Diritto E Memoria Storica Nell'esperienza Giuridica Comparata

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Diritto E Memoria Storica Nell'esperienza Giuridica Comparata UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI MILANO Scuola di dottorato in Scienze Giuridiche Curriculum di ricerca in diritto costituzionale Ciclo XXVII Diritto e memoria storica nell’esperienza giuridica comparata: il difficile bilanciamento tra tutela della dignità delle vittime, libertà di manifestazione del pensiero, protezione della democrazia Tesi di dottorato di ricerca Dott. Mirko Della Malva matricola 09706 Relatore: Chiar.ma Prof.ssa Miryam Iacometti Coordinatore del corso: Chiar.ma Prof.ssa Lorenza Violini Anno Accademico 2013-2014 Indice Premessa pag. I Capitolo I: aspetti generali. Dalla “storia oggetto del diritto” al “diritto alla memoria storica” 1. Storia, diritto, memoria: un’antica liason “ 1 2. La “tribunalizzazione” della storia “ 8 3. Storia e diritto tra il 1950 e il 1989: silenzio sui crimini, ritorno alla tradizione, fievoli “ 15 aperture al futuro. 4. Storia e diritto dopo il 1989: risarcimenti, diritto alla memoria storica, “malaise de “ 19 mémoire” Capitolo II: la gestione del passato in Francia 1. “Dopo Vichy”: la gestione del collaborazionismo nell’immediato dopoguerra. “ 31 2. La lunga stagione dell’oblio e la realizzazione dei primi processi. “ 37 3. La stagione dei riconoscimenti e delle commissioni parlamentari. “ 41 4. I primi interventi normativi: riparazioni monetarie e penalizzazione del negazionismo. “ 44 5. Nuovi significativi interventi: «le lois mémorielles». “ 46 6. Gli interventi successivi alle «lois mémorielles». In particolare la punizione della “ 56 negazione del genocido armeno. 7. Dopo la pronuncia del Conseil: prospettive future della questione memoriale. “ 62 Capitolo III: la gestione del passato in Spagna 1. La Spagna sotto il franchismo: premesse per la ricostruzione del difficile passato. “ 64 2. La gestione dell’eredità franchista nella fase della transicíon. “ 71 3. Dall’olvido a Zapatero: la riattivazione della memoria nella vita dello Stato democratico “ 80 spagnolo. 4. La Ley de Memoria histórica del 26 dicembre 2007. “ 88 5. La politica memoriale oltre la Ley 52/2007: l’intervento delle Comunità autonome e della “ 94 giurisprudenza. Capitolo IV: la gestione del passato in Italia 1. 1943-45: i primi provvedimenti di “defascistizzazione” dello Stato. “ 98 2. L’amnistia di Togliatti, le restituzioni e i provvedimenti di natura economica. “ 104 3. L’attività delle corti giudiziarie nei confronti dei criminali di guerra. “ 109 4. La rimozione del passato nella società civile. “ 112 5. La rinascita dell’interesse storico: processi, commissioni, leggi memoriali. “ 114 6. Il ruolo della Presidenza della Repubblica. “ 125 7. Sviluppi recenti. “ 126 Capitolo V: la criminalizzazione del negazionismo 1. Definizione ed evoluzione storica del fenomeno. “ 129 2. La legislazione nazionale. “ 136 3. La sede internazionale: l’Onu. “ 144 4. Gli interventi dell’Unione Europea e del Consiglio d’Europa. “ 145 5. Gli interventi della giurisprudenza nazionale. “ 148 5.1. La pronuncia della Cour d’Arbitrage. “ 148 5.2. La posizione del Bundesverfassungsgericht. “ 149 5.3. Il duplice intervento del Tribunal Constitucional. “ 151 5.4. Aperture e chiusure del Conseil constitutionnel. “ 154 6. Gli interventi della giurisprudenza della Corte Europea dei diritti dell’Uomo. “ 155 7. L’«Holocaut denial» al di là dell’Oceano: gli approcci statunitensi e canadesi alla questione. “ 158 Capitolo VI: La gestione del passato sotto la lente dell’interprete. Problematiche di diritto costituzionale 1. I dubbi della comunità scientifica: storici, giuristi e filosofi di fronte ad una tematica “ 161 “di confine”. 2. Le osservazioni relative al «dovere di memoria» e alle leggi memoriali. “ 164 2.1. Le argomentazioni della dottrina pubblicistica: Italia e Francia. “ 164 2.2. Un caso particolare: la Ley de la memoria histórica nell’analisi della dottrina spagnola. “ 170 3. Le osservazioni relative alle leggi antinegazioniste. “ 172 3.1. La dottrina giuspubblicistica. “ 173 3.2. La dottrina penalistica. “ 177 4. Alcune considerazioni in tema di leggi memoriali. “ 181 5. Alcune considerazioni in tema di repressione del negazionismo. “ 186 Bibliografia “ 195 Articoli di giornale “ 210 Dossier “ 211 Siti internet “ 212 In ricordo di papà. I miei ringraziamenti vanno alla Prof.ssa Miryam Iacometti, fin dagli anni dell’Università mia guida nei tortuosi ma affascinanti sentieri di questa materia, alla Prof.ssa Lorenza Violini, che ha saputo aiutarmi anche nella mia condizione di “dottorando senza borsa” e al Prof. Andrea Pugiotto, con il quale ho avuto l’opportunità di discutere dei temi qui affrontati durante il III Seminario con i dottorandi del Gruppo di Pisa.Un grazie particolare va, infine, come sempre, a mia mamma. Avevo messo questo Paese nel mio cuore. Gli ho inviato un messo dopo l’altro, Mi sono presentato in tante forme, voi però in nessuna mi avete riconosciuto. Bussai di notte, pallido ebreo fuggiasco, cacciato, le scarpe rotte. Voi chiamaste lo sbirro, avvertiste lo spione e eravate convinti di rendere un servizio a Dio. Venni da prigioniero, da bracciante, deportato e venduto, lacerato dalla frusta. Avete distolto lo sguardo dal servo trasandato. Ora vengo da giudice, mi riconoscete ora? W. Bergengruen, Dies Irae Prefazione Il lavoro che qui si presenta nasce principalmente da una curiosità. Affrontando lo studio dello Statuto della Comunità catalana, al fine di individuarne gli aspetti più innovativi in tema di tutela dei diritti delle minoranze linguistiche, mi imbattei nella lettura di una norma dal contenuto singolare, nella quale si affermava: i poteri pubblici devono vigilare sulla conoscenza e il mantenimento della memoria storica della Catalogna come patrimonio collettivo che attesta la resistenza e la lotta per i diritti e per le libertà democratiche. L’oggetto della prescrizione, specie nella sede in cui si collocava – la norma di base di una Comunità che ambiva (o ambisce) a farsi Stato - mi sembrò assai singolare e, ammetto, mai avrei immaginato che per un legislatore e per il “Diritto” - inteso come insieme degli aspetti finalizzati alla regolamentazione del funzionamento delle società - avesse potuto costituire interesse disciplinare un aspetto così lontano dalle sue pratiche finalità, riconducibile, piuttosto, al dominio degli storici. Le cose apparivano, però, diversamente e l’interrogativo non poté che essere immediato: non solo, dunque, la storia poteva assumere a oggetto della propria indagine il diritto, tracciando l’evoluzione dei suoi istituti e delle sue linee di pensiero, ma anche il diritto avrebbe potuto interessarsi alla storia, facendo di essa il contenuto delle proprie prescrizioni. Stimolato in ciò che costituisce un personale interesse, anche al di là della vita accademica, volli saperne di più e mi misi alla ricerca di normative similari nei diversi ordinamenti europei e nordamericani. Il risultato dell’indagine fu quanto meno sorprendente. In ognuno degli ordinamenti analizzati esistevano, infatti, “prese di posizioni” in materia da parte degli organi dello Stato e non solo di portata generica come quella catalana, ma, anche, di contenuto più specifico, volto specificamente ad individuare singoli avvenimenti storici, dei quali veniva imposto ai consociati la commemorazione. Nel caso in cui vi fossero, poi, nell’ordinamento, forme di divisione verticale dei poteri, le stesse non mancavano di presentarsi, in abbondanza, neppure al livello decentrato. Ancora più sorprendente fu scoprire, poi, che una simile “intromissione” legislativa o regolamentare nella vicenda storica, non solo risultava abbondantemente realizzata, ma anche raccomandata da numerosi organismi sovrannazionali e internazionali, e, persino, oggetto nel momento in cui svolgevo la mia ricerca (2012-2014), di particolare contesa in taluni ordinamenti europei (Francia) e presso la Corte europea dei diritti dell’Uomo. Colta l’ampiezza del fenomeno, decisi allora di studiarlo in modo più approfondito, cercando di coglierne gli aspetti giuridici più rilevanti. La ricerca dovette estendere presto i suoi confini includendo nel suo oggetto anche quelle disposizioni che miravano a disciplinare più che la storia, la “storiografia”, ossia il metodo utilizzato dagli storici per condurre le proprie indagini. Queste ultime si sostanziavano, in particolare, in un’unica tipologia, ancor più rilevante, senza dubbio, dal punto di vista giuridico: le norme anti-negazioniste, disposizioni finalizzate a colpire, con lo strumento della pena, la negazione di avvenimenti specificamente individuati dalla legge, da atti internazionali, o da pronunce giudiziarie. Norme “memoriali” e norme “antinegazioniste” pur presentando indubitabili tratti di distinzione, sia dal punto di vista del contenuto che degli effetti, dovevano considerarsi, infatti, espressione del desiderio degli ordinamenti di rendere pubblica una determinata visione degli eventi e di ribadire, con essa, il particolare sistema di valori a questi connesso. Una simile pretesa non poteva, però, che produrre, come è evidente, rilevanti problemi dal punto di vista del diritto. Si prospettava il dubbio di un contrasto con il principio di laicità e di equidistanza del potere pubblico rispetto ad ogni teoria e convincimento presente nello spazio pubblico, con il diritto alla libertà di manifestazione del pensiero ed alla formazione di un’opinione scevra da condizionamenti, con la pretesa, infine, degli studiosi a godere della più ampia autonomia culturale, ed in particolare delle libertà d’insegnamento e di ricerca scientifica. Il ricorso alla sanzione penale, prevista per i reati di negazionismo,
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