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The Concepts of Health, Well-Being and Welfare As Applied to Animals

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The Concepts of Health, Well-Being and Welfare As Applied to Animals The Concepts of Health, Well-being and Welfare as Applied to Animals The Concepts of Health, Well-being and Welfare as Applied to Animals A Philosophical Analysis of the Concepts with Regard to the Differences Between Animals. Henrik Lerner Linköping Studies in Arts and Science No. 438 Dissertations on Health and Society No. 13 Linköpings Universitet, Department of Medical and Health Sciences Linköping 2008 Linköping Studies in Arts and Science • No 438 At the Faculty of Arts and Science at Linköpings universitet, research and doctoral studies are carried out within broad problem areas. Research is organized in interdisciplinary research environments and doctoral studies mainly in graduate schools. Jointly, they publish the series Linköping Studies in Arts and Science. This thesis comes from the Division of Health and Society at the Department of Medical and Health Sciences. Distributed by: Department of Medical and Health Sciences Division of Health and Society Linköping University SE-581 83 Linköping Henrik Lerner The Concepts of Health, Well-being and Welfare as Applied to Animals. A Philosophical Analysis of the Concepts with Regard to the Differences Between Animals. Edition 1:1 © Henrik Lerner Department of Medical and Health Sciences, 2008 Cover photo: Henrik Lerner Printed in Sweden by LiU-tryck, Linköping, Sweden, 2008 ISBN: 978-91-7393-873-0 ISSN: 0282-9800 ISSN: 1651-1646 Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 9 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 13 BACKGROUND OF THE THESIS ..................................................................................................... 14 TERMS FOR THE RESEARCH FIELD ............................................................................................... 15 AIM OF THE THESIS ..................................................................................................................... 15 2. DIFFERENT KINDS OF ANIMALS ..................................................................................... 19 DISTINGUISHING HUMANS FROM ANIMALS?................................................................................ 20 DISTINGUISHING ANIMALS FROM THE REST ................................................................................ 21 DISTINGUISHING ANIMALS FROM ANIMALS................................................................................. 23 3. MATERIAL AND METHODS ............................................................................................... 29 CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................. 30 LITERATURE SURVEY.................................................................................................................. 34 INTERVIEWS................................................................................................................................36 STUDY OF LEGISLATION .............................................................................................................. 39 4. THE THREE CONCEPTS IN THE LITERATURE OF THE SCIENCE OF ANIMAL HEALTH AND WELFARE ............................................................................... 43 HISTORICAL AND THEORETICAL COMMENTS............................................................................... 43 HEALTH ...................................................................................................................................... 45 WELL-BEING............................................................................................................................... 51 WELFARE.................................................................................................................................... 53 CLOSELY RELATED CONCEPTS .................................................................................................... 69 ROLE OR SPECIES APPROACH?..................................................................................................... 71 RELATIONS BETWEEN THE CONCEPTS ......................................................................................... 71 THE CONCEPTS AT OTHER LEVELS THAN THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL................................................ 76 5. CATEGORISATIONS OF DEFINITIONS OF THE CONCEPTS IN THE LITERATURE ..............................................................................................................79 CATEGORIES OF HEALTH DEFINITIONS ........................................................................................ 79 CATEGORIES OF WELL-BEING DEFINITIONS ................................................................................. 81 CATEGORIES OF WELFARE DEFINITIONS ...................................................................................... 81 6. THE THREE CONCEPTS IN THE INTERVIEWS............................................................. 87 HEALTH ...................................................................................................................................... 87 WELL-BEING............................................................................................................................... 91 WELFARE.................................................................................................................................... 91 CLOSELY RELATED CONCEPTS .................................................................................................... 93 RELATIONS BETWEEN THE CONCEPTS ......................................................................................... 95 NATURE, NORMAL AND SUFFERING............................................................................................. 97 DIFFERENCES WITH REGARD TO SPECIES AND ROLE .................................................................. 103 CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................................... 108 7. THE THREE CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL LEGISLATION................................................. 111 HISTORICAL AND THEORETICAL COMMENTS............................................................................. 111 COUNCIL OF EUROPE ................................................................................................................ 114 THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY ................................................................................................... 117 ENGLAND.................................................................................................................................. 118 GERMANY................................................................................................................................. 121 SWEDEN.................................................................................................................................... 124 DISCUSSION .............................................................................................................................. 132 8. A FURTHER ANALYSIS OF THE CONCEPTS OF NATURAL AND NATURE......... 141 THE NATURE OF ANIMALS ......................................................................................................... 142 A COMPARISON OF ROLLIN AND ARISTOTLE............................................................................. 150 CRITIQUE OF ROLLIN ................................................................................................................ 151 ORGANIC FARMING VIEWS ON WELFARE – APPLIED ROLLIN ..................................................... 152 NATURAL BEHAVIOUR .............................................................................................................. 154 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................ 163 9. GENERAL COMPARISON AND DISCUSSION ............................................................... 165 A GENERAL COMMENT ON SPECIES-RESTRICTIONS.................................................................... 166 CLASSIFICATION OF HEALTH DEFINITIONS ................................................................................ 166 CLASSIFICATION OF WELFARE DEFINITIONS .............................................................................. 170 QUALITY OF LIFE AS A MEMBER OF A CLUSTER? ....................................................................... 176 RELATIONS BETWEEN HEALTH AND WELFARE/WELL-BEING ..................................................... 177 WELL-BEING AS A USEFUL CONCEPT......................................................................................... 178 HOW SHOULD WELL-BEING BE DEFINED?.................................................................................. 180 THE PROBLEM OF CONGLOMERATE CONCEPTS .......................................................................... 181 CLUSTERS ................................................................................................................................. 181 CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................................... 187 APPENDIX A.............................................................................................................................. 191 INTERVIEW GUIDE....................................................................................................................
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