TZADDIK (RIGHTEOUS PERSON) ACTS ACCORDING TO THE LAWS OF “THE TZADDIK (RIGHTEOUS PERSON) ACTS ACCORDING TO THE LAWS DOES HE ACT ACCORDING TO THESE LAWS WITH JUSTICE; NOT ONLY HUMAN BEINGS, BUT ALSO WITH ANIMALS.” ~ The Malbim “ONE IS DEAREST TO GOD WHO HAS NO ENEMIES AMONG THE LIVING “ONE IS DEAREST TO GOD WHO HAS ALL CREATURES.”BEINGS, WHO IS NONVIOLENT TO Gita ~ Bhagavad Islam: Mohammed said “A good deed holy prophet and compassion for animals. The kindness, mercy an act of cruelty done to an animal is as meritorious as a good deed done to a human being, while to an animal is as bad as an act of cruelty to a human being.” living creatures’. Jews are forbidden to hunt, but eating meat is left to the individual conscience. Jews are living creatures’. but after the Flood, permission was given to eat meat, was the first dietary law, Vegetarianism permitted for life. Animals that are and with a sense of reverence but only with many restrictions domesticated listed in the Book of Leviticus. Permitted animals are and forbidden to be eaten are not permitted, are animals which chew the cud and have cloven hooves. The pig, camel and hare life. for the animal’s and neither is the blood of any animal, which may not be eaten out of respect Jainism: All living beings, humans and animals, have an equal any form of life is to be avoided or minimised. or to subjugate other absolute rights – to take, to control, right to life. Not only do humans have no to practise nonviolence, and to be humble in the forms of life – but they also have extra obligations phenomena of the living world. Almost and extraordinary face of the mysterious, glorious, abundant belief. this nonviolence vegetarians, reflecting eight to ten million Jains are all of India’s Buddhism followers. The Buddhist faith also Eating meat is not permitted to committed on all living creatures. as other sentient beings and that consciousness subject to rebirth teaches that sentient beings are all living beings. The first of the Five of is an interconnectedness cannot be killed. Thus, there the foundation of Buddhist ethical conduct, is not to harm sentient beings. which are Precepts, Judaism on the Sabbath. Judaism For example, working animals, like people, must rest the moral arena. concept of embraces the Hebrew the constitution. Strict followers of Hinduism are vegetarian. are the constitution. Strict followers of Hinduism conscious to higher means of the same as human souls, progressing a Hindu, animal souls are To and soul takes on a life for a particular in each life. Hinduism teaches that every reason expression suffering. causes great of the soul and thus to kill an animal stops the progression Summary of the Major Religions and their Attitudes Towards Animals Towards Major Religions and their Attitudes Summary of the are and humans is held as sacred and Buddhism, nature Hinduism Eastern religions, For the great with Judaism, Islam and other living thing. This contrasts markedly significant than any not more religions. human-centred which are Christianity, Hinduism: A principle of Hinduism is reverence. seen with animal sacrifices, many religions review and reinterpret such texts in the light of current such texts in the light and reinterpret review religions sacrifices, many seen with animal (for permit pre-stunning practice, Muslims often In acceptability. and cultural scientific knowledge stunning may be allowed. Jews do not, although immediate post-cut whereas example, in the UK),

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION , which is the codified text of dominant Roman Catholic views, shares Judaism’s creation story, which many Christians have interpreted as have interpreted which many Christians story, creation Judaism’s shares Roman Catholic Catechism “IF YOU HAVE MEN WHO WILL EXCLUDE ANY OF GOD’S CREATURES FROM MEN WHO WILL EXCLUDE ANY OF GOD’S CREATURES “IF YOU HAVE MEN WHO WILL YOU WILL HAVE AND PITY, OF COMPASSION THE SHELTER DEAL LIKEWISE WITH THEIR FELLOW MEN.” ~ St Francis of Assisi THE ‘ANIMALS IN ISLAM’ CONFERENCE IN MOHARRAM, EGYPT THE ‘ANIMALS IN ISLAM’ CONFERENCE held at the Al Azhar University in on ‘Animals in Islam’ was A conference Hospital, the Donkey by Brooke Egypt in February 2004. It was organised of Animal (Society for the Protection Animal Friends and SPARE Sanctuary, attended by Islamic leaders, was Rights in Egypt). The conference medicine, and representatives scholars in Muslim law and veterinary organisations. of other specialised government of animal protection raised awareness This was an excellent initiative that teachings. One important messages in Islamic issues and relevant was that the concept of at the conference reached recommendation lessons. speeches and in religious kindness to animals should be included The Christianity in Jesus’ This sentiment was reflected and its inhabitants. for all of nature commanding respect and peace. Recognising this, many devout Christians have been love which stressed ministry, movements. and animal advocacy leaders of pacifist, environmental established Christianity was not sympathetic to animals and some Christians In general, however, nowadays ‘dominion’ over put on the earth for human use. Thankfully, still think that animals were caring) (protective sympathetically as ‘stewardship’ rather more animals has come to be interpreted of animals rather than power over them. saint of animals in the Christian tradition, encouraging the patron St Francis of Assisi is considered for all life. and reverence respect ‘God’s about animals, including the fact that animals are contains many positive precepts the concept of dominion and sets out acceptable uses it also reinforces However, creatures’. medical and scientific of animals, including food and clothing, domestication, work and leisure, go to the experiments etc. It also speaks against spending money on animals that could better of human suffering and giving animals ‘the affection due only to persons’. relief Muslims are directed by the Qur’an to abstain from eating certain eating its including pork and foods, from Qur’an to abstain by the directed Muslims are blood. and animal by-products of to dogs. A few detail positive characteristics of references number great The Hadith contain a dogs or as guard abilities. Thus, dogs used by shepherds and their herding the dog; their loyalty dogs as unclean, for example if the saliva denounce references permitted. But many religiously are prayer. of a Muslim, it becomes unclean for a dog touches the clothing from B. A. Masri, who founded was Al-Hafiz scholars to write on animal welfare One of the few Islamic beliefs that religious Masri urged Association for Animals and Nature. the International Muslim for all creation. reverence be harnessed with practical has not been noted as having an historic appreciation for the plight for the historic appreciation noted as having an has not been Greek OrthodoxGreek Church “I CARE NOT FOR A MAN’S RELIGION WHOSE DOG AND CAT ARE NOT THE AND CAT A MAN’S RELIGION WHOSE DOG “I CARE NOT FOR BETTER FOR IT.” ~ Abraham Lincoln FURTHER RESOURCES Books Animal Thinking D. R. Griffin University Press Publisher: Harvard ISBN: 0674037138 Animal Welfare Michael C. Appleby and Barry O. Hughes Publisher: CAB International ISBN: 0851991807 The American Institute for Animal Science www.worldofanimalscience.com/ Animal Behavior Society www.animalbehavior.org/ Cambridge E-learning Institute (CEI) www.animal-info.net/edu.htm students to The postgraduate course introduces welfare. CEI has developed an online course in animal between students and tutors. online discussions science through the main concepts of animal welfare The Institute for Animals and Society www.animalsandsociety.org/ education and training, including a course on provides Animals and Society is a think tank, which society. ‘Animals and Society’ that examines the moral and legal status of animals in contemporary International Society for Applied Ethology www.applied-ethology.org/ The Latham Foundation www.latham.org UC Davis Questions about Animal Welfare www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/vetext/FAQ-AN.HTML of suffering of animals in God’s of the important animals, or any particularly role recognition marked St Modestos, who Orthodox was an important Church, Greek saint of the there However, creation. (similar to St Francis of Assisi). of animals for the church saint to be the patron is still considered Basic Concepts of Animal Welfare Websites The

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Animal Welfare Colin Spedding Publisher: Earthscan ISBN: 1853836729 Eden A Cool Eye Towards Animal Welfare: John Webster (UK) Publisher: Blackwell Science ISBN: 0632039280 Animal Welfare Bel Browning Publisher: Heinemann Library ISBN: 0431161496 Attitudes to Animals: Views in Animal Welfare Francine L. Dolins (Editor) Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 0521479061 Welfare Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal M. Bekoff (Editor) Press Publisher: Greenwood ISBN: 0313299773 to Animal Behaviour An Introduction A. N. Manning, M. S. Dawkins Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 0521578914 and Animal Welfare Stress K. G. Johnson D. M. Broom, Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers ISBN: 0412395800 The Study of Animal Behaviour Huntingford F. Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers ISBN: 0412223309 Our Eyes Only? Through M. S. Dawkins University Press Publisher: Oxford ISBN: 0198503202 Unravelling Animal Behaviour M. S. Dawkins Publisher: Longman (2nd Edition) ISBN: 0582218756 All Heaven in a Rage E. S. Turner Publisher: Joseph ISBN: B0000CMA4T Animal Century Mark Gold Publisher: Jon Carpenter ISBN: 1897766432 The Animal Revolution D. Ryder Richard Publisher: Blackwell Publishers ISBN: 0631152393 Books WSPA Resources WSPA Welfare Concepts in Animal (2003) in veterinary faculties the teaching of animal welfare A syllabus to assist with Protection History of Animal Websites Animal Rights International: Henry Spira www.ari-online.org/pages/henry.html A Brief History of British Animal Welfare www.all-creatures.org/ca/ark-188history.html the USA in the 21st century in – the focus of animal protection Farm Animal Welfare www.tufts.edu/vet/cfa/faw.pdf Laws History of Animal Protection www.badgerland.co.uk/animals/animal_protection_laws.html Societies History of Animal Shelters and Protection petcaretips.net/history-aspca.html to abolish hunting 1802-2002 History of the League and the campaign www.league.uk.com/about_us/history.htm Movement: Protection The History and Division of the Animal vs. Animal Rights Animal Welfare www.parkc.org/history_division_apm.htm History of The Humane Society All Animals: A Fifty-Year HSUS: Protecting of the United States www.hsus.org/ace/20480 What Should We Do About Animal Welfare? We What Should M. C. Appleby Inc. Publisher: Blackwell Science ISBN: 0632050667

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Center for Environmental Philosophy Center for Environmental www.cep.unt.edu Ethical and Philosophical Views Websites Animal Rights Hilda Keen Ltd Publisher: Reaktion Books ISBN: 1861890141 Crusade The Animal Rights Nelkin James A. Jasper & Dorothy Press Publisher: Free ISBN: 0029161959 and Scope of a Radical Social Movement Animal Rights: History D. Guither Harold Publisher: Southern Illinois University Press ISBN: 0809321998 The Animal Rights Movement in America Finsen & Susan Finsen Lawrence Publishers Publisher: Twayne ISBN: 0805738843 History of the British Union Year Campaigning Against Cruelty: Hundred for the Abolition of Vivisection Emma Hopley Publisher: BUAV ISBN: 1870356160 Animal Rights Compassion is the Bugler: Struggle for Clive Hollands Publisher: Macdonald Publishers ISBN: 0904265358 History of the Humane Movement C. D. Niven Publisher: Johnson Publications. ISBN: 0853070288 in England 1500-1800 Change Attitudes Man and the Natural World: Keith Thomas University Press Publisher: Oxford ISBN: 0195111222 England and Vivisection in Edwardian Workers Dog: Women, The Old Brown Coral Lansbury Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press ISBN: 0299102505 Books All That Dwell Therein Regan Tom Publisher: University of California Press ISBN: 0520045718 The Animal Contract Desmond Morris Print Publisher: ISIS Large ISBN: 1856950964 and feasible. Contains a ‘Bill of Rights’ for animals, which Desmond Morris believes is practical Animal Liberation Peter Singer Publisher: Pimlico ISBN: 0712674446 philosophical This book did much to bring attention to ethical issues concerning animals – a classic text on the modern animal liberation movement. Journals Society and Animals Forum the American Society for the with Science: joint project Journal of Applied Animal Welfare of Cruelty to Animals Prevention www.psyeta.org/jaaws/index.html Studies Society & Animals: Journal of Human-Animal www.psyeta.org/sa/index.html Environmental Ethics Environmental www.environmentalethics.ca Ethical Matrix CIWF www.animalsentience.com/features/ethical_matrix.htm Ethics Updates ethics.acusd.edu Peter Singer website www.petersingerlinks.com Status of Nonhuman Animals Philosophical Discussion of the Moral animalethics.blogspot.com Status of Animals on the Moral Selected Internet Resources ethics.sandiego.edu/Applied/Animals Sentience website CIWF www.animalsentience.com of Animals) Psychologists for the Ethical Treatment Society and Animals Forum (formerly www.psyeta.org

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Animals’ Rights: A Symposium Animals’ Rights: Ryder (Editor) (Editor) & Richard David Paterson Press Publisher: Open Gate ISBN: 0900000902 Short Introduction Animal Rights: A Very David DeGrazia Paperbacks Publisher: Oxford ISBN: 0192853600 Human Obligations Animal Rights and Regan & Peter Singer Tom Hall Publisher: Prentice ISBN: 0130375314 Animal Rights: The Changing Debate R. Garner University Press Publisher: New York ISBN: 0814730981 Animal Welfare Sir Colin Spedding Publisher: Earthscan ISBN: 1853836729 Animals and Why They Matter Mary Midgley Press Publisher: University of Georgia ISBN: 0820320412 Attitudes to Animals: Views in Animal Welfare L. Dolins F. Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 052147342X Bioethics: An Anthology Singer H. Kuhse & P. Publisher: Blackwell Publishers ISBN: 0631203117 The Case for Animal Rights Regan Tom Publisher: University of California Press ISBN: 0520054601 exploration of the case for animal rights Rigorous Defending Animal Rights Regan Tom Publisher: University of Illinois Press ISBN: 025202611X Animals and Religious Organisations of Animals The Anglican Society for the Welfare www.aswa.org.uk/ – website on animals and religion An Animal Voice www.animalsuffering.com/religion.html Rights Institute: Religion and Animal Animal Protection www.api4animals.org Religions and Philosophies Biospirituality and World www.vegsource.com/biospirituality/religion.html Religion Websites Dominion Dominion Matthew Scully Press Publisher: Saint Martin’s ISBN: 0312261470 with Readings Other Animals: An Introduction Ethics, Humans and Rosalind Hursthouse Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 0415212421 The Extended Circle J.Wynne-Tyson Publisher: Open Gate Press ISBN: 0900001224 attitudes – an anthology of humane responsible compassionate and A to Z of writings to promote thought in Ethical Choice The Human Use of Animals: Case Studies et al B. Orlans F. University Press Publisher: Oxford ISBN: 0195119088 In Defense of Animals: The Second Wave Peter Singer Publisher: Blackwell Publishing ISBN: 1405119411 Ethics On the Fifth Day: Animal Rights and Human Fox (Editor) Knowles Morris (Editor) & Michael W. Richard Bks, US Publisher: Acropolis ISBN: 0874911966 The Unheeded Cry: Animal Consciousness, Animal Pain and Science Rollin Bernard Publisher: Iowa State University Press ISBN: 0813825768

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Catholicism The Catechism of the Catholic Church www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c2a7.htm Christianity Linzey Christianity and Animals: An Interview with Andrew www.satyamag.com/feb96/linzey.html Asked Questions about the Bible and Animal Rights The Fund for Animals: Frequently www.fundforanimals.org/library/documentViewer.asp?ID=640&table=documents Is Christianity Anti-Environmental? www.godandscience.org/apologetics/environment.html Buddhist Resources on Vegetarianism and Animal Welfare on Vegetarianism Buddhist Resources online.sfsu.edu/%7Erone/Buddhism/BuddhismAnimalsVegetarian/BuddhistVegetarian.htm Buddhism and Animals www.anaflora.com/articles/oth-sharon/animal-bud.html Buddha in the Deer Park www.anaflora.com/articles/ana-saints/saint-19.html Buddhism Catholic Concern for Animals Catholic Concern www.catholic-animals.org/ Association Christian Vegetarian www.christianveg.com/ Animals in Religion and Ethics A Communion of Subjects: Patton and Kimberley Paul Waldau environment.harvard.edu/religion/publications/books/book_series/animals/ for the Environment University Center Harvard environment.harvard.edu/ Jews for Animal Rights: Micah Publications www.micahbooks.com/JAR.html and articlesLinks to animals and spirituality websites www.abc.net.au/religion/stories/s939818.htm Studies: Animals in Religion Society & Animals Journal of Human-Animal www.psyeta.org/sa/sa2.2/sax.html Religion and Animals: A Changing Scene Paul Waldau files.hsus.org/web-files/PDF/soa_ii_chap06.pdf Religious Thought About Animals online.sfsu.edu/%7Erone/Religion/religionanimals.html#religion Orthodoxy Humans and Animals in the Kingdom www.jacwell.org/articles/1997-SPRING-Flanagan.htm Orthodox and Animals Church members.tripod.com/~Near_to_God/AllThings.html Judaism Jewish Vegetarianism members.aol.com/sauromalus/jewishveg.htm Judaism and Animal Rights www.bookch.com/1023-toc.htm of Animals? What does Judaism have to say about the Treatment online.sfsu.edu/%7Erone/Religion/religionanimals.html#judaism Islam Animals www.themodernreligion.com/an_main.htm Islam and Animals Imam Hafiz B.A. al-Masri Speaks on www.petatv.com/tvpopup/Prefs.asp?video=creatures_of_god Islamic Concern www.islamicconcern.com/default.asp Pets and Animals in Islam www.submission.org/pets/ and Kindness to Animals The Prophet www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/prophet/prophetdescription.html#kindness Hinduism and Jainism Animals of Indian Mythology www.kamat.com/kalranga/prani/animals.htm Jainism and Jain Principles www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/jainhlinks.html Humans and Animals in the Kingdom Animals in the Humans and www.jacwell.org/articles/1997-SPRING-Flanagan.htm Saints Patron www.catholic-forum.com/saints/patron08.htm St Francis of Assisi members.tripod.com/cathdev/francis.html www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=50 St Francis Stories www.americancatholic.org/Features/Francis/stories.asp

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

Marine Conservation Society Conservation Marine D.Philips After the Ark book Religious studies source CIWF: www.ciwf.org.uk Available from and the Liberation of Theology After Noah: Animals Linzey et al Andrew – Mowbray Group Publisher: Continuum International Publishing ISBN: 0264674502 of Animals Treatment of Man’s Animal Rights: A Christian Assessment Linzey Andrew Publisher: SCM Press ISBN: 0334000343 Animals in Islam Publisher: Spectrum Books ISBN: 9780292330 on the Use of Animals in Science Animal Sacrifices: Religious Perspectives Regan Tom University Press Publisher: Temple ISBN: 0877225117 Christianity and the Rights of Animals Linzey Andrew Publishing Company Publisher: The Crossroad ISBN: 0824508750 and Animal Rights Vegetarianism Christianity, Is God a Vegetarian?: Alan Young Richard Publisher: Open Court Publishing Company ISBN: 0812693930 Judaism and Animal Rights Roberta Kalechofsky Publisher: Micah Publications ISBN: 0916288358 Replenish the Earth Lewis Regenstein Publisher: SCM Press ISBN: 033401395X of to their treatment in regard religions great Examines the attitudes and histories of the world’s animals and the environment. Animal Fiestas Fiestas Blood FAACE: www.faace.co.uk/bfiestas.htm www.faace.co.uk/bfaqs.htm Books main contents ̇ Videos and Religion Animals, Nature Michael Fox DC 20037) Washington, Society of the United States (2100 L Street, The Humane Washington: All Noah Are We Regan Tom Drive, Raleigh, NC Inc., 3509 Eden Croft and Animals Foundation (CIN Services, Raleigh: Culture 27609) Status of Animals in the Christian Religion Animals in the Christian Status of Hume C. W. Fedn. Animal Welfare Publisher: Universities ISBN: 0900767103

INTRODUCTION